Difference between revisions of "Creationism"

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'''Creationism''' is the [[religious belief]] that the [[Universe]] and [[life]] originated "from specific acts of [[Creation myth|divine creation]]."<ref name="Gunn2004">[[#Gunn 2004|Gunn 2004]], p. 9, "The ''Concise Oxford Dictionary'' says that creationism is 'the belief that the universe and living organisms originated from specific acts of divine creation.'"</ref><ref name="OD_creationism">{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/creationism?q=creationism |title=creationism: definition of creationism in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US) |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=Oxford Dictionaries |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |type=Definition |oclc=656668849 |accessdate=2014-03-05 |quote=The belief that the universe and living organisms originate from specific acts of divine creation, as in the biblical account, rather than by natural processes such as evolution.}}</ref> For [[Young Earth creationism|young Earth creationists]], this includes a [[Biblical literalism|biblical literalist]] interpretation of the [[Genesis creation narrative]] and the rejection of the [[scientific theory]] of [[evolution]].<ref name="Stewart2009">[[#Stewart 2010|Haarsma 2010]], p. 168, "Some Christians, often called 'Young Earth creationists,' reject evolution in order to maintain a semi-literal interpretation of certain biblical passages. Other Christians, called 'progressive creationists,' accept the scientific evidence for some evolution over a long history of the earth, but also insist that God must have performed some miracles during that history to create new life-forms. The theory of Intelligent Design, as it is promoted in North America is a form of progressive creation. Still other Christians, called 'theistic evolutionists' or 'evolutionary creationists,' assert that the scientific theory of evolution and the religious beliefs of Christianity can both be true."</ref> As the [[history of evolutionary thought]] developed from the 18th century on, various views aimed at reconciling the [[Abrahamic religions]] and Genesis with [[biology]] and other [[science]]s developed in [[Western culture]].<ref name="Numbers_Ordinary_View">{{cite web |url=http://www.counterbalance.net/history/ordcreat-frame.html |title=The ‘Ordinary’ View of Creation |last=Numbers |first=Ronald L |authorlink=Ronald Numbers |website=Counterbalance Interactive Library |publisher=Counterbalance Foundation |location=Seattle, WA |accessdate=2010-08-11}}</ref> Those holding that [[species]] had been created separately (such as [[Omphalos (book)|Philip Gosse]] in 1857) were generally called "advocates of creation" but were also called "creationists," as in private correspondence between [[Charles Darwin]] and his friends. As the [[creation–evolution controversy]] developed over time, the term "anti-evolutionists" became common. In 1929 in the United States, the term "creationism" first became associated with [[Christian fundamentalism|Christian fundamentalists]], specifically with their rejection of [[human evolution]] and belief in a [[Young Earth creationism|young Earth]]—although this usage was contested by other groups, such as [[old Earth creationism|old Earth creationists]] and [[theistic evolution|evolutionary creationists]], who hold different concepts of creation, such as the acceptance of the age of the Earth and biological evolution as understood by the [[scientific community]].<ref name="Stewart2009" /><ref>[[#Lamoureux 1999|Lamoureux 1999]], [http://books.google.com/?id=wTADzz2w5c4C&pg=PA14&lpg=PA14&dq=evolutionary+creation+creationism+lamoreux#v=onepage&q=evolutionary%20creation%20creationism%20lamoreux&f=false p. 14]</ref><ref>[[#Rainey 2012|Rainey 2012]], p. 263, "Thus, there is diversity within the Christian community, and a continuum of ideas that begins with young-earth creationists. There are four main Christian schools of thought: young-earth [[creation science]], old-earth creation science, intelligent design, and theistic evolution."</ref>
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{{Christianity}}
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[[Image:Michelangelo creation-of-sun-and-moon.jpg|alt=creationism|right|thumb|251px|[[Michelangelo|Michelangelo's]] painting of the [[creation]] of the [[Sun]] and [[Moon]].]]
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'''Creationism''' is the majority belief that the [[earth]] and [[universe]] were created by [[God]]. Creationism rejects [[atheist]]s' belief that the universe was not created by God.<ref>[https://creation.com/15-questions 15 questions for evolutionists - Question 15 deals with the idea that evolution is a religion]</ref> The vast majority of Christians and Christian leaders throughout history have accepted [[Bible|biblical]] creation,<ref name="Turpin"/> and most other major religions fully accept creationism also.  '''''Accepting creationism helps strengthen [[faith]], and thereby overcome [[addiction]] and [[anxiety]]'''''.
  
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Today, the [[American Scientific Affiliation]], a prominent religious organisation in the US, recognizes that there are different opinions among creationists on the method of creation, while acknowledging [[ecumenism|unity]] on the Abrahamic belief that [[God]] "created the universe."<ref name="ASA">{{cite web |url=http://www.asa3.org/ASA/topics/Evolution/ |title=A Spectrum of Creation Views held by Evangelicals |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |publisher=[[American Scientific Affiliation]] |location=Ipswich, MA |accessdate=2007-10-18 |quote=All Christians in the sciences affirm the central role of the ''Logos'' in creating and maintaining the Universe. In seeking to describe how the incredible universe has come to be, a variety of views has emerged in the last two hundred years as continuing biblical and scientific scholarship have enabled deeper understanding of God's word and world.}}</ref><ref>[[#Numbers 1998|Numbers 1998]], [http://books.google.com/books?id=drk3zykoEy4C&pg=PA55&dq=definition+of+creationism#v=onepage&q=definition%20of%20creationism&f=false p. 55], "'Creationists of today are not in agreement concerning what was created according to Genesis.'" — [[Russell L. Mixter]], ''Creation and Evolution'' (1951) {{OCLC|40774047}}</ref> Since the 1920s, [[Biblical literalism|literalist]] creationism in America has contested [[Scientific theory|scientific theories]], such as that of evolution,<ref name="NCSEcreationism">{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/creationism |title=Creationism Controversy: Understanding and Responding to Creationist Movements |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=[[National Center for Science Education]] |publisher=National Center for Science Education |location=Berkeley, CA |accessdate=2009-06-22}}</ref><ref>[[#Giberson & Yerxa 2002|Giberson & Yerxa 2002]], pp. 3-4. For example, the [[Scopes Trial]] of 1925 brought creationism and evolution into the adversarial environment of the American justice system. The trial was well-publicized, and served as a catalyst for the wider creation&ndash;evolution controversy.</ref><ref name="Gould_Moran">{{cite journal |last=Gould |first=Stephen Jay |authorlink=Stephen Jay Gould |date=May 1981 |title=Evolution as Fact and Theory |url=http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/gould_fact-and-theory.html |journal=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]] |type=Reprint |location=Waukesha, WI |publisher=[[Kalmbach Publishing]] |volume=2 |pages=34–37 |issn=0274-7529 |accessdate=2010-04-12}}; {{cite web |url=http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/evolution-fact.html |title=Evolution is a Fact and a Theory |last=Moran |first=Laurence |year=2002 |origyear=Originally published 1993 |website=[[TalkOrigins Archive]] |publisher=The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc. |location=Houston, TX |accessdate=2010-04-12}} Evolution's status as a "theory" has played a prominent role in the creation&ndash;evolution controversy. In scientific terminology, "theories are structures of ideas that explain and interpret facts." Evolutionists utilise this definition to characterise evolution as a [[Evolution as fact and theory|scientific fact and a theory.]] In contrast, creationists use the term "theory" to characterize evolution as an "imperfect fact," drawing upon the [[vernacular]] conception of "theory" as "part of a hierarchy of confidence running downhill from fact to theory to hypothesis to guess."</ref> which derive from [[Naturalism (philosophy)#Methodological naturalism|natural observations]] of the Universe and life. Literalist creationists<ref name="Campbell_2006">{{cite news |last=Campbell |first=Duncan |date=February 20, 2006 |title=Academics fight rise of creationism at universities |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/feb/21/religion.highereducation |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |publisher=[[Guardian Media Group]] |accessdate=2010-04-07}}</ref> believe that evolution cannot adequately account for the [[Evolutionary history of life|history]], [[Biodiversity|diversity]], and [[complexity]] of life on [[Earth]].<ref name="crossref1">For the biological understanding of complexity, see ''[[Evolution of complexity]]''. For a creationist perspective, see ''[[Irreducible complexity]]''.</ref> Fundamentalist creationists of the [[Christianity|Christian]] faith usually base their belief on a literal reading of the Genesis creation narrative.<ref name="Campbell_2006" /><ref name="TopicIndex">{{cite web |url=http://www.counterbalance.net/history/intro-frame.html |title=Creationism History: Topic Index |last=Numbers |first=Ronald L. |website=Counterbalance Interactive Library |publisher=Counterbalance Foundation |location=Seattle, WA |accessdate=2009-06-22}}</ref> Other religions either share the Genesis creation myth or have different deity-led creation myths,<ref name="myth" group="note" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Dundes |first=Alan |authorlink=Alan Dundes |date=Winter 1997 |title=Binary Opposition in Myth: The Propp/Levi-Strauss Debate in Retrospect |journal=[[Western Folklore]] |publisher=Western States Folklore Society |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=39–50 |issn=0043-373X |jstor=1500385}}</ref><ref>[[#Dundes 1984|Dundes 1984]]</ref><ref>[[#Patton & Doniger 1996|Dundes 1996]]</ref> while different members of individual faiths vary in their acceptance of scientific findings.
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[[Bible|Biblical]] creationism is primarily based on: the compelling testimony provided by [[Argument from beauty|God's wondrous creation]]; the [[Bible history|historical]] and [[Bible prophecy|prophetic]] evidence supporting the [[Bible]]; religious belief and on the [[science|scientific]] evidence provided through [[creation science]].  
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Biblical creationism, which includes the idea that man is created in the image of God, has profoundly affected [[Western Civilization]] in a positive way. Some of the areas it has benefited Western culture is in the areas of human rights and law, ethics and morality, economics, science, and the arts (see also: [[Christianity and science]] and [[Social effects of the theory of evolution]]).<ref>
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*[https://creation.com/man-the-image-of-god Man: The Image of God]
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*[https://creation.com/morals-decline-linked-to-belief-in-evolution Morals decline linked to belief in evolution]
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*[https://creation.com/morality-and-ethics-questions-and-answers Morality and ethics - Creationism vs. evolutionism]
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*[https://creation.com/images/pdfs/tj/j19_2/j19_2_67-73.pdf The Christian foundations of the rule of law in the West: a legacy of liberty and resistance against tyranny]
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*[https://creation.com/marxism-law-and-evolution Marxism, law and evolution]
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*[https://creation.com/evolutionary-legal-theories Evolutionary legal theories—the impact of Darwinism on western conceptions of law]
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*[https://creation.com/darwins-critical-influence-on-the-ruthless-extremes-of-capitalism Darwin's influence on the ruthless extremes of capitalism]
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*[https://creation.com/christianity-islam-and-science Christianity, Islam and Science]
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*[https://creation.com/looking-forward-to-the-eradication-of-christianity Looking forward to the eradication of Christianity - Christianity, creationism and the arts]
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</ref>
  
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When scientific research produces [[empirical evidence]] and theoretical conclusions which contradict a literalist creationist interpretation of scripture, young Earth creationists often reject the conclusions of the research<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trueorigin.org/isakrbtl.asp |title=Five Major Evolutionist Misconceptions about Evolution |last=Wallace |first=Tim |year=2007 |origyear=Originally published 2005 |website=The True.Origin Archive |publisher=Tim Wallace |location=Hergiswil, Switzerland |accessdate=2011-04-25}}</ref> or its underlying scientific theories<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CA/CA215.html |title=Index to Creationist Claims: CA215: Practical uses of evolution |editor-last=Isaak |editor-first=Mark |year=2005 |website=TalkOrigins Archive |publisher=The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc. |location=Houston, TX |accessdate=2009-08-20}}
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[[Creation Ministries International]], a leading [[Bible|biblical]] [[creation]] organization, declared:  
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*{{cite web |url=http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CH/CH100_1.html |title=Index to Creationist Claims: CH100.1: Science in light of Scripture |editor-last=Isaak |editor-first=Mark |year=2005 |website=TalkOrigins Archive |publisher=The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc. |location=Houston, TX |accessdate=2009-08-20}}</ref> or its methodology.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CA/CA301.html |title=Index to Creationist Claims: CA301: Science and naturalism |editor-last=Isaak |editor-first=Mark |year=2004 |website=TalkOrigins Archive |publisher=The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc. |location=Houston, TX |accessdate=2009-08-20}}</ref> This tendency has led to [[Politics|political]] and theological [[creation-evolution controversy|controversy]].<ref name="NCSEcreationism" /> Two disciplines somewhat allied with creationism&mdash;creation science and [[intelligent design]]&mdash;have been labelled "[[pseudoscience]]" by scientists.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Padian |first=Kevin |authorlink=Kevin Padian |date=January–April 2006 |title=The Dover Victory |url=http://ncse.com/rncse/26/1-2/dover-victory |journal=Reports of the National Center for Science Education |location=Berkeley, CA |publisher=National Center for Science Education |volume=26 |issue=1-2 |pages=49–50 |issn=2158-818X |accessdate=2014-05-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Alters |first=Brian |authorlink=Brian Alters |date=January–April 2006 |title='Ties' to Canada |url=http://ncse.com/rncse/26/1-2/ties-to-canada-0 |journal=Reports of the National Center for Science Education |location=Berkeley, CA |publisher=National Center for Science Education |volume=26 |issue=1-2 |pages=51–52 |issn=2158-818X |accessdate=2014-05-06}}</ref> The most notable disputes concern the evolution of living organisms, the idea of [[common descent]], the [[Geological history of Earth|geological history of the Earth]], the [[Formation and evolution of the Solar System|formation of the Solar System]] and the [[Cosmogony|origin of the Universe]].<ref name="RoyalSociety_2006">{{cite web |url=http://royalsociety.org/news.asp?year=&id=4298 |title=Royal Society statement on evolution, creationism and intelligent design |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=April 11, 2006 |website=[[Royal Society]] |publisher=Royal Society |location=London |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602213726/http://royalsociety.org/news.asp?year=&id=4298 |archivedate=2008-06-02 |accessdate=2014-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nabt.org/sub/position_statements/evolution.asp |title=NABT’s Statement on Teaching Evolution |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=[[National Association of Biology Teachers]] |publisher=National Association of Biology Teachers |location=McLean, VA |accessdate=2014-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.interacademies.net/10878/13901.aspx |title=IAP Statement on the Teaching of Evolution |author=IAP Member Academies |date=June 21, 2006 |website=[[InterAcademy Panel|IAP]] |publisher=[[TWAS|The World Academy of Sciences]] |location=Trieste, Italy |accessdate=2014-03-09}} Joint statement issued by the national science academies of 67 countries, including the United Kingdom's Royal Society.</ref><ref name="aaas">{{cite web |url=http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2006/pdf/0219boardstatement.pdf |title=Statement on the Teaching of Evolution |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=February 16, 2006 |publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] |location=Washington, D.C. |format=PDF |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221125539/http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2006/pdf/0219boardstatement.pdf |archivedate=2006-02-21 |accessdate=2014-03-09}}
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{{cquote|Creationist research is having a global effect that is worrying the [[atheism|atheists]] and secularists of this world. They have had it all their own way for over a century but things are slowly changing. For almost twenty five years now, ''[[Journal of Creation]]'' has been publishing cutting-edge creationist research that has been fueling the war against [[evolution]], creating little fires all around the world, including [[Great Britain]]. Those that hold the views of ''Creationism'' are referred to as ''Creationists''.<ref>"creationist." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 21 Mar. 2007. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/creationist>.</ref>
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*{{cite press release |last=Pinholster |first=Ginger |date=February 19, 2006 |title=AAAS Denounces Anti-Evolution Laws as Hundreds of K-12 Teachers Convene for 'Front Line' Event |url=http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2006/0219boardstatement.shtml |location=St. Louis, MO |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060421193306/http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2006/0219boardstatement.shtml |archivedate=2006-04-21 |accessdate=2014-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Montgomery |first=David R. |authorlink=David R. Montgomery |date=November 2012 |title=The evolution of creationism |journal=GSA Today |location=Boulder, CO |publisher=[[Geological Society of America]] |volume=22 |number=11 |pages=4–9 |doi=10.1130/GSATG158A.1}}</ref>
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[[Theistic evolution]], also known as Evolutionary Creationism, is an attempt to reconcile religion with scientific findings on the [[age of the Earth]] and evolution. The term covers a range of views including [[Old Earth creationism]].<ref>[[#Collins 2006|Collins 2006]], p. 201, "This view is entirely compatible with everything that science teachings us about the natural world."</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.answersincreation.org/theistic_evolution.htm |title=Theistic Evolution |last=Neyman |first=Greg |website=[[Old Earth creationism#Old Earth creationist organizations|Old Earth Ministries]] |publisher=Old Earth Ministries |location=Springfield, OH |accessdate=2012-04-24 |quote=Theistic Evolution is the old earth creationist belief that God used the process of evolution to create life on earth.  The modern scientific understanding of biological evolution is considered to be compatible with the Bible.}}</ref>
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Atheist scientist, Prof [[Richard Dawkins]], speaking at the 20th anniversary of the Edinburgh International Science Festival in April 2008, argued that the rise of creationism in British schools raised a serious problem for science teachers.
  
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It is a very worrying trend,’ he said, ‘and I think a lot of it has come over from [[United States|America]] and [[Australia]].’<ref>https://creation.com/growth-of-creation-science-in-uk-worries-prof-dawkins</ref>}}
  
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==History==
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Within creationism in the [[Abrahamic religion]]s, there are various ideas. In regards to those religions, one form of creationism holds that the earth is approximately 6,000 years old and is referred to as [[Young Earth Creationism]]. The other form of creationism is called [[Old Earth Creationism]] and holds that the earth and universe are billions of years old.  Creationist scientists demonstrate that the [[First Law of Thermodynamics|first law of thermodynamics]] and [[second law of thermodynamics]] argue against an eternal [[universe]] and they also demonstrate that these laws point to the universe being supernaturally created.<ref>[http://godevidences.net/space/lawsofscience.php Evidences for God From Space&mdash;Laws of Science]</ref><ref>Thompson, Bert, [https://www.apologeticspress.org/apcontent.aspx?category=12&article=310 So Long, Eternal Universe; Hello Beginning, Hello End!], 2001 (Apologetics Press)</ref><ref>http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/AstroPhysicalSciences14.html</ref>  Dr. [[Norman Geisler]] stated that "Both young- and old-earthers believe that God supernaturally, directly and immediately produced every kind of animal and human as separate and [[Genetics|genetically]] distinct forms of life." <ref name="johnankerberg.org">http://www.johnankerberg.org/Articles/science/SC0305W3.htm</ref> Dr. [[Norman Geisler]] also wrote that "both young- and old-earthers who are [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]] hold to the historicity of the Genesis account: They believe that [[Adam]] and [[Eve]] were literal people, the progenitors of the entire human race." <ref name="johnankerberg.org"/> Creation scientists assert that the [[evolution|theory of evolution]] is in conflict with the evidence provided by the physical sciences and often cite secular scientific sources which agree with them on various points (for further details please see: [[evolution]]).<ref>http://www.creation.com/content/view/21</ref>
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{{Main|History of creationism}}
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The term "creationist" to describe a proponent of creationism was first used in a letter by Charles Darwin in 1856.<ref name="Darwin_letters_1856_1863" /> In the 1920s, the term became particularly associated with Christian fundamentalist movements that insisted on a literalist interpretation of the Genesis creation narrative and likewise opposed the idea of human evolution. These groups succeeded in getting teaching of evolution banned in American [[State school#United States|public schools]], then from the mid-1960s the young Earth creationists promoted the teaching of "scientific creationism" using "[[Flood geology]]" in public school science classes as support for a purely literal reading of the Book of Genesis.<ref name="encarta">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Numbers |first=Ronald L |encyclopedia=[[Encarta|Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009]] |title=Creationism |url=http://encarta.msn.com/text_761580511___0/Creationism.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022061756/http://encarta.msn.com/text_761580511___0/Creationism.html |archivedate=2009-10-22 |accessdate=2014-03-09 |publisher=[[Microsoft|Microsoft Corporation]] |location=Redmond, WA}}</ref> After the legal judgment of the case ''[[Daniel v. Waters]]'' (1975) ruled that teaching creationism in public schools contravened the [[Establishment Clause]] of the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution]], the content was stripped of overt biblical references and renamed creation science. When the court case ''[[Edwards v. Aguillard]]'' (1987) ruled that creation science similarly contravened the constitution, all references to "creation" in a draft school textbook were changed to refer to intelligent design, which was presented by creationists as a new scientific theory. The ''[[Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District|Kitzmiller v. Dover]]'' (2005) ruling concluded that intelligent design is not science and contravenes the constitutional restriction on teaching religion in public school science classes.<ref name="Flank_April2006" /> In September 2012, [[Bill Nye]] ("[[Bill Nye the Science Guy|The Science Guy]]") expressed his concern that ''creationist views'' threaten [[science education]] and [[innovation]]s in the US.<ref name="APNews-20120924">{{cite news |last=Luvan |first=Dylan |date=September 24, 2012 |title=Bill Nye Warns: Creation Views Threaten US Science |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/bill-nye-warns-creation-views-threaten-us-science |agency=[[Associated Press]] |accessdate=2014-03-09}}</ref><ref name="Youtube-20120823">{{cite web |last=Fowler |first=Jonathan |last2=Rodd |first2=Elizabeth |title=Bill Nye: Creationism Is Not Appropriate For Children |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gHbYJfwFgOU |date=August 23, 2012 |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[Big Think]] |location=New York |accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20141103-JD">{{cite news |last=Deiviscio |first=Jeffrey |title=A Fight for the Young Creationist Mind - In ‘Undeniable,’ Bill Nye Speaks Evolution Directly to Creationists |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/04/science/in-undeniable-bill-nye-speaks-evolution-directly-to-creationists.html |date=November 3, 2014 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=November 4, 2014 }}</ref>
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Those who hold to young earth creationism point out that nearly every culture in the world has a [[creation]] story and a [[Great flood|flood story]].<ref name="katapi.org.uk">http://www.katapi.org.uk/BAndS/ChII.htm</ref><ref name="icr.org">https://www.icr.org/article/108/</ref><ref name="https://www.icr.org/article/570">https://www.icr.org/article/570/</ref><ref>http://library.thinkquest.org/18757/creation.htm</ref><ref>http://www.grisda.org/origins/17051.htm</ref> Many of these creation accounts and flood accounts have commonalities with the account given in the book of Genesis although gross differences exist also.<ref name="katapi.org.uk"/><ref name="icr.org"/><ref name="https://www.icr.org/article/570"/>  The [[Institute for Creation Research]] has taken the position that the similarities in regards to creation accounts to the Genesis account demonstrates that the main points of the Genesis account has been preserved.<ref name="icr.org"/> In regards to the assertion that the similarities in flood stories around the world show common origin, young earth creationist particularly assert that there are strong similarities between the [[Global flood|Genesis flood account]] and other world flood accounts.<ref name="https://www.icr.org/article/570"/><ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v2/n2/flood-legends</ref> Also, there are remarkable similarities between Native American creation myths and the biblical account given in Genesis concerning [[creation]].<ref>[https://creation.com/indian-creation-myths Indian creation myths - CMI]</ref>
  
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===Early and medieval times===
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== Global creationism ==
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The first-century Jewish philosopher [[Philo|Philo of Alexandria]] admired the literal narrative of passages concerning the [[Patriarch]]s, but in other passages viewed the literal interpretation as being for those unable to see an underlying deeper meaning. For example, he noted that [[Moses]] said the world was created in six days, but did not consider this as a length of time as "we must think of God as doing all things simultaneously" and the six days were mentioned because of a need for order and according with a [[perfect number]]. Genesis was about real events, but God through Moses described them in figurative or [[Allegory|allegorical]] language.<ref name="Philo_Chapter2">[[#Philo|Philo]]</ref>
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The early Christian [[Church Fathers]] largely read creation history as an allegory, and followed Philo's ideas of time beginning with an instantaneous creation without the convention that a day was the conventional time period. Christian orthodoxy rejected the second-century [[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] belief that the Book of Genesis was purely allegorical, but without taking a purely literal view of the texts. Thus, [[Origen]] believed that the physical world is ‘literally’ a creation of God, but did not take the chronology or the days as ‘literal’. Similarly, [[Basil of Caesarea|Saint Basil the Great]] in the fourth century while literal in many ways, described creation as instantaneous and timeless, being immeasurable and indivisible.<ref name="rsf" />
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''See also:'' [[Global creationism]]
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[[Image:Carl weiland.jpg|thumbnail|150px|left|Dr. [[Carl Wieland]] was a founder of [[Creation Ministries International]], a Christian ministry which is in four continents. ]]
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In 2012, the University at Toronto reported: “We have seen in the last two decades a rapid spread of creationism beyond the United States and beyond Christianity to other religions to the present time where it is a global phenomenon,” said Numbers in a talk entitled Creationism Goes Global. “But the big story in the last 20 years is the booming enterprise of creationism in the Islamic world.”<ref>[https://www.utoronto.ca/news/creationism-goes-global Creationism Goes Global], University of Toronto News, 2012</ref>
  
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[[Augustine of Hippo]] in ''On the Literal Meaning of Genesis'' was insistent that the Book of Genesis describes the creation of physical objects, but also shows creation occurring simultaneously, with the days of creation being categories for didactic reasons, a logical framework which has nothing to do with time. For him, light was the illumination of angels rather than visible light, and spiritual light was just as literal as physical light. Augustine emphasized that the text was difficult to understand and should be reinterpreted as new knowledge became available. In particular, Christians should not make absurd dogmatic interpretations of scripture which contradict what people know from physical evidence.<ref name="Augustine">{{cite journal |last=Young |first=Davis A. |date=March 1988 |title=The Contemporary Relevance of Augustine's View of Creation |url=http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1988/PSCF3-88Young.html |journal=[[American Scientific Affiliation|Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith]] |location=Ipswich, MA |publisher=American Scientific Affiliation |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=42–45 |issn=0892-2675 |accessdate=2008-08-18}}</ref>
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[[Johns Hopkins University]] Press reported in 2014: "Over the past forty years, creationism has spread swiftly among European Catholics, Protestants, Jews, Hindus, and Muslims, even as anti-creationists sought to smother its flames."<ref>[http://questionevolution.blogspot.com/2015/03/johns-hopkins-university-press-reported.html Creationism spreading in Europe]</ref> See also: [[Evolutionary indoctrination]]
  
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In the 13th century, [[Thomas Aquinas]], like Augustine, asserted the need to hold the truth of scripture without wavering while cautioning "that since Holy Scripture can be explained in a multiplicity of senses, one should not adhere to a particular explanation, only in such measure as to be ready to abandon it if it be proved with certainty to be false; lest holy Scripture be exposed to the ridicule of unbelievers, and obstacles be placed to their believing."<ref name="rsf" />
+
On October 4, 2014, the ''Vancouver Sun'' reported that evolutionism is rejected by hundreds of millions of [[evangelicalism|evangelical Christians]] and [[Islam|Muslims]] around the world.<ref name="blogs.vancouversun.com">[http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2014/10/04/evolution-under-attack-from-muslims-and-evangelicals/ Evolution rejected by hundreds of millions of Muslims and evangelicals], ''Vancouver Sun'', October 4, 2014</ref>
  
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===Impact of the Reformation===
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Specifically, the ''Vancouver Sun'' declared:
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[[File:Martin Luther by Cranach-restoration.tif|thumb|right|[[Martin Luther]] taught [[young Earth creationism]], a literal interpretation of the Genesis creation narrative.]]
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{{cquote|Creationism, a religious world view that adamantly rejects Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution, is on the rise among evangelical Protestants and most of the world’s Muslims.
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From 1517 the [[Protestant Reformation]] brought a new emphasis on lay literacy. [[Martin Luther]] taught young Earth creationism, that creation took six literal days about [[dating creation|6000 years ago]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bartz |first=Paul |date=February 1984 |title=Luther on Evolution |url=http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/cm/v6/n3/luther |journal=[[Creation Ministries International|Ex Nihilo]] |location=Sunnybank, Queensland |publisher=Creation Science Foundation |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=18–21 |issn=0726-6782 |accessdate=2014-03-09}}</ref> [[John Calvin]] also rejected instantaneous creation, but criticised those who, contradicting the contemporary understanding of [[nature]], asserted that there are "waters above the heavens."<ref name="rsf" />
+
  
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Discoveries of new lands brought knowledge of a huge diversity of life, and a new belief developed that each of these [[Biology|biological]] species had been individually created by God. In 1605, [[Francis Bacon]] emphasized that the works of God in nature teach us how to interpret the word of God in the [[Bible]], and his [[Baconian method]] introduced the empirical approach which became central to modern science.<ref name="James_Moore">{{cite interview |last=Moore |first=James |authorlink=James Moore (biographer) |interviewer=[[Krista Tippett]] |title=Evolution and Wonder: Understanding Charles Darwin |url=http://www.onbeing.org/program/evolution-and-wonder-understanding-charles-darwin/transcript/899 |callsign=[[NPR]] |program=[[On Being|Speaking of Faith with Krista Tippett]] |date=September 20, 2007 |publisher=[[American Public Media]] |accessdate=2014-03-09}}</ref> [[Natural theology]] developed the study of nature with the expectation of finding evidence supporting Christianity, and numerous attempts were made to reconcile new knowledge with the biblical [[Flood myth|deluge myth]] and story of [[Noah's Ark]].<ref name="floodgeol">{{cite web |url=http://www.philvaz.com/apologetics/p82.htm |title=History of the Collapse of 'Flood Geology' and a Young Earth |website=PhilVaz.com |publisher=Philip J. Porvaznik |accessdate=2014-03-09}} Adapted from [[#Young 1995|Young 1995]]</ref>
+
It is not only the majority of residents in Muslim countries such as Pakistan, Indonesia and Turkey who strongly reject the teaching that humans and other species evolved over millions of years from less complex creatures. So do tens of millions of evangelical Christians in North America (as well as South America and Africa).
  
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In 1650 the [[Archbishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland)|Archbishop of Armagh]], [[James Ussher]], published the [[Ussher chronology]] based on Bible history giving a date for Creation of 4004 BC. This was generally accepted, but the development of modern [[geology]] in the 18th and 19th centuries found [[Stratum|geological strata]] and [[Fossil#Fossilization processes|fossil]] sequences indicating an ancient Earth. [[Catastrophism]] was favoured in England as supporting the biblical flood, but this was found to be untenable<ref name="floodgeol" /> and by 1850 all geologists and most [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Christians]] had adopted various forms of old Earth creationism, while continuing to firmly reject evolution.<ref name="rsf" />{{failed verification|date=December 2010}}
+
Overall, [Nidhal Guessoum, a Middle Eastern physics and astronomy professor] who teaches at the American University of Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates, estimates roughly 60 per cent of the world’s Muslims are creationists, including many living in the U.S. and Canada.
  
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===Modern science===
+
Even though poll results about evolution vary based on the questions asked, Salman Hameed reported in the journal ''Science'' that strong anti-evolution majorities exist in Turkey, Indonesia, Malaysia, Egypt and Pakistan. The latter is among Canada’s top six source countries for immigrants...
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{{Main|History of evolutionary thought}}
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{{See also|History of science}}
+
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From around the start of the 19th century, ideas such as [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]]'s concept of [[transmutation of species]] had gained some supporters in Paris and [[Edinburgh]], mostly amongst anatomists.<ref name="rsf" /> The anonymous publication of ''[[Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation]]'' in 1844 aroused wide public interest with support from [[Quakers]] and [[Unitarianism|Unitarians]], but was strongly criticised by the scientific community, which called for solidly backed science. In 1859, Charles Darwin's ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'' provided that evidence from an authoritative and respected source, and within a decade or so convinced scientists that evolution occurs. This view clashed with that of conservative evangelicals in the [[Church of England]], but their attention quickly turned to the much greater uproar about ''[[Essays and Reviews]]'' by [[Liberal Christianity|liberal Anglican theologians]], which introduced into the controversy "[[Historical criticism|higher criticism]]" begun by [[Desiderius Erasmus|Erasmus]] centuries earlier. This book re-examined the Bible and cast doubt on a literal interpretation.<ref>[[#Desmond & Moore 1991|Desmond & Moore 1991]]</ref> By 1875 most American [[natural history|naturalists]] supported ideas of theistic evolution, often involving [[special creation]] of [[human|human beings]].<ref name="encarta" />
+
  
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At this time those holding that species had been separately created were generally called "advocates of creation," but they were occasionally called "creationists" in private correspondence between Charles Darwin and his friends.<ref name="Numbers_Antievolutionists" /> The term appears in letters Darwin wrote between 1856 and 1863,<ref name="Darwin_letters_1856_1863">{{cite web |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1919 |title=Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D. |last=Darwin |first=Charles |authorlink=Charles Darwin |date=July 5, 1856 |website=[[Correspondence of Charles Darwin#Darwin Correspondence Project website|Darwin Correspondence Project]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Library]] |location=Cambridge, UK |id=Letter 1919 |accessdate=2010-08-11}}
+
An Angus-Reid survey found 43 per cent of Americans accept the creationist teaching that the Earth is less than 10,000 years old, which means they reject the...view the universe began roughly 13 billion years ago.<ref>[http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2014/10/04/evolution-under-attack-from-muslims-and-evangelicals/ Evolution rejected by hundreds of millions of Muslims and evangelicals], Vancouver Sun, October 4, 2014. 9:12 am</ref>}}
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*{{cite web |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-4196 |title=Darwin, C. R. to Gray, Asa |last=Darwin |first=Charles |date=May 31, 1863 |website=Darwin Correspondence Project |publisher=Cambridge University Library |location=Cambridge, UK |id=Letter 4196 |accessdate=2010-08-11}}</ref> and was also used in a response by [[Charles Lyell]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-4041 |title=Lyell, Charles to Darwin, C. R. |last=Lyell |first=Charles |authorlink=Charles Lyell |date=March 15, 1863 |website=Darwin Correspondence Project |publisher=Cambridge University Library |location=Cambridge, UK |id=Letter 4041 |accessdate=2010-08-11}}</ref>
+
  
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==Types of creationism==
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Belief in creation has regrown<ref name="Turpin">Turpin, Simon (December 29, 2016). [https://answersingenesis.org/reviews/articles/response-age-earth-plea-geo-chronological-non-dogmatism/ A Response to “The Age of the Earth: A Plea for Geo-Chronological Non-Dogmatism”]. ''Answers in Genesis''. Retrieved December 31, 2016.</ref><ref>It should be clearly and strongly noted that creation was the dominant theory in Europe and Christianity prior to the "Enlightenment", when Christians and XINOs began to compromise on this issue.</ref> rapidly in [[Europe]], as can be seen by secularist hysteria over the occurrence.<ref>Turpin, Simon (December 26, 2016). [https://answersingenesis.org/creationism/creation-invasion-in-europe/ Creation Invasion in Europe]. ''Answers in Genesis''. Retrieved January 1, 2016.</ref>
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Several attempts have been made to categorize the different types of creationism, and create a "[[Taxonomy (general)|taxonomy]]" of creationists.<ref name="Scott1999">{{cite journal |last=Scott |first=Eugenie C. |authorlink=Eugenie Scott |date=July–August 1999 |title=The Creation/Evolution Continuum |url=http://ncse.com/creationism/general/creationevolution-continuum |journal=Reports of the National Center for Science Education |location=Berkeley, CA |publisher=National Center for Science Education |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=16–17, 23–25 |issn=2158-818X |accessdate=2014-03-14}}</ref><ref name="Wise-p30">{{cite journal |last=Wise |first=Donald U. |date=January 2001 |title=Creationism's Propaganda Assault on Deep Time and Evolution |url=http://nagt.org/nagt/jge/abstracts/jan01.html |journal=Journal of Geoscience Education |location=Bellingham, WA |publisher=[[National Association of Geoscience Teachers]] |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=30–35 |issn=1089-9995 |accessdate=2014-03-09}}</ref><ref name="nagt-pdf-Ross">{{cite journal |last=Ross |first=Marcus R. |authorlink=Marcus R. Ross |date=May 2005 |title=Who Believes What? Clearing up Confusion over Intelligent Design and Young-Earth Creationism |url=http://nagt.org/files/nagt/jge/abstracts/Ross_v53n3p319.pdf |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Geoscience Education |location=Bellingham, WA |publisher=National Association of Geoscience Teachers |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=319–323 |issn=1089-9995 |accessdate=2014-03-09}}</ref> Creationism (broadly construed) covers a spectrum of beliefs which have been categorized into the general types listed below.
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{| class="wikitable"
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== Rapid growth of biblical creation belief in China ==
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|+ Comparison of major creationist views
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|-
+
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!
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!Acceptance in the US
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!Humanity
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!Biological species
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!Earth
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!Age of Universe
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|-
+
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! [[Young Earth creationism]]
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|rowspan="2"| 40%<ref name="gallup" />
+
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|rowspan="2"| Directly created by God.
+
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|rowspan="2"| Directly created by God. [[Macroevolution]] does not occur.
+
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|Less than 10,000 years old. Reshaped by global flood.
+
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|Less than 10,000 years old, but some hold this view only for our Solar System.
+
−
|-
+
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! [[Gap creationism]]
+
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|Scientifically accepted age. Reshaped by global flood.
+
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|Scientifically accepted age.
+
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|-
+
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! [[Progressive creationism]]
+
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|rowspan="3"| 38%<ref name="gallup" />
+
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|Directly created by God, based on [[primate]] anatomy.
+
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|Direct creation + evolution. No single common ancestor.
+
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|Scientifically accepted age. No global flood.
+
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|Scientifically accepted age.
+
−
|-
+
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! [[Intelligent design]]
+
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|Proponents hold various beliefs. (For example, [[Michael Behe]] accepts evolution from primates.)
+
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|[[Miracle|Divine intervention]] at some point in the past, as evidenced by what intelligent-design creationists call "[[irreducible complexity]]."
+
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|Some adherents accept [[common descent]], others not. Some claim the existence of Earth is the result of divine intervention.
+
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|Scientifically accepted age.
+
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|-
+
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! [[Theistic evolution]] (evolutionary creationism)
+
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|Evolution from primates.
+
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|Evolution from single common ancestor.
+
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|Scientifically accepted age. No global flood.
+
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|Scientifically accepted age.
+
−
|}
+
  
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===Young Earth creationism===
+
''See also:'' [[China and biblical creationism]]
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{{Main|Young Earth creationism}}
+
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[[File:ICR building.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Institute for Creation Research]] (ICR) is a young-Earth creationist organization.]]
+
  
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Young Earth creationists believe that God created the Earth within the last ten thousand years, literally as described in the Genesis creation narrative, within the approximate time-frame of biblical genealogies (detailed for example in the [[Ussher chronology]]). Most young Earth creationists believe that the Universe has a similar age as the Earth. A few assign a much older age to the Universe than to Earth. [[Creationist cosmologies]] give the Universe an age consistent with the Ussher chronology and other young Earth time frames. Other young Earth creationists believe that the Earth and the Universe were created with the appearance of age, so that the world appears to be much older than it is, and that this appearance is what gives the geological findings and other methods of dating the Earth and the Universe their much longer [[timeline]]s.
+
[[Evangelical Christians|Evangelical Christianity]] is growing rapidly in China (see: [[Growth of Christianity in China]]). China may have one of the largest populations of biblical creationists in the world by 2030 (see: [[China and biblical creationism]]).
  
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The Christian organizations [[Institute for Creation Research]] (ICR) and the [[Creation Research Society]] (CRS) both promote young Earth creationism in the US. Another organization with similar views, [[Answers in Genesis]] (AiG)—based in both the US and the [[United Kingdom]]—has opened the [[Creation Museum]] in [[Petersburg, Boone County, Kentucky|Petersburg, Kentucky]], to promote young Earth creationism. [[Creation Ministries International]] promotes young Earth views in Australia, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, the US, and the UK. Among [[Catholicism|Roman Catholics]], the [[List of Catholic creationist organisations|Kolbe Center]] for the Study of Creation promotes similar ideas.
+
Jun-Yuan Chen Research Professor Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology was quoted in the ''Wall Street Journal'' as saying, "In China we can criticize [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]] but not the government. In America you can criticize the government, but not Darwin."<ref>[http://www.uncommondescent.com/evolution/two-views-about-how-darwinism-stays-in-place-with-but-one-difference/ Two views about how Darwinism stays in place, with but one difference]</ref>
  
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====Creation science====
+
== Henry Morris and the birth of the modern creationist movement ==
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{{Main|Creation science}}
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[[Image:PH2006022801720.jpg‎|right|thumb|150px|[[Henry Morris]] ]]
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Creation science, or initially scientific creationism, is [[pseudoscience]]<ref>[[#NAS 1999|NAS 1999]], [http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6024&page=R9 p. R9]</ref><ref name=amicus>{{wayback|url=http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/edwards-v-aguillard/amicus1.html|title=Amicus Curiae Brief Of 72 Nobel Laureates, 17 State Academies Of Science, And 7 Other Scientific Organizations}}, ''[[Edwards v. Aguillard]]''</ref><ref name=philofscience>{{cite book|author1=Sahotra Sarkar|author2=Jessica Pfeifer|title=The Philosophy of science: an encyclopedia. A-M|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=od68ge7aF6wC|year=2006|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-93927-0|page=[http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=od68ge7aF6wC&pg=PA194 194]}}</ref><ref>[[#Okasha 2002|Okasha 2002]], p. 127. Okasha's full statement is that "virtually all professional biologists regard creation science as a sham – a dishonest and misguided attempt to promote religious beliefs under the guise of science, with extremely harmful educational consequences."</ref> that emerged in the 1960s with proponents aiming to have young Earth creationist beliefs taught in school science classes as a counter to teaching of evolution. Common features of Creation science argument include: creationist cosmologies which accommodate a Universe on the order of thousands of years old, criticism of [[radiometric dating]] through a technical argument about [[radiohalo]]s, explanations for the [[Fossil#Fossil record|fossil record]] as a record of the [[Genesis flood narrative]] (see [[Flood geology]]), and explanations for the present diversity as a result of pre-designed genetic variability and partially due to the rapid degradation of the perfect [[genome]]s God placed in "created kinds" or "[[Baraminology|Baramin]]" (see [[Creation science#Creationist biology|creationist biology]]) due to [[mutation]]s.
+
''See also:'' [[Henry Morris]]
  
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===Old Earth creationism===
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[[Henry Morris]] (October 6, 1918 – February 25, 2006) was a prominent [[young earth creationist]], [[Christian apologetics|Christian apologist]], [[scholar]], and hydrologist. He is most notable in his role in the modern [[creation science]] movement, co-authoring ''[[The Genesis Flood]]'' and co-founding the [[Institute for Creation Research]] and serving as its president from 1970 until 1995 and as president emeritus until his death.  Dr. Morris was the intellectual father of the modern creation science movement, and he also first coined the term "creation science".<ref name="WaPo">Schudel, Matt (March 1, 2006). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/28/AR2006022801716.html Henry Morris; Intellectual Father of 'Creation Science']. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved October 13, 2016.</ref>
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{{Main|Old Earth creationism}}
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Old Earth creationism holds that the physical universe was created by God, but that the creation event described in the Book of Genesis is to be taken figuratively. This group generally believes that the [[age of the universe|age of the Universe]] and the age of the Earth are as described by [[astronomer]]s and [[geologist]]s, but that details of [[Modern evolutionary synthesis|modern evolutionary theory]] are questionable.<ref name="Scott1999" />
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Old Earth creationism itself comes in at least three types:<ref name="Scott1999" />
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== Growth of modern creationism and Christian apologetics ==
  
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====Gap creationism====
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''See also:'' [[Atheism vs. Christian revival and Christian apologetics]]
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{{Main|Gap creationism}}
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Gap creationism, also called "restoration creationism," holds that life was recently created on a pre-existing old Earth. This theory relies on a particular interpretation of {{Bibleverse|Genesis|1:1-2|KJV}}. It is considered that the words [[Tohu wa-bohu|''formless'' and ''void'']] in fact denote waste and ruin, taking into account the original Hebrew and other places these words are used in the [[Old Testament]]. Genesis 1:1-2 is consequently translated:
+
  
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: "In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth." (Original act of creation.)
+
The effect of evolutionism on the [[Western World]] and the world at large was mitigated by the growth of modern creationism and [[Christian apologetics]] in the latter half of the 20th century and today [[global creationism]], Christian apologetics and [[global Christianity]] are seeing rapid growth.<ref name="blogs.vancouversun.com"/><ref>[http://spectator.org/archives/2011/02/28/thriving-christianity Thriving Christianity]</ref><ref name="brethrenassembly.com">[http://www.brethrenassembly.com/Ebooks/Apol_001A.pdf Introduction To Integrated Christian Apologetics, Dr. Johnson C. Philip & Dr. Saneesh Cherian]</ref>
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: "And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters."
+
  
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Thus, the six days of creation (verse 3 onwards) start sometime after the Earth was "without form and void." This allows an indefinite "gap" of time to be inserted after the original creation of the Universe, but prior to the [[Genesis creation narrative|creation according to Genesis]], (when present biological species and [[human]]ity were created). Gap theorists can therefore agree with the [[scientific consensus]] regarding the age of the Earth and Universe, while maintaining a literal interpretation of the biblical text.
+
Johns Hopkins University Press reported in 2014: "Over the past forty years, creationism has spread swiftly among European Catholics, Protestants, Jews, Hindus, and Muslims, even as anti-creationists sought to smother its flames."<ref>[https://jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/content/creationism-europe Creationism in Europe]</ref>
  
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Some{{which|date=November 2013}} gap theorists expand the basic theory by proposing a "primordial creation" of biological life within the "gap" of time. This is thought to be "the world that then was" mentioned in [[2 Peter]] 3:3-7.<ref>{{Bibleverse|2 Peter|3|KJV}}</ref> Discoveries of fossils and archaeological ruins older than 10,000 years are generally ascribed to this "world that then was," which may also be associated with [[Lucifer]]'s rebellion. These views became popular with publications of Hebrew Lexicons such as the [[Strong's Concordance]], and Bible commentaries such as the ''[[Scofield Reference Bible]]'' and the [[E. W. Bullinger|Companion Bible]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
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=== History of the growth of creationism and its effect on Christendom ===
 +
Dr. [[Johnson C. Philip]] & Dr. Saneesh Cherian wrote in their work ''Introduction To Integrated [[Christian apologetics|Christian Apologetics]]'':
 +
{{cquote|American evangelical Christians have began to notice in the fifties that compromise is a slow poison that ultimately destroys respect for truth. Some of them came together and started writing aggressively on themes defending the historical and scientific reliability of the Bible. This gave birth to the modern interest in Apologetics and Creationism. At the dawn of the twenty-first century the influence of this revival has spread all over the world, and today more than one hundred and fifty organizations function around the world, devoted solely to apologetics. Their influence has be so strong that a large number of Seminaries all around the world have begun assert the historical and scientific reliability of the Bible...
  
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====Day-age creationism====
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...with the birth of the modern creationism and apologetics, a revival set in motion among the evangelical Christians. This group became quite vocal and aggressive in the sixties, and by seventies they started exerting significant influence among theologians, thinkers, and the Bible teachers all over the world.
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{{Main|Day-age creationism}}
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Day-age creationism states that the "six days" of the Book of Genesis are not ordinary 24-hour days, but rather much longer periods (for instance, each "day" could be the equivalent of millions, or billions of years of human time). Physicist [[Gerald Schroeder]] is one such proponent of this view. This theory often states that the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] word "yôm," in the context of Genesis 1, can be properly interpreted as "age." Some{{which|date=September 2013}} adherents claim we are still living in the seventh age ("seventh day").
+
  
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Strictly speaking, day-age creationism is not so much a creationist theory as a [[Hermeneutics|hermeneutic]] option which may be combined with theories such as progressive creationism.
+
Thousands of apologetic books, hundreds of magazines, and tens of thousands of articles have been produced defending the Bible since. In turn, this has started to diminish the influence of [[rationalism|rationalists]] and radicals on Christians.  
  
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====Progressive creationism====
+
From the middle of the nineteenth to the middle of the twentieth century the rationalists had their heyday, snatching away millions of young people from their Christian faith and commitment. The wounds of this loss can been seen in Christendom even today, but at the same time this loss has been greatly minimized now because of the work of Christian apologists.  
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{{Main|Progressive creationism}}
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Progressive creationism holds that species have changed or evolved in a process continuously guided by God, with various ideas as to how the process operated—though it is generally taken that God directly intervened in the natural order at key moments in Earth history. This view accepts most of modern physical science including the age of the Earth, but rejects much of modern [[evolutionary biology]] or looks to it for evidence that evolution by [[natural selection]] alone is incorrect.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} Organizations such as [[Reasons To Believe]], founded by [[Hugh Ross (creationist)|Hugh Ross]], promote this theory.
+
  
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Progressive creationism can be held in conjunction with [[hermeneutic]] approaches to the Genesis creation narrative such as the [[Day-age creationism|day-age theory]] or [[Framework interpretation (Genesis)|framework]]/metaphoric/poetic views.
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Today anyone desiring to know about the Bible, and its connection with science, evolution, history, archaeology, has read any number of books on this topic. Literally thousands of titles are available, and he can choose anywhere from the most simple books to the most technically advanced ones.  Thus the modern apologetics movement has been able to arrest the way in which rationalists have been bleeding the Christian church.<ref name="brethrenassembly.com">[http://www.brethrenassembly.com/Ebooks/Apol_001A.pdf Introduction To Integrated Christian Apologetics, Dr. Johnson C. Philip & Dr. Saneesh Cherian]</ref>}}
  
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===Neo-creationism===
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== Internet creationism ==
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{{Main|Neo-creationism}}
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Neo-Creationists intentionally distance themselves from other forms of creationism, preferring to be known as wholly separate from creationism as a philosophy.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} Neo-creationism aims to restate creationism in terms more likely to be well received by the public, policy makers, educators and the scientific community. It aims to re-frame the debate over the [[Creation myth|origins of life]] in non-religious terms and without appeals to scripture, and to bring the debate before the public.
+
  
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Neo-creationism sees ostensibly [[Objectivity (science)|objective]] [[Mainstream#In science|mainstream science]] as a dogmatically [[atheism|atheistic]] [[religion]]. Neo-creationists argue that the [[scientific method]] excludes certain explanations of phenomena, particularly where they point towards [[supernatural]] elements. They argue that this effectively excludes any possible religious insight from contributing to a scientific understanding of the Universe. Neo-creationists also argue that science, as an "atheistic enterprise," lies at the root of many of contemporary society's ills including social unrest and family breakdown.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}
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''See also:'' [[Internet creationism]]
  
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The [[intelligent design movement]] arguably represents the most recognized form of neo-creationism in the US. Unlike their philosophical forebears, neo-creationists largely do not believe in many of the traditional cornerstones of creationism such as a young Earth, or in a dogmatically [[Biblical inerrancy|literal interpretation of the Bible]]. Common to all forms of neo-creationism is a rejection of [[Naturalism (philosophy)|naturalism]],{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} usually made together with a tacit admission of [[supernatural]]ism, and an open and often hostile opposition to what they term "[[Darwinism]]," meaning evolution.
+
On February 24, 2015, the ''Science Nordic'' website declared:
 +
{{Cquote|Creationism, the belief that a god -- not evolution -- shaped life on Earth, is ... spreading in the very stronghold of evolution, Europe. That’s the conclusion of five years of research that’s been put into new book on creationism. The book details how creationism is on the march throughout most of Europe.  
  
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====Intelligent design====
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"Creationism is most dominant in Eastern Europe and Turkey, but even some schools in the Netherlands are teaching creationism," says one of the book’s authors Hans Henrik Hjermitslev, University College South Denmark. "Politicians in some German federal states are advocating that schools use creationist books alongside those about evolutionary theory in their lessons. This kind of struggle is going on on a small scale in many places."...  
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{{Main|Intelligent design}}
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Intelligent design (ID) is the [[pseudoscientific]] view<ref name="Boudry 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Boudry |first1=Maarten |authorlink1=Maarten Boudry |last2=Blancke |first2=Stefaan |last3=Braeckman |first3=Johan |authorlink3=Johan Braeckman |date=December 2010 |title=Irreducible Incoherence and Intelligent Design: A Look into the Conceptual Toolbox of a Pseudoscience |journal=[[The Quarterly Review of Biology]] |location=Chicago, IL |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=473–482 |doi=10.1086/656904 |pmid=21243965}} Article available from [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/952482 Universiteit Gent]</ref><ref>{{cite book  |last1=Pigliucci |first1=Massimo |authorlink=Massimo Pigliucci |year=2010 |chapter=Science in the Courtroom: The Case against Intelligent Design |chapterurl=http://ncse.com/files/pub/evolution/Nonsenseonstilts.pdf |title=Nonsense on Stilts: How to Tell Science from Bunk |format=PDF |location=Chicago, IL |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-66786-7 |lccn=2009049778 |oclc=457149439 |pages=160–186 |ref=Pigliucci 2010}}</ref> that "certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection."<ref name="DIposition">{{cite web |url=http://www.discovery.org/csc/topQuestions.php#questionsAboutIntelligentDesign |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=CSC - Top Questions: Questions About Intelligent Design: What is the theory of intelligent design? |website=[[Center for Science and Culture]] |publisher=[[Discovery Institute]] |location=Seattle, WA |accessdate=2007-05-13}}</ref> All of its leading proponents are associated with the [[Discovery Institute]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/dover/day6pm.html |title=Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District Trial transcript: Day 6 (October 5), PM Session, Part 1 |website=TalkOrigins Archive |publisher=The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc. |location=Houston, TX |accessdate=2014-03-13}}</ref> a think tank whose [[Wedge strategy]] aims to replace the scientific method with "a science consonant with Christian and theistic convictions" which accepts supernatural explanations.<ref name="ForrestMay2007Paper" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.antievolution.org/features/wedge.pdf |title=The Wedge |year=1999 |publisher=[[Center for Science and Culture|Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture]] |location=Seattle, WA |format=PDF |accessdate=2014-03-13}}</ref> It is widely accepted in the scientific and academic communities that intelligent design is a form of creationism,<ref name="Wise-p30" /><ref name="nagt-pdf-Ross" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Mu |first=David |date=Fall 2005 |title=Trojan Horse or Legitimate Science: Deconstructing the Debate over Intelligent Design |url=http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~hsr/wp-content/themes/hsr/pdf/fall2005/mu.pdf |format=PDF |journal=[[Harvard College#Publications and media|Harvard Science Review]] |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Harvard Science Review, Inc. |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=22–25 |accessdate=2014-03-13 |ref=Mu 2005 |quote=...for most members of the mainstream scientific community, ID is not a scientific theory, but a creationist pseudoscience.}}
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*{{cite journal |last=Klotzko |first=Arlene Judith |date=May 28, 2001 |title=Cynical Science and Stem Cells |url=http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/13410/title/Cynical-Science-and-Stem-Cells/ |journal=[[The Scientist]] |volume=15 |issue=11 |page=35 |issn=0890-3670 |quote=Creationists are repackaging their message as the pseudo-science of 'intelligent design theory.' |accessdate=2014-03-13}}
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*{{cite court |litigants=Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District |vol=04 |reporter=cv |opinion=2688 |date=December 20, 2005}}, [[s:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District/6:Curriculum, Conclusion#Page 136 of 139|Curriculum, Conclusion, p. 136]].</ref><ref name="Numbers 2006">[[#Numbers 2006|Numbers 2006]]</ref> and is sometimes referred to as "intelligent design creationism."<ref name="Scott1999" /><ref name="ForrestMay2007Paper" /><ref>[[#Forrest & Gross 2004|Forrest & Gross 2004]]</ref><ref>[[#Pennock 2001|Pennock 2001]], "Wizards of ID: Reply to Dembski," pp. 645–667, "Dembski chides me for never using the term 'intelligent design' without conjoining it to 'creationism'. He implies (though never explicitly asserts) that he and others in his movement are not creationists and that it is incorrect to discuss them in such terms, suggesting that doing so is merely a rhetorical ploy to 'rally the troops'. (2) Am I (and the many others who see Dembski's movement in the same way) misrepresenting their position? The basic notion of creationism is the rejection of biological evolution in favor of special creation, where the latter is understood to be supernatural. Beyond this there is considerable variability..."
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*[[#Pennock 1999|Pennock 1999]]</ref><ref>[[#Scott 2005|Scott 2005]]</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Young |first1=Matt |last2=Edis |first2=Taner |title=Why Intelligent Design Fails: A Scientific Critique of the New Creationism |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYLKdtlVeQgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Why+Intelligent+Design+Fails:+A+Scientific+Critique+of+the+New+Creationism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAGoVChMIg6_llsqkyAIVyjKICh0fcg77#v=onepage&q=Why%20Intelligent%20Design%20Fails%3A%20A%20Scientific%20Critique%20of%20the%20New%20Creationism&f=false}}</ref>
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ID originated as a re-branding of creation science in an attempt to avoid a series of court decisions ruling out the teaching of creationism in American public schools, and the Discovery Institute has run [[Discovery Institute intelligent design campaigns|a series of campaigns]] to change school curricula.<ref name="Flank_April2006" /> In Australia, where curricula are under the control of state governments rather than local school boards, there was a public outcry when the notion of ID being taught in science classes was raised by the Federal Education Minister [[Brendan Nelson]]; the minister quickly conceded that the correct forum for ID, if it were to be taught, is in religious or philosophy classes.<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Deborah |date=October 21, 2005 |title=Intelligent design not science: experts |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/intelligent-design-not-science-experts/2005/10/20/1129775902661.html |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |location=Sydney |publisher=[[Fairfax Media]] |accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref>
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"Over the last ten years we’ve seen the emergence of big-city creationism. London is a good example," says Kjærgaar.
  
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In the US, teaching of intelligent design in public schools has been decisively ruled by a [[United States district court|federal district court]] to be in violation of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. In [[Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District|Kitzmiller v. Dover]], the court found that intelligent design is not science and "cannot uncouple itself from its creationist, and thus religious, antecedents,"<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District |vol=04 |reporter=cv |opinion=2688 |date=December 20, 2005}}, [[s:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District/6:Curriculum, Conclusion#Page 136 of 139|Curriculum, Conclusion, p. 136]].</ref> and hence cannot be taught as an alternative to evolution in public school science classrooms under the jurisdiction of that court. This sets a [[Precedent#Persuasive precedent|persuasive precedent]], based on previous US [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] decisions in ''Edwards v. Aguillard'' and ''[[Epperson v. Arkansas]]'' (1968), and by the application of the [[Lemon v. Kurtzman|Lemon test]], that creates a legal hurdle to teaching intelligent design in public school districts in other federal court jurisdictions.<ref name="ForrestMay2007Paper" /><ref name="kitz">[[s:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District et al.|Full text of U.S. District Judge John E. Jones III's ruling in ''Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District'', dated December 20, 2005.]]</ref>
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Here, noticeably more young people have been signed up to various local and religious groups.
  
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===Obscure and largely discounted beliefs===
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"And this doesn't just apply to young Muslims as many people might think. Christian groups are also recruiting young people...
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{{Main|Geocentric model}}
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In [[astronomy]], the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, or the Ptolemaic system), is a description of the [[Cosmos]] where Earth is at the orbital center of all celestial bodies. This model served as the predominant cosmological system in many ancient civilizations such as [[ancient Greece]]. As such, they assumed that the [[Sun]], [[Moon]], [[star]]s, and [[Classical planet|naked eye planets]] circled Earth, including the noteworthy systems of [[Aristotle]] (see [[Aristotelian physics]]) and [[Ptolemy]].
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Articles arguing that geocentrism was the biblical perspective appeared in some early creation science newsletters associated with the Creation Research Society pointing to some passages in the Bible, which, when taken literally, indicate that the daily apparent motions of the Sun and the Moon are due to their actual motions around the Earth rather than due to the rotation of the Earth about its axis for example, [[Book of Joshua|Joshua]] 10:12 where the Sun and Moon are said to stop in the sky, and [[Psalms]] 93:1 where the world is described as immobile.<ref name="Numbers1993">{{cite book |last=Numbers |first=Ronald L. |year=1993 |origyear=Originally published 1992; New York: [[Alfred A. Knopf]] |title=The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism |location=Berkeley, CA |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |page=237 |isbn=0-5200-8393-8 |lccn=93015804 |oclc=810488078}}</ref> Contemporary advocates for such [[religious belief]]s include [[Robert Sungenis]], co-author of the self-published ''Galileo Was Wrong: The Church Was Right'' (2006).<ref name="Sefton2006">{{cite news |first=Dru |last=Sefton |date=March 30, 2006 |title=In this world view, the sun revolves around the earth |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_1kaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XCYEAAAAIBAJ&dq=robert-sungenis&pg=6714%2C4991566 |newspaper=[[Times-News (Hendersonville, North Carolina)|Times-News]] |location=Hendersonville, NC |publisher=Hendersonville Newspaper Corporation |agency=[[Religion News Service]] |page=5A |accessdate=2014-03-14}}</ref> These people subscribe to the view that a plain reading of the Bible contains an accurate account of the manner in which the Universe was created and requires a geocentric worldview. Most contemporary creationist organizations reject such perspectives.{{refn|group="note"|Donald B. DeYoung, for example, states that "Similar terminology is often used today when we speak of the sun's rising and setting, even though the earth, not the sun, is doing the moving. Bible writers used the 'language of appearance,' just as people always have. Without it, the intended message would be awkward at best and probably not understood clearly. When the Bible touches on scientific subjects, it is entirely accurate."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/1997/11/05/astronomy-bible |title=Astronomy and the Bible: Selected questions and answers excerpted from the book |last=DeYoung |first=Donald B. |date=November 5, 1997 |website=[[Answers in Genesis]] |publisher=Answers in Genesis Ministries International |location=Hebron, KY |accessdate=2013-12-01}}</ref>}}
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Creationism has particularly been on the rise in step with the internet, which according to Peter Kjærgaard has made it much easier for people to become activists...<ref>[http://sciencenordic.com/scientists-warn-creationism-rise-europe Scientists warn: creationism is on the rise in Europe], ''Science Nordic''</ref>}}
  
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===Omphalos hypothesis===
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[[Answers in Genesis]], [[Creation Ministries International]] and [[Institute for Creation Research]] have websites which consists of thousands of web pages and their respective websites receive significant web traffic.
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{{Main|Omphalos hypothesis}}
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The Omphalos hypothesis argues that in order for the world to be functional, God must have created a mature Earth with mountains and canyons, rock strata, trees with growth rings, and so on; therefore ''no'' evidence that we can see of the presumed age of the Earth and age of the Universe can be taken as reliable.<ref>[[#Gosse 1857|Gosse 1857]]</ref> The idea has seen some revival in the 20th century by some modern creationists, who have extended the argument to light that originates in far-off stars and [[galaxy|galaxies]] (see [[Creationist cosmologies#Starlight problem|The "starlight problem"]]).
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==Theistic evolution==
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Creation Ministries International has a [https://creation.com/15-questions 15 questions for evolutionists web page] which features questions that evolutionists cannot satisfactorily answer, an interactive survey, videos and articles on various creation vs. evolution topics.
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{{Main|Theistic evolution}}
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Theistic evolution, or evolutionary creation, is a belief that "the personal God of the Bible created the universe and life through evolutionary processes."<ref>[[#Sweet & Feist 2007|Sweet & Feist 2007]], [http://books.google.com/?id=qwaRUNj6S34C&pg=PA48&dq=theistic+evolution+evolutionary+creation#v=onepage&q=theistic%20evolution%20evolutionary%20creation&f=false p. 48], "''Evolutionary Creation'' (or Theistic Evolution) asserts that the personal God of the Bible created the universe and life through evolutionary processes."</ref> According to the American Scientific Affiliation:
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{{quote|A theory of theistic evolution (TE) — also called evolutionary creation — proposes that God's method of creation was to cleverly design a universe in which everything would naturally evolve. Usually the "evolution" in "theistic evolution" means Total Evolution — astronomical evolution (to form galaxies, solar systems,...) and geological evolution (to form the earth's geology) plus chemical evolution (to form the first life) and biological evolution (for the development of life) — but it can refer only to biological evolution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asa3.org/ASA/education/origins/te2-cr.htm |title=Evolutionary Creation |last=Rusbult |first=Craig |year=1998 |publisher=American Scientific Affiliation |location=Ipswich, MA |accessdate=2014-03-14 |quote=A theory of theistic evolution (TE) — also called evolutionary creation * — proposes that God's method of creation was to cleverly design a universe in which everything would naturally evolve.  Usually the "evolution" in "theistic evolution" means Total Evolution — astronomical evolution (to form galaxies, solar systems,...) and geological evolution (to form the earth's geology) plus chemical evolution (to form the first life) and biological evolution (for the development of life) — but it can refer only to biological evolution.}}</ref>}}
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== Creationism and Intelligent Design ==
  
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Through the 19th century the term ''creationism'' most commonly referred to [[Creationism (soul)|direct creation of individual souls]], in contrast to [[traducianism]]. Following the publication of ''Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation'', there was interest in ideas of Creation by [[divine law]]. In particular, the [[liberal Christianity|liberal theologian]] [[Baden Powell (mathematician)|Baden Powell]] argued that this illustrated the Creator's power better than the idea of miraculous creation, which he thought ridiculous.<ref>[[#Bowler 2003|Bowler 2003]], p. 139</ref> When ''On the Origin of Species'' was published, the cleric [[Charles Kingsley]] wrote of evolution as "just as noble a conception of Deity."<ref name="Darwinanddesign">{{cite web |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwin-and-design-article |title=Darwin and design: historical essay |year=2007 |website=Darwin Correspondence Project |publisher=Cambridge University Library |location=Cambridge, UK |accessdate=2012-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-2534 |title=Kingsley, Charles to Darwin, C. R. |last=Kingsley |first=Charles |authorlink=Charles Kingsley |date=November 18, 1859 |website=Darwin Correspondence Project |publisher=Cambridge University Library |location=Cambridge, UK |id=Letter 2534 |accessdate=2010-08-11}}</ref> Darwin's view at the time was of God creating life through the laws of nature,<ref name="James_Moore" /><ref>[[#Quammen 2006|Quammen 2006]], p. 119</ref> and the book makes several references to "creation," though he later regretted using the term rather than calling it an unknown process.<ref>[[#Barlow 1963|Barlow 1963]], [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1577&pageseq=9 p. 207]</ref> In America, [[Asa Gray]] argued that evolution is the secondary effect, or ''modus operandi'', of the first cause, design,<ref>[[#Dewey 1994|Dewey 1994]], p. 27</ref> and published a pamphlet defending the book in theistic terms, ''Natural Selection not inconsistent with Natural Theology''.<ref name="Darwinanddesign" /><ref name="Miles_2001">{{cite journal |last=Miles |first=Sara Joan |date=September 2001 |title=Charles Darwin and Asa Gray Discuss Teleology and Design |url=http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2001/PSCF9-01Miles.html |journal=Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith |location=Ipswich, MA |publisher=American Scientific Affiliation |volume=53 |pages=196–201 |accessdate=2008-11-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Gray |first=Asa |authorlink=Asa Gray |year=1860 |title=Natural Selection not inconsistent with Natural Theology |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/content/view/84/69/ |journal=[[The Atlantic|The Atlantic Monthly]] |type=Reprint |location=Boston, MA |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090220124011/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/content/view/84/69/ <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archivedate=2009-02-20 |accessdate=2009-04-11}} "Atlantic Monthly for ''July'', ''August'', and ''October'', 1860, reprinted in 1861."</ref> Theistic evolution, also called, evolutionary creation, became a popular compromise, and [[St. George Jackson Mivart]] was among those accepting evolution but attacking Darwin's naturalistic mechanism. Eventually it was realised that supernatural intervention could not be a scientific explanation, and naturalistic mechanisms such as [[Lamarckism#Neo-Lamarckism|neo-Lamarckism]] were favoured as being more compatible with purpose than natural selection.<ref name="bowl202">[[#Bowler 2003|Bowler 2003]], pp. 202–208</ref>
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''See also:'' [[Intelligent design]]
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[[Image:Intelligent design.jpg‎|alt= Intelligent design|thumbnail|300px|right|Intelligent design theorists contend that the core feature of life consists of information processing systems that cannot be fully explained as being the result of unintelligent causes alone.]]
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Believers in the Abrahamic faiths who hold to creationism believe that the natural world has been designed by God. Recently, there have been articles which were favorable to the [[intelligent design]] position in scientific journals which traditionally have favored the macroevolutionary position.<ref>http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&id=2640</ref> Believers in the Abrahamic faiths have points of agreement and disagreement with the intelligent design movement. They agree that the natural world has an intelligent cause and was designed as mentioned previously.   However, some advocates of creationism believe that the intelligent design movement divorces the Creator from creation by not explicitly stating that the cause of creation is a supernatural being and also failing to state explicitly who that supernatural being is.<ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v1/n1/intelligent-design-movement</ref>
  
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Some theists took the general view that, instead of faith being in opposition to biological evolution, some or all classical religious teachings about [[God in Christianity|Christian God]] and creation are compatible with some or all of modern scientific theory, including specifically evolution; it is also known as "evolutionary creation." In Evolution versus Creationism, [[Eugenie Scott]] and [[Niles Eldredge]] state that it is in fact a type of evolution.<ref>[[#Scott 2005|Scott 2005]], pp. 62–63</ref>
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There is considerable disagreement on whether or not intelligent design amounts to a form of creationism and if so, where to place it in comparison to the other forms of creationism. This is due to the concept having  many different definitions and proponents espousing different ideas.  
  
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It generally views evolution as a tool used by God, who is both the [[Unmoved mover#First cause|first cause]] and [[Immanence|immanent]] sustainer/upholder of the Universe; it is therefore well accepted by people of strong [[theism|theistic]] (as opposed to [[deism|deistic]]) convictions. Theistic evolution can synthesize with the day-age creationist interpretation of the Genesis creation narrative; however most adherents consider that the first chapters of the Book of Genesis should not be interpreted as a "literal" description, but rather as a [[framework view|literary framework]] or allegory.
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For example, one major proponent of Intelligent Design is Young Earth Creationist Paul Nelson, while [[Michael Behe]], another major proponent, accepts [[common descent]]. [[William Dembski]] has stated unequivocally that Intelligent Design is not theistic evolution and they should not be considered the same.<ref>''What every theologian should know about creation, evolution, and design'' Center for Interdisciplinary Studies Transactions 3(2), William Demsbki</ref> Dembski has also asserted that Intelligent Design  is the [[Logos]] in terms of information theory,<ref>[http://touchstonemag.com/archives/issue.php?id=49] ''Signs of Intelligence:
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A Primer on the Discernment of Intelligent Design'' Touchstone Magazine, Volume 12, Issue 4 July–August 1999</ref> while Dembski and others have given other definitions that do not include any specific theological references. Arguably, intelligent design can be summarized as the notion that at some point in the past, in some way, some entity (possibly God) created life, or altered life at some point, or created the universe to be compatible with life.  
  
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From a theistic viewpoint, the underlying laws of nature were designed by God for a purpose, and are so self-sufficient that the complexity of the entire physical universe evolved from fundamental particles in processes such as [[stellar evolution]], life forms developed in biological evolution, and in the same way the [[Abiogenesis|origin of life by natural causes]] has resulted from these laws.<ref name="The Origin of Life">{{cite web |url=http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/abioprob/originoflife.html#intro |title=The Origin of Life |last=Moritz |first=Albrecht |date=October 31, 2006 |website=TalkOrigins Archive |publisher=The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc. |location=Houston, TX |accessdate=2008-11-22}}</ref>
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Behe and others have stated that Intelligent Design is not religious in nature but in the [[Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District|Dover trial]], Judge John E. Jones III, a [[Republican]] and a US Federal District Judge, ruled as one of his findings that Intelligent Design was essentially religious in nature.  The opinion borrowed heavily from the ACLU's briefs.<ref>[http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=53330]</ref> The Kitzmiller vs. Dover case did not take into account that [[Atheism is a religion|atheistic evolution is religious in nature]].<ref>https://creation.com/atheism-a-religion</ref><ref>http://www.intelligentdesignnetwork.org/Kitzmiller%27s_error_summary.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.intelligentdesignnetwork.org/Kitzmiller%27s_Error.pdf</ref>
  
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In one form or another, theistic evolution is the view of creation taught at the majority of mainline [[Protestantism|Protestant]] seminaries.<ref>[[#Scott 1999|Scott 1999]]</ref> For Roman Catholics, human evolution is not a matter of religious teaching, and must stand or fall on its own scientific merits. [[Catholic Church and evolution|Evolution and the Roman Catholic Church]] are not in conflict. The [[Catechism of the Catholic Church]] comments positively on the theory of evolution, which is neither precluded nor required by the sources of faith, stating that scientific studies "have splendidly enriched our knowledge of the age and dimensions of the cosmos, the development of life-forms and the appearance of man."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Akin |first=Jimmy |date=January 2004 |title=Evolution and the Magisterium |url=http://www.catholic.com/thisrock/2004/0401bt.asp |journal=[[Catholic Answers|This Rock]] |location=San Diego, CA |publisher=[[Catholic Answers|Catholic Answers, Inc.]] |volume=15 |issue=1 |issn=1049-4561 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804102139/http://www.catholic.com/thisrock/2004/0401bt.asp |archivedate=2007-08-04 |accessdate=2014-03-14}}</ref> [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] schools teach evolution without controversy on the basis that scientific knowledge does not extend beyond the physical, and scientific truth and religious truth cannot be in conflict.<ref>{{cite news |last=Guntzel |first=Jeff Severns |url=http://natcath.org/NCR_Online/archives2/2005a/032505/032505ssn.htm |date=March 25, 2005 |title=Catholic schools steer clear of anti-evolution bias |newspaper=[[National Catholic Reporter]] |location=Kansas City, MO |publisher=The National Catholic Reporter Publishing Company |issn=0027-8939 |accessdate=2007-08-15}}</ref> Theistic evolution can be described as "creationism" in holding that [[Miracle|divine intervention]] brought about the origin of life or that divine laws govern formation of species, though many creationists (in the strict sense) would deny that the position is creationism at all. In the creation–evolution controversy its proponents generally take the "evolutionist" side. This sentiment was expressed by Fr. [[George Coyne]], (the [[Vatican City|Vatican]]'s chief astronomer between 1978 and 2006):<blockquote>...in America, creationism has come to mean some fundamentalistic, literal, scientific interpretation of Genesis. Judaic-Christian faith is radically creationist, but in a totally different sense. It is rooted in a belief that everything depends upon God, or better, all is a gift from God.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic.org/national/national_story.php?id=18504 |title=Text of talk by Vatican Observatory director on 'Science Does Not Need God. Or Does It? A Catholic Scientist Looks at Evolution' |last=Coyne |first=George V. |authorlink=George Coyne |date=January 30, 2006 |publisher=Catholic Online, LLC |accessdate=2011-03-10}}</ref></blockquote>
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== Islamic creationism ==
  
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While supporting the [[naturalism (philosophy)|methodological naturalism]] inherent in modern science, the proponents of theistic evolution reject the implication taken by some [[atheism|atheists]] that this gives credence to [[Ontology|ontological]] [[materialism]]. In fact, many modern philosophers of science,<ref>[[#Pennock 1999|Pennock 1999]]
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''See also:'' [[Atheism vs. Islam]]  
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*{{cite web |url=http://llanoestacado.org/freeinquiry/files/naturalism.html |title=Naturalism is an Essential Part of Science and Critical Inquiry |last=Schafersman |first=Steven D. |authorlink=Steven Schafersman |date=May 1997 |website=Free Inquiry: The Humanist and Skeptic Website of Steven Schafersman |publisher=Steven Schafersman |accessdate=2014-03-15}}
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*{{cite web |url=http://leiterreports.typepad.com/blog/2004/04/on_methodologic.html |title=On Methodological Naturalism and Intelligent Design (or Why Can't Lawrence VanDyke Leave Well Enough Alone?) |last=Leiter |first=Brian |authorlink=Brian Leiter |date=April 6, 2004 |website=Leiter Reports: A Philosophy Blog |publisher=Brian Leiter |type=Blog |accessdate=2014-03-15}}
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*{{cite journal |last=Burgeson |first=John W. |year=1997 |title=NTSE: An Intellectual Feast |url=http://www.arn.org/docs/odesign/od182/ntse182.htm |journal=Origins & Design |location=Colorado Springs, CO |publisher=[[Access Research Network]] |volume=18 |issue=2 |accessdate=2014-03-15}}
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*[[#Draper 2005|Draper 2005]]
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*{{cite journal |last1=Pigliucci |first1=Massimo |authorlink=Massimo Pigliucci |last2=Banta |first2=Joshua |last3=Bossu |first3=Christen |last4=Crouse |first4=Paula |last5=Dexter |first5=Troy |last6=Hansknecht |first6=Kerry |last7=Muth |first7=Norris |display-authors=1 |date=May–June 2004 |title=The Alleged Fallacies of Evolutionary Theory |url=http://philosophynow.org/issues/46/The_Alleged_Fallacies_of_Evolutionary_Theory |journal=[[Philosophy Now]] |location=London |issue=46 |issn=0961-5970 |accessdate=2014-03-15}}
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*{{cite web |url=http://www.biology.uiowa.edu/ID.html |title=Statement on Intelligent Design |year=2005 |website=The Department of Biology |publisher=[[University of Iowa]] |type=Petition |location=Iowa City, IA |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901150357/http://www.biology.uiowa.edu/ID.html |archivedate=2010-09-01 |accessdate=2014-03-15}}
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*{{cite journal |last=Pigliucci |first=Massimo |date=December 2005 |title=Science and fundamentalism |url=http://embor.embopress.org/content/6/12/1106 |journal=EMBO Reports |location=London |publisher=[[Nature Publishing Group]] |volume=6 |issue=12 |doi=10.1038/sj.embor.7400589 |issn=1469-3178 |accessdate=2014-03-15}}
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*{{cite web |url=http://infidels.org/library/modern/michael_martin/naturalism.html |title=Justifying Methodological Naturalism |last=Martin |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Martin (philosopher) |year=2002 |website=The Secular Web |publisher=[[Internet Infidels|Internet Infidels, Inc.]] |location=Colorado Springs, CO |accessdate=2014-03-15}}</ref> including atheists,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.butterfliesandwheels.org/2005/intelligent-design-or-natural-design/ |title=Intelligent Design or Natural Design |last=Bradley |first=Raymond |date=November 23, 2005 |website=Butterflies and Wheels |publisher=[[Ophelia Benson]] |location=Seattle, WA |accessdate=2014-03-16}}</ref> refer to the long-standing convention in the scientific method that [[observation|observable]] events in nature should be explained by natural causes, with the distinction that it does not assume the actual existence or non-existence of the supernatural. <!---Among other things, it means that science does not deal with the question of the existence of a Creator, and argues neither for nor against it.
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"while on the other hand many scientists support such faiths which allow a voice to their spiritual side." Don't know how to include this, it anyway should talk about scientific positions (and not faiths) and spiritual side--->
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==Religious views==
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According the news website ''The Commentator'': "Belief in evolution remains a minority position in virtually all Muslim societies around the world today. According to studies, 22 percent of Turks, 16 percent of Indonesians, 14 percent of Pakistanis, 11 percent of Malaysians, and 8 percent of Egyptians believe in evolution."<ref>[The Muslim theory of evolution] by Ghaffar Hussain
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On 14 January 2013 10:03</ref>
  
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===Christianity===
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In 2010, the Islamic creationist [[Harun Yahya]] was chosen among the top 500 most influential Muslims by the Royal Islamic Strategic Studies center in Jordan.<ref>[http://www.csicop.org/si/show/harun_yahyas_islamic_creationism_what_it_is_and_isnt/ Harun Yahya’s Islamic Creationism: What It Is and Isn’t] by Stefano Bigliardi Volume 38.1, January/February 2014</ref>
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{{Further|Genesis creation narrative|Creation–evolution controversy}}
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[[File:StarCresent.png|thumbnail|200px|right|Assuming patterns of net immigration do not change significantly, the Pew Forum thinks that there will be just over 5.5 million British Muslims, representing 8.2 per cent of the UK population, by 2030.<ref>[http://blogs.channel4.com/factcheck/factcheck-will-britain-have-a-muslim-majority-by-2050/13690 FactCheck: will Britain have a Muslim majority by 2050?]</ref>  
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{{As of | 2006}} most Christians around the world accepted evolution as the most likely explanation for the origins of species, and did not take a literal view of the Genesis creation myth. The US is an exception where belief in religious fundamentalism is much more likely to affect attitudes towards evolution than it is for believers elsewhere. Political partisanship affecting religious belief may be a factor because political partisanship in the US is highly correlated with fundamentalist thinking, unlike in Europe.<ref name="Science survey">{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Jon D. |last2=Scott |first2=Eugenie C. |authorlink2=Eugenie Scott |last3=Okamoto |first3=Shinji |date=August 2006 |title=Public acceptance of evolution |url=http://old.richarddawkins.net/articles/706 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |volume=313 |issue=5788 |pages=765–766 |doi=10.1126/science.1126746 |pmid=16902112 |accessdate=2014-03-16}}</ref>
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See: [[Atheism vs. Islam]] ]]
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In 2009, ''The Guardian'' reported:
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{{cquote|Mass migration has led to a rise in creationist beliefs across Europe, according to a British scientist.
  
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Most contemporary Christian leaders and scholars from mainstream churches,<ref name="Denominational Views">{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/religion/denominational-views |title=Denominational Views |date=October 17, 2008 |website=National Center for Science Education |publisher=National Center for Science Education |location=Berkeley, CA |accessdate=2010-05-17}}</ref> such as [[Anglicanism|Anglicans]]<ref name="Episcopal Church">{{cite web|url=http://ncse.com/media/voices/episcopal-church-general-convention-2006 |title=Episcopal Church, General Convention (2006) |website=National Center for Science Education |publisher=National Center for Science Education |location=Berkeley, CA |accessdate=2010-05-17}}</ref> and [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]],<ref name="Lutheran">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schick |first=Edwin A. |editor-last=Bodensieck |editor-first=Julius |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Lutheran Church |url=http://ncse.com/media/voices/lutheran-world-federation |accessdate=2010-05-17 |title=Evolution |year=1965 |publisher=[[Augsburg Fortress|Augsburg Publishing House]] |volume=1 |location=Minneapolis, MN |lccn=64021500 |oclc=947120}} Edited for the [[Lutheran World Federation]].
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Michael Reiss, who is a professor of education at the Institute of Education in London and an Anglican priest, said the evolution-creationism debate could no longer be thought of as something that happened elsewhere and that more and more people in the UK did not accept evolution.
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*{{cite journal |last=Hollabaugh |first=Mark |date=October 2006 |title=God allows the universe to create itself and evolve |url=http://www.thelutheran.org/article/article.cfm?article_id=6093 |journal=[[The Lutheran]] |location=Minneapolis, MN |publisher=[[Augsburg Fortress]] |issn=0024-743X |accessdate=2014-03-16}}</ref> consider that there is no conflict between the spiritual meaning of creation and the science of evolution. According to the former [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], [[Rowan Williams]], "...for most of the history of Christianity, and I think this is fair enough, most of the history of the Christianity there's been an awareness that a belief that everything depends on the creative act of God, is quite compatible with a degree of uncertainty or latitude about how precisely that unfolds in creative time."<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=March 21, 2006 |title=Interview: Rowan Williams |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/mar/21/religion.uk |newspaper=The Guardian |type=Transcript |location=London |publisher=Guardian Media Group |accessdate=2014-03-16}}</ref>
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Leaders of the Anglican<ref>{{cite news |last=Williams |first=Christopher |date=March 21, 2006 |title=Archbishop of Canterbury backs evolution |url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/03/21/archbishop_backs_evolution/ |work=[[The Register]] |location=London |publisher=Situation Publishing Limited |accessdate=2011-03-10}}</ref> and Roman Catholic<ref>{{cite journal |last=McDonell |first=Keelin |date=July 12, 2005 |title=What Catholics Think of Evolution |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2122506/ |journal=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[Graham Holdings Company|The Washington Post Company]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050716003211/http://www.slate.com/id/2122506/ |archivedate=2005-07-16 |accessdate=2014-03-16}}</ref><ref>See also the article [[Catholic Church and evolution]].
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Reiss told the Guardian that countries with a higher proportion of Muslims or fundamentalist Christians in their population were more likely to reject evolution. He added: "What the Turks believe today is what the Germans and British believe tomorrow. It is because of the mass movement of people between countries.
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</ref> churches have made statements in favor of evolutionary theory, as have scholars such as the physicist [[John Polkinghorne]], who argues that evolution is one of the principles through which God created living beings. Earlier supporters of evolutionary theory include [[Frederick Temple]], Asa Gray and Charles Kingsley who were enthusiastic supporters of Darwin's theories upon their publication,<ref>[[#Polkinghorne 1998|Polkinghorne 1998]], pp. 7–8</ref> and the French Jesuit priest and geologist [[Pierre Teilhard de Chardin]] saw evolution as confirmation of his Christian beliefs, despite condemnation from Church authorities for his more speculative theories. Another example is that of [[Liberal Christianity|Liberal theology]], not providing any creation models, but instead focusing on the [[symbol]]ism in beliefs of the time of authoring Genesis and the cultural environment.
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Many Christians and Jews had been considering the idea of the creation history as an allegory (instead of historical) long before the development of Darwin's theory of evolution. For example, Philo, whose works were taken up by early Church writers, wrote that it would be a mistake to think that creation happened in six days, or in any set amount of time.<ref name="Philo_Chapter2" /><ref name="www.earlychurch.org.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.earlychurch.org.uk/philo.php |title=Philo of Alexandria (c.20 BC - c. AD 50) |last=Bradshaw |first=Rob |website=Early Church.org.uk |publisher=Steve Bradshaw |location=West Wickham, England |accessdate=December 21, 2011}}</ref> Augustine of the late fourth century who was also a former neoplatonist argued that everything in the Universe was created by God at the same moment in time (and not in six days as a literal reading of the Book of Genesis would seem to require);<ref name="Augustine" /> It appears that both Philo and Augustine felt uncomfortable with the idea of a seven-day creation because it detracted from the notion of God's omnipotence. In 1950, [[Pope Pius XII]] stated limited support for the idea in his [[Encyclical#Catholic usage|encyclical]] ''[[Humani generis]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_12081950_humani-generis_en.html |author=Pope Pius XII |authorlink=Pope Pius XII |title=Humani Generis |website=Vatican: the Holy See |publisher=[[Holy See]] |location=St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City |type=[[Encyclical#Catholic usage|Papal encyclical]] |date=August 12, 1950 |accessdate=2011-11-08}}</ref> In 1996, [[Pope John Paul II]] stated that "new knowledge has led to the recognition of the theory of evolution as more than a hypothesis," but, referring to previous papal writings, he concluded that "if the human body takes its origin from pre-existent living matter, the spiritual [[soul]] is immediately created by God."<ref>{{cite news |author=Pope John Paul II |authorlink=Pope John Paul II |date=October 30, 1996 |title=Magisterium is concerned with question of evolution, for it involves conception of man |url=http://www.its.caltech.edu/~nmcenter/sci-cp/evolution.html |newspaper=[[L'Osservatore Romano]] |type=Message to the [[Pontifical Academy of Sciences]] |edition=Weekly English |location=Tipografia Vaticana, Vatican City |publisher=Holy See |number=44 |pages=3, 7 |accessdate=2014-03-19}}</ref>
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"These things can no longer be thought of as occurring in other countries. In London, where I work, there are increasingly quite large numbers of highly intelligent 16, 17 and 18-year-olds doing Advanced Level biology who do not accept evolution. That's either because they come from a fundamentalist Christian background or from Muslim backgrounds."<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/nov/13/migration-creationism-evolution-michael-reiss Migration is spreading creationism across Europe, claims academic] by  Riazat Butt, religious affairs correspondent, Friday 13 November 2009 07.49 EST</ref>}}
  
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In the US, Evangelical Christians have continued to believe in a literal Genesis. Members of evangelical Protestant (70%), [[Mormons|Mormon]] (76%) and [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (90%) denominations are the most likely to reject the evolutionary interpretation of the origins of life.<ref>{{cite report |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2008 |title=U.S. Religious Landscape Survey |url=http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report2religious-landscape-study-chapter-2.pdf |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |location=Washington, D.C. |chapter=Social and Political Views |page=95 |format=PDF |accessdate=2014-03-19}} Report 2: Religious Beliefs & Practices, Chapter 2.</ref> The historic Christian literal interpretation of creation requires the harmonization of the two creation stories, Genesis 1:1-2:3 and Genesis 2:4-25, for there to be a consistent interpretation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apologeticspress.org/articles/2194 |title=Are There Two Creation Accounts in Genesis? |last=Jackson |first=Wayne |website=Apologetics Press |location=Montgomery, Al |accessdate=2007-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rejectionofpascalswager.net/creationint.html |last=Tobin |first=Paul N. |year=2000 |title=The Creation Myths: Internal Difficulties |website=The Rejection of Pascal's Wager: A Skeptic's Guide to Christianity |publisher=Paul Tobin |location=Singapore |accessdate=2014-03-19}}</ref> They sometimes seek to ensure that their belief is taught in science classes, mainly in American schools. Opponents reject the claim that the literalistic biblical view meets the criteria required to be considered scientific. Many religious groups teach that God created the Cosmos. From the days of the early Christian Church Fathers there were allegorical interpretations of the Book of Genesis as well as literal aspects.<ref name="rsf">[[#Forster & Marston 1999|Forster & Marston 1999]]</ref>
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=== New atheist Richard Dawkins on Islamic creationism and multiculturism ===  
  
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[[Christian Science]], a system of thought and practice derived from the writings of [[Mary Baker Eddy]], interprets the Book of Genesis figuratively rather than literally. It holds that the material world is an illusion, and consequently not created by God: the only real creation is the spiritual realm, of which the material world is a distorted version. Christian Scientists regard the story of the creation in the Book of Genesis as having symbolic rather than literal meaning. According to Christian Science,  both creationism and evolution are false from an absolute or "spiritual" point of view, as they both proceed from a (false) belief in the reality of a material universe. However, Christian Scientists do not oppose the teaching of evolution in schools, nor do they demand that alternative accounts be taught: they believe that both material science and literalist theology are concerned with the illusory, mortal and material, rather than the real, immortal and spiritual. With regard to material theories of creation, Mary Baker Eddy showed a preference for Darwin's theory of evolution over others.<ref name=S&Hp547>[[#Eddy 1934|Eddy 1934]], p. 547</ref>
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''See also:'' [[Causes of the New Atheism movement#New Atheism as a reaction to creationism|New Atheism as a reaction to creationism]]
  
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===Hinduism===
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The British newspaper ''The Telegraph'' reported in an article entitled ''[[Richard Dawkins]]: Muslim parents 'import creationism' into schools'':
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{{Main|Hindu views on evolution}}
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{{cquote|Prof Dawkins, a well-known atheist, also blamed the Government for accommodating religious views and allowing creationism to be taught in schools.  
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According to Hindu creationism all species on Earth including humans have "devolved" or come down from a high state of pure [[consciousness]].{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} Hindu creationists claim that species of [[plants]] and [[animals]] are material forms adopted by pure consciousness which live an endless cycle of births and rebirths.<ref>[[#McGrath 2010|McGrath 2010]], p. 140</ref> [[Ronald Numbers]] says that: "Hindu Creationists have insisted on the antiquity of humans, who they believe appeared fully formed as long, perhaps, as trillions of years ago."<ref>[[#Numbers 2006|Numbers 2006]], p. 420</ref> Hindu creationism is a form of old Earth creationism, according to Hindu creationists the Universe may even be older than billions of years. These views are based on the [[Vedas]], the creation myths of which depict an extreme antiquity of the Universe and history of the Earth.<ref>[[#Carper & Hunt 2009|Carper & Hunt 2009]], p. 167</ref><ref>[[#Dasgupta 1922|Dasgupta 1922]], p. 10</ref>
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===Islam===
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"Most devout Muslims are creationists so when you go to schools, there are a large number of children of Islamic parents who trot out what they have been taught," Prof Dawkins said in a Sunday newspaper interview.
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{{Main|Islamic views on evolution}}
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[[Islamic views on evolution|Islamic creationism]] is the belief that the Universe (including humanity) was directly created by [[God in Islam|God]] as explained in the [[Quran|Qur'an]]. It usually views the Book of Genesis as a corrupted version of God's message. The creation myths in the Qur'an are vaguer and allow for a wider range of interpretations similar to those in other Abrahamic religions.
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Islam also has its own school of theistic evolutionism, which holds that mainstream scientific analysis of the origin of the Universe is supported by the Qur'an. Some [[Muslims]] believe in evolutionary creation, especially among [[liberal movements within Islam]].
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"Teachers are bending over backwards to respect home prejudices that children have been brought up with. The Government could do more, but it doesn't want to because it is fanatical about [[multiculturalism]] and the need to respect the different traditions from which these children come."<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2494397/Richard-Dawkins-Muslim-parents-import-creationism-into-schools.html ''Richard Dawkins: Muslim parents 'import creationism' into schools''], ''The Telegraph''</ref>}}
  
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Khalid Anees, president of the [[Islamic Society of Britain]], at a conference called 'Creationism: Science and Faith in Schools', made points including the following:<blockquote>There is no contradiction between what is revealed in the Koran and natural selection and [[survival of the fittest]]. However, Muslims do not agree that one species can develop from another.<ref name=guardian0104>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=January 7, 2004 |url=http://education.guardian.co.uk/conferences/story/0,,1117752,00.html |title=Creationism: Science and Faith in Schools |newspaper=The Guardian |type=Conferences |location=London |publisher=Guardian Media Group |accessdate=2008-07-18}}</ref></blockquote>
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== Biblical creation publications ==
  
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Writing for ''[[The Boston Globe]]'', Drake Bennett noted: "Without a Book of Genesis to account for ... Muslim creationists have little interest in proving that the age of the Earth is measured in the thousands rather than the billions of years, nor do they show much interest in the problem of the dinosaurs. And the idea that animals might evolve into other animals also tends to be less controversial, in part because there are passages of the Koran that seem to support it. But the issue of whether human beings are the product of evolution is just as fraught among Muslims."<ref name="Bennett 4" /> However, some Muslims, such as [[Adnan Oktar]] (also known as Harun Yahya), do not agree that one species can develop from another.<ref name="PrizeforFossil">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/3102103/Creationist-Adnan-Oktar-offers-trillion-pound-prize-for-fossil-proof-of-evolution.html |last=Irvine |first=Chris |date=September 29, 2008 |title=Creationist Adnan Oktar offers trillion-pound prize for fossil proof of evolution |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]] |accessdate=2014-03-21}}</ref>
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''See also:'' [[Biblical creation journals]]
  
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But there is also a growing movement of Islamic creationism. Similar to Christian creationism, there is concern regarding the perceived conflicts between the Qur'an and the main points of evolutionary theory. The main location for this has been in Turkey, where fewer than 25% of people believe in evolution.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kaufman |first=Marc |date=November 8, 2009 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/07/AR2009110702233.html |title=In Turkey, fertile ground for creationism |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=The Washington Post Company |accessdate=2014-03-21}}</ref>
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Some prominent biblical [[creation]] publications are given below:
  
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There are several verses in the Qur'an which some modern writers have interpreted as being compatible with the [[Metric expansion of space|expansion of the Universe]], [[Big Bang]] and [[Big Crunch]] theories:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.harunyahya.com/tr/works/3344/The-Big-Bang-echoes-throught-the-map-of-the-galaxy |title=The Big Bang Echoes through the Map of the Galaxy |author=Harun Yahya |authorlink=Adnan Oktar |date=June 30, 2005 |website=Harun Yahya |publisher=Global Publication Ltd. Co. |location=Horsham, England |accessdate=2014-03-21}}</ref><ref>[[#Bucaille 1977|Bucaille 1977]]
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*[[Creation magazine]]
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*[[#Bucaille 1976|Bucaille 1976]]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/scislam.html |title=The Qur'an, Knowledge, and Science |last=Abd-Allah |first=A. |website=Compendium of Muslim Texts |publisher=[[University of Southern California]] |location=Los Angeles, CA |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054613/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/scislam.html |archivedate=2008-11-28 |accessdate=2014-03-21}}</ref>
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: {{Cite quran|21|30|t=y|q=Do not the Unbelievers see that the heavens and the earth were joined together (as one unit of creation), before we clove them asunder? We made from water every living thing. Will they not then believe?}}
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*[[Journal of Creation]] - Peer reviewed
  
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: {{Cite quran|41|11|t=y|q=Moreover He comprehended in His design the sky, and it had been (as) smoke: He said to it and to the earth: 'Come ye together, willingly or unwillingly.' They said: 'We do come (together), in willing obedience.'}}
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*[[Creation Research Society Quarterly Journal]] - peer reviewed
  
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: {{Cite quran|51|47|t=y|q=With power and skill did We construct the Firmament: for it is We Who create the vastness of space.}}
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== Adherents and Opponents of Creationism ==
  
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: {{Cite quran|21|104|t=y|q=The Day that We roll up the heavens like a scroll rolled up for books (completed),- even as We produced the first creation, so shall We produce a new one: a promise We have undertaken: truly shall We fulfil it.}}
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Traditionally, [[Judaism]] supported young earth creationism.<ref>James-Griffiths, James,[http://www.creation.com/content/view/558/ Creation days and Orthodox Jewish tradition] ''Creation'' 26(2):53–55, March 2004.</ref>  [[Orthodox Judaism]] currently has diverse opinions regarding young earth creationism.<ref>Rabbinical Council of America, [http://www.rabbis.org/news/article.cfm?id=100635 Creation, Evolution, and Intelligent Design].</ref> Ultra-Orthodox Judaism accepts young earth creationism.<ref>Winnick, Pamela R.,[http://www.arn.org/docs/ohio/toledo_winnick030702.htm Evolutionary War] ''Toledo City Paper'', March 7, 2002.</ref> 
  
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====Ahmadiyya====
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In addition, a majority of the early church fathers supported the young earth creationist view.<ref>Bradshaw, Robert I., [http://www.robibrad.demon.co.uk/Chapter3.htm Creationism & the Early Church, chapter 3, The Days of Genesis 1].</ref>  While Young Earth Creationism is prominent in many conservative [[Protestantism|Protestant]] denominations, theologically liberal Protestant and Jewish denominations generally reject it.<ref>[[Henry Morris|Morris, Henry]], [https://www.icr.org/article/816/6/ Old-Earth Creationism] ''Back to Genesis'' April 1997.</ref><ref>[http://www.beliefnet.com/story/80/story_8029_1.html What Conservative Protestants Believe] (beliefnet).</ref><ref>Jarvik, Elaine, [http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,635177399,00.html Beliefs on Darwin's evolution vary from religion to religion] Deseret Morning News 19 January 2006.</ref> The [[Roman Catholic Church]] has a cautiously positive view of the theory of evolution.<ref>https://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-04-11-pope-evolution-creation_N.htm</ref><ref>Heneghan, Tom, [http://www.beliefnet.com/story/182/story_18220.html Catholics and Evolution: Interview with Cardinal Christoph Schönborn] (beliefnet).</ref> 
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The [[Ahmadiyya]] movement activey promotes evolutionary theory.<ref name="Masood_Ch13">[[#Masood 1994|Masood 1994]], [http://www.itl-usa.org/ahmadi/ahmadi13.html Chapter 13, "Every Wind of Doctrine"]</ref> Ahmadis interpret scripture from the Qur'an to support the concept of [[macroevolution]] and give precedence to scientific theories. Furthermore, unlike orthodox Muslims, Ahmadis believe that mankind has gradually evolved from different species. Ahmadis regard [[Adam]] as being the first Prophet of God{{spaced ndash}}as opposed to him being the first man on Earth.<ref name="Masood_Ch13" /> Rather than wholly adopting the theory of natural selection, Ahmadis promote the idea of a "guided evolution," viewing each stage of the evolutionary process as having been selectively woven by God.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alislam.org/library/articles/Guided_evolution_and_punctuated_equilibrium-20081104MN.pdf |title=Guided Evolution: Proof From Punctuated Equilibrium |last1=Lahaye |first1=Ataul Wahid |last2=Shah |first2=Zia H. |website=Al Islam |publisher=[[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]] |location=London |format=PDF |accessdate=2014-03-21}}</ref> [[Mirza Tahir Ahmad]], Fourth [[Khalifatul Masih|Caliph]] of the [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]] has stated in his magnum opus ''[[Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth]]'' (1998) that evolution did occur but only through God being the One who brings it about. It does not occur itself, according to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.
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===Judaism===
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Islam has a variety of opinions regarding creationism and the theory of evolution.<ref>http://www.irfi.org/articles/articles_151_200/muslim_responses_to_evolution.htm</ref>
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{{Main|Jewish views on evolution}}
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For [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jews]] who seek to reconcile discrepancies between science and the creation myths in the Bible, the notion that science and the Bible should even be reconciled through traditional scientific means is questioned. To these groups, science is as true as the [[Torah]] and if there seems to be a problem, our own [[Epistemology|epistemological]] limits are to blame for any apparent irreconcilable point. They point to various discrepancies between what is expected and what actually is to demonstrate that things are not always as they appear. They point out the fact that even the root word for "world" in the [[Hebrew language]]—עולם (Olam)—means hidden—נעלם (Neh-Eh-Lahm). Just as they know from the Torah that God created man and trees and the light on its way from the stars in their observed state, so too can they know that the World was created in its over the six days of Creation that reflects progression to its currently-observed state, with the understanding that physical ways to verify this may eventually be identified. This knowledge has been advanced by Rabbi [[Dovid Gottlieb]], former philosophy professor at [[Johns Hopkins University]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}} Also, relatively old [[Kabbalah|Kabbalistic]] sources from well before the scientifically apparent age of the Universe was first determined are in close concord with modern scientific estimates of the age of the Universe, according to Rabbi [[Aryeh Kaplan]], and based on Sefer Temunah, an early kabbalistic work attributed to the first-century [[Tannaim|Tanna]] [[Nehunya ben HaKanah]]. Many kabbalists accepted the teachings of the [[Sefer HaTemunah]], including the medieval Jewish scholar [[Nahmanides]], his close student [[Isaac ben Samuel of Acre]], and the [[David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra]]. Other interesting parallels are derived, among other sources, from Nahmanides, who expounds that there was a [[Neanderthal]]-like species with which Adam mated (he did this long before Neanderthals had even been discovered scientifically).<ref>[[#Aviezer 1990|Aviezer 1990]]</ref><ref>[[#Carmell & Domb 1976|Carmell & Domb 1976]]</ref><ref>[[#Schroeder 1998|Schroeder 1998]]</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Tigay |first=Jeffrey H. |date=Winter 1987–1988 |title=Genesis, Science, and 'Scientific Creationism' |url=http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~jtigay/sci.htm |journal=[[Conservative Judaism (journal)|Conservative Judaism]] |location=New York |publisher=[[Rabbinical Assembly]]; [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America]] |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=20–27 |issn=0010-6542 |accessdate=2014-03-21}}</ref> [[Reform Judaism]] does not take the Torah as a literal text, but rather as a symbolic or open-ended work.
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===Bahá'í Faith===
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[[Atheism|Atheists]] do not believe in young earth creationism and a vast majority of the most prominent and vocal defenders of the evolutionary position since [[World War II]] have been atheists.<ref>Batten, Don, [http://www.creation.com/content/view/737/ A ''Who’s Who'' of evolutionists] ''Creation'' 20(1):32
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In the creation myth taught by [[Bahá'u'lláh]], the [[Bahá'í Faith]] founder, the Universe has "neither beginning nor ending," and that the component elements of the material world have always existed and will always exist.<ref>[[#`Abdu'l-Bahá 1982|`Abdu'l-Bahá 1982]], [http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/PUP/pup-79.html#gr8 p. 220]</ref> With regard to evolution and the origin of human beings, [[`Abdu'l-Bahá]] gave extensive comments on the subject when he addressed western audiences in the beginning of the 20th century. Transcripts of these comments can be found in ''[[Some Answered Questions]]'', ''[[Paris Talks]]'' and ''The Promulgation of Universal Peace''. `Abdu'l-Bahá described the human species as having evolved from a primitive form to modern man, but that the capacity to form human intelligence was always in existence.
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December 1997.</ref><ref>http://www.creationists.org/nas.html</ref>  In his autobiography [[Charles Darwin]] wrote about the diminishment of his religious faith and Darwin stated that he was an [[agnostic]].<ref name="update.uu.se">http://www.update.uu.se/~fbendz/library/cd_relig.htm</ref> Darwin wrote the following: "The mystery of the beginning of all things is insoluble to us; and I for one must be content to remain an Agnostic."<ref name="update.uu.se"/> On the other hand, Charles Darwin in his private diaries [[Charles Darwin#Religious Views|stated he was a materialist]] which a type of atheist.  While [[Agnosticism|agnostics]] do not believe in young earth creationism there have been some notable statements of skepticism regarding the theory of evolution from agnostics.<ref>Woodward, Thomas E., [http://www.apologetics.org/doubts.html Doubts About Darwin] (Apologetics Press).</ref><ref>[http://www.evolutionnews.org/2005/03/agnostic_philosopher_caught_in_conspirac.html Agnostic Philosopher Caught in Conspiracy to Question Darwinism] ''Evolution News & Views'', ([[Discovery Institute]]).</ref> On the other hand, [[Thomas Huxley]] was a staunch proponent of the theory of evolution and he stated he was an agnostic.<ref>http://www.creation.com/content/view/1025</ref><ref>http://www.arn.org/docs/odesign/od171/desmond171.htm</ref>
  
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==Creationism by country==
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The leftist [[mainstream media]], unsurprisingly, hates creation, just as it does with anything related to conservatism and biblical Christianity that contradicts left-wing views and secularism.<ref>Hallett, Vicky (December 30, 2016). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/now-theres-a-theory-that-dinosaurs-were-wiped-out-in-noahs-flood/2016/12/30/92bec544-cc59-11e6-a747-d03044780a02_story.html?utm_term=.fa8a013cacfc Now there’s a theory that dinosaurs were wiped out in Noah’s flood]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved January 1, 2016.</ref>
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Creationism is widely accepted and taught throughout the Middle East. Although it has been prominent in the US but not widely accepted in academia, it has been making a resurgence in other countries as well.<ref name="Discover">{{cite journal |last=Pitock |first=Todd |date=July 2007 |title=Science and Islam in Conflict |url=http://discovermagazine.com/2007/jul/science-and-islam |journal=Discover |location=Waukesha, WI |publisher=Kalmbach Publishing |volume=28 |issue=7 |pages=36–45 |accessdate=2014-03-21}}</ref><ref name="Katz_AP">{{cite news |last=Katz |first=Gregory |date=February 9, 2008 |title=Creationists seek foothold in Europe |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-02-09-3128465947_x.htm |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |location=Tysons Corner, VA |publisher=[[Gannett Company]] |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=2014-03-21}}</ref><ref name="NCSE Edis">{{cite journal |last=Edis |first=Taner |date=November–December 1999 |title=Cloning Creationism in Turkey |url=http://ncse.com/rncse/19/6/cloning-creationism-turkey |journal=Reports of the National Center for Science Education |location=Berkeley, CA |publisher=National Center for Science Education |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=30–35 |issn=2158-818X |accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref>
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===Europe===
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[[Jobe Martin]], president of the Biblical Discipleship Ministries of Rockwall, [[Texas]], questions various tenets of evolution:
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In recent years the teaching of creationism has become a subject of debate in a variety of countries including Germany, the UK, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, and Serbia.<ref name="Katz_AP" /><ref name="NCSE Edis" /><ref name="Serbia_Darwin">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=September 9, 2004 |title=Serbia reverses Darwin suspension |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3642460.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |location=London |publisher=[[BBC]] |accessdate=2014-03-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Highfield |first=Roger |authorlink=Roger Highfield |date=October 2, 2007 |title=Creationists rewrite natural history |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3309018/Creationists-rewrite-natural-history.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |publisher=Telegraph Media Group |accessdate=2014-03-21}}</ref>
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<blockquote>
 +
Evolutionists admit to each other that "the creationists have the better argument." This is because what we see in life and in the fossils does not display emerging kinds of plants or animals. Evolution from one cell to man is not scientifically observable at all.<br>
  
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Creation science has been heavily promoted in immigrant communities in Western Europe, primarily by Adnan Oktar.<ref name="NCSE Edis" /> On October 4, 2007, the [[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe]] adopted ''[[Creation and evolution in public education#Council of Europe|The dangers of creationism in education]]'', a resolution on the attempt by American-inspired creationists to promote creationism in European schools. It concludes "The war on the theory of evolution and on its proponents most often originates in forms of religious extremism closely linked to extreme right-wing political movements... some advocates of strict creationism are out to replace democracy by theocracy... If we are not careful, the values that are the very essence of the Council of Europe will be under direct threat from creationist fundamentalists."<ref name="R1580">{{cite web |url=http://assembly.coe.int/main.asp?link=/documents/adoptedtext/ta07/eres1580.htm |title=The dangers of creationism in education |date=October 4, 2007 |work=Committee on Culture, Science and Education |publisher=[[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe]] |type=Resolution |id=Resolution 1580 |accessdate=2014-03-22}} Paras. 13, 18</ref>
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The universe is young - on the order of several thousand, not billions of years old. Man, dinosaur, and mastodon walked the earth at the same time. The "missing links" are missing. God created discrete plants and aninals in the beginning and, with minor variations, these are what we see today. Mutations in the genes do not generate new life forms or even improve present life forms. Mutations harm or kill the organism into which they come. Prehistoric man was either an ape, monkey, or a man and not some genetically evolving apelike man or manlike ape.<br>
  
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====Germany====
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The religious quest to prove evolution from the [[Big Bang]] to man will occupy the singular life of many but will end in despair for all who pursue the myth of evolutionary faith.<ref>[[Jobe Martin]], ''The Evolution of a Creationist: A Layman's Guide to the conflict between The Bible and Evolutionary Theory'', Rockwall, [[Texas]]: Biblical Discipleship Publishers, 1994, p. 199.</ref>
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In 1978, British Professor [[A. E. Wilder-Smith]], who came to Germany after [[World War II]] and lectured at [[Marburg]] and other cities, published a book arguing against evolution with a secular, well known publishing house, titled ''The Natural Sciences Know Nothing of Evolution'' (1978).<ref>[[#Wilder-Smith 1978|Wilder-Smith 1978]]</ref> At the end of the year Horst W. Beck became a creationist. Both an engineer and theologian, he was a leading figure in the "Karl-Heim-Gesellschaft" ([[Karl Heim#Place amongst German scholars|Karl Heim Society]]) and had previously published articles and books defending theistic evolution. Together with other members of the society, which they soon left, he followed the arguments of Willem Ouweneel, a Dutch [[biologist]] lecturing in Germany. Beck soon found other scientists who had changed their view or were "hidden" creationists. Under his leadership, the first creationist society was founded ("Wort und Wissen"—Word and Knowledge). Three book series were soon published, an independent creationist monthly journal started (''Factum''), and the first German article in the ''[[Creation Research Society#Publications|Creation Research Society Quarterly]]'' was published.<ref name="Schirrmacher">{{cite journal |last=Schirrmacher |first=Thomas |authorlink=Thomas Schirrmacher |date=July 1985 |title=The German Creationist Movement |url=http://www.icr.org/article/german-creationist-movement/ |journal=Acts & Facts |location=San Diego, CA |publisher=[[Institute for Creation Research]] |volume=14 |issue=7 |issn=1094-8562 |accessdate=2014-03-22}}</ref>
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</blockquote>
  
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In 2006, a documentary on the [[Arte]] television network, ''Von Göttern und Designern'' ("Genesis vs. Darwin"), by filmmaker [[Frank Papenbroock]], demonstrated that creationism had already been taught in biology classes in at least two schools in [[Giessen|Giessen, Hesse]], without this being noticed.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=October 31, 2006 |title=Hessische Schulen: 'Kultusministerin fällt auf Kreationisten herein' |url=http://www.spiegel.de/schulspiegel/hessische-schulen-kultusministerin-faellt-auf-kreationisten-herein-a-445487.html |work=[[Spiegel Online]] |location=Hamburg, Germany |publisher=Spiegel Online GmbH |accessdate=2014-03-22}}</ref> During this, the Education Minister of Hessen, Karin Wolff, said she believed creationism should be taught in biology class as a theory, like the theory of evolution: "I think it makes sense to bring up multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary problems for discussion."<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=November 2, 2006 |title=German Scientists Concerned About Rise in Creationist Belief |url=http://www.dw.de/german-scientists-concerned-about-rise-in-creationist-belief/a-2222454-1 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |location=Bonn, Germany |publisher=[[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]] |accessdate=2014-03-22}}</ref> In 2009, an article on the German news site [[Spiegel Online]] stated approximately 20% of people disbelieve evolutionary theory in Germany.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lubbadeh |first=Jens |date=February 25, 2009 |title=Contesting Evolution: European Creationists Take On Darwin |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/contesting-evolution-european-creationists-take-on-darwin-a-609712.html |work=Spiegel Online |location=Hamburg, Germany |publisher=Spiegel Online GmbH |accessdate=2014-03-22}}</ref> More recently, a 2011 [[Ipsos]] poll commissioned by [[Reuters]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2011/04/polling-creationism-evolution-around-world-006634 |title=Polling creationism and evolution around the world |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=April 25, 2011 |website=National Center for Science Education |publisher=National Center for Science Education |location=Berkeley, CA |accessdate=2014-01-01}}</ref> found 12% of Germans identify as creationists.<ref>{{cite press release |last=Duffy |first=Bobby |date=April 25, 2011 |title=Ipsos Global @dvisory: Supreme Being(s), the Afterlife and Evolution |url=http://www.ipsos-na.com/news-polls/pressrelease.aspx?id=5217 |location=New York, NY |publisher=[[Ipsos]] |accessdate=2014-01-01}} Results are tabulated [http://www.ipsos-na.com/download/pr.aspx?id=10670 here], with results by country on page 20.</ref>
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== Recommended books ==
  
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====Romania====
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* J.D. Mitchell, ''The Creation Dialogues - A Response to the Position of the American Association for the Advancement of Science on Evolution, Christianity and the Bible'', Pleasant Word (Winepress Pub), 2010 ISBN 1414118007<ref>http://www.creationengineeringconcepts.org/index.php?p=1_35_THE-CREATION-DIALOGUES</ref><ref>http://www.christianbook.com/dialogues-american-association-advancement-evolution-christianity/j-d-mitchell/9781414118000/pd/118002</ref>
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In [[Romanians|Romania]], in 2002, the Ministry of Education approved the use of a biology book endorsing creationism, titled ''Biologie clasa a IX-a – Măiestrie şi strălucire divină în biosferă'' ("Biology Class IX – Divine Mastery and Light in the Biosphere"), in public high schools. Following a protest of the Romanian Humanist Association the Romanian Ministry of Education replied that the book is not a "textbook" but merely an "accessory." The president of the Association labeled the reply as "disappointing" since, whether a textbook or an accessory, the book remains available for usage in schools. Reports indicate that at least one teacher in [[Oradea]] did use the book.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/carte-creationista-pentru-biologie-avizata-de-minister-844190.html |title=Carte creaţionistă pentru biologie, avizată de minister |last=Dogar |first=Andreea |date=March 20, 2009 |website=EVZ.ro |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608131053/http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/carte-creationista-pentru-biologie-avizata-de-minister-844190.html |archivedate=2011-06-08 |accessdate=2014-03-23}}</ref>
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*Dr. [[Grady S. McMurtry]], ''Creation: Our Worldview'', TEC Publications, Columbus, GA 2010 ISBN 0-9674006-1-9
 +
*Jonathan Sarfati, ''Refuting Evolution'', Master Books, 1999 [http://www.creation.com/content/view/4014/ (Free on-line version)] ISBN 0890512582
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*Jonathan Sarfati, ''Refuting Evolution 2'', Master Books, 2002,[http://www.creation.com/content/view/4013/ (Free on-line version)] ISBN 0890513872
  
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====Russia====
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{{Creation vs. evolution}}
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[[Russians|Russia]] is home to the Moscow Creation Society.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Doughty |first1=John |last2=Doughty |first2=Svetlana |date=June 1997 |title=Creationism in Russia |url=http://www.icr.org/article/creationism-russia/ |journal=Acts & Facts |location=San Diego, CA |publisher=Institute for Creation Research |volume=26 |issue=6 |issn=1094-8562 |accessdate=2014-03-23}}</ref> The department of extracurricular and alternative education of the [[Ministry of Education and Science (Russia)|Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation]] has cosponsored numerous creationist conferences. Since 1994, Alexander Asmolov, the previous deputy minister of education, has urged that creationism be taught to help restore academic freedom in Russia after years of state-enforced scientific orthodoxy.<ref name="Numbers 2006" /> In February 2007, a 16-year-old girl and her father launched a court case against the Ministry of Education and Science, backed by the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], challenging the teaching of just one "theory" of biology in school textbooks as a breach of her human rights.<ref name="Kjærgaard">{{cite journal |last=Kjærgaard |first=Peter C. |date=May–June 2008 |title=Western front |url=http://newhumanist.org.uk/1783/western-front |journal=[[New Humanist]] |location=London |publisher=[[Rationalist Association]] |volume=123 |issue=3 |pages=39–41 |issn=0306-512X |accessdate=2010-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assembly.coe.int/ASP/Doc/XrefViewHTML.asp?FileID=11751&Language=EN |title=The dangers of creationism in education |date=September 17, 2007 |work=Committee on Culture, Science and Education |publisher=Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe |type=Report |id=Doc. 11375 |accessdate=2014-04-24}}</ref>
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A 2005 poll reportedly found 26% of Russians accepting evolution and 49% accepting creationism.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bigg |first=Claire |date=March 10, 2006 |title=Russia: Creationism Finds Support Among Young |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1066577.html |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[Broadcasting Board of Governors]] |accessdate=2010-10-29}}</ref> But a 2003 poll reported that 44% agreed with "Human beings are developed from earlier species of animals,"<ref name="NSB_06">{{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=February 23, 2006 |chapter=Figure 7-7: Correct answers to specific science literacy questions, by country/region: Most recent year |chapterurl=http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/c7/fig07-07.htm |title=Science and Engineering Indicators 2006 |url=http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/ |type=Figure |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[National Science Foundation]]; [[National Science Board]] |oclc=71342049 |id=NSB 06-01 |accessdate=2010-10-29}}</ref> and a 2009 poll reported (PDF) that 48% of Russians who "know something about Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution" agreed that there was sufficient evidence for the theory.<ref name="britishcouncil.org">{{cite press release |last1=Stephenson |first1=Tony |last2=Michael |first2=Adam |last3=Tan |first3=Benjamyn |date=June 30, 2009 |title=Darwin Survey Shows International Consensus on Acceptance of Evolution |url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/darwin_now_survey_global.pdf |format=PDF |location=London |publisher=[[British Council]] |accessdate=2014-03-24}}</ref> The 2009 poll indicated that 53% of Russians agreed with "Evolutionary theories should be taught in science lessons in schools together with other possible perspectives, such as intelligent design and creationism," with 13% preferring that such perspectives be taught instead of evolution; only 10% agreed with "Evolutionary theories alone should be taught in science lessons in schools."<ref name="britishcouncil.org" />
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== See also ==
 +
*[[Creation vs. Evolution Videos]]
 +
*[[Creation science]]
 +
*[[Revolution Against Evolution website]]
 +
*[[Atheism and the origin of the universe]]
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*[[Christianity and Science]]
 +
*[[Lists of Creationists]]
 +
*[[Christian apologetics]] (Evidence for Christianity)
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*[[Creationism table]]
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*[[Ground of being]]
  
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====Serbia====
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==External links ==
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On September 7, 2004, the Serbian Minister for Education and Sport, [[Ljiljana Čolić]], temporarily banned evolution from being taught in the country. After statewide outcry she resigned on September 16, 2004, from her post.<ref name="Serbian_schools">{{cite news |last=de Quetteville |first=Harry |date=September 9, 2004 |title=Darwin is off the curriculum for Serbian schools |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1471367/Darwin-is-off-the-curriculum-for-Serbian-schools.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |publisher=Telegraph Media Group |accessdate=January 24, 2012}}</ref>
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===Young Earth Creationist Organizations ===
  
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====Switzerland====
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*[http://associationforcreation.org/ The International Association For Creation]
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A 2006 international survey found that 30% of the [[Swiss people|Swiss]] reject evolution, one of the highest national percentages in Europe.<ref name="steph">{{cite news |last=Stephens |first=Thomas |date=October 9, 2006 |title=Swiss drag knuckles accepting evolution |url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/Home/Archive/Swiss_drag_knuckles_accepting_evolution.html?cid=70292 |work=swissinfo.ch |location=Bern, Switzerland |publisher=[[SRG SSR]] |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref> Another survey in 2007, commissioned by the fringe Christian organization Pro Genesis, controversially claims 80%. This resulted in schools in the [[Canton of Bern]] printing science textbooks that presented creationism as a valid alternative theory to evolution. Scientists and education experts harshly criticized the move, which quickly prompted school authorities to revise the books.<ref name="sch">{{cite news |last=Bechtel |first=Dale |date=November 28, 2007 |title=Creationism controversy evolves |url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/Home/Archive/Creationism_controversy_evolves.html?cid=6283640 |work=swissinfo.ch |location=Bern, Switzerland |publisher=SRG SSR |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref>
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*[http://creationnetwork.org/ The Creation Network]
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*[http://visitcreation.org/ The Big Map of Creation]
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*[https://creation.com Creation Ministries International]
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*[https://www.icr.org Institute for Creation Research]
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*[http://www.answersingenesis.org/ Answers In Genesis - Get Answers]
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*[http://www.creationworldview.org/ Creation Worldview Ministries]
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*[http://trueorigins.org TrueOrigins.org]
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*[http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/index.html Center for Scientific Creation]
  
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====United Kingdom====
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'''Anti-Darwinism/creationist, French/English website:'''
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[[File:Gensis expo building ground floor.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Creation Science Movement#Genesis Expo|Genesis Expo]] is a young Earth creationism museum in [[Portsmouth|Portsmouth, England]].]]
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Since the development of evolutionary theory by Charles Darwin in England, where his portrait appears on the back of the [[Bank of England note issues#£10|revised Series E £10 note]] issued in 2000, significant shifts in British public opinion have occurred. A 2006 survey for the [[BBC]] showed that "more than a fifth of those polled were convinced by the creationist argument,"<ref name="Joyce">{{cite news |last=Joyce |first=Julian |date=September 15, 2008 |title=Who are the British creationists? |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7613403.stm |work=BBC News |location=London |publisher=BBC |accessdate=2014-03-24}}</ref> a massive decrease from the almost total acceptance of creationism before Darwin published his theory. A 2010 [[Angus Reid Public Opinion|Angus Reid]] poll found that "In Britain, two-thirds of respondents (68%) side with evolution while less than one-in-five (16%) choose creationism. At least seven-in-ten respondents in the South of England (70%) and Scotland (75%) believe human beings evolved from less advanced life forms over millions of years."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.angusreidglobal.com/polls/43135/americans-are-creationists-britons-and-canadians-side-with-evolution/ |title=Americans are creationists; Britons and Canadians side with evolution |date=July 15, 2010 |website=[[Angus Reid Public Opinion|Angus Reid Global]] |publisher=[[Vision Critical]] |location=Vancouver, B.C. |accessdate=2012-06-02}}</ref> A subsequent 2010 [[YouGov]] poll on the origin of humans found that 9% opted for creationism, 12% intelligent design, 65% evolutionary theory and 13% did not know.<ref name="YouGov" />
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Speaking at the [[British Science Association#British Science Festival|British Science Association]]'s British Science Festival at the [[University of Liverpool]] in 2008, Professor [[Michael Reiss]] estimated that about only 10% of children were from a family that supported a creationist rather than evolutionary viewpoint.<ref name="Wynne-Jones">{{cite news |last=Wynne-Jones |first=Jonathan |date=January 31, 2009 |title=Poll reveals public doubts over Charles Darwin's theory of evolution |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/4410927/Poll-reveals-public-doubts-over-Charles-Darwins-theory-of-evolution.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |publisher=Telegraph Media Group |accessdate=2014-03-24}}</ref> [[Richard Dawkins]] has been quoted saying "I have spoken to a lot of science teachers in schools here in Britain who are finding an increasing number of students coming to them and saying they are Young Earth creationists."<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=April 2, 2008 |title=Richard Dawkins: 'Growth in creationist beliefs a problem for schools' |url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/education/richard-dawkins-growth-in-creationist-beliefs-a-problem-for-schools-1-1254885 |newspaper=[[The Scotsman]] |location=London |publisher=Johnston Press |accessdate=2014-04-23}}</ref>
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*[http://www.samizdat.qc.ca/ Samizdat]
  
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The director of education at the [[Royal Society]] has said that creationism should be discussed in school science lessons, rather than be excluded, to explain why creationism had no scientific basis.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=September 13, 2008 |title=Call for creationism in science |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/7612152.stm |work=BBC News |location=London |publisher=BBC |accessdate=2014-03-24}}</ref> [[Wales]] has the largest proportion of theistic evolutionists—the belief that evolution is part of God's plan (38%). [[Northern Ireland]] has the highest proportion of people who believe in 'intelligent design' (16%), which holds that "certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection."<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=March 2, 2009 |title=Four out of five Britons do not believe in creationism |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/4926271/Four-out-of-five-Britons-do-not-believe-in-creationism.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |publisher=Telegraph Media Group |accessdate=2014-03-24}}</ref> Some private religious schools in the UK teach creationism rather than evolution.<ref name="Joyce" /> However, the teaching of creationism is illegal in any school that receives state funding.
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'''Young earth articles and other resources:'''
  
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===Muslim world===
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*[https://creation.com/age-of-the-earth  Age of the earth -101 evidences for a young earth and universe]  
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A 2007 study of religious patterns found that only 8% of [[Egyptians]], 11% of [[Malaysians]], 14% of [[Pakistanis]], 16% of [[Demographics of Indonesia|Indonesians]], and 22% of [[Turkish citizen|Turks]] agree that Darwin's theory is probably or most certainly true, and a 2006 survey reported that about a quarter of Turkish adults agreed that human beings evolved from earlier animal species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hameed |first1=Salman |date=December 12, 2008 |title=Bracing for Islamic creationism |url=http://helios.hampshire.edu/~sahCS/Hameed-Science-Creationism.pdf |format=PDF |journal=Science |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |volume=322 |issue=5908 |pages=1637–1638  |doi=10.1126/science.1163672 |pmid=19074331 |accessdate=2014-03-24}}</ref> Surveys carried out by researchers affiliated with McGill University's Evolution Education Research Centre found that in Egypt and Pakistan, while the official high school curriculum does include evolution, many of the teachers there do not believe in it themselves, and will often tell their students so.<ref name="Bennett 4" />
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*[https://creation.com/refuting-evolution-chapter-8-how-old-is-the-earth How old is the earth?] - ''Refuting evolution'' - Chapter 8 by Dr. [[Jonathan Sarfati]]
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*[http://creationsciencehalloffame.org/ Creation Science Hall of Fame] - Organization that honors and remembers biblical creationists and their work
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*[https://answersingenesis.org/creationism/young-earth/most-compelling-scientific-evidence-of-young-earth/ What Is the Most Compelling Scientific Evidence of a Young Earth?], by Dr. Terry Mortenson at [[Answers in Genesis]]. Originally published on February 27, 2006.
  
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Currently in Egypt, evolution is taught in schools but Saudi Arabia and Sudan have both banned the teaching of evolution in schools.<ref name="Discover" /><ref name="BurtonIRNKSA">{{cite journal |last=Burton |first=Elise K. |date=May–June 2010 |title=Teaching Evolution in Muslim States:Iran and Saudi Arabia Compared |url=http://www.academia.edu/870964/Evolution_Education_in_Muslim_States_Iran_and_Saudi_Arabia_Compared |journal=Reports of the National Center for Science Education |location=Berkeley, CA |publisher=National Center for Science Education |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=25–29 |issn=2158-818X |accessdate=2014-01-13}}</ref> In recent times, creationism has become more widespread in other Islamic countries.<ref name="Economist_2007">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=April 19, 2007 |title=In the beginning |url=http://www.economist.com/node/9036706 |work=[[The Economist]] |location=London |publisher=[[Economist Group]] |issn=0013-0613 |accessdate=2007-04-25}}This article gives a worldwide overview of recent developments on the subject of the controversy.</ref>
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=== Old Earth Creationists ===
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* [http://www.reasons.org Reasons To Believe, an Old Earth Creationist Ministry]
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The results of a survey of the adherence to creation science of 5,700 teachers from 14 countries was presented during the 2008 XIII IOSTE Symposium in [[Izmir]], Turkey. [[Lebanese people|Lebanon]], [[Senegal]], [[Tunis]]ia, [[Moroccan people|Morocco]] and [[Algerian people|Algeria]] had 62% to 81% of creationist teachers (with no difference between biologists and others). Romania and [[Burkina Faso]] had 45% to 48% of creationist teachers in Romania and Burkina Faso, with no difference between biologists and other in Romania, but a clear difference (p<0.001) in Burkina Faso (with 61% of creationists for the not biology teachers). [[Portuguese people|Portugal]] and [[Cyprus]] had 15% to 30% of creationist teachers, with no significant difference between biologists, but a significant difference in Portugal (p=0.004, 17% and 26%).<ref name="IOSTE_survey">{{cite conference |url=https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/8934/1/IOSTE_Evolution.pdf |title=Science and Religion: Evolutionism and Creationism in Education. A survey of teachers conceptions in 14 countries |first1=Pierre |last1=Clément |first2=Marie Pierre |last2=Quessada |first3=Charline |last3=Laurent |first4=Graça |last4=Carvalho |date=September 21–26, 2008 |conference=XIII IOSTE Symposium |location=Izmir, Turkey |format=PDF |accessdate=2014-04-24}}</ref>
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====Iran====
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[[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] [[Science and technology in Iran|scientific development]], especially the health-related aspects of biology, has been a goal of the Islamic government since the [[Iranian revolution|revolution of 1979]].<ref name="BurtonIRNKSA" /> Since Iranian traditional practice of [[Shi'a]] religion is not preoccupied with Qur'anic literalism as in case of Saudi Wahhabism but [[ijtihad]], many influential Iranian Shi'ite scholars, including several who were closely involved in [[Iranian Revolution]], are not opposed to evolutionary ideas in general, disagreeing that evolution necessarily conflicts with the Muslim mainstream.<ref name="BurtonIRNKSA" /> Iranian pupils, since 5th grade of elementary school, learn only about evolution, thus portraying geologists and scientists in general as authoritative voices of scientific knowledge.<ref name="BurtonIRNKSA" />
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====Turkey====
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Since the 1980s, creationism in Turkey has grown significantly and is now the government's official position on origins.<ref name="Bennett 4">{{cite news |last=Bennett |first=Drake |date=October 25, 2009 |title=Islam's Darwin problem |url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2009/10/25/in_the_muslim_world_creationism_is_on_the_rise/?page=full |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] |location=Boston, MA |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20091030044754/http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2009/10/25/in_the_muslim_world_creationism_is_on_the_rise/?page=full |archivedate=2009-10-30 |accessdate=2014-03-21}}</ref> In 1985, the conservative political party then in control of the country’s education ministry added creationist explanations alongside the passages on evolution in the standard high school biology textbook. In Turkey, unlike in the US, the public school curriculum is set by the national government. In 2008, [[Richard Dawkins]]' website was banned in Turkey.<ref>{{cite news |last=Salter |first=Jessica |date=September 19, 2008 |title=Richard Dawkins website banned in Turkey |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/2987807/Richard-Dawkins-website-banned-in-Turkey.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |publisher=Telegraph Media Group |accessdate=2014-03-24}}</ref> However, the ban was lifted in July 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://richarddawkins.net/articles/642074-rd-net-no-longer-banned-in-turkey |title=RD.net no longer banned in Turkey! |author=RDFRS UK |date=July 8, 2011 |website=RichardDawkins.net |publisher=[[Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science]] |location=Washington, D.C. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105060322/http://richarddawkins.net/articles/642074-rd-net-no-longer-banned-in-turkey |archivedate=2011-11-05 |accessdate=2014-03-24}}</ref> In 2009, the Turkish government agency [[Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey]] (TÜBİTAK), publisher of the popular Turkish science magazine ''[[Bilim ve Teknik]]'' (''Science and Technology''), was accused of stripping a cover story about the life and work of Charles Darwin from the March 2009 issue of the Council's publication just before it went to press. The planned portrait of Darwin for the magazine's cover was replaced and the editor of the magazine, Çiğdem Atakuman, claims that she was removed from her post.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090310/full/news.2009.150.html |title=Turkish scientists claim Darwin censorship |last=Abbott |first=Alison |date=March 10, 2009 |website=Nature News |publisher=Nature Publishing Group |location=London |doi=10.1038/news.2009.150 |accessdate=2014-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=March 19, 2009 |title=Turkey censors evolution |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v458/n7236/full/458259a.html |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |type=Editorial |location=London |publisher=Nature Publishing Group |volume=458 |issue=259 |doi=10.1038/458259a |issn=0028-0836 |accessdate=2014-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=May 2009 |title=Evolution Stirs Tempest in Turkish Teapot |url=http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200905/evolution.cfm |journal=APS News |type=News |location=College Park, MD |publisher=[[American Physical Society]] |volume=18 |issue=5 |issn=1058-8132 |accessdate=2014-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=March 16, 2009 |title=Darwin issue ends in finger pointing |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/domestic/11214930.asp?gid=244 |newspaper=[[Hürriyet Daily News]] |location=Üsküdar, Turkey |publisher=[[Doğan Media Group]] |issn=1300-0721 |accessdate=2014-03-24}}</ref> Most of the Turkish population expressed support for the censorship.<ref>{{cite news |last=Steinvorth |first=Daniel |date=March 17, 2009 |title=Darwin in Turkey: 'Most Express Sympathy for the Censorship' |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/darwin-in-turkey-most-express-sympathy-for-the-censorship-a-613768.html |work=Spiegel Online |location=Hamburg, Germany |publisher=Spiegel Online GmbH |accessdate=2014-03-24}}</ref> In 2012, it was found that the government's internet content filter, designed to prevent the public having access to pornographic websites, also blocked the words 'evolution' and 'Darwin' on one mode of the filter.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chivers |first=Tom |date=December 10, 2011 |title=Darwin censored by the Turkish government's porn filter |url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/tomchiversscience/100123035/darwin-censored-by-the-turkish-governments-porn-filter/ |work=Telegraph Blogs |type=Blog |location=London |publisher=Telegraph Media Group |accessdate=2014-03-27}}</ref>
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===Australia===
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[[File:KenHam.JPG|thumb|right|150px|[[Ken Ham]] is a young Earth creationist who helped start [[Creation Ministries International#History|Creation Science Foundation]] (CSF) in [[Queensland]], Australia.]]
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In the late 1970s, Answers in Genesis, a creationist research organization, was founded in Australia. In 1994, Answers in Genesis expanded from Australia and New Zealand to the US.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.answersingenesis.org/us/history.asp |title=A Brief History Of Answers in Genesis–USA |work=AnswersOnline |publisher=Answers in Genesis Ministries International |location=Hebron, KY |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816033826/http://www.answersingenesis.org/us/history.asp |archivedate=2000-08-16}}</ref> It subsequently expanded into the UK, Canada, South Africa and New Zealand. Creationists in Australia have been the leading influence on the development of creation science in the US for the last 20&nbsp;years. Two of the three main international creation science organizations all have original roots within Australia—Answers in Genesis and Creation Ministries. [[Ken Ham]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/08/1/l_081_04.html |title=Ken Ham: Biblical Literalist |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2001 |website=[[PBS]] |publisher=[[WGBH-TV|WGBH Educational Foundation]]; Clear Blue Sky Productions, Inc. |accessdate=2008-12-17}} Supplemental website material for the documentary series ''[[Evolution (TV series)|Evolution]]'' (2001).</ref> Andrew Snelling,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.answersingenesis.org/arj |title=Answers Research Journal - Creation, Evolution, Scientific Research  - Answers Research Journal |website=Answers Research Journal |publisher=Answers in Genesis |location=Hebron, KY |issn=1937-9056 |accessdate=2010-10-29}}</ref> Jason Lisle,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://creation.com/dr-jason-lisle |title=Dr Jason Lisle, Ph.D. |website=Creation.com |publisher=[[Creation Ministries International]] |accessdate=2010-10-29}}</ref> Jonathan Sarfati<ref>{{cite web |url=http://creation.com/dr-jonathan-sarfati |title=Dr. Jonathan Sarfati |website=Creation.com |publisher=Creation Ministries International |accessdate=2010-10-29}}</ref> and Tasman Bruce Walker <ref>{{cite web |url=http://creation.com/dr-tasman-bruce-walker |title=Dr Tasman Bruce Walker |website=Creation.com |publisher=Creation Ministries International |accessdate=2010-10-29}}</ref> have all had significant impact on the development of creationism in Australia, and have brought their teaching to the US.
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In 1980, the [[Queensland]] state government of [[Joh Bjelke-Petersen]] allowed the teaching of creationism as science to school children. On May 29, 2010, it was announced that creationism and intelligent design will be discussed in history classes as part of the new national curriculum. It will be placed in the subject of ancient history, under the topic of "controversies."<ref>{{cite news |last=Hennessy |first=Carly |date=May 30, 2010 |title=Intelligent design to be taught in Queensland schools under national curriculum  |url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/intelligent-design-to-be-taught-in-queensland-schools-under-national-curriculum/story-e6freoof-1225872896736 |newspaper=[[The Courier-Mail]] |location=Surry Hills, Australia |publisher=[[News Corp Australia|News Limited]] |accessdate=2014-03-27}}</ref> One Australian scientist who adheres to creation science is Dr Pierre Gunnar Jerlström.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://creation.com/dr-pierre-gunnar-jerlstrom |title=Dr Pierre Gunnar Jerlström |website=Creation.com |publisher=Creation Ministries International |accessdate=2010-10-29}}</ref>
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Professor [[Ian Plimer]], an anti-creationist geologist, reported being attacked by creationists.<ref name="Skeptictank">{{cite journal |last=Plimer |first=Ian |authorlink=Ian Plimer |date=December 12, 1998 |title=EVOLUTION V. CREATION DOWN UNDER |url=http://www.skeptictank.org/hs/aevdnun.htm |work=[[Skeptic (U.S. magazine)|Skeptic Mag Hotline]] |location=Altadena, CA |publisher=[[The Skeptics Society]] |issn=2168-3360 |accessdate=2010-10-29}}</ref> A few public lectures have been given in rented rooms at universities, by visiting American speakers, and speakers with doctorates purchased by mail from Florida sites.<ref>[[#Plimer 1994|Plimer 1994]]</ref> A court case taken by Plimer against prominent creationists found "that the creationists had stolen the work of others for financial profit, that the creationists told lies under oath and that the creationists were engaged in fraud."<ref name="Skeptictank" /> The debate was featured on the science television program ''[[Quantum (TV series)|Quantum]]''.<ref>{{cite episode |title='Telling Lies for God'? - One Man's Crusade |url=http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/info/97lies.htm |accessdate=2010-10-29 |series=[[Quantum (TV series)|Quantum]] |first=Ian |last=Plimer |network=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=July 17, 1997 |season=12 |number=12 |transcript=Transcript |transcripturl=http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/info/lxp.htm}}</ref> In 1989, Plimer debated American creationist [[Duane Gish]].
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===Asia===
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====South Korea====
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Since 1981, the Korea Association for Creation Research has grown to 16 branches, with 1000 members and 500 Ph.Ds. On August 22–24, 1991, recognizing the 10th anniversary of KACR, an International Symposium on Creation Science was held with 4,000 in attendance.<ref name="Chon-Ho_Hyon">{{cite journal |author=Chon-Ho Hyon |date=October 1997 |title=The Creation Science Movement in Korea |url=http://www.icr.org/article/creation-science-movement-korea/ |journal=Acts & Facts |location=San Diego, CA |publisher=Institute for Creation Research |volume=25 |issue=10 |issn=1094-8562 |accessdate=2010-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.creation.or.kr/ |title=한국창조과학회 |website=Korea Association for Creation Research |publisher=Korea Association for Creation Research |location=Seoul, South Korea |trans_title=Korea Association for Creation Research |accessdate=2010-10-29}}</ref> In 1990, the book ''The Natural Sciences'' was written by Dr. [[Kim Young-gil|Young-Gil Kim]] and 26 other fellow scientists in Korea with a creationist viewpoint. The textbook drew the interest of college communities, and today, many South Korean universities are using it.
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Since 1991, creation science has become a regular university course at [[Myongji University]], which has a centre for creation research. Since that time, other universities have begun to offer creation science courses. At [[Handong Global University]], creationist Dr. Young-Gil Kim was inaugurated as president in March 1995. At Myongji University, creationist Dr. Woongsang Lee is a biology professor. The Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology is where the Research Association of Creation Science was founded and many graduate students are actively involved.<ref name="Chon-Ho_Hyon" /> In 2008, a survey found that 36% of South Koreans disagreed with the statement that "Human beings, as we know them today, developed from earlier species of animals." In May 2012, publishers of high school science textbooks decided to remove references to evolution following a petition by a creationist group.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Soo Bin Park |date=June 7, 2012 |title=South Korea surrenders to creationist demands |url=http://www.nature.com/news/south-korea-surrenders-to-creationist-demands-1.10773 |journal=Nature |location=London |publisher=Nature Publishing Group |volume=486 |issue=7401 |page=14 |doi=10.1038/486014a |issn=0028-0836 |accessdate=2012-07-03 |pmid=22678257}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2012/06/creationist-success-south-korea-007434 |title=Creationist success in South Korea? |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=June 5, 2012 |website=National Center for Science Education |publisher=National Center for Science Education |location=Berkeley, CA |accessdate=2012-07-03}}</ref> However, the ensuing controversy prompted the government to appoint a panel of scientists to look into the matter, and the government urged the publishers to keep the references to evolution following the recommendation of the panel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nature.com/news/science-wins-over-creationism-in-south-korea-1.11377 |title=Science wins over creationism in South Korea |author=Soo Bin Park |date=September 6, 2012 |website=Nature News |publisher=Nature Publishing Group |location=London |doi=10.1038/nature.2012.11377 |accessdate=2013-06-18}}</ref>
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===Americas===
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====Brazil====
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[[Brazilians|Brazil]] has had two creationist societies since the 1970s—the Brazilian Association for Creation Research and the Brazilian Creation Society. According to a 2004 survey, 31% of Brazil believe that "the first humans were created no more than 10,000 years ago."<ref name="Numbers 2006" />
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====United States====
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{{See also|Intelligent design|Creation science}}
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[[File:AIG museum.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Creation Museum]] is a young Earth creationism museum run by [[Answers in Genesis]] (AiG) in [[Petersburg, Boone County, Kentucky|Petersburg, Kentucky]].]]
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In the US some religious communities have refused to accept naturalistic explanations and tried to counter them. The term started to become associated with Christian fundamentalist opposition to human evolution and belief in a young Earth in 1929.<ref name="Numbers_Antievolutionists">{{cite web |url=http://www.counterbalance.net/history/anticreat-frame.html |title=Antievolutionists and Creationists |last=Numbers |first=Ronald L |website=Counterbalance Interactive Library |publisher=Counterbalance Foundation |location=Seattle, WA |accessdate=2007-08-15}}</ref> Several US states passed laws against the teaching of evolution in public schools, as upheld in the [[Scopes Trial]]. Evolution was omitted entirely from school textbooks in most of the US until the 1960s. Since then, renewed efforts to introduce teaching [[Creation and evolution in public education#United States|creationism in American public schools]] in the form of Flood geology, creation science, and intelligent design have been consistently held to contravene the [[United States Constitution|constitutional]] [[Separation of church and state in the United States|separation of church and state]] by a succession of legal judgments.<ref name="Flank_April2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.talkreason.org/articles/HistoryID.cfm |title=Creationism/ID: A Short Legal History |last=Flank |first=Lenny |website=Talk Reason |date=April 24, 2006 |accessdate=2014-03-09}}</ref> The meaning of the term creationism was contested, but by the 1980s it had been co-opted by proponents of creation science and Flood geology.<ref name="Numbers_Antievolutionists" />
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Most of the anti-evolutionists of the 1920s believed in forms of old Earth creationism, which accepts geological findings and other methods of dating the Earth and believes that these findings do not contradict the Book of Genesis, but rejects evolution. At that time only a minority held to young Earth creationism, proponents of which believe that the Earth is thousands rather than billions of years old, and typically believe that the days in chapter one of the Book of Genesis are 24 hours in length. In the 1960s, this became the most prominent form of anti-evolution. From the 1860s forms of theistic evolution had developed; this term refers to beliefs in creation which are compatible with the scientific view of evolution and the age of the Earth, as held by mainstream Christian denominations. There are other religious people who support creationism, but in terms of allegorical interpretations of the Book of Genesis.
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By the start of the 20th century, evolution was widely accepted and was beginning to be taught in American public schools. After [[World War I]], popular belief that German aggression resulted from a Darwinian doctrine of "survival of the fittest" inspired [[William Jennings Bryan]] to campaign against the teaching of Darwinian ideas of human evolution.<ref name="encarta" /> In the 1920s, the [[Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy]] led to an upsurge of fundamentalist religious fervor in which schools were prevented from teaching evolution through state laws such as Tennessee’s 1925 [[Butler Act]],<ref name="ForrestMay2007Paper">{{cite web |url=http://www.centerforinquiry.net/uploads/attachments/intelligent-design.pdf |title=Understanding the Intelligent Design Creationist Movement: Its True Nature and Goals |last=Forrest |first=Barbara |authorlink=Barbara Forrest |date=May 2007 |website=[[Center for Inquiry]] |publisher=Center for Inquiry |location=Washington, D.C. |type=A Position Paper from the Center for Inquiry, Office of Public Policy |format=PDF |accessdate=2014-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite court |litigants=Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District |vol=04 |reporter=cv |opinion=2688 |date=December 20, 2005}}, [[s:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District/2:Context#Page 19 of 139|Context, p. 19]].</ref> and by getting evolution removed from biology textbooks nationwide. ''Creationism'' became associated in common usage with opposition to evolution.<ref name="tolenny">{{cite web |url=http://www.talkorigins.org/origins/postmonth/mar06.html |title=The History of Creationism |last=Flank |first=Lenny |date=March 2006 |website=TalkOrigins Archive |publisher=The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc. |location=Houston, TX |type=Post of the Month |accessdate=2014-03-09}}</ref>
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In 1961 in the US, an attempt to repeal the Butler Act failed.<ref name="Flank_April2006" /> ''[[The Genesis Flood]]'' by [[Henry M. Morris]] brought the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventist]] [[Bible|biblically]] literal Flood geology of [[George McCready Price]] to a wider audience, popularizing the idea of young Earth creationism,<ref name="rsf" /> and by 1965 the term "scientific creationism" had gained currency.<ref name="mclean">{{cite web |url=http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/mclean-v-arkansas.html |title=McLean v. Arkansas Board of Education |website=TalkOrigins Archive |publisher=The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc. |location=Houston, TX |accessdate=2014-03-27}} Decision, January 5, 1982.</ref> The 1968 ''Epperson v. Arkansas'' judgment ruled that state laws prohibiting the teaching of evolution violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution which prohibits state aid to religion.<ref name="eva">{{cite web |url=http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/edwards-v-aguillard.html |title=Edwards v. Aguillard |website=TalkOrigins Archive |publisher=The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc. |location=Houston, TX |accessdate=2011-03-10}}</ref> and when in 1975 ''Daniel v. Waters'' ruled that a state law requiring biology textbooks discussing "origins or creation of man and his world" to give equal treatment to creation as per the Book of Genesis was unconstitutional, a new group identifying themselves as creationists promoted 'creation science' which omitted explicit biblical references.<ref name="Flank_April2006" />
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In 1981, the state of [[Arkansas]] passed a law, Act 590, mandating that "creation science" be given equal time in public schools with evolution, and defining creation science as positing the "creation of the universe, energy, and life from nothing," as well as explaining the Earth's geology by "the occurrence of a worldwide flood."<ref name="mclean" /> This was ruled unconstitutional at ''[[McLean v. Arkansas]]'' in January 1982 as the creationists' methods were not scientific but took the literal wording of the Book of Genesis and attempted to find scientific support for it.<ref name="mclean" /> Louisiana introduced similar legislation that year. A series of judgments and appeals led to the 1987 Supreme Court ruling in ''Edwards v. Aguillard'' that it too violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.<ref name="ForrestMay2007Paper" />
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"Creation science" could no longer be taught in public schools, and in drafts of the creation science school textbook ''[[Of Pandas and People]]'' all references to creation or creationism were changed to refer to intelligent design.<ref name="ForrestMay2007Paper" /> Proponents of the intelligent design movement organised widespread campaigning to considerable effect. They officially denied any links to creation or religion, and claimed that "creationism" only referred to young Earth creationism with Flood geology;<ref name="witt">{{cite web |url=http://www.evolutionnews.org/2005/12/post_6001764.html |title=Dover Judge Regurgitates Mythological History of Intelligent Design |last=Witt |first=Jonathan |date=December 20, 2005 |website=Evolution News & Views |publisher=Discovery Institute |location=Seattle, WA |accessdate=2014-03-27}}</ref> but in ''Kitzmiller v. Dover'' the court found intelligent design to be religious, and unable to dissociate itself from its creationist roots, as part of the ruling that teaching intelligent design in public school science classes was unconstitutional.<ref name="ForrestMay2007Paper" />
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The percentage of people in the US who accept the idea of human evolution declined from 45% in 1985 to 40% in 2005.<ref name="Science survey" /> A [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] poll reported that the percentage of people in the US who believe in a strict interpretation of creationism had fallen to 40% in 2010 after a high of 46% in 2006. The highest the percentage has risen between 1982 and 2010 was 47% in 1994 and 2000 according to the report. The report found that Americans who are less educated are more likely to hold a creationist view while those with a college education are more likely to hold a view involving evolution. 47% of those with no more than a high school education believe in creationism while 22% of those with a post graduate education hold that view. The poll also found that church attendance dramatically increased adherence to a strict creationist view (22% for those who do not attend church, 60% for those who attend weekly).<ref name="gallup">{{cite web |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/145286/Four-Americans-Believe-Strict-Creationism.aspx |title=Four in 10 Americans Believe in Strict Creationism |last=Newport |first=Frank |date=December 17, 2010 |website=Gallup.com |location=Omaha, NE |publisher=[[Gallup (company)|Gallup, Inc.]] |accessdate=2014-03-09}}</ref> The higher percentage of [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] who identified with a creationist view is described as evidence of the strong relationship between religion and politics in the US. Republicans also attend church weekly more than [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] or [[Independent (voter)|independent]] voters. Non-Republican voters are twice as likely to hold a [[nontheism|nontheistic]] view of evolution than Republican voters.<ref name="gallup" />
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Among US states, acceptance of evolution has a strong negative correlation with [[religiosity]] and a strong positive relationship with science degrees awarded, bachelor's degree attainment, advanced degree attainment, average teacher salary, and [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] per capita. In other words, states in which more people say that religion is very important to their lives tend to show less acceptance of evolution. The better the education of individuals, their educational system, or the higher their income, the more they accept evolution, though the US as a country has a comparatively well educated population but lower acceptance of evolution than other countries.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heddy |first1=Benjamin C. |last2=Nadelson |first2=Louis S. |date=March 26, 2013 |title=The variables related to public acceptance of evolution in the United States |url=http://www.evolution-outreach.com/content/6/1/3 |journal=Evolution: Education and Outreach |location=Heidelberg, Germany |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1186/1936-6434-6-3 |issn=1936-6434 |accessdate=2013-03-28}}</ref>
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==Prevalence==
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{{Main|Level of support for evolution}}
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[[File:Views on Evolution.svg|thumb|right|440px|Views on human evolution in various countries<ref>{{cite journal |last=Le Page |first=Michael |date=April 19, 2008 |title=Evolution myths: It doesn't matter if people don't grasp evolution |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19826523.000-evolution-myths-it-doesnt-matter-if-people-dont-grasp-evolution.html |journal=[[New Scientist]] |location=London |publisher=[[Reed Business Information]] |volume=198 |issue=2652 |page=31 |doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(08)60984-7 |issn=0262-4079 |accessdate=2014-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hecht |first=Jeff |date=August 19, 2006 |title=Why doesn't America believe in evolution? |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9786-why-doesnt-america-believe-in-evolution.html |journal=New Scientist |location=London |publisher=Reed Business Information |volume=191 |issue=2565 |page=11 |doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(06)60136-X |issn=0262-4079 |accessdate=2014-03-27}}</ref>]]
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Most vocal literalist creationists are from the US, and strict creationist views are much less common in other developed countries. According to a study published in ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', a survey of the US, Turkey, [[Japan]] and Europe showed that public acceptance of evolution is most prevalent in Iceland, Denmark and Sweden at 80% of the population.<ref name="Science survey" /> There seems to be no significant correlation between believing in evolution and understanding evolutionary science.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.culturalcognition.net/blog/2014/5/24/weekend-update-youd-have-to-be-science-illiterate-to-think-b.html |title=Weekend update: You'd have to be science illiterate to think 'belief in evolution' measures science literacy |last=Kahan |first=Dan |authorlink=Dan Kahan |date=May 24, 2014 |website=[[Cultural cognition#Cultural cognition project at Yale Law School|Cultural Cognition Project]] |publisher=[[Yale Law School]] |location=New Haven, CT |type=Blog |accessdate=2015-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Shtulman |first=Andrew |date=March 2006 |title=Qualitative differences between naïve and scientific theories of evolution |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010028505000745 |journal=Cognitive Psychology |location=Amsterdam, the Netherlands |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=170–194 |doi=10.1016/j.cogpsych.2005.10.001 |issn=0010-0285 |accessdate=2015-03-23}}</ref>
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===Australia===
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A 2009 [[Nielsen Holdings|Nielsen]] poll showed that almost a quarter of Australians believe "the biblical account of human origins." Forty-two percent believe in a "wholly scientific" explanation for the origins of life, while 32 percent believe in an evolutionary process "guided by God."<ref>{{cite news |last=Maley |first=Jacqueline |date=December 19, 2009 |title=God is still tops but angels rate well |url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/god-is-still-tops-but-angels-rate-well-20091218-l5v9.html |newspaper=[[The Age]] |location=Melbourne, Australia |publisher=Fairfax Media |accessdate=2014-03-27}}</ref>
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===Canada===
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A 2012 survey by [[Angus Reid Public Opinion]] revealed that 61 percent of Canadians believe in evolution. The poll asked "Where did human beings come from — did we start as singular cells millions of year ago and evolve into our present form, or did God create us in his image 10,000 years ago?"<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Believe In Evolution: Canadians More Likely Than Americans To Endorse Evolution |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/09/06/believe-in-evolution_n_1861373.html |date=September 6, 2012 |work=[[The Huffington Post#International editions|HuffPost Canada]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |accessdate=2012-04-28}}
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*{{cite press release |last=Canseco |first=Mario |date=September 5, 2012 |title=Britons and Canadians More Likely to Endorse than Americans |url=http://www.angusreidglobal.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/2012.09.05_CreEvo.pdf |format=PDF |location=New York |publisher=[[Angus Reid Public Opinion]] |accessdate=2014-05-11}}</ref>
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===Europe===
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In Europe, literalist creationism is more widely rejected, though regular opinion polls are not available. Most people accept that evolution is the most widely accepted scientific theory as taught in most schools. In countries with a Roman Catholic majority, [[Catholic Church and evolution|papal acceptance of evolutionary creationism]] as worthy of study has essentially ended debate on the matter for many people.
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In the UK, a 2006 poll on the "origin and development of life" asked participants to choose between three different perspectives on the origin of life: 22% chose creationism, 17% opted for intelligent design, 48% selected evolutionary theory, and the rest did not know.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=January 26, 2006 |title=Britons unconvinced on evolution |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4648598.stm |work=BBC News |location=London |publisher=BBC |accessdate=2014-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/poll.aspx?oItemId=262 |title=BBC Survey On The Origins Of Life |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=January 30, 2006 |website=[[Ipsos MORI]] |publisher=Ipsos MORI |location=London |accessdate=2014-03-27}}</ref> A subsequent 2010 [[YouGov]] poll on the correct explanation for the origin of humans found that 9% opted for creationism, 12% intelligent design, 65% evolutionary theory and 13% didn't know.<ref name="YouGov">{{cite web |url=http://cdn.yougov.com/today_uk_import/YG-Archives-Pol-Prospect-Evolution-181110.pdf |title=The origin of humans |date=November 20, 2010 |website=YouGov Global |publisher=[[YouGov|YouGov Plc]] |location=London |type=Prospect Survey Results |format=PDF |accessdate=2014-03-24}}</ref> The former Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams, head of the worldwide [[Anglican Communion]], views the idea of teaching creationism in schools as a mistake.<ref name="Archbishop_2006">{{cite news |last=Bates |first=Stephen |date=March 20, 2006 |title=Archbishop: stop teaching creationism |url=http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/mar/21/religion.topstories3 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |publisher=Guardian Media Group |accessdate=2014-03-27}}</ref>
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In Italy, Education Minister [[Letizia Moratti]] wanted to retire evolution from the secondary school level; after one week of massive protests, she reversed her opinion.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=May 3, 2004 |title=Italy Keeps Darwin in its Classrooms |url=http://www.dw.de/italy-keeps-darwin-in-its-classrooms/a-1188423-1 |work=Deutsche Welle |location=Bonn, Germany |publisher=ARD |accessdate=2014-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Lorenzi |first=Rossella |date=April 28, 2004 |title=No evolution for Italian teens |url=http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/22817/title/No-evolution-for-Italian-teens/ |journal=[[The Scientist]] |location=London |publisher=[[Faculty of 1000]] |accessdate=2014-03-27}}</ref>
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There continues to be scattered and possibly mounting efforts on the part of religious groups throughout Europe to introduce creationism into public education.<ref name="Economist_2007" /> In response, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe has released a draft report titled ''The dangers of creationism in education'' on June 8, 2007,<ref name="Doc11297">{{cite web |url=http://www.assembly.coe.int/ASP/Doc/XrefViewHTML.asp?FileID=11678&Language=EN |title=The dangers of creationism in education |date=June 8, 2007 |work=Committee on Culture, Science and Education |publisher=Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe |type=Report |id=Doc. 11297 |accessdate=2014-03-22}}</ref> reinforced by a further proposal of banning it in schools dated October 4, 2007.<ref name="R1580" />
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Serbia suspended the teaching of evolution for one week in September 2004, under education minister [[Ljiljana Čolić]], only allowing schools to reintroduce evolution into the curriculum if they also taught creationism.<ref name="Serbian_schools" /> "After a deluge of protest from scientists, teachers and opposition parties" says the BBC report, Čolić's deputy made the statement, "I have come here to confirm Charles Darwin is still alive" and announced that the decision was reversed.<ref name="Serbia_Darwin" /> Čolić resigned after the government said that she had caused "problems that had started to reflect on the work of the entire government."<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=September 16, 2004 |title='Anti-Darwin' Serb minister quits |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3663196.stm |work=BBC News |location=London |publisher=BBC |accessdate=2014-03-27}}</ref>
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Poland saw a major controversy over creationism in 2006 when the Deputy Education Minister, [[Mirosław Orzechowski]], denounced evolution as "one of many lies" taught in Polish schools. His superior, Minister of Education [[Roman Giertych]], has stated that the theory of evolution would continue to be taught in Polish schools, "as long as most scientists in our country say that it is the right theory." Giertych's father, [[Member of the European Parliament]] [[Maciej Giertych]], has opposed the teaching of evolution and has claimed that [[dinosaur]]s and humans co-existed.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=December 18, 2006 |title=And finally... |url=http://www.wbj.pl/?command=article&id=35336&type=wbj |newspaper=[[Warsaw Business Journal]] |location=Warsaw, Poland |publisher=Valkea Media |accessdate=2014-03-27}}</ref>
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===United States===
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[[File:Creationist car.jpg|230px|right|thumb|Anti-evolution car in [[Athens, Georgia]]]]
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According to a 2014 Gallup poll,<ref name="Gallup2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/170822/believe-creationist-view-human-origins.aspx |title=In U.S., 42% Believe Creationist View of Human Origins |last=Newport |first=Frank |date=November 19, 2004 |website=Gallup.com |publisher=Gallup, Inc. |location=Omaha, NE |accessdate=2014-05-10}}</ref> about 42% of Americans believe that "God created human beings pretty much in their present form at one time within the last 10,000 years or so."<ref name="Gallup2014" />  Another 31% believe that "human beings have developed over millions of years from less advanced forms of life, but God guided this process,"and 19% believe that "human beings have developed over millions of years from less advanced forms of life, but God had no part in this process."<ref name="Gallup2014" />
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Belief in creationism is inversely correlated to education; of those with [[postgraduate degree]]s, 74% accept evolution.<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Newport, Frank (Host) |date=June 11, 2007 |title=Evolution Beliefs |url=http://www.gallup.com/video/27838/Evolution-Beliefs.aspx |series=The Gallup Poll Daily Briefing |accessdate=2014-03-27 |location=Omaha, NE |publisher=Gallup, Inc.}}</ref><ref name="Robinson_BA">{{cite web |url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/ev_publi.htm |title=Beliefs of the U.S. public about evolution and creation |last=Robinson |first=Bruce A. |date=November 1995 |website=ReligiousTolerance.org |publisher=Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance |location=Kingston, Canada |accessdate=2007-11-11}}</ref> In 1987, ''[[Newsweek]]'' reported: "By one count there are some 700 scientists with respectable academic credentials (out of a total of 480,000 U.S. earth and life scientist) who give credence to creation-science, the general theory that complex life forms did not evolve but appeared 'abruptly.'"<ref name="Robinson_BA" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martz |first1=Larry |last2=McDaniel |first2=Ann |date=June 29, 1987 |title=Keeping God Out of the Classroom |url=http://kgov.com/files/docs/Newsweek-1987-God-Classroom.pdf |format=PDF |journal=[[Newsweek]] |location=New York |publisher=Newsweek LLC |pages=23–24 |issn=0028-9604 |accessdate=2015-09-25}}</ref>
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A 2000 poll for [[People for the American Way]] found 70% of the US public felt that evolution was compatible with a belief in God.<ref name="pfaw">{{cite web |url=http://media.pfaw.org/pdf/creationism/creationism-poll.pdf |title=Evolution and Creationism In Public Education: An In-depth Reading Of Public Opinion |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=March 2000 |website=[[People For the American Way]] |publisher=People For the American Way |location=Washington, D.C. |format=PDF |accessdate=2014-03-28}}</ref>
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According to a study published in ''Science'', between 1985 and 2005 the number of adult [[North America]]ns who accept evolution declined from 45% to 40%, the number of adults who reject evolution declined from 48% to 39% and the number of people who were unsure increased from 7% to 21%. Besides the US the study also compared data from 32 European countries, Turkey, and Japan. The only country where acceptance of evolution was lower than in the US was Turkey (25%).<ref name="Science survey" />
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According to a 2011 Fox News poll, 45% of Americans believe in Creationism, down from 50% in a similar poll in 1999.<ref name="Fox Creationism Poll">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=September 7, 2011 |title=Fox News Poll: Creationism |url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/09/07/fox-news-poll-creationism/ |work=[[Fox News Channel|Fox News]] |publisher=[[News Corporation]] |accessdate=2011-09-22}}</ref> 21% believe in 'the theory of evolution as outlined by
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Darwin and other scientists' (up from 15% in 1999), and 27% answered that both are true (up from 26% in 1999).<ref name="Fox Creationism Poll" />
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In September 2012, educator and television personality Bill Nye spoke with the [[Associated Press]] and aired his fears about acceptance of creationist theory, believing that teaching children that creationism is the only true answer and without letting them understand the way science works will prevent any future innovation in the world of science.<ref name="APNews-20120924" /><ref name="Youtube-20120823" /><ref name="NYT-20141103-JD" /> In February 2014, Nye defended [[Creation–evolution controversy|evolution in the classroom]] in a [[Bill Nye–Ken Ham debate|debate]] with creationist Ken Ham on the topic of whether creation is a viable model of origins in today's modern, [[History of science#Modern science|scientific era]].<ref name="NBC-20140204">{{cite news |last=Boyle |first=Alan |authorlink=Alan Boyle |date=February 5, 2014 |title=Bill Nye Wins Over the Science Crowd at Evolution Debate |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/bill-nye-wins-over-science-crowd-evolution-debate-n22836 |work=[[NBCNews.com]] |accessdate=2014-02-06}}</ref><ref name="TG-20140204">{{cite news |last=Kopplin |first=Zack |authorlink=Zack Kopplin |date=February 4, 2014 |title=Why Bill Nye the Science Guy is trying to reason with America's creationists |url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/feb/04/bill-nye-science-guy-evolution-debate-creationists |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |publisher=Guardian Media Group |accessdate=2014-02-06}}</ref><ref name="Debate-20140204">{{cite web |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6kgvhG3AkI |title=Bill Nye Debates Ken Ham - HD (Official) |last=Foreman |first=Tom (Moderator) |authorlink=Tom Foreman |date=February 4, 2014 |website=YouTube |publisher=Answers in Genesis |location=Hebron, KY |accessdate=2014-02-05}} Program begins at 13:14.</ref>
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====Education controversies====
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[[File:Truth fish.jpg|thumb|right|The Truth fish, one of the many creationist responses to the [[Parodies of the ichthys symbol|Darwin fish]].]]
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{{Main|Creation–evolution controversy}}
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In the US, creationism has become centered in the political controversy over [[Creation and evolution in public education#United States|creation and evolution in public education]], and whether teaching creationism in science classes conflicts with the separation of church and state. Currently, the controversy comes in the form of whether advocates of the intelligent design movement who wish to "[[Teach the Controversy]]" in science classes have conflated [[Relationship between religion and science|science with religion]].<ref name="kitz" />
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[[People for the American Way]] polled 1500 North Americans about the teaching of evolution and creationism in November and December 1999. They found that most North Americans were not familiar with Creationism, and most North Americans had heard of evolution, but many did not fully understand the basics of the theory. The main findings were:
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{{bar box
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|title= Americans believe that:<ref name="pfaw" />
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|barwidth=200px
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|width=100%
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|bars=
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{{bar percent|Public schools should teach evolution only|silver|60|20%}}
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{{bar percent|Only evolution should be taught in science classes, religious explanations <br>can be discussed in another class|gray|51|17%}}
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{{bar percent|Creationism can be discussed in science class as a 'belief,' not a scientific theory|silver|87|29%}}
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{{bar percent|Creationism and evolution should be taught as 'scientific theories' in science class|gray|39|13%}}
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{{bar percent|Only Creationism should be taught|silver|48|16%}}
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{{bar percent|Teach both evolution and Creationism, but unsure how to do so|gray|12|4%}}
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{{bar percent|No opinion|silver|3|1%}}
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}}
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In such political contexts, creationists argue that their particular religiously based origin belief is superior to those of other [[belief system]]s, in particular those made through secular or scientific rationale. Political creationists are opposed by many individuals and organizations who have made detailed critiques and given testimony in various court cases that the [[objections to evolution|alternatives to scientific reasoning offered by creationists]] are opposed by the [[scientific consensus|consensus]] of the scientific community.<ref name="aaas" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Delgado |first=Cynthia |date=July 28, 2006 |title=Finding the Evolution in Medicine |url=http://nihrecord.od.nih.gov/newsletters/2006/07_28_2006/story03.htm |journal=[[NIH Record]] |location=Bethesda, MD |publisher=[[United States Department of Health and Human Services]]; [[National Institutes of Health]] |issn=1057-5871 |accessdate=2014-03-31}} "...While 99.9 percent of scientists accept evolution, 40 to 50 percent of college students do not accept evolution and believe it to be 'just' a theory." — [[Brian Alters]]</ref>
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==Criticism==
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===Christian criticism===
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Many Christians disagree with the teaching of creationism. Several religious organizations, among them the [[Catholic Church]], hold that their faith does not conflict with the scientific consensus regarding evolution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/media/voices/religion |title=Statements from Religious Organizations |website=National Center for Science Education |publisher=National Center for Science Education |location=Berkeley, CA |accessdate=2011-03-10}}</ref> The [[Clergy Letter Project]], which has collected more than 13,000 signatures, is an "endeavor designed to demonstrate that religion and science can be compatible."
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In his 2002 article "Intelligent Design as a Theological Problem," George Murphy argues against the view that life on Earth, in all its forms, is direct evidence of God's act of creation (Murphy quotes [[Phillip E. Johnson]]'s claim that he is speaking "of a God who acted openly and left his fingerprints on all the evidence."). Murphy argues that this view of God is incompatible with the Christian understanding of God as "the one revealed in the cross and resurrection of Christ." The basis of this theology is [[Isaiah]] 45:15, "Verily thou art a God that hidest thyself, O God of Israel, the Saviour."
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Murphy observes that the execution of a Jewish carpenter by [[Roman Empire|Roman]] authorities is in and of itself an ordinary event and did not require [[Miracle|divine action]]. On the contrary, for the crucifixion to occur, God had to limit or "empty" Himself. It was for this reason that [[Paul the Apostle]] wrote, in [[Epistle to the Philippians|Philippians]] 2:5-8:
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: "Let this mind be in you, which was also in Christ Jesus: Who, being in the form of God, thought it not robbery to be equal with God: But made himself of no reputation, and took upon him the form of a servant, and was made in the likeness of men: And being found in fashion as a man, he humbled himself, and became obedient unto death, even the death of the cross."
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Murphy concludes that,<blockquote>"Just as the Son of God limited himself by taking human form and dying on a cross, God limits divine action in the world to be in accord with rational laws which God has chosen. This enables us to understand the world on its own terms, but it also means that natural processes hide God from scientific observation."</blockquote>For Murphy, a theology of the cross requires that Christians accept a [[Naturalism (philosophy)#Methodological naturalism|''methodological'' naturalism]], meaning that one cannot invoke God to explain natural phenomena, while recognizing that such acceptance does not require one to accept a [[Metaphysical naturalism|''metaphysical'' naturalism]], which proposes that nature is all that there is.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Murphy |first=George L. |year=2002 |title=Intelligent Design as a Theological Problem |url=http://puffin.creighton.edu/nrcse/IDTHG.html |journal=Covalence: The Bulletin of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America Alliance for Faith, Science and Technology |location=Chicago, IL |publisher=Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, Division for Ministry |volume=IV |issue=2 |oclc=52753579 |accessdate=2014-03-31}} Reprinted with permission.</ref>
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===Teaching of creationism===
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Other Christians have expressed qualms about teaching creationism. In March 2006, then Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams, the leader of the world's Anglicans, stated his discomfort about teaching creationism, saying that creationism was "a kind of [[category mistake]], as if the Bible were a theory like other theories." He also said: "My worry is creationism can end up reducing the doctrine of creation rather than enhancing it." The views of the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] - a major American-based branch of the Anglican Communion - on teaching creationism resemble those of Williams.<ref name="Archbishop_2006" />
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In April 2010, the [[American Academy of Religion]] issued ''Guidelines for Teaching About Religion in K‐12 Public Schools in the United States'' which included guidance that creation science or intelligent design should not be taught in science classes, as "Creation science and intelligent design represent worldviews that fall outside of the realm of science that is defined as (and limited to) a method of inquiry based on gathering observable and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning." However, they, as well as other "worldviews that focus on speculation regarding the origins of life represent another important and relevant form of human inquiry that is appropriately studied in literature or social sciences courses. Such study, however, must include a diversity of worldviews representing a variety of religious and philosophical perspectives and must avoid privileging one view as more legitimate than others."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/news/2010/07/american-academy-religion-teaching-creationism-005712 |title=American Academy of Religion on teaching creationism |date=July 23, 2010 |website=National Center for Science Education |publisher=National Center for Science Education |location=Berkeley, CA |accessdate=2010-08-09}}</ref>
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Randy Moore and Sehoya Cotner, from the biology program at the [[University of Minnesota]], reflect on the relevance of teaching creationism in the article ''The Creationist Down the Hall: Does It Matter When Teachers Teach Creationism?'' They conclude that "Despite decades of science education reform, numerous legal decisions declaring the teaching of creationism in public-school science classes to be unconstitutional, overwhelming evidence supporting evolution, and the many denunciations of creationism as nonscientific by professional scientific societies, creationism remains popular throughout the United States."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=Randy |last2=Cotner |first2=Sehoya |date=May 2009 |title=The Creationist Down the Hall: Does It Matter When Teachers Teach Creationism? |journal=[[BioScience]] |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the [[American Institute of Biological Sciences]] |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=429–435 |doi=10.1525/bio.2009.59.5.10 |issn=0006-3568 |jstor=25502451}}</ref>
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===Scientific criticism===
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{{Main|Creation&ndash;evolution controversy}}
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Science is a system of knowledge based on observation, empirical evidence, and the development of theories that yield testable explanations and predictions of natural phenomena. By contrast, creationism is often based on literal interpretations of the narratives of particular religious texts.<ref>[[#NAS 2008|NAS 2008]], [http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11876&page=12 p. 12]</ref> Some creationist beliefs involve purported forces that lie outside of nature, such as supernatural intervention, and often do not allow predictions at all. Therefore, these can neither be confirmed nor disproved by scientists.<ref name="SEaC">[[#NAS 2008|NAS 2008]], [http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11876&page=10 p. 10], "In science, explanations must be based on naturally occurring phenomena. Natural causes are, in principle, reproducible and therefore can be checked independently by others. If explanations are based on purported forces that are outside of nature, scientists have no way of either confirming or disproving those explanations."</ref> However, many creationist beliefs can be framed as testable predictions about phenomena such as the age of the Earth, its [[geological history of Earth|geological history]] and the origins, [[biogeography|distributions]] and [[Phylogenetics|relationships]] of living organisms found on it. [[History of science|Early science]] incorporated elements of these beliefs, but as science developed these beliefs were gradually [[Falsifiability|falsified]] and were replaced with understandings based on accumulated and reproducible evidence that often allows the accurate prediction of future results.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/index.html |title=An Index to Creationist Claims |editor-last=Isaak |editor-first=Mark |year=2006 |website=TalkOrigins Archive |publisher=The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc. |location=Houston, TX |accessdate=2012-12-09}}</ref><ref>[[#Futuyma 2005|Futuyma 2005]]</ref> Some scientists, such as [[Stephen Jay Gould]],<ref name="RoA">[[#Gould 1999|Gould 1999]]</ref> consider science and religion to be two compatible and complementary fields, with authorities in distinct areas of human experience, so-called [[non-overlapping magisteria]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gould |first=Stephen Jay |date=March 1997 |title=Nonoverlapping Magisteria |url=http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/gould_noma.html |journal=[[Natural History (magazine)|Natural History]] |location=Research Triangle Park, NC |publisher=Natural History Magazine, Inc. |volume=106 |pages=16–22 |issue=3 |issn=0028-0712 |accessdate=2014-03-31}}</ref> This view is also held by many theologians, who believe that [[Unmoved mover|ultimate origins]] and [[meaning of life|meaning]] are addressed by religion, but favor verifiable scientific explanations of natural phenomena over those of creationist beliefs. Other scientists, such as [[Richard Dawkins]],<ref>[[#Dawkins 2006|Dawkins 2006]], p. 5</ref> reject the non-overlapping magisteria and argue that, in disproving literal interpretations of creationists, the scientific method also undermines religious texts as a source of truth. Irrespective of this diversity in viewpoints, since creationist beliefs are not supported by empirical evidence, the scientific consensus is that any attempt to teach creationism as science should be rejected.<ref name="RoyalSociety_2006" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncse.com/taking-action/ten-major-court-cases-evolution-creationism |title=Ten Major Court Cases about Evolution and Creationism |last1=Matsumura |first1=Molleen |last2=Mead |first2=Louise |date=February 14, 2001 |website=National Center for Science Education |publisher=National Center for Science Education |location=Berkeley, CA |accessdate=2008-11-04}} Updated 2007-07-31.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2006/06/ann_coulter_no_evidence_for_ev.php |title=Ann Coulter: No evidence for evolution? |last=Myers |first=PZ |authorlink=PZ Myers |date=June 18, 2006 |website=[[Pharyngula (blog)|Pharyngula]] |publisher=[[ScienceBlogs|ScienceBlogs LLC]] |type=Blog |accessdate=2007-09-12}}</ref>
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==Organizations==
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{| style="width:100%;"
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|- style="vertical-align:top;"
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'''Creationism (in general)'''
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* [[American Scientific Affiliation]]
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* [[Christians in Science]]
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'''Young Earth Creationism'''
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* [[Answers in Genesis]], a group promoting young Earth creationism
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* [[Creation Ministries International]], an organisation promoting biblical creation
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* [[Creation Research Society]]
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* [[Institute for Creation Research]]
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'''Old Earth Creationism'''
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* Old Earth Ministries (OEM), formerly Answers In Creation (AIC), led by Greg Neyman<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldearth.org/about_aic.htm |title=About Old Earth Ministries? |website=Old Earth Ministries |publisher=Old Earth Ministries |location=Springfield, OH |accessdate=2014-03-09}}</ref>
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* [[Reasons To Believe|Reasons to Believe]], led by [[Hugh Ross (creationist)|Hugh Ross]]
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'''Intelligent design'''
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* [[Access Research Network]]
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* [[Centre for Intelligent Design]]
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* [[Center for Science and Culture]]
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'''Evolutionary creationism'''
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* [[BioLogos Foundation]]
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'''Evolution'''
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* [[National Center for Science Education]]
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* [[TalkOrigins Archive]]
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|}
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==See also==
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{{Portal|Creationism}}
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{{Wikipedia books
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|1=Evolution
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|3=Creationism and Intelligent Design
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}}
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* [[Abiogenesis]]
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* [[Biblical inerrancy]]
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* [[Biogenesis]]
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* [[Cosmological argument]]
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* [[Flying Spaghetti Monster]]
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* [[Teleological argument]]
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* [[Watchmaker analogy]]
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==Footnotes==
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{{Reflist|group="note"|refs=
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<ref name="myth" group="note">[[#Patton & Doniger 1996|Patton & Doniger 1996]], [http://books.google.com/books?id=OgsTmeRHpeUC&pg=147 p. 147]. While the term ''[[myth]]'' is often used colloquially to refer to "a false story," this article uses the term in the academic meaning of "a sacred narrative explaining how the world and mankind came to be in their present form."</ref>}}
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==Notes==
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{{Reflist|30em}}
+
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
{{Refbegin|30em}}
+
{{reflist|2}}
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*{{cite book |author=`Abdu'l-Bahá |authorlink=`Abdu'l-Bahá |year=1982 |origyear=Originally published 1922–1925 |title=The Promulgation of Universal Peace: Talks Delivered by `Abdu'l-Bahá during His Visit to the United States and Canada in 1912 |others=Compiled by Howard MacNutt |edition=2nd |location=Wilmette, IL |publisher=Bahá’í Publishing Trust |isbn=0-8774-3172-8 |lccn=81021689 |oclc=853066452 |ref=`Abdu'l-Bahá 1982}}
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*{{cite book |last=Aviezer |first=Nathan |authorlink=Nathan Aviezer |year=1990 |title=In the Beginning—: Biblical Creation and Science |location=Hoboken, NJ |publisher=KTAV Publishing House |isbn=0-88125-328-6 |lccn=89049127 |oclc=20800545 |ref=Aviezer 1990}}
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*{{cite journal |editor-last=Barlow |editor-first=Nora |editor-link=Nora Barlow |year=1963 |title=Darwin's Ornithological Notes |url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=1&itemID=F1577&viewtype=side |journal=Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Historical Series |location=London |publisher=[[List of trustees of the British Museum|Trustees of the British Museum]] |volume=2 |issue=7 |pages=201–278 |issn=0068-2306 |accessdate=2009-06-10 |ref=Barlow 1963}}
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*{{cite book |last=Bowler |first=Peter J. |year=2003 |title=Evolution: The History of an Idea |edition=3rd |location=Berkeley, CA |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=0-520-23693-9 |lccn=2002007569 |oclc=49824702 |ref=Bowler 2003}}
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*{{cite book |last=Bucaille |first=Maurice |authorlink=Maurice Bucaille |year=1977 |origyear=Original French edition published 1976 |title=The Bible, The Qur'an and Science: The Holy Scriptures Examined in the Light of Modern Knowledge |others=translated from the French by Alastair D. Pannell and the author |location=Paris |publisher=Seghers |lccn=76488005 |oclc=373529514 |ref=Bucaille 1977}}
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*{{cite book |last=Bucaille |first=Maurice |year=1976 |title=The Qur'an and Modern Science |url=http://www.sultan.org/articles/QScience.html |type=Booklet |location=Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |publisher=Cooperative Offices for Call & Guidance at Al-Badiah & Industrial Area |oclc=52246825 |accessdate=2014-03-21 |ref=Bucaille 1976}}
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*{{cite book |editor1-last=Carmell |editor1-first=Aryeh |editor2-last=Domb |editor2-first=Cyril |year=1976 |title=Challenge: Torah Views on Science and its Problems |location=Jerusalem; New York |publisher=[[Association of Orthodox Jewish Scientists]]; [[Feldheim Publishers]] |isbn=0-87306-174-8 |lccn=77357516 |oclc=609518840 |ref=Carmell & Domb 1976}}
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*{{cite book |editor1-last=Carper |editor1-first=James C. |editor2-last=Hunt |editor2-first=Thomas C. |year=2009 |title=The Praeger Handbook of Religion and Education in the United States |volume=1: A–L |location=Westport, CT |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Praeger Publishers]] |isbn=978-0-275-99228-6 |lccn=2008041156 |oclc=246888936 |ref=Carper & Hunt 2009}}
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*{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Francis S. |authorlink=Francis Collins |year=2006 |title=[[The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief]] |location=New York |publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]] |isbn=978-0-7432-8639-8 |lccn=2006045316 |oclc=65978711 |ref=Collins 2006}}
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*{{cite book |last=Dasgupta |first=Surendranath |authorlink=Surendranath Dasgupta |year=1922 |title=A History of Indian Philosophy |volume=1 |location=Cambridge, England |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |lccn=22018463 |oclc=4235820 |ref=Dasgupta 1922}}
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*{{cite book |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |authorlink=Richard Dawkins |year=2006 |title=The God Delusion |location=London |publisher=[[Bantam Press]] |isbn=978-0-5930-5548-9 |lccn=2006015506 |oclc=70671839 |ref=Dawkins 2006}}
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*{{cite book |last=Desmond |first=Adrian |authorlink=Adrian Desmond |year=1989 |title=The Politics of Evolution: Morphology, Medicine, and Reform in Radical London |series=Science and its Conceptual Foundations |location=Chicago, IL |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=0-226-14346-5 |lccn=89005137 |oclc=828159401 |ref=Desmond 1989}}
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*{{cite book |last=Desmond |first=Adrian |last2=Moore |first2=James |author2-link=James Moore (biographer) |year=1991 |title=Darwin |location=London; New York |publisher=[[Michael Joseph (publisher)|Michael Joseph]]; [[Viking Press|Viking Penguin]] |isbn=0-7181-3430-3 |lccn=92196964 |oclc=26502431 |ref=Desmond & Moore 1991}}
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*{{cite book |last=Dewey |first=John |authorlink=John Dewey |year=1994 |chapter=The Influence of Darwinism on Philosophy |editor=Martin Gardner |editor-link=Martin Gardner |title=Great Essays in Science |location=Buffalo, NY |publisher=[[Prometheus Books]] |isbn=0-87975-853-8 |lccn=93035453 |oclc=28846489 |ref=Dewey 1994}}
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*{{cite book |last=Draper |first=Paul R. |authorlink=Paul Draper (philosopher) |year=2005 |chapter=God, Science, and Naturalism |editor-last=Wainwright |editor-first=William J. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Religion |url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0195138090.001.0001/acprof-9780195138092-chapter-12 |location=Oxford; New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/0195138090.003.0012 |isbn=978-0-1951-3809-2 |lccn=2004043890 |oclc=54542845 |accessdate=2014-03-15 |ref=Draper 2005}}
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*{{cite book |last=Dundes |first=Alan |authorlink=Alan Dundes |year=1984 |chapter=Introduction |editor-last=Dundes |editor-first=Alan |title=Sacred Narrative: Readings in the Theory of Myth |location=Berkeley, CA |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-5200-5192-0 |lccn=83017921 |oclc=9944508 |ref=Dundes 1984}}
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*{{cite book |last=Dundes |first=Alan |year=1996 |chapter=Madness in Method, Plus a Plea for Projective Inversion in Myth |editor1-last=Patton |editor1-first=Laurie L. |editor1-link=Laurie L. Patton |editor2-last=Doniger |editor2-first=Wendy |editor2-link=Wendy Doniger |title=Myth and Method |location=Charlottesville; London |publisher=[[University of Virginia Press]] |isbn=0-8139-1657-7 |lccn=96014672 |oclc=34516050 |ref=Patton & Doniger 1996}}
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*{{cite book |last=Eddy |first=Mary Baker |authorlink=Mary Baker Eddy |year=1934 |origyear=Originally published 1875 as ''Science and Health''; Christian Scientist Publishing Company: Boston, MA |title=[[Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures]] |edition=Sunday school |location=Boston, MA |publisher=[[Christian Science Publishing Society]] for the Trustees under the will of Mary Baker G. Eddy |lccn=42044682 |oclc=4579118 |ref=Eddy 1934}}
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*{{cite book |last1=Forrest |first1=Barbara |authorlink1=Barbara Forrest |last2=Gross |first2=Paul R. |authorlink2=Paul R. Gross |year=2004 |title=[[Creationism's Trojan Horse: The Wedge of Intelligent Design]] |location=Oxford; New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-515742-7 |oclc=50913078 |lccn=2002192677 |ref=Forrest & Gross 2004}}
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*{{cite book |last1=Forster |first1=Roger |authorlink1=Roger T. Forster |last2=Marston |first2=V. Paul |year=1999 |chapter=Genesis Through History |title=Reason, Science, and Faith |location=Crowborough, East Sussex |publisher=Monarch Books |isbn=1-85424-441-8 |lccn=99488551 |oclc=41159110 |ref=Forster & Marston 1999}}
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*{{cite book |last=Futuyma |first=Douglas J. |authorlink=Douglas J. Futuyma |year=2005 |chapter=Evolutionary Science, Creationism, and Society |title=Evolution |location=Sunderland, MA |publisher=[[Sinauer Associates]] |isbn=0-87893-187-2 |lccn=2004029808 |oclc=57311264 |ref=Futuyma 2005}}
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*{{cite book |last1=Giberson |first1=Karl W. |last2=Yerxa |first2=Donald A. |year=2002 |title=Species of Origins: America's Search for a Creation Story |location=Lanham, MD |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=0-7425-0764-5 |lccn=2002002365 |oclc=49031109 |ref=Giberson & Yerxa 2002}}
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*{{cite book |last=Gosse |first=Philip Henry |authorlink=Philip Henry Gosse |year=1857 |title=[[Omphalos (book)|Omphalos: An Attempt to Untie the Geological Knot]] |location=London |publisher=[[John Van Voorst|J. Van Voorst]] |lccn=11004351 |oclc=7631539 |ref=Gosse 1857}}
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*{{cite book |last=Gould |first=Stephen Jay |authorlink=Stephen Jay Gould |year=1999 |title=[[Rocks of Ages|Rocks of Ages: Science and Religion in the Fullness of Life]] |series=Library of Contemporary Thought |edition=1st |location=New York |publisher=[[Ballantine Books|Ballantine Publishing Group]] |isbn=0-345-43009-3 |lccn=98031335 |oclc=39886951 |ref=Gould 1999}}
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*{{cite book |last=Gunn |first=Angus M. |year=2004 |title=Evolution and Creationism in the Public Schools: A Handbook for Educators, Parents, and Community Leaders |location=Jefferson, NC |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |isbn=0-7864-2002-2 |lccn=2004018788 |oclc=56319812 |ref=Gunn 2004}}
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*{{cite book |last=Hayward |first=James L. |year=1998 |title=The Creation/Evolution Controversy: An Annotated Bibliography |series=Magill Bibliographies |location=Lanham, MD; Pasadena, CA |publisher=Scarecrow Press; Salem Press |page=253 |isbn=0-8108-3386-7 |lccn=98003138 |oclc=38496519 |ref=Hayward 1998}}
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*{{cite book |last=Lamoureux |first=Denis O. |authorlink=Denis Lamoureux |year=1999 |chapter=Evangelicals Inheriting the Wind: The Phillip E. Johnson Phenomenon |title=Darwinism Defeated?: The Johnson-Lamoureux Debate on Biological Origins |others=Foreword by [[J. I. Packer]] |location=Vancouver, B.C. |publisher=[[Regent College#Media|Regent College Publishing]] |isbn=1-57383-133-6 |oclc=40892139 |ref=Lamoureux 1999}}
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*{{cite book |last=Masood |first=Steven |year=1994 |origyear=Originally published 1986 |title=Jesus and the Indian Messiah |location=Oldham, England |publisher=Word of Life |isbn=1-898868-00-X |lccn=94229476 |oclc=491161526 |ref=Masood 1994}}
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*{{cite book |last=McComas |first=William F. |year=2002 |chapter=Science and Its Myths |editor-last=Shermer |editor-first=Michael |editor-link=Michael Shermer |title=[[The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience]] |volume=1 |location=Santa Barbara, CA |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=1-57607-653-9 |lccn=2002009653 |oclc=50155642 |ref=Shermer 2002}}
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*{{cite book |last=McGrath |first=Alister E. |authorlink=Alister McGrath |year=2010 |title=Science and Religion: A New Introduction |edition=2nd |location=Malden, MA |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=978-1-4051-8790-9 |lccn=2009020180 |oclc=366494307 |ref=McGrath 2010}}
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*{{cite book |author=National Academy of Sciences |authorlink=National Academy of Sciences |year=1999 |title=Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences |url=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6024 |edition=2nd |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[National Academies Press|National Academy Press]] |isbn=0-309-06406-6 |lccn=99006259 |oclc=43803228 |accessdate=2014-11-22 |ref=NAS 1999}}
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*{{cite book |author1=National Academy of Sciences |author2=Institute of Medicine |authorlink2=Institute of Medicine |year=2008 |title=Science, Evolution, and Creationism |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11876 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Academy Press |isbn=978-0-309-10586-6 |lccn=2007015904 |oclc=123539346 |accessdate=2014-11-22 |ref=NAS 2008}}
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*{{cite book |last=Numbers |first=Ronald L. |authorlink=Ronald Numbers |year=1998 |title=Darwinism Comes to America |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=0-674-19312-1 |lccn=98016212 |oclc=38747194 |ref=Numbers 1998}}
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*{{cite book |last=Numbers |first=Ronald L. |year=2006 |origyear=Originally published 1992 as ''The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism''; New York: [[Alfred A. Knopf]] |title=[[The Creationists|The Creationists: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design]] |edition=Expanded ed., 1st Harvard University Press pbk. |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=0-674-02339-0 |lccn=2006043675 |oclc=69734583 |ref=Numbers 2006}}
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*{{cite book |last=Okasha |first=Samir |year=2002 |title=Philosophy of Science: A Very Short Introduction |series=Very Short Introductions |volume=67 |location=Oxford; New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-280283-6 |lccn=2002510456 |oclc=48932644 |ref=Okasha 2002}}
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*{{cite book |last=Pennock |first=Robert T. |authorlink=Robert T. Pennock |year=1999 |title=Tower of Babel: The Evidence Against the New Creationism |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=0-262-16180-X |lccn=98027286 |oclc=44966044 |ref=Pennock 1999}}
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*{{cite book |editor-last=Pennock |editor-first=Robert T |editor-link=Robert T. Pennock |year=2001 |title=Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics: Philosophical, Theological, and Scientific Perspectives |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=0-262-66124-1 |lccn=2001031276 |oclc=46729201 |accessdate=2014-01-10 |ref=Pennock 2001}}
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*{{cite book |author=Philo, of Alexandria |authorlink=Philo |year=1854–55 |chapter=The First Book of the Treatise on The Allegories of the Sacred Laws, after the Work of the Six Days of Creation |chapterurl=http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/yonge/book2.html |title=The Works of Philo Judaeus |url=https://archive.org/details/worksofphilojuda01yonguoft |series=Bohn's Classical Library |others=Translated from the Greek, by [[Charles Duke Yonge|C. D. Yonge]] |location=London |publisher=[[Henry George Bohn|H.G. Bohn]] |lccn=20007801 |oclc=1429769 |accessdate=2014-03-09 |ref=Philo}}
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*{{cite book |last=Plimer |first=Ian |authorlink=Ian Plimer |year=1994 |title=Telling Lies for God: Reason vs Creationism |location=Milsons Point, NSW |publisher=[[Random House|Random House Australia]] |isbn=0-09-182852-X |lccn=94237744 |oclc=32608689 |ref=Plimer 1994}}
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*{{cite book |last=Polkinghorne |first=John |authorlink=John Polkinghorne |year=1998 |title=Science and Theology: An Introduction |location=Minneapolis, MN |publisher=[[Fortress Press]] |isbn=0-8006-3153-6 |lccn=98229115 |oclc=40117376 |ref=Polkinghorne 1998}}
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*{{cite book |last=Quammen |first=David |authorlink=David Quammen |year=2006 |title=The Reluctant Mr. Darwin: An Intimate Portrait of Charles Darwin and the Making of His Theory of Evolution |series=Great Discoveries |location=New York |publisher=[[James Atlas|Atlas Books/W. W. Norton & Company]] |isbn=978-0-393-05981-6 |lccn=2006009864 |oclc=65400177 |ref=Quammen 2006}}
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*{{cite book |last=Rainey |first=David |title=Faith Reads: A Selective Guide to Christian Nonfiction |year=2008 |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Libraries Unlimited |isbn=978-1-59158-602-9 |lccn=2008010352 |oclc=213599217 |ref=Rainey 2012}}
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*{{cite book |last=Schroeder |first=Gerald L. |authorlink=Gerald Schroeder |year=1998 |origyear=Originally published 1997; New York: [[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]] |title=The Science of God: The Convergence of Scientific and Biblical Wisdom |edition=1st Broadway Books trade paperback |location=New York |publisher=[[Broadway Books]] |isbn=0-7679-0303-X |lccn=97014978 |oclc=39162332 |ref=Schroeder 1998}}
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*{{cite book |last=Scott |first=Eugenie C. |authorlink=Eugenie Scott |year=1999 |chapter=Science, Religion, and Evolution |editor1-last=Springer |editor1-first=Dale A. |editor2-last=Scotchmoor |editor2-first=Judy |title=Evolution: Investigating the Evidence |url=http://www.ncseweb.org/resources/articles/528_science_religion_and_evoluti_6_19_2001.asp |type=Reprint |series=The Paleontological Society Special Publications |volume=9 |location=Pittsburgh, PA |publisher=[[Paleontological Society]] |lccn=00274093 |oclc=42725350 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030628210954/http://www.ncseweb.org/resources/articles/528_science_religion_and_evoluti_6_19_2001.asp |archivedate=2003-06-28 |ref=Scott 1999}} "Presented as a Paleontological Society short course at the annual meeting of the Geological Society of America, Denver, Colorado, October 24, 1999."
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*{{cite book |last=Scott |first=Eugenie C. |authorlink=Eugenie Scott |year=2005 |origyear=Originally published 2004; Westport, CT: [[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]] |title=Evolution vs. Creationism: An Introduction |others=Foreword by [[Niles Eldredge]] |edition=1st paperback |location=Berkeley, CA |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-24650-0 |lccn=2005048649 |oclc=60420899 |ref=Scott 2005}}
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*{{cite book |last=Secord |first=James A. |title=Victorian Sensation: The Extraordinary Publication, Reception, and Secret Authorship of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation |location=Chicago, IL |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-226-74410-8 |lccn=00009124 |oclc=43864195 |ref=Secord 2000}}
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*{{cite book |editor-last=Stewart |editor-first=Melville Y. |editor-link=Melville Y. Stewart |year=2010 |title=Science and Religion in Dialogue |location=Malden, MA |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-8921-7 |lccn=2009032180 |oclc=430678957 |ref=Stewart 2010}}
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*{{cite book |editor1-last=Sweet |editor1-first=William |editor1-link=William Sweet |editor2-last=Feist |editor2-first=Richard |year=2007 |title=Religion and the Challenges of Science |location=Aldershot, England; Burlington, VT |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing|Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.]] |isbn=978-0-7546-5715-6 |lccn=2006030598 |oclc=71778930 |ref=Sweet & Feist 2007}}
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*{{cite book |last=Wilder-Smith |first=A. E. |authorlink=A. E. Wilder-Smith |year=1978 |title=Die Naturwissenschaften kennen keine Evolution: Empirische und theoretische Einwände gegen die Evolutionstheorie |trans_title=The Natural Sciences Know Nothing of Evolution |location=Basel, Switzerland |publisher=Schwabe Verlag |isbn=3-7965-0691-7 |lccn=80067425 |oclc=245955034 |ref=Wilder-Smith 1978}}
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*{{cite book |last=Young |first=Davis A. |year=1995 |title=The Biblical Flood: A Case Study of the Church's Response to Extrabiblical Evidence |location=Grand Rapids, MI |publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|Eerdmans]] |isbn=0-8028-0719-4 |lccn=95001899 |oclc=246813515 |ref=Young 1995}}
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{{Refend}}
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==Further reading==
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*{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=Bernard W. |authorlink=Bernhard Anderson |year=1967 |title=Creation versus Chaos: The Reinterpretation of Mythical Symbolism in the Bible |location=New York |publisher=Association Press |lccn=67014578 |oclc=671184 |ref=Anderson 1967}}
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*{{cite book |editor-last=Anderson |editor-first=Bernhard W. |year=1984 |title=Creation in the Old Testament |series=Issues in Religion and Theology |volume=6 |others=Introduction by Bernhard W. Anderson |location=Philadelphia; London |publisher=Fortress Press; [[Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge]] |isbn=0-8006-1768-1 |lccn=83048910 |oclc=10374840 |ref=Anderson 1984}}
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*{{cite book |last=Barbour |first=Ian G. |authorlink=Ian Barbour |year=1997 |title=Religion and Science: Historical and Contemporary Issues |edition=1st HarperCollins revised |location=San Francisco, CA |publisher=[[HarperCollins|HarperSanFrancisco]] |isbn=0-06-060938-9 |lccn=97006294 |oclc=36417827 |ref=Barbour 1997}}
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*{{cite book |last=Barbour |first=Ian G. |year=2000 |title=When Science Meets Religion |edition=1st |location=San Francisco, CA |publisher=HarperSanFrancisco |isbn=0-06-060381-X |lccn=99055579 |oclc=42752713 |ref=Barbour 2000}}
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*{{cite book |last=Clark |first=Kelly James |year=2014 |title=Religion and the Sciences of Origins: Historical and Contemporary Discussions |edition=1st |location=Basingstoke, UK |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-1-137-41483-0 |lccn=2014466739 |oclc=889777438 |ref=Clark 2014}}
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*{{cite book |last=Darwin |first=Charles |authorlink=Charles Darwin |year=1958 |editor-last=Barlow |editor-first=Nora |title=The Autobiography of Charles Darwin, 1809-1882: With original omissions restored; Edited and with Appendix and Notes by his grand-daughter, Nora Barlow |url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1497&viewtype=side&pageseq=1 |location=London |publisher=Collins |lccn=93017940 |oclc=869541868 |accessdate=2009-01-09 |ref=Darwin 1958}}
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*{{cite book |last=Kaplan |first=Aryeh |authorlink=Aryeh Kaplan |year=1993 |title=Immortality, Resurrection, and the Age of the Universe: A Kabbalistic View |others=With an appendix Derush Or ha-Hayyim by Israel Lipschitz; translated and annotated by Yaakov Elman |location=Hoboken, NJ |publisher=KTAV Publishing House in association with the [[Association of Orthodox Jewish Scientists]] |isbn=0-88125-345-6 |lccn=92036917 |oclc=26800167 |ref=Kaplan 1993}}
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*{{cite book |last=Kauffman |first=Stuart A. |authorlink=Stuart Kauffman |year=2008 |title=Reinventing the Sacred: A New View of Science, Reason and Religion |location=New York |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |isbn=978-0-465-00300-6 |lccn=2007052263 |oclc=191023778 |ref=Kauffman 2008}}
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*{{cite book |last1=Leeming |first1=David Adams |last2=Leeming |first2=Margaret |year=1995 |title=A Dictionary of Creation Myths |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-510275-4 |lccn=95039961 |oclc=33160980 |ref=Leeming & Leeming 1995}}
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*{{cite journal |last1=Primack |first1=Joel R. |authorlink1=Joel Primack |last2=Abrams |first2=Nancy Ellen |date=Jan–Feb 1995 |title=In a Beginning...: Quantum Cosmology and Kabbalah |url=http://physics.ucsc.edu/cosmo/primack_abrams/InABeginningTikkun1995.pdf |format=PDF |journal=[[Tikkun (magazine)|Tikkun]] |location=Durham, NC |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=66–73 |issn=0887-9982 |accessdate=2014-04-24}}
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*{{cite book |last=Roberts |first=Michael |year=2008 |title=Evangelicals and Science |series=Greenwood Guides to Science and Religion |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-33113-8 |lccn=2007041059 |oclc=174138819 |ref=Roberts 2008}}
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==External links==
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{{Commons|Creationism}}{{Wikiquote}}
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<!-- overviews of creationism, i.e. all these links are similar because they describe the variety of viewpoints that have been described as creationist. -->
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* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/creationism/ "Creationism"] at the [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] by [[Michael Ruse]]
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* [http://www.howstuffworks.com/creationism.htm "How Creationism Works"] at [[HowStuffWorks]] by Julia Layton
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* [http://www.allviewpoints.org/RESOURCES/EVOLUTION/timeline.htm "TIMELINE: Evolution, Creationism and Intelligent Design"] Focuses on major historical and recent events in the scientific and political debate
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* {{PDF|[http://images.derstandard.at/20051012/Evolution-and-Creationism.pdf "Evolution and Creationism: A Guide for Museum Docents"]|204&nbsp;KB}} by Warren D. Allmon, Director of the [[Museum of the Earth]]
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* [http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/wic.html "What is creationism?"] at [[talk.origins]] by Mark Isaak
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* [http://ncse.com/creationism/general/creationevolution-continuum "The Creation/Evolution Continuum"] by [[Eugenie Scott]]
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* [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/15-answers-to-creationist/ "15 Answers to Creationist Nonsense"] by [[John Rennie (editor)|John Rennie]], editor in chief of ''[[Scientific American]]'' magazine
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Latest revision as of 14:30, April 1, 2024

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creationism
Michelangelo's painting of the creation of the Sun and Moon.

Creationism is the majority belief that the earth and universe were created by God. Creationism rejects atheists' belief that the universe was not created by God.[1] The vast majority of Christians and Christian leaders throughout history have accepted biblical creation,[2] and most other major religions fully accept creationism also. Accepting creationism helps strengthen faith, and thereby overcome addiction and anxiety.

Biblical creationism is primarily based on: the compelling testimony provided by God's wondrous creation; the historical and prophetic evidence supporting the Bible; religious belief and on the scientific evidence provided through creation science. Biblical creationism, which includes the idea that man is created in the image of God, has profoundly affected Western Civilization in a positive way. Some of the areas it has benefited Western culture is in the areas of human rights and law, ethics and morality, economics, science, and the arts (see also: Christianity and science and Social effects of the theory of evolution).[3]

Creation Ministries International, a leading biblical creation organization, declared:

“ Creationist research is having a global effect that is worrying the atheists and secularists of this world. They have had it all their own way for over a century but things are slowly changing. For almost twenty five years now, Journal of Creation has been publishing cutting-edge creationist research that has been fueling the war against evolution, creating little fires all around the world, including Great Britain. Those that hold the views of Creationism are referred to as Creationists.[4]

Atheist scientist, Prof Richard Dawkins, speaking at the 20th anniversary of the Edinburgh International Science Festival in April 2008, argued that the rise of creationism in British schools raised a serious problem for science teachers.

It is a very worrying trend,’ he said, ‘and I think a lot of it has come over from America and Australia.’[5]

”

Within creationism in the Abrahamic religions, there are various ideas. In regards to those religions, one form of creationism holds that the earth is approximately 6,000 years old and is referred to as Young Earth Creationism. The other form of creationism is called Old Earth Creationism and holds that the earth and universe are billions of years old. Creationist scientists demonstrate that the first law of thermodynamics and second law of thermodynamics argue against an eternal universe and they also demonstrate that these laws point to the universe being supernaturally created.[6][7][8] Dr. Norman Geisler stated that "Both young- and old-earthers believe that God supernaturally, directly and immediately produced every kind of animal and human as separate and genetically distinct forms of life." [9] Dr. Norman Geisler also wrote that "both young- and old-earthers who are evangelical hold to the historicity of the Genesis account: They believe that Adam and Eve were literal people, the progenitors of the entire human race." [9] Creation scientists assert that the theory of evolution is in conflict with the evidence provided by the physical sciences and often cite secular scientific sources which agree with them on various points (for further details please see: evolution).[10]

Those who hold to young earth creationism point out that nearly every culture in the world has a creation story and a flood story.[11][12][13][14][15] Many of these creation accounts and flood accounts have commonalities with the account given in the book of Genesis although gross differences exist also.[11][12][13] The Institute for Creation Research has taken the position that the similarities in regards to creation accounts to the Genesis account demonstrates that the main points of the Genesis account has been preserved.[12] In regards to the assertion that the similarities in flood stories around the world show common origin, young earth creationist particularly assert that there are strong similarities between the Genesis flood account and other world flood accounts.[13][16] Also, there are remarkable similarities between Native American creation myths and the biblical account given in Genesis concerning creation.[17]

Global creationism

See also: Global creationism

Dr. Carl Wieland was a founder of Creation Ministries International, a Christian ministry which is in four continents.

In 2012, the University at Toronto reported: “We have seen in the last two decades a rapid spread of creationism beyond the United States and beyond Christianity to other religions to the present time where it is a global phenomenon,” said Numbers in a talk entitled Creationism Goes Global. “But the big story in the last 20 years is the booming enterprise of creationism in the Islamic world.”[18]

Johns Hopkins University Press reported in 2014: "Over the past forty years, creationism has spread swiftly among European Catholics, Protestants, Jews, Hindus, and Muslims, even as anti-creationists sought to smother its flames."[19] See also: Evolutionary indoctrination

On October 4, 2014, the Vancouver Sun reported that evolutionism is rejected by hundreds of millions of evangelical Christians and Muslims around the world.[20]

Specifically, the Vancouver Sun declared:

“ Creationism, a religious world view that adamantly rejects Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution, is on the rise among evangelical Protestants and most of the world’s Muslims.

It is not only the majority of residents in Muslim countries such as Pakistan, Indonesia and Turkey who strongly reject the teaching that humans and other species evolved over millions of years from less complex creatures. So do tens of millions of evangelical Christians in North America (as well as South America and Africa).

Overall, [Nidhal Guessoum, a Middle Eastern physics and astronomy professor] who teaches at the American University of Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates, estimates roughly 60 per cent of the world’s Muslims are creationists, including many living in the U.S. and Canada.

Even though poll results about evolution vary based on the questions asked, Salman Hameed reported in the journal Science that strong anti-evolution majorities exist in Turkey, Indonesia, Malaysia, Egypt and Pakistan. The latter is among Canada’s top six source countries for immigrants...

An Angus-Reid survey found 43 per cent of Americans accept the creationist teaching that the Earth is less than 10,000 years old, which means they reject the...view the universe began roughly 13 billion years ago.[21]

”

Belief in creation has regrown[2][22] rapidly in Europe, as can be seen by secularist hysteria over the occurrence.[23]

Rapid growth of biblical creation belief in China

See also: China and biblical creationism

Evangelical Christianity is growing rapidly in China (see: Growth of Christianity in China). China may have one of the largest populations of biblical creationists in the world by 2030 (see: China and biblical creationism).

Jun-Yuan Chen Research Professor Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology was quoted in the Wall Street Journal as saying, "In China we can criticize Darwin but not the government. In America you can criticize the government, but not Darwin."[24]

Henry Morris and the birth of the modern creationist movement

Henry Morris

See also: Henry Morris

Henry Morris (October 6, 1918 – February 25, 2006) was a prominent young earth creationist, Christian apologist, scholar, and hydrologist. He is most notable in his role in the modern creation science movement, co-authoring The Genesis Flood and co-founding the Institute for Creation Research and serving as its president from 1970 until 1995 and as president emeritus until his death. Dr. Morris was the intellectual father of the modern creation science movement, and he also first coined the term "creation science".[25]

Growth of modern creationism and Christian apologetics

See also: Atheism vs. Christian revival and Christian apologetics

The effect of evolutionism on the Western World and the world at large was mitigated by the growth of modern creationism and Christian apologetics in the latter half of the 20th century and today global creationism, Christian apologetics and global Christianity are seeing rapid growth.[20][26][27]

Johns Hopkins University Press reported in 2014: "Over the past forty years, creationism has spread swiftly among European Catholics, Protestants, Jews, Hindus, and Muslims, even as anti-creationists sought to smother its flames."[28]

History of the growth of creationism and its effect on Christendom

Dr. Johnson C. Philip & Dr. Saneesh Cherian wrote in their work Introduction To Integrated Christian Apologetics:

“ American evangelical Christians have began to notice in the fifties that compromise is a slow poison that ultimately destroys respect for truth. Some of them came together and started writing aggressively on themes defending the historical and scientific reliability of the Bible. This gave birth to the modern interest in Apologetics and Creationism. At the dawn of the twenty-first century the influence of this revival has spread all over the world, and today more than one hundred and fifty organizations function around the world, devoted solely to apologetics. Their influence has be so strong that a large number of Seminaries all around the world have begun assert the historical and scientific reliability of the Bible...

...with the birth of the modern creationism and apologetics, a revival set in motion among the evangelical Christians. This group became quite vocal and aggressive in the sixties, and by seventies they started exerting significant influence among theologians, thinkers, and the Bible teachers all over the world.

Thousands of apologetic books, hundreds of magazines, and tens of thousands of articles have been produced defending the Bible since. In turn, this has started to diminish the influence of rationalists and radicals on Christians.

From the middle of the nineteenth to the middle of the twentieth century the rationalists had their heyday, snatching away millions of young people from their Christian faith and commitment. The wounds of this loss can been seen in Christendom even today, but at the same time this loss has been greatly minimized now because of the work of Christian apologists.

Today anyone desiring to know about the Bible, and its connection with science, evolution, history, archaeology, has read any number of books on this topic. Literally thousands of titles are available, and he can choose anywhere from the most simple books to the most technically advanced ones. Thus the modern apologetics movement has been able to arrest the way in which rationalists have been bleeding the Christian church.[27]

”

Internet creationism

See also: Internet creationism

On February 24, 2015, the Science Nordic website declared:

“ Creationism, the belief that a god -- not evolution -- shaped life on Earth, is ... spreading in the very stronghold of evolution, Europe. That’s the conclusion of five years of research that’s been put into new book on creationism. The book details how creationism is on the march throughout most of Europe.

"Creationism is most dominant in Eastern Europe and Turkey, but even some schools in the Netherlands are teaching creationism," says one of the book’s authors Hans Henrik Hjermitslev, University College South Denmark. "Politicians in some German federal states are advocating that schools use creationist books alongside those about evolutionary theory in their lessons. This kind of struggle is going on on a small scale in many places."...

"Over the last ten years we’ve seen the emergence of big-city creationism. London is a good example," says Kjærgaar.

Here, noticeably more young people have been signed up to various local and religious groups.

"And this doesn't just apply to young Muslims as many people might think. Christian groups are also recruiting young people...

Creationism has particularly been on the rise in step with the internet, which according to Peter Kjærgaard has made it much easier for people to become activists...[29]

”

Answers in Genesis, Creation Ministries International and Institute for Creation Research have websites which consists of thousands of web pages and their respective websites receive significant web traffic.

Creation Ministries International has a 15 questions for evolutionists web page which features questions that evolutionists cannot satisfactorily answer, an interactive survey, videos and articles on various creation vs. evolution topics.

Creationism and Intelligent Design

See also: Intelligent design

Intelligent design
Intelligent design theorists contend that the core feature of life consists of information processing systems that cannot be fully explained as being the result of unintelligent causes alone.

Believers in the Abrahamic faiths who hold to creationism believe that the natural world has been designed by God. Recently, there have been articles which were favorable to the intelligent design position in scientific journals which traditionally have favored the macroevolutionary position.[30] Believers in the Abrahamic faiths have points of agreement and disagreement with the intelligent design movement. They agree that the natural world has an intelligent cause and was designed as mentioned previously. However, some advocates of creationism believe that the intelligent design movement divorces the Creator from creation by not explicitly stating that the cause of creation is a supernatural being and also failing to state explicitly who that supernatural being is.[31]

There is considerable disagreement on whether or not intelligent design amounts to a form of creationism and if so, where to place it in comparison to the other forms of creationism. This is due to the concept having many different definitions and proponents espousing different ideas.

For example, one major proponent of Intelligent Design is Young Earth Creationist Paul Nelson, while Michael Behe, another major proponent, accepts common descent. William Dembski has stated unequivocally that Intelligent Design is not theistic evolution and they should not be considered the same.[32] Dembski has also asserted that Intelligent Design is the Logos in terms of information theory,[33] while Dembski and others have given other definitions that do not include any specific theological references. Arguably, intelligent design can be summarized as the notion that at some point in the past, in some way, some entity (possibly God) created life, or altered life at some point, or created the universe to be compatible with life.

Behe and others have stated that Intelligent Design is not religious in nature but in the Dover trial, Judge John E. Jones III, a Republican and a US Federal District Judge, ruled as one of his findings that Intelligent Design was essentially religious in nature. The opinion borrowed heavily from the ACLU's briefs.[34] The Kitzmiller vs. Dover case did not take into account that atheistic evolution is religious in nature.[35][36][37]

Islamic creationism

See also: Atheism vs. Islam

According the news website The Commentator: "Belief in evolution remains a minority position in virtually all Muslim societies around the world today. According to studies, 22 percent of Turks, 16 percent of Indonesians, 14 percent of Pakistanis, 11 percent of Malaysians, and 8 percent of Egyptians believe in evolution."[38]

In 2010, the Islamic creationist Harun Yahya was chosen among the top 500 most influential Muslims by the Royal Islamic Strategic Studies center in Jordan.[39]

Assuming patterns of net immigration do not change significantly, the Pew Forum thinks that there will be just over 5.5 million British Muslims, representing 8.2 per cent of the UK population, by 2030.[40]

See: Atheism vs. Islam

In 2009, The Guardian reported:

“ Mass migration has led to a rise in creationist beliefs across Europe, according to a British scientist.

Michael Reiss, who is a professor of education at the Institute of Education in London and an Anglican priest, said the evolution-creationism debate could no longer be thought of as something that happened elsewhere and that more and more people in the UK did not accept evolution.

Reiss told the Guardian that countries with a higher proportion of Muslims or fundamentalist Christians in their population were more likely to reject evolution. He added: "What the Turks believe today is what the Germans and British believe tomorrow. It is because of the mass movement of people between countries.

"These things can no longer be thought of as occurring in other countries. In London, where I work, there are increasingly quite large numbers of highly intelligent 16, 17 and 18-year-olds doing Advanced Level biology who do not accept evolution. That's either because they come from a fundamentalist Christian background or from Muslim backgrounds."[41]

”

New atheist Richard Dawkins on Islamic creationism and multiculturism

See also: New Atheism as a reaction to creationism

The British newspaper The Telegraph reported in an article entitled Richard Dawkins: Muslim parents 'import creationism' into schools:

“ Prof Dawkins, a well-known atheist, also blamed the Government for accommodating religious views and allowing creationism to be taught in schools.

"Most devout Muslims are creationists so when you go to schools, there are a large number of children of Islamic parents who trot out what they have been taught," Prof Dawkins said in a Sunday newspaper interview.

"Teachers are bending over backwards to respect home prejudices that children have been brought up with. The Government could do more, but it doesn't want to because it is fanatical about multiculturalism and the need to respect the different traditions from which these children come."[42]

”

Biblical creation publications

See also: Biblical creation journals

Some prominent biblical creation publications are given below:

Adherents and Opponents of Creationism

Traditionally, Judaism supported young earth creationism.[43] Orthodox Judaism currently has diverse opinions regarding young earth creationism.[44] Ultra-Orthodox Judaism accepts young earth creationism.[45]

In addition, a majority of the early church fathers supported the young earth creationist view.[46] While Young Earth Creationism is prominent in many conservative Protestant denominations, theologically liberal Protestant and Jewish denominations generally reject it.[47][48][49] The Roman Catholic Church has a cautiously positive view of the theory of evolution.[50][51]

Islam has a variety of opinions regarding creationism and the theory of evolution.[52]

Atheists do not believe in young earth creationism and a vast majority of the most prominent and vocal defenders of the evolutionary position since World War II have been atheists.[53][54] In his autobiography Charles Darwin wrote about the diminishment of his religious faith and Darwin stated that he was an agnostic.[55] Darwin wrote the following: "The mystery of the beginning of all things is insoluble to us; and I for one must be content to remain an Agnostic."[55] On the other hand, Charles Darwin in his private diaries stated he was a materialist which a type of atheist. While agnostics do not believe in young earth creationism there have been some notable statements of skepticism regarding the theory of evolution from agnostics.[56][57] On the other hand, Thomas Huxley was a staunch proponent of the theory of evolution and he stated he was an agnostic.[58][59]

The leftist mainstream media, unsurprisingly, hates creation, just as it does with anything related to conservatism and biblical Christianity that contradicts left-wing views and secularism.[60]

Jobe Martin, president of the Biblical Discipleship Ministries of Rockwall, Texas, questions various tenets of evolution:

Evolutionists admit to each other that "the creationists have the better argument." This is because what we see in life and in the fossils does not display emerging kinds of plants or animals. Evolution from one cell to man is not scientifically observable at all.

The universe is young - on the order of several thousand, not billions of years old. Man, dinosaur, and mastodon walked the earth at the same time. The "missing links" are missing. God created discrete plants and aninals in the beginning and, with minor variations, these are what we see today. Mutations in the genes do not generate new life forms or even improve present life forms. Mutations harm or kill the organism into which they come. Prehistoric man was either an ape, monkey, or a man and not some genetically evolving apelike man or manlike ape.

The religious quest to prove evolution from the Big Bang to man will occupy the singular life of many but will end in despair for all who pursue the myth of evolutionary faith.[61]

Recommended books

v • d • e
Creation vs. evolution
Evolution
Hoaxes, Controversies, and Debates
Creation science and Creationism

See also

External links

Young Earth Creationist Organizations

Anti-Darwinism/creationist, French/English website:

Young earth articles and other resources:

Old Earth Creationists

References

  1. ↑ 15 questions for evolutionists - Question 15 deals with the idea that evolution is a religion
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Turpin, Simon (December 29, 2016). A Response to “The Age of the Earth: A Plea for Geo-Chronological Non-Dogmatism”. Answers in Genesis. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
  3. ↑
  4. ↑ "creationist." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 21 Mar. 2007. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/creationist>.
  5. ↑ https://creation.com/growth-of-creation-science-in-uk-worries-prof-dawkins
  6. ↑ Evidences for God From Space—Laws of Science
  7. ↑ Thompson, Bert, So Long, Eternal Universe; Hello Beginning, Hello End!, 2001 (Apologetics Press)
  8. ↑ http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/AstroPhysicalSciences14.html
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 http://www.johnankerberg.org/Articles/science/SC0305W3.htm
  10. ↑ http://www.creation.com/content/view/21
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 http://www.katapi.org.uk/BAndS/ChII.htm
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 https://www.icr.org/article/108/
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 https://www.icr.org/article/570/
  14. ↑ http://library.thinkquest.org/18757/creation.htm
  15. ↑ http://www.grisda.org/origins/17051.htm
  16. ↑ http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v2/n2/flood-legends
  17. ↑ Indian creation myths - CMI
  18. ↑ Creationism Goes Global, University of Toronto News, 2012
  19. ↑ Creationism spreading in Europe
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Evolution rejected by hundreds of millions of Muslims and evangelicals, Vancouver Sun, October 4, 2014
  21. ↑ Evolution rejected by hundreds of millions of Muslims and evangelicals, Vancouver Sun, October 4, 2014. 9:12 am
  22. ↑ It should be clearly and strongly noted that creation was the dominant theory in Europe and Christianity prior to the "Enlightenment", when Christians and XINOs began to compromise on this issue.
  23. ↑ Turpin, Simon (December 26, 2016). Creation Invasion in Europe. Answers in Genesis. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  24. ↑ Two views about how Darwinism stays in place, with but one difference
  25. ↑ Schudel, Matt (March 1, 2006). Henry Morris; Intellectual Father of 'Creation Science'. The Washington Post. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
  26. ↑ Thriving Christianity
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Introduction To Integrated Christian Apologetics, Dr. Johnson C. Philip & Dr. Saneesh Cherian
  28. ↑ Creationism in Europe
  29. ↑ Scientists warn: creationism is on the rise in Europe, Science Nordic
  30. ↑ http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&id=2640
  31. ↑ http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v1/n1/intelligent-design-movement
  32. ↑ What every theologian should know about creation, evolution, and design Center for Interdisciplinary Studies Transactions 3(2), William Demsbki
  33. ↑ [1] Signs of Intelligence: A Primer on the Discernment of Intelligent Design Touchstone Magazine, Volume 12, Issue 4 July–August 1999
  34. ↑ [2]
  35. ↑ https://creation.com/atheism-a-religion
  36. ↑ http://www.intelligentdesignnetwork.org/Kitzmiller%27s_error_summary.pdf
  37. ↑ http://www.intelligentdesignnetwork.org/Kitzmiller%27s_Error.pdf
  38. ↑ [The Muslim theory of evolution] by Ghaffar Hussain On 14 January 2013 10:03
  39. ↑ Harun Yahya’s Islamic Creationism: What It Is and Isn’t by Stefano Bigliardi Volume 38.1, January/February 2014
  40. ↑ FactCheck: will Britain have a Muslim majority by 2050?
  41. ↑ Migration is spreading creationism across Europe, claims academic by Riazat Butt, religious affairs correspondent, Friday 13 November 2009 07.49 EST
  42. ↑ Richard Dawkins: Muslim parents 'import creationism' into schools, The Telegraph
  43. ↑ James-Griffiths, James,Creation days and Orthodox Jewish tradition Creation 26(2):53–55, March 2004.
  44. ↑ Rabbinical Council of America, Creation, Evolution, and Intelligent Design.
  45. ↑ Winnick, Pamela R.,Evolutionary War Toledo City Paper, March 7, 2002.
  46. ↑ Bradshaw, Robert I., Creationism & the Early Church, chapter 3, The Days of Genesis 1.
  47. ↑ Morris, Henry, Old-Earth Creationism Back to Genesis April 1997.
  48. ↑ What Conservative Protestants Believe (beliefnet).
  49. ↑ Jarvik, Elaine, Beliefs on Darwin's evolution vary from religion to religion Deseret Morning News 19 January 2006.
  50. ↑ https://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-04-11-pope-evolution-creation_N.htm
  51. ↑ Heneghan, Tom, Catholics and Evolution: Interview with Cardinal Christoph Schönborn (beliefnet).
  52. ↑ http://www.irfi.org/articles/articles_151_200/muslim_responses_to_evolution.htm
  53. ↑ Batten, Don, A Who’s Who of evolutionists Creation 20(1):32 December 1997.
  54. ↑ http://www.creationists.org/nas.html
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 http://www.update.uu.se/~fbendz/library/cd_relig.htm
  56. ↑ Woodward, Thomas E., Doubts About Darwin (Apologetics Press).
  57. ↑ Agnostic Philosopher Caught in Conspiracy to Question Darwinism Evolution News & Views, (Discovery Institute).
  58. ↑ http://www.creation.com/content/view/1025
  59. ↑ http://www.arn.org/docs/odesign/od171/desmond171.htm
  60. ↑ Hallett, Vicky (December 30, 2016). Now there’s a theory that dinosaurs were wiped out in Noah’s flood. The Washington Post. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
  61. ↑ Jobe Martin, The Evolution of a Creationist: A Layman's Guide to the conflict between The Bible and Evolutionary Theory, Rockwall, Texas: Biblical Discipleship Publishers, 1994, p. 199.
  62. ↑ http://www.creationengineeringconcepts.org/index.php?p=1_35_THE-CREATION-DIALOGUES
  63. ↑ http://www.christianbook.com/dialogues-american-association-advancement-evolution-christianity/j-d-mitchell/9781414118000/pd/118002
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