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| − | '''Brown University''' is an American university located in Providence, Rhode Island. It is a | + | {{University |
| + | |name=Brown University | ||
| + | |image=Brown Coat of Arms.png | ||
| + | |text=#C41E3A | ||
| + | |background=#321414 | ||
| + | |type=Private | ||
| + | |city=Providence, Rhode Island | ||
| + | |sports=baseball, basketball, crew, cross country, equestrian, fencing, field hockey, football, golf, gymnastics, ice hockey, lacrosse, skiing, soccer, softball, squash, swim/dive, tennis, track/field, volleyball<ref>http://brownbears.cstv.com/</ref> | ||
| + | |colors=brown, red, white | ||
| + | |degrees=Bachelor's, Master's, Doctoral<ref>{{cite web|work=College Board|language=English|accessdate=May 28, 2010|title=College Search - Brown University - At a Glance|url=http://collegesearch.collegeboard.com/search/CollegeDetail.jsp?collegeId=3746}}</ref> | ||
| + | |mascot=Brown Bears | ||
| + | |endowment=$2.5 billion<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/research/2011NCSEPublicTablesEndowmentMarketValues319.pdf|title=2011 NACUBO-Commonfund Study of Endowments|accessdate=November 20, 2012}}</ref> | ||
| + | |website=http://www.brown.edu/ | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | '''Brown University''' is an [[American]] university located in [[Providence]], [[Rhode Island]]. It is one of the most [[liberal]] members of the [[Ivy League]], with pervasive pass-fail grading and the unlimited ability to drop a class without penalty at almost any time during the course. The school featured a student prostitution ring in the 1980s<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/08/us/ex-students-testify-on-prostitution-at-brown.html</ref><ref>https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2245&dat=19860313&id=TX0zAAAAIBAJ&sjid=aTIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=6930,1408644</ref> and a [[Title IX]] lawsuit in the 1990s. Brown is one of the most [[liberal]] of the Ivy League schools, but more [[libertarian]] than also-[[Leftist]] [[Yale University]] is. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Brown was founded in 1764, making it the 7th oldest university in the United States. The University motto is ''In Deo Speramus'', which means "In God We Hope" or "In God is our Hope." The current President of Brown is Christina Paxson;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brown.edu/about/administration/president/|title=President}}</ref> it has 628 full-time faculty members and 7,595 students. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
| − | Brown was founded by Ezra Stiles, a Congregationalist | + | Brown was founded by Ezra Stiles, a [[Congregationalism|Congregationalist]] minister, and James Manning, a [[Baptist]] minister; it was originally known as Rhode Island College. It charter was granted on March 3, 1764; among the sixty-odd signatories were the wealthy brothers John and Nicholas Brown, and the College was located in Warren, Rhode Island. The charter specified that "into this liberal and catholic institution shall never be admitted any religious tests, but on the contrary, all the members hereof shall forever enjoy full, free, absolute, and uninterrupted liberty of conscience", and as such was considered liberal and nonsectarian. Brown and [[University of Pennsylvania|Penn]] both have claims to be considered the first nonsectarian institution of higher learning in the United States. |
The College moved to Providence in 1770, and in 1804 was renamed Brown University in honor of Nicholas Brown, a nephew of John Brown, who had given a bequest of $5,000. The Brown family, as was typical at the time, participated in the slave trade. According to a Brown University report, "slavery was... an institution that permeated every aspect of social and economic life in Rhode Island, the Americas, and indeed the Atlantic World. There is no question that many of the assets that underwrote the University’s creation and growth derived, directly and indirectly, from slavery and the slave trade.... By the standards of Rhode Island’s mercantile elite, the Browns were not major slave traders, but they were not strangers to the business either."<ref>[http://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/report/index.html Slavery and Justice Report], Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice; "many of the assets," p. 13. "not strangers to the business," p. 15</ref> | The College moved to Providence in 1770, and in 1804 was renamed Brown University in honor of Nicholas Brown, a nephew of John Brown, who had given a bequest of $5,000. The Brown family, as was typical at the time, participated in the slave trade. According to a Brown University report, "slavery was... an institution that permeated every aspect of social and economic life in Rhode Island, the Americas, and indeed the Atlantic World. There is no question that many of the assets that underwrote the University’s creation and growth derived, directly and indirectly, from slavery and the slave trade.... By the standards of Rhode Island’s mercantile elite, the Browns were not major slave traders, but they were not strangers to the business either."<ref>[http://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/report/index.html Slavery and Justice Report], Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice; "many of the assets," p. 13. "not strangers to the business," p. 15</ref> | ||
| − | The 1836-7 Brown catalog | + | The 1836-7 Brown catalog lists the names of the entire student body: 43 freshman, 60 sophomores, 45 juniors, and 41 seniors. Candidates for admission were required, among other things, to |
| − | :bring satisfactory evidence of unexceptionable moral character, and be thoroughly acquainted with the Grammar of the Latin and Greek languages, be able to construe and parse... the Historical Books of the New Testament, or three Books of Xenophon's Cyropædia, and translate English into Latin correctly.<ref>[ | + | :bring satisfactory evidence of unexceptionable moral character, and be thoroughly acquainted with the Grammar of the Latin and Greek languages, be able to construe and parse... the Historical Books of the New Testament, or three Books of Xenophon's Cyropædia, and translate English into Latin correctly.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?vid=00Dr0QOabAjYypfexv&id=4xEWeUleibIC&pg=PA4&lpg=PA4&dq=%22brown+university%22&as_brr=1#PPA13,M1 The Catalogue of Brown University], 1836-7</ref> |
Brown did not admit women until 1891, when a women's college named Pembroke College was founded. Brown became coeducational in 1971 when the undergraduate school merged with Pembroke College. | Brown did not admit women until 1891, when a women's college named Pembroke College was founded. Brown became coeducational in 1971 when the undergraduate school merged with Pembroke College. | ||
| − | Brown had "compulsory chapel"—a requirement that students attend Sunday services—from its founding until 1872.<ref>[http://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=C0330 Chapel], from ''Encyclopedia Brunoniana.''</ref> After 1872 services were, of course, still conducted and students encouraged to attend them. At some point, services again became mandatory (although not strictly enforced) until the requirement was finally abolished in 1959. A 1904 book of student verse includes a lament by one C. S. Mitchell entitled "Chapel Bell: | + | Brown had "compulsory chapel"—a requirement that students attend Sunday services—from its founding until 1872.<ref>[http://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=C0330 Chapel], from ''Encyclopedia Brunoniana.''</ref> After 1872 services were, of course, still conducted and students encouraged to attend them. At some point, services again became mandatory (although not strictly enforced) until the requirement was finally abolished in 1959. A 1904 book of student verse includes a lament by one C. S. Mitchell entitled "Chapel Bell" which parodied [[Edgar Allen Poe|Poe]]'s ''The Bells:'' |
| − | : | + | :Hark! the bell—brazen bell |
| − | : | + | :What a world of agony its clanging notes foretell |
| − | : | + | :To the slumbrous sleepy student |
| − | : | + | :As he bids his rest farewell...<ref>Boone, Ilsley (1904), College Hill Verse: Being Selections from Student Publications of Brown University, 1894-1904, [https://books.google.com/books?vid=0Ov889qyeUnxOVt4ej&id=zufLsuEUEHgC&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&dq=%22brown+university%22&as_brr=1#PPA4,M1 p. 4]</ref> |
| + | |||
| + | Brown University accepts applications for admission from homeschooled children.<ref>Christian Examiner, Sept. 2007, Vol 25, No 9, Pg. 12</ref> | ||
==Hypertext== | ==Hypertext== | ||
| − | Brown University has been a pioneer in the development of [[hypertext]]. This technology was championed by Andries van Dam, who founded Brown's computer science department and chaired it from 1975 to 1989<ref>[http://www.cs.brown.edu/people/avd/ Andries van Dam | + | Brown University has been a pioneer in the development of [[HTML|hypertext]]. This technology was championed by Andries van Dam, who founded Brown's computer science department and chaired it from 1975 to 1989.<ref>[http://www.cs.brown.edu/people/avd/ Andries van Dam]'s home page</ref> The first hypertext editing system, HES, was developed at Brown in 1967 by [[Ted Nelson]] (coiner of the word ''hypertext'') working under van Dam's direction.,<ref>[http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/cpace/ht/HTatBrown/BrownHT.html Hypertext at Brown]</ref> short summary by George P. Landow, professor of English and Art History. Brown's Iris Intermedia project was important and influential; several significant bodies of hypertext developed in that system have since been ported to the Web, notably,<ref>[http://www.victorianweb.org/ The Victorian Web]</ref> an encyclopedic collection of information and source texts about the [[Victorian era]]. |
==The New Curriculum== | ==The New Curriculum== | ||
| − | Brown prides itself on its "New Curriculum," first established in 1969, which allows students to take virtually any course they want, with no general distribution requirements. | + | Brown prides itself on its "New Curriculum," first established in 1969, which allows students to take virtually any course they want, with no general distribution requirements. Any course can be taken pass/fail.<ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601103&sid=adp5xdxUBo78</ref> However, the current undergraduate curriculum is currently under review, with recommendations set to be made in the spring of 2008.<ref>http://media.www.browndailyherald.com/media/storage/paper472/news/2007/03/01/CampusNews/New-Task.Force.Will.Review.College-2751247.shtml</ref> |
| + | |||
| + | ==Controversies== | ||
| − | = | + | In 2005, Brown University's Queer Alliance, a pro-homosexual lifestyle group, threw a raucous party called SexPowerGod in a university building. Although many students were intoxicated, alcohol was not and has historically not been served at SexPowerGod. The event was covered by disguised reporters for [[The O'Reilly Factor]], causing bad publicity for the university. The Queer Alliance was placed on probation for a year and all student groups were hence prohibited from throwing parties in Sayles Hall.<ref>http://media.www.browndailyherald.com/media/storage/paper472/news/2006/04/27/CampusNews/Chaos.And.Management.Failures.Marred.Sex.Power.God-1880141.shtml?norewrite200605012032&sourcedomain=www.browndailyherald.com</ref> |
| − | In | + | In 2018, Brown University censored a study on [[transgender]] youth because it did not approve of the study's results, worrying that its findings might "invalidate the perspectives" of transgender people.<ref>Mikelionis, Lukas (August 30, 2018). [https://www.foxnews.com/us/2018/08/30/brown-u-pulls-gender-dysphoria-study-worried-that-findings-might-invalidate-perspectives-transgender-community.html Brown U. censors 'gender dysphoria' study, worried that findings might 'invalidate the perspectives' of transgender community]. ''Fox News''. Retrieved September 19, 2018.</ref> |
==Notable Brunonians== | ==Notable Brunonians== | ||
| − | * [[John Hay]], Abraham Lincoln's secretary, later Ambassador to Great Britain and Secretary of State. | + | * [[John Hay]] (1858), Abraham Lincoln's secretary, later Ambassador to Great Britain and Secretary of State. |
| − | * | + | * [[Thomas O. Paine]] (A.B., 1942), third administrator of NASA |
| − | + | * [[Donald Carcieri]] (A.B., 1965), conservative Republican businessman and current governor of [[Rhode Island]] | |
| − | * Donald Carcieri, conservative Republican businessman and current governor of [[Rhode Island]] | + | * [[Richard Holbrooke]] (A.B., 1962), U.S. ambassador to the [[United Nations]], 1999-2001 |
| − | * Richard Holbrooke, U.S. ambassador to the [[United Nations]], 1999-2001 | + | * [[Chuck Colson]] (A.B., 1953), chief counsel to U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] |
| − | * [[Chuck Colson]], chief counsel to U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] | + | * [[John F. Kennedy Jr]]. (A.B., 1983), son of U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]] |
| − | * John F. Kennedy Jr., son of U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]] | + | * [[Mary Chapin-Carpenter]] (A.B., 1981), singer-songwriter |
| − | * Mary Chapin-Carpenter, singer-songwriter | + | * [[Chris Berman]] (A.B., 1977), anchor/announcer at ESPN |
| − | * Chris Berman, anchor/announcer at ESPN | + | * [[Joe Paterno]] (A.B., 1950), head coach for football at [[Penn State]] from 1966 to 2011 |
| − | * Joe Paterno, | + | * [[Travis Rowley]], author of the book ''Out of Ivy'' which details his experiences as a conservative in a liberal university. |
| − | * Travis Rowley, author of the book ''Out of Ivy'' which details his experiences as a conservative in a liberal university. | + | * [[Sidney Frank]], entrepreneur. Dropped out due to financial reasons, but later received an honorary degree. Donated $100 million increase financial aid for low-income students, among other substantial gifts to the University. |
| − | * Sidney Frank, entrepreneur | + | * [[Adoniram Judson]], Christian missionary to Burma and one of the first American missionaries to travel overseas |
| − | * [[ | ||
* [[Josiah S. Carberry]], legendary professor of psychoceramics | * [[Josiah S. Carberry]], legendary professor of psychoceramics | ||
| − | * John Nakatamo, professor emeritus of organizational psychology | + | * [[John Nakatamo]], professor emeritus of organizational psychology |
==Notes and references== | ==Notes and references== | ||
| Line 50: | Line 69: | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
*[http://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/ Encyclopedia Brunoniana], good source of information of Brown's history, customs | *[http://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/ Encyclopedia Brunoniana], good source of information of Brown's history, customs | ||
| + | |||
| + | {{Nb_US_universities|Rhode Island}} | ||
Latest revision as of 18:38, May 30, 2022
| Brown University | |
|---|---|
 | |
| City: | Providence, Rhode Island |
| Type: | Private |
| Sports: | baseball, basketball, crew, cross country, equestrian, fencing, field hockey, football, golf, gymnastics, ice hockey, lacrosse, skiing, soccer, softball, squash, swim/dive, tennis, track/field, volleyball[1] |
| Colors: | brown, red, white |
| Mascot: | Brown Bears |
| Degrees: | Bachelor's, Master's, Doctoral[2] |
| Endowment: | $2.5 billion[3] |
| Website: | http://www.brown.edu/ |
Brown University is an American university located in Providence, Rhode Island. It is one of the most liberal members of the Ivy League, with pervasive pass-fail grading and the unlimited ability to drop a class without penalty at almost any time during the course. The school featured a student prostitution ring in the 1980s[4][5] and a Title IX lawsuit in the 1990s. Brown is one of the most liberal of the Ivy League schools, but more libertarian than also-Leftist Yale University is.
Brown was founded in 1764, making it the 7th oldest university in the United States. The University motto is In Deo Speramus, which means "In God We Hope" or "In God is our Hope." The current President of Brown is Christina Paxson;[6] it has 628 full-time faculty members and 7,595 students.
History
Brown was founded by Ezra Stiles, a Congregationalist minister, and James Manning, a Baptist minister; it was originally known as Rhode Island College. It charter was granted on March 3, 1764; among the sixty-odd signatories were the wealthy brothers John and Nicholas Brown, and the College was located in Warren, Rhode Island. The charter specified that "into this liberal and catholic institution shall never be admitted any religious tests, but on the contrary, all the members hereof shall forever enjoy full, free, absolute, and uninterrupted liberty of conscience", and as such was considered liberal and nonsectarian. Brown and Penn both have claims to be considered the first nonsectarian institution of higher learning in the United States.
The College moved to Providence in 1770, and in 1804 was renamed Brown University in honor of Nicholas Brown, a nephew of John Brown, who had given a bequest of $5,000. The Brown family, as was typical at the time, participated in the slave trade. According to a Brown University report, "slavery was... an institution that permeated every aspect of social and economic life in Rhode Island, the Americas, and indeed the Atlantic World. There is no question that many of the assets that underwrote the University’s creation and growth derived, directly and indirectly, from slavery and the slave trade.... By the standards of Rhode Island’s mercantile elite, the Browns were not major slave traders, but they were not strangers to the business either."[7]
The 1836-7 Brown catalog lists the names of the entire student body: 43 freshman, 60 sophomores, 45 juniors, and 41 seniors. Candidates for admission were required, among other things, to
- bring satisfactory evidence of unexceptionable moral character, and be thoroughly acquainted with the Grammar of the Latin and Greek languages, be able to construe and parse... the Historical Books of the New Testament, or three Books of Xenophon's Cyropædia, and translate English into Latin correctly.[8]
Brown did not admit women until 1891, when a women's college named Pembroke College was founded. Brown became coeducational in 1971 when the undergraduate school merged with Pembroke College.
Brown had "compulsory chapel"—a requirement that students attend Sunday services—from its founding until 1872.[9] After 1872 services were, of course, still conducted and students encouraged to attend them. At some point, services again became mandatory (although not strictly enforced) until the requirement was finally abolished in 1959. A 1904 book of student verse includes a lament by one C. S. Mitchell entitled "Chapel Bell" which parodied Poe's The Bells:
- Hark! the bell—brazen bell
- What a world of agony its clanging notes foretell
- To the slumbrous sleepy student
- As he bids his rest farewell...[10]
Brown University accepts applications for admission from homeschooled children.[11]
Hypertext
Brown University has been a pioneer in the development of hypertext. This technology was championed by Andries van Dam, who founded Brown's computer science department and chaired it from 1975 to 1989.[12] The first hypertext editing system, HES, was developed at Brown in 1967 by Ted Nelson (coiner of the word hypertext) working under van Dam's direction.,[13] short summary by George P. Landow, professor of English and Art History. Brown's Iris Intermedia project was important and influential; several significant bodies of hypertext developed in that system have since been ported to the Web, notably,[14] an encyclopedic collection of information and source texts about the Victorian era.
The New Curriculum
Brown prides itself on its "New Curriculum," first established in 1969, which allows students to take virtually any course they want, with no general distribution requirements. Any course can be taken pass/fail.[15] However, the current undergraduate curriculum is currently under review, with recommendations set to be made in the spring of 2008.[16]
Controversies
In 2005, Brown University's Queer Alliance, a pro-homosexual lifestyle group, threw a raucous party called SexPowerGod in a university building. Although many students were intoxicated, alcohol was not and has historically not been served at SexPowerGod. The event was covered by disguised reporters for The O'Reilly Factor, causing bad publicity for the university. The Queer Alliance was placed on probation for a year and all student groups were hence prohibited from throwing parties in Sayles Hall.[17]
In 2018, Brown University censored a study on transgender youth because it did not approve of the study's results, worrying that its findings might "invalidate the perspectives" of transgender people.[18]
Notable Brunonians
- John Hay (1858), Abraham Lincoln's secretary, later Ambassador to Great Britain and Secretary of State.
- Thomas O. Paine (A.B., 1942), third administrator of NASA
- Donald Carcieri (A.B., 1965), conservative Republican businessman and current governor of Rhode Island
- Richard Holbrooke (A.B., 1962), U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, 1999-2001
- Chuck Colson (A.B., 1953), chief counsel to U.S. President Richard Nixon
- John F. Kennedy Jr. (A.B., 1983), son of U.S. President John F. Kennedy
- Mary Chapin-Carpenter (A.B., 1981), singer-songwriter
- Chris Berman (A.B., 1977), anchor/announcer at ESPN
- Joe Paterno (A.B., 1950), head coach for football at Penn State from 1966 to 2011
- Travis Rowley, author of the book Out of Ivy which details his experiences as a conservative in a liberal university.
- Sidney Frank, entrepreneur. Dropped out due to financial reasons, but later received an honorary degree. Donated $100 million increase financial aid for low-income students, among other substantial gifts to the University.
- Adoniram Judson, Christian missionary to Burma and one of the first American missionaries to travel overseas
- Josiah S. Carberry, legendary professor of psychoceramics
- John Nakatamo, professor emeritus of organizational psychology
Notes and references
- ↑ http://brownbears.cstv.com/
- ↑ College Search - Brown University - At a Glance (English). College Board. Retrieved on May 28, 2010.
- ↑ 2011 NACUBO-Commonfund Study of Endowments. Retrieved on November 20, 2012.
- ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/08/us/ex-students-testify-on-prostitution-at-brown.html
- ↑ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2245&dat=19860313&id=TX0zAAAAIBAJ&sjid=aTIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=6930,1408644
- ↑ President.
- ↑ Slavery and Justice Report, Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice; "many of the assets," p. 13. "not strangers to the business," p. 15
- ↑ The Catalogue of Brown University, 1836-7
- ↑ Chapel, from Encyclopedia Brunoniana.
- ↑ Boone, Ilsley (1904), College Hill Verse: Being Selections from Student Publications of Brown University, 1894-1904, p. 4
- ↑ Christian Examiner, Sept. 2007, Vol 25, No 9, Pg. 12
- ↑ Andries van Dam's home page
- ↑ Hypertext at Brown
- ↑ The Victorian Web
- ↑ https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601103&sid=adp5xdxUBo78
- ↑ http://media.www.browndailyherald.com/media/storage/paper472/news/2007/03/01/CampusNews/New-Task.Force.Will.Review.College-2751247.shtml
- ↑ http://media.www.browndailyherald.com/media/storage/paper472/news/2006/04/27/CampusNews/Chaos.And.Management.Failures.Marred.Sex.Power.God-1880141.shtml?norewrite200605012032&sourcedomain=www.browndailyherald.com
- ↑ Mikelionis, Lukas (August 30, 2018). Brown U. censors 'gender dysphoria' study, worried that findings might 'invalidate the perspectives' of transgender community. Fox News. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
External links
- Encyclopedia Brunoniana, good source of information of Brown's history, customs