Difference between revisions of "Distrust of atheists"

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[[File:Sam Harris 01.jpg|thumbnail|260px|right|The [[New Atheism|new atheist]] [[Sam Harris]] said concerning the label of [[Atheism|atheist]], "It's right next to child molester as a designation."(see also: [[Views on atheists]])<ref name="NEWSWEEK Poll: 90% Believe in God">[http://www.newsweek.com/newsweek-poll-90-believe-god-97611 NEWSWEEK Poll: 90% Believe in God], ''Newsweek'' 2007</ref><ref name="Harris">Roberts, Jessica, et al. (June 19, 2007).  [http://news21.com/story/2007/06/19/interview_with_an_atheist "Interview with an atheist"].  News21.  Retrieved on July 30, 2014.</ref>]]
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Concerning '''distrust of atheists''', sociological research indicates that atheists are widely distrusted in both religious cultures and nonreligious cultures.<ref name="USATodayviewsonatheists">[http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/story/2011-12-10/religion-atheism/51777612/1 Study: Atheists distrusted as much as rapists]</ref><ref name="CPviewsonatheists">[http://www.christianpost.com/news/atheists-widely-distrusted-even-among-themselves-culturally-ingrained-uk-study-finds-160480/ Atheists Widely Distrusted, Even Among Themselves, UK Study Finds], Christian Post, 2015</ref><ref name="Independentviewsonatheists">[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/anti-atheist-distrust-deeply-and-culturally-ingrained-study-finds-a6952276.html Anti-atheist distrust ‘deeply and culturally ingrained’, study finds], ''The Independent'', 2015</ref><ref>Edgell, Gerteis & Hartmann 2006</ref>  According to a study published in the ''International Journal for The Psychology of Religion'': "anti-atheist prejudice is not confined either to dominantly religious countries or to religious individuals, but rather appears to be a robust judgment about atheists."<ref name="Independentviewsonatheists"/> The study found that many atheists do not trust other atheists as well.<ref name="Independentviewsonatheists"/>
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The [[New Atheism|new atheist]] [[Sam Harris]] said concerning the label of [[Atheism|atheist]], "It's right next to child molester as a designation."(see also: [[Views on atheists]])<ref name="NEWSWEEK Poll: 90% Believe in God">[http://www.newsweek.com/newsweek-poll-90-believe-god-97611 NEWSWEEK Poll: 90% Believe in God], ''Newsweek'' 2007</ref><ref name="Harris">Roberts, Jessica, et al. (June 19, 2007).  [http://news21.com/story/2007/06/19/interview_with_an_atheist "Interview with an atheist"].  News21.  Retrieved on July 30, 2014.</ref>
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Furthermore, atheism is often associated with immorality (see: [[Atheism and morality]]). In addition, historically atheists have frequently behaved in an immoral manner (see: [[Atheist population and immorality]]) and various atheists have committed capital crimes (see: [[Atheism and Mass Murder]] and [[List of atheist shooters and serial killers]]). 
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A Quartz website article indicates:
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{{Cquote|Evidence suggests that [https://theconversation.com/religiosity-about-reproduction-more-than-cooperation-18935 religion and sexual behavior are often linked]. Many major religions, such as Christianity, Judaism, Islam and some traditional religions, promote lifestyles emphasizing fidelity and underscoring the importance of caring for one’s family. And a large body of research suggests that such religions may be especially attractive to people who value such commitments—perhaps precisely because those religions help to reinforce their own lifestyle choices...
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Still, knowing the perceived connection between faith and sexual commitment, we suspected that people may see atheists, relative to believers, as less likely to endorse values like monogamy and caring for one’s family—values associated with being sexually committed.
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In such people’s minds, sexually uncommitted behavior is linked to several other traits and social behavior, such as opportunism and being impulsive—traits that hardly inspire trust
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<ref>[https://qz.com/1776715/research-shows-atheists-are-trusted-less-than-religious-people/ Intense prejudice exists against atheists in the US] by By Jaimie Arona Krems & Jordan W. Moon, December 28, 2019, Quartz website</ref>}}
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Various atheists have attempted to change the public's perception of atheism and atheists, but their efforts were largely unsuccessful (see: [[Attempts to positively rebrand atheism]]).
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== Science journal article in Nature on distrusts of atheism in countries ==
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[[File:Peter Singer MIT Veritas.jpg|right|thumbnail|200px|The [[Atheism|atheist]] philosopher Peter Singer defends the practice of [[bestiality]] (as well as [[abortion]] and [[euthanasia]]).<ref>
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*[http://creation.com/the-basis-of-a-christian-worldview The Basis of a Christian Worldview]*[http://creation.com/answer-to-philosophy-religion-professor-on-biblical-exegesis-and-the-problem-of-evil CMI answers philosophy/religion professor on biblical exegesis and the problem of evil]
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*[http://www.firstthings.com/onthesquare/2011/06/the-dangerous-mind-of-peter-singer ''The Dangerous Mind''] by Joe Carter, ''[[First Things]]''</ref> See: [[Atheism and bestiality]] ]]
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The Special Broadcasting Service reported:
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{{Cquote|According to a new study published last week in Nature, people all over the world connect immorality with atheism. In fact, the moral prejudice against atheists is so strong that it holds even in countries like the Netherlands, where most people aren’t religious. Even atheists themselves, according to the study, are inclined to see nonbelievers as more wicked than the faithful.,..
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“Entrenched moral suspicion of atheists suggests that religion’s powerful influence on moral judgements persists, even among non-believers in secular societies,” the authors wrote.
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The study, led by University of Kentucky psychology professor Will Gervais, surveyed more than 3,000 people in 13 countries, including nations with Buddhist, Christian, Hindu, Muslim, and non-religious majorities: Australia, China, Czech Republic, Finland, Hong Kong, India, Mauritius, Netherlands, New Zealand, Singapore, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, and the United States.
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As they had hypothesised, the researchers found a universal suspicion of atheist morality across all 13 countries. “People overall are roughly twice as likely to view extreme immorality as representative of atheists, relative to believers,” they wrote. “Consistent with predictions, extreme intuitive moral distrust of atheists is both globally evident and variable in its magnitude across countries.”
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The association was somewhat stronger in more religious countries, but even in very secular countries in the study — Australia, China, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom — people were more likely to associate serial killing with atheism, although the gap was narrower. The survey also asked participants to describe their religious beliefs, which allowed the research team to determine that even atheists connected immoral acts to atheism more often than to religious belief.<ref>[http://www.sbs.com.au/topics/life/culture/article/2017/08/21/everyones-suspicious-atheists-even-other-atheists Everyone’s suspicious of atheists — even other atheists], The Special Broadcasting Service, 2017</ref>}}
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=== Journal article: Global evidence of extreme intuitive moral prejudice against atheists ===
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*[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-017-0151 Global evidence of extreme intuitive moral prejudice against atheists], Nature Human Behaviour, Published: 07 August 2017, https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/csnp2
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== Distrust of atheists: Study indicates antiatheist prejudice is common and atheists are comnonly associated with various negative, steotypical attributes ==
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The abstract of 2019 study related to distrust of atheists entitled ''Distrust persists after subverting atheist stereotypes'' published in the peer-reviewed journal ''Group Processes & Intergroup Relations'' states: {{Cquote|Antiatheist prejudice appears to be common. This prejudice may stem from distrust. However, the factors influencing distrust are not fully understood. The current research identified common stereotypes about atheists, tested the intuitiveness of those stereotypes, and determined whether distrust toward atheists depends more on the label “atheist” or the attributes atheists are thought to possess... Overall, the results of these studies indicate that atheists and Christians are explicitly and implicitly associated with different attributes and that, even when atheists possess stereotypically Christian attributes, Christians trust atheists significantly less than other Christians. These findings suggest that antiatheist prejudice is relatively insensitive to individual differences of the target.<ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1368430219874103 Distrust persists after subverting atheist stereotypes] by Richard C. Grove, Ayla Rubenstein, and Heather K. Terrell, ''Group Processes & Intergroup Relations'', Volume 23, Issue 7, https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430219874103</ref>}}
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== UK study finds atheists widely distrusted - even among themselves ==
 
== UK study finds atheists widely distrusted - even among themselves ==
  
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''See also:'' [[Atheist factions]]
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''See also:'' [[Views on atheists]] and [[Atheism and deception]]
  
 
In 2015, the ''Christian Post'' reported in a story entitled ''Atheists Widely Distrusted, Even Among Themselves, UK Study Finds'':
 
In 2015, the ''Christian Post'' reported in a story entitled ''Atheists Widely Distrusted, Even Among Themselves, UK Study Finds'':
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Published in the ''International Journal for The Psychology of Religion'', the study, "The Robustness of Anti-Atheist Prejudice as Measured by Way of Cognitive Errors," was conducted with 100 participants from the U.K. ....
 
Published in the ''International Journal for The Psychology of Religion'', the study, "The Robustness of Anti-Atheist Prejudice as Measured by Way of Cognitive Errors," was conducted with 100 participants from the U.K. ....
  
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The study shows that "anti-atheist prejudice is not confined either to dominantly religious countries or to religious individuals, but rather appears to be a robust judgment about atheists."<ref>[http://www.christianpost.com/news/atheists-widely-distrusted-even-among-themselves-culturally-ingrained-uk-study-finds-160480/ Atheists Widely Distrusted, Even Among Themselves, UK Study Finds], Christian Post, 2015</ref>}}
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The study shows that "anti-atheist prejudice is not confined either to dominantly religious countries or to religious individuals, but rather appears to be a robust judgment about atheists."<ref name="CPviewsonatheists"/>}}
  
 
''The Independent'' reports about the participants of the study:
 
''The Independent'' reports about the participants of the study:
 
{{cquote|Professor Leah Giddings and Thomas Dunn led the study with 100 online participants from the United Kingdom, 70 of whom were women and whose average age was 21.
 
{{cquote|Professor Leah Giddings and Thomas Dunn led the study with 100 online participants from the United Kingdom, 70 of whom were women and whose average age was 21.
  
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A total of 43 per cent of the contributors were atheist, 33 per cent were Christian and the remainder belonged to other faiths.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/anti-atheist-distrust-deeply-and-culturally-ingrained-study-finds-a6952276.html Anti-atheist distrust ‘deeply and culturally ingrained’, study finds], ''The Independent'', 2015</ref>}}
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A total of 43 per cent of the contributors were atheist, 33 per cent were Christian and the remainder belonged to other faiths.<ref name="Independentviewsonatheists"/>}}
  
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[[Vox Day|Theodore Beale]] says about atheists not trusting other atheists: "The reason most atheists trust fellow atheists less than anyone else is because they recognize their own lack of integrity and morality."<ref>[https://voxday.blogspot.com/2016/06/fun-with-atheists.html Fun with atheists] by [[Vox Day|Theodore Beale]]</ref>
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Theodore Beale says about atheists not trusting other atheists: "The reason most atheists trust fellow atheists less than anyone else is because they recognize their own lack of integrity and morality."<ref>[http://voxday.blogspot.com/2016/06/fun-with-atheists.html Fun with atheists], Theodore Beale/Vox Day</ref>
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== Americans and Canadians distrust atheists as much as rapists ==
 
  
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''See also:'' [[Atheism and rape]] and [[Atheism and social outcasts]]
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== University of Minnesota study indicates that American dislike of atheists grew ==
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[[File:2404429188 ea8f1fc48b.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Studies and web traffic data appear to indicate that women in the Western World tend to be more religious than men.<ref>Multiple references:
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*Kosmin, Barry A., et al. (2008).  [http://web.archive.org/web/20110904110346/http://www.americanreligionsurvey-aris.org/reports/NONES_08.pdf "American nones:  Profile of the no religion population"].  American Religion Survey website [Trinity College, Hartford, CT].  Retrieved from Internet Archive.
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A 2016 press release of a University of Minnesota study on atheists reported:
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{{Cquote|Survey data collected in 2014 shows that, compared to data collected in 2003, Americans have sharpened their negative views of atheists...
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The findings of this most recent survey support the argument that atheists are persistent cultural outsiders in the United States because they are perceived to have rejected cultural values and practices understood as essential to private morality, civic virtue, and national identity. Moreover, any refusal to embrace a religious identity of any type is troubling for a large portion of Americans.<ref>[http://cla.umn.edu/news-events/news/atheists-remain-most-disliked-religious-minority-us Atheists Remain Most Disliked Religious Minority in the US]</ref>}}
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The atheist Dan Arel reported:
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{{Cquote|In 2014, [http://www.alternet.org/belief/major-study-americas-overwhelming-mean-streak-toward-atheists-and-muslims Pew Research found that atheists ranked down at the bottom of the list], only 1 point above Muslims as the least trusted religious demographic in the United States...
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Now, according to a [http://sf.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/08/17/sf.sow063.abstract new study released by University of Minnesota sociologists] shows that today, atheists are the most disliked.
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The study compared a previous 2003 study with the new study, originally conducted in 2014, and found that Americans have only sharpened their dislike for atheists and religious nones.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161017182107/http://www.patheos.com/blogs/danthropology/2016/09/study-atheists-remain-the-most-disliked-religious-minority-in-the-u-s/ Study: Atheists remain the most disliked religious minority in the U.S.]</ref>}}
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According the American atheist author Kevin Davis, atheism has an "unshakeable stigma".<ref>[http://www.peacock-panache.com/2016/11/lifetree-meeting-atheism-26370.html An Atheist Walks into a Christian Meeting about Atheism] by Kevin Davis</ref>
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== 2011 poll: Americans and Canadians distrust atheists as much as rapists ==
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''See also:'' [[Atheism and rape]] and [[Atheism and social outcasts]] and [[American atheism]] and [[Canada and irreligion]]
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[[File:Women.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Studies and web traffic data appear to indicate that women in the Western World tend to be more religious than men.<ref>Multiple references:
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*Kosmin, Barry A., et al. (2008).  [https://web.archive.org/web/20110904110346/http://www.americanreligionsurvey-aris.org/reports/NONES_08.pdf "American nones:  Profile of the no religion population"].  American Religion Survey website [Trinity College, Hartford, CT].  Retrieved from Internet Archive.
 
*Britt, Robert Roy (February 28, 2009).  [http://www.livescience.com/7689-women-religious-men.html "Women more religious than men"].  Live Science website.</ref> See: [[Atheism and women]] ]]  
 
*Britt, Robert Roy (February 28, 2009).  [http://www.livescience.com/7689-women-religious-men.html "Women more religious than men"].  Live Science website.</ref> See: [[Atheism and women]] ]]  
 
On December 10, 2011, USA Today reported in a story entitled ''Study: Atheists distrusted as much as rapists'':
 
On December 10, 2011, USA Today reported in a story entitled ''Study: Atheists distrusted as much as rapists'':
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The study is part of an attempt to understand what needs religion fulfills in people. Among the conclusions is a sense of trust in others.
 
The study is part of an attempt to understand what needs religion fulfills in people. Among the conclusions is a sense of trust in others.
  
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"People find atheists very suspect," Shariff said. "They don't fear God so we should distrust them; they do not have the same moral obligations of others. This is a common refrain against atheists. People fear them as a group."<ref>[http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/story/2011-12-10/religion-atheism/51777612/1 Study: Atheists distrusted as much as rapists]</ref>}}
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"People find atheists very suspect," Shariff said. "They don't fear God so we should distrust them; they do not have the same moral obligations of others. This is a common refrain against atheists. People fear them as a group."<ref name="USATodayviewsonatheists"/>}}
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In 2011, ''The Atlantic'' published the article [https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2011/12/study-of-the-day-religious-people-distrust-atheists-as-much-as-rapists/250005/ Study of the Day: Religious People Distrust Atheists as Much as Rapists]
  
 
See also:
 
See also:
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*[[Atheism and rape]]
 
*[[Atheism and rape]]
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=== 2015 poll: Canadians' view of atheists ===
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''See also:'' [[Views on atheists]]
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A 2015 poll of 3,041 Canadians conducted by Angus Reid Institute and Dr. Reginald Bibby of the University of Lethbridge found that 27% of Canadians had an unfavorable view of atheists while 27% of Canadians had an favorable view of atheists (the remainder were neutral).<ref>[http://nationalpost.com/news/religion/a-god-thats-complicated-canadians-hanging-on-to-personal-faith-as-organized-religion-declines-poll A God? That's complicated. Canadians hanging on to personal faith as organized religion declines: poll] , ''National Post'', 2015</ref>
  
 
== Barna Group studies related to atheism and morality ==
 
== Barna Group studies related to atheism and morality ==
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The [[Barna Group]] found that atheists and [[agnostics]] in America were more likely, than [[theist]]s in America, to look upon the following behaviors as morally acceptable:  illegal drug use; excessive drinking; sexual relationships outside of marriage; [[abortion]]; cohabitating with someone of opposite sex outside of marriage; obscene language; gambling; [[pornography]] and obscene sexual behavior; and engaging in [[homosexuality]]/bisexuality.<ref>[https://www.barna.org/component/content/article/5-barna-update/45-barna-update-sp-657/58-practical-outcomes-replace-biblical-principles-as-the-moral-standard#.VumtJuYvK1s Practical outcomes replace biblical principles as the moral standard], Barna Group</ref>  
 
The [[Barna Group]] found that atheists and [[agnostics]] in America were more likely, than [[theist]]s in America, to look upon the following behaviors as morally acceptable:  illegal drug use; excessive drinking; sexual relationships outside of marriage; [[abortion]]; cohabitating with someone of opposite sex outside of marriage; obscene language; gambling; [[pornography]] and obscene sexual behavior; and engaging in [[homosexuality]]/bisexuality.<ref>[https://www.barna.org/component/content/article/5-barna-update/45-barna-update-sp-657/58-practical-outcomes-replace-biblical-principles-as-the-moral-standard#.VumtJuYvK1s Practical outcomes replace biblical principles as the moral standard], Barna Group</ref>  
  
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Given the [[Homosexuality and Health|many diseases associated with homosexuality]], the [[Bible|biblical]] prohibition against homosexuality is quite arguably one of the  many examples where the Bible exhibited [http://creationwiki.org/Bible_scientific_foreknowledge knowledge that was ahead of its time].  See also: [[Atheism and sexual immorality]] and [[New Atheism leaders and unhealthy lifestyles#The Bible and sound health practices|The Bible and sound health practices]]
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Given the [[Homosexuality and health|many diseases associated with homosexuality]], the [[Bible|biblical]] prohibition against homosexuality is quite arguably one of the  many examples where the Bible exhibited [http://creationwiki.org/Bible_scientific_foreknowledge knowledge that was ahead of its time].  See also: [[Atheism and sexual immorality articles|Atheism and sexual immorality]]  
  
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== Atheism and historical revisionism ==
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== Nordic Psychology journal article on public's perception of atheists ==
  
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''See also:'' [[Atheism and historical revisionism]]
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The abstract for the 2016 journal article entitled ''Atheism and how it is perceived: Manipulation of, bias against and ways to reduce the bias'' which was published in the journal ''Nordic Psychology'' indicates: "...atheists are distrusted, elicit disgust and are viewed as immoral both explicitly and implicitly".<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290472191_Atheism_and_how_it_is_perceived_Manipulation_of_bias_against_and_ways_to_reduce_the_bias Atheism and how it is perceived: Manipulation of, bias against and ways to reduce the bias] by Gerhard Andersson, ''Nordic Psychology'' 68(3):1-10 · January 2016,
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DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2015.1125304</ref>
  
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[[File: Voroshilov, Molotov, Stalin, with Nikolai Yezhov.jpg|right|225px]]
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== Atheism and historical revisionism ==
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[[File: The Commissar Vanishes 2.jpg|thumbnail|right|220px|Nikolai Yezhov walking with [[Joseph Stalin]] in the top photo taken in the mid 1930s. Subsequent to his execution in 1940, Yezhov was edited out of the photo by [[Soviet Union]] censors.<ref>[http://www.newseum.org/berlinwall/commissar_vanishes/vanishes.htm The Commissar Vanishes</ref>]]
 
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Historically and presently, most [[atheism|atheists]] lean [[leftism|politically left]] (See: [[Atheism and politics]]).
 
  
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[[Vox Day|Theodore Beale]] wrote about [[secular left|secular leftists]] and leftists in general:
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See: [[Atheism and historical revisionism]]
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{{cquote|Regardless of whether it is...[[Richard Dawkins]], [[PZ Myers]], or the vast and [[Lesbianism and obesity|corpulent mass]] of [[feminism|feminists]], the Left has an observable tendency to shun debate.  They assert many different reasons for doing so, but the truth is always revealed by their seemingly contradictory willingness to debate the incompetent and the overmatched....
 
  
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One of the things that has been interesting to observe over time is the way that the heated attacks on me, both in public and via email, have all but disappeared even though my overall readership has never been larger.  Why is this?  My theory is this is because most of my critics, be they atheists, feminists, [[evolution]]ists, or free traders, have learned they simply cannot win in a direct confrontation.  They can't openly criticize my ideas because they have learned, much to their surprise, that they cannot adequately defend their own.
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== Atheism and morality ==
  
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As [[Aristotle]] pointed out more than two thousand years ago, even at the rhetorical level, the side more closely approximates the truth will tend to win out, because it is easier to argue when your arguments are based on truth rather than falsehood. Events will always ultimately prove the arguments of the [[global warming|global warmers]], the godless, the female supremacists, the [[socialism|socialists]], the [[Keynesian economics|Keynesians]], and the monetarists to be false because their ideas are false.  This is why a good memory is one of the most lethal weapons against them and why it is so easy to win debates against them, as given enough time, they are going to contradict themselves.
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[[Image:115523-004-FA619CA3.jpg|thumb|right|201px| The perverse and cruel atheist [[Marquis de Sade]] in prison, 18th century line engraving.]]
  
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Why?  Because they have no choice.  Being false, their positions have to be dynamic, which means they can never hope for any significant degree of consistency.  This is why ex post facto revision and double-talk are the hallmarks of the Left, and is why the first thing Leftists do when they are in a position of power is to erase history and attempt to silence any voices capable of calling attention to their fictions and contradictions.<ref>[http://voxday.blogspot.com/2012/10/the-distaste-for-debate.html The distaste for debate], Theodore Beale</ref>}}
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''See also:'' [[Atheism and morality]]
  
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See also:
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Not possessing a [[Religion|religious]] basis for [[morality]], which can provide a basis for [[objective morality]], atheists are fundamentally [[Moral relativism|incapable]] of having a coherent system of morality.<ref>
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*[http://www.paulcopan.com/articles/pdf/God-naturalism-morality.pdf God, Naturalism, and the Foundations of Morality] by
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Paul Copan
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*[http://www.bethinking.org/morality/can-moral-objectivism-do-without-god Can Moral Objectivism Do Without God?] by Peter S. Williams
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*[http://www.equip.org/articles/atheists-and-the-quest-for-objective-morality/ Atheists and the Quest for Objective Morality] by Chad Meister
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*[http://carm.org/failure-of-atheism-to-account-for-morality The failure of atheism to account for morality]</ref> 
  
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*[[Atheism and cowardice]]
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For example, atheists have been the biggest mass murderers in history (see: [[Atheism and mass murder]]). Dr. R. J. Rummel's mid estimate regarding the loss of life due to atheistic communism is that communism caused the death of approximately 110,286,000 people between 1917 and 1987.<ref>Rummel, R. J. (November 1993).  [http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/COM.ART.HTM "How many did communist regimes murder?"]  University of Hawaii website; Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War.  Retrieved July 19, 2014.</ref>
  
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*[[Instances of Richard Dawkins ducking debates]]
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See also:
  
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*[[Atheism and debate]]
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* [[Atheist population and immorality]]
  
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*[[Rebuttals to atheist arguments]]
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* [[Atheism and moral depravity]]
  
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*[[Atheist hypocrisy]]
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* [[Atheism and culture]]
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== Atheist organizations and scandals ==
  
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=== Soviet Union and historical revisionism ===
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See: [[Atheist organizations and scandals]]
  
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In terms of academic and popular history, the Communist Party of the [[Soviet Union]] (CPSU) often engaged in [[historical revisionism]] via their control of political/ideological public discourse (media, education, etc.) and via the monitoring/silencing/imprisonment/persecution of citizens through the [[KGB]].<ref>Klaus Mehnert, Stalin Versus Marx: the Stalinist historical doctrine (Translation of Weltrevolution durch Weltgeschichte) Port Washington NY: Kennikat Press 1972 (1952), on the illegitimate use of history in the 1934–1952 period</ref> 
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== Atheism and theft crimes ==
  
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During and subsequent to the rule of [[Nikita Khrushchev]] (1956–64), there was competition between the pro-[[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]ists and anti-Stalinists in terms of how Soviet history was portrayed.<ref>Roger D. Markwick, Rewriting history in Soviet Russia : the politics of revisionist historiography, 1956–1974 New York ; Basingstoke : Palgrave, 2001, on legitimate Soviet Historiography particularly in the post 1956 period.</ref>
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See: [[Atheism and stealing|Atheism and theft crimes]]
  
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=== Richard Dawkins, atheist atrocities, and historical revisionism ===
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== Atheist mass shooters and serial killers ==
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[[File:Richard Dawkins at Global Atheism Convention.jpg|alt=Richard Dawkins|thumbnail|200px|left|[[Richard Dawkins]] ]]
 
  
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''See also:'' [[Richard Dawkins, atheist atrocities, and historical revisionism]] and [[Atheism and communism]]
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*[[Atheist mass shooters]]
  
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[[Militant atheism]] was a part of [[Communism|communist]] ideology and this is still the case in communist China (See: [[Atheism and communism]]).  For example, in 2014, the Communist Party of China reaffirmed that members of their party must be atheists.<ref>[http://www.thenewamerican.com/world-news/asia/item/19567-china-s-communist-party-reaffirms-marxism-maoism-atheism China’s Communist Party Reaffirms Marxism, Maoism, Atheism], ''New American'', 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/02/china-communist-party-atheism-zhejiang-ban-religious-members-christianity_n_6599722.html China's Communist Party Bans Believers, Doubles Down On Atheism]</ref>
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*[[List of atheist shooters and serial killers]]
  
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Dr.  R. J. Rummel, professor emeritus of political science at the University of Hawaii, is the scholar who first coined the term [[democide]] (death by government).  Dr. R. J. Rummel's mid estimate regarding the loss of life due to communism is that communism caused the death of approximately 110,286,000 people between 1917 and 1987.<ref>http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/COM.ART.HTM</ref>  See also: [[Atheism and Mass Murder|Atheism and mass murder]]
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== See also ==
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[[Dinesh D'Souza]] took [[Richard Dawkins]] to task for engaging in historical revisionism when it comes to the atrocities of [[atheism|atheist]] regimes and declared Dawkins "reveals a complete ignorance of history".[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmrRC6zD4Zk VIDEO].
 
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In a recent interview D'Souza declared:
 
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{{cquote|Richard Dawkins argues that at least the atheist regimes didn't kill people in the name of [[atheism]]. Isn't it time for this biologist to get out of the lab and read a little history? Marxism and [[Communism]] were atheist ideologies. [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] and [[Mao Zedong|Mao]] weren't dictators who happened to be atheist; atheism was part of their official doctrine.
 
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It was no accident, as the Marxists liked to say, that they shut down the churches and persecuted the clergy...<ref>http://insidecatholic.com/Joomla/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1053&Itemid=48</ref>}} 
 
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See also:
 
  
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*[[Atheists and historical illiteracy]]
+
*[[Stigma of atheism]]
  
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*[[History of Atheism|History of atheism]]
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*[[Desecularization and social conformity]]
  
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Dinesh D'Souza stated in another interview:
+
*[[Atheists and unreasonableness]]
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{{cquote|As one writer put it, “Leaders such as Stalin and Mao persecuted religious groups, not in a bid to expand atheism, but as a way of focusing people’s hatred on those groups to consolidate their own power.” Of course I agree that murderous regimes, whether [[Christian]] or atheist, are generally seeking to strengthen their position. But if Christian regimes are held responsible for their crimes committed in the name of Christianity, then atheist regimes should be held accountable for their crimes committed in the name of atheism. And who can deny that Stalin and Mao, not to mention [[Pol Pot]] and a host of others, all committed atrocities in the name of a Communist ideology that was explicitly atheistic? Who can dispute that they did their bloody deeds by claiming to be establishing a “new man” and a religion-free utopia? These were mass murders performed with atheism as a central part of their ideological inspiration, they were not mass murders done by people who simply happened to be atheist.<ref>http://www.churchinhistory.org/pages/atheism/805-answering-atheists-regarding-war.htm</ref>}}
 
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[[Image:Khvhkgfiy.jpg|right|thumb|[[Vladimir Lenin]] ]]
 
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[[Karl Marx]] said "[Religion] is the opium of the people".  Marx also stated: "[[Communism]] begins from the outset (Owen) with atheism; but atheism is at first far from being communism; indeed, that atheism is still mostly an abstraction."<ref>http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/manuscripts/comm.htm</ref>
 
  
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[[Vladimir Lenin]] similarly wrote regarding atheism and communism: "A Marxist must be a [[materialism|materialist]], i. e., an enemy of religion, but a dialectical materialist, i. e., one who treats the struggle against religion not in an abstract way, not on the basis of remote, purely theoretical, never varying preaching, but in a concrete way, on the basis of the [[class struggle]] which is going on in practice and is educating the masses more and better than anything else could."<ref>http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1909/may/13.htm</ref>
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*[[Atheist indoctrination]]
  
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In 1955, [[China|Chinese]] communist leader Zhou Enlai declared, "We Communists are atheists".<ref>Noebel, David, The Battle for Truth, Harvest House, 2001.</ref>
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*[[Atheism and truth]]
  
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=== Atheist Daniel Dennet's commentary on Joseph Stalin ===
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*[[Atheism and Christmas]]
  
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The new atheist [[Daniel Dennett]] attempted to minimize the atheism of the [[Militant atheism|militant atheist]] [[Joseph Stalin]].  Dennett said, “ …it occurred to me—let’s think about Stalin for a moment. Was he an atheist? You might say well of course he was an atheist. No, on the contrary. In a certain sense, he wasn’t an atheist at all. He believed in god. Not only that, he believe in a god whose will determined what right and wrong was. And he was sure of the existence of this god, and the god’s name was Stalin.”<ref>[http://creation.com/atheism Atheism]</ref>
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*[[Atheist stereotypes]]
  
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== See also ==
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== External links ==
  
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*[[Views on Atheists|Views on atheists]]
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*[https://digest.bps.org.uk/2016/03/24/distrust-of-atheists-is-deeply-and-culturally-ingrained-even-among-atheists/ Distrust of atheists is "deeply and culturally ingrained" even among atheists], ''Research Digest''
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*[[Atheism and morality]]
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*[http://theconversation.com/how-distrust-of-unbelievers-runs-deep-in-american-history-71776 How distrust of unbelievers runs deep in American history]
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*[[Atheism and historical revisionism]]
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*[https://www.salon.com/2014/07/21/the_numbers_are_in_america_still_distrusts_atheists_and_muslims_partner/ The numbers are in: America still distrusts atheists and Muslims], ''Salon''
 +
*[https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2015/08/10/431205042/should-we-distrust-atheists Would Voters Entrust The White House To An Atheist?], NPR
 +
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22477103 Reminders of secular authority reduce believers' distrust of atheists], ''Psychological Science'', 2012
  
 
== Notes ==
 
== Notes ==
 
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
  
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[[Category: Atheism]]
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[[Category:Atheism]]

Latest revision as of 15:09, December 31, 2023

The new atheist Sam Harris said concerning the label of atheist, "It's right next to child molester as a designation."(see also: Views on atheists)[1][2]

Concerning distrust of atheists, sociological research indicates that atheists are widely distrusted in both religious cultures and nonreligious cultures.[3][4][5][6] According to a study published in the International Journal for The Psychology of Religion: "anti-atheist prejudice is not confined either to dominantly religious countries or to religious individuals, but rather appears to be a robust judgment about atheists."[5] The study found that many atheists do not trust other atheists as well.[5]

The new atheist Sam Harris said concerning the label of atheist, "It's right next to child molester as a designation."(see also: Views on atheists)[1][2]

Furthermore, atheism is often associated with immorality (see: Atheism and morality). In addition, historically atheists have frequently behaved in an immoral manner (see: Atheist population and immorality) and various atheists have committed capital crimes (see: Atheism and Mass Murder and List of atheist shooters and serial killers).

A Quartz website article indicates:

“ Evidence suggests that religion and sexual behavior are often linked. Many major religions, such as Christianity, Judaism, Islam and some traditional religions, promote lifestyles emphasizing fidelity and underscoring the importance of caring for one’s family. And a large body of research suggests that such religions may be especially attractive to people who value such commitments—perhaps precisely because those religions help to reinforce their own lifestyle choices...

Still, knowing the perceived connection between faith and sexual commitment, we suspected that people may see atheists, relative to believers, as less likely to endorse values like monogamy and caring for one’s family—values associated with being sexually committed.

In such people’s minds, sexually uncommitted behavior is linked to several other traits and social behavior, such as opportunism and being impulsive—traits that hardly inspire trust [7]

”

Various atheists have attempted to change the public's perception of atheism and atheists, but their efforts were largely unsuccessful (see: Attempts to positively rebrand atheism).

Science journal article in Nature on distrusts of atheism in countries

The atheist philosopher Peter Singer defends the practice of bestiality (as well as abortion and euthanasia).[8] See: Atheism and bestiality

The Special Broadcasting Service reported:

“ According to a new study published last week in Nature, people all over the world connect immorality with atheism. In fact, the moral prejudice against atheists is so strong that it holds even in countries like the Netherlands, where most people aren’t religious. Even atheists themselves, according to the study, are inclined to see nonbelievers as more wicked than the faithful.,..

“Entrenched moral suspicion of atheists suggests that religion’s powerful influence on moral judgements persists, even among non-believers in secular societies,” the authors wrote.

The study, led by University of Kentucky psychology professor Will Gervais, surveyed more than 3,000 people in 13 countries, including nations with Buddhist, Christian, Hindu, Muslim, and non-religious majorities: Australia, China, Czech Republic, Finland, Hong Kong, India, Mauritius, Netherlands, New Zealand, Singapore, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, and the United States. As they had hypothesised, the researchers found a universal suspicion of atheist morality across all 13 countries. “People overall are roughly twice as likely to view extreme immorality as representative of atheists, relative to believers,” they wrote. “Consistent with predictions, extreme intuitive moral distrust of atheists is both globally evident and variable in its magnitude across countries.”

The association was somewhat stronger in more religious countries, but even in very secular countries in the study — Australia, China, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom — people were more likely to associate serial killing with atheism, although the gap was narrower. The survey also asked participants to describe their religious beliefs, which allowed the research team to determine that even atheists connected immoral acts to atheism more often than to religious belief.[9]

”

Journal article: Global evidence of extreme intuitive moral prejudice against atheists

Distrust of atheists: Study indicates antiatheist prejudice is common and atheists are comnonly associated with various negative, steotypical attributes

The abstract of 2019 study related to distrust of atheists entitled Distrust persists after subverting atheist stereotypes published in the peer-reviewed journal Group Processes & Intergroup Relations states:

“ Antiatheist prejudice appears to be common. This prejudice may stem from distrust. However, the factors influencing distrust are not fully understood. The current research identified common stereotypes about atheists, tested the intuitiveness of those stereotypes, and determined whether distrust toward atheists depends more on the label “atheist” or the attributes atheists are thought to possess... Overall, the results of these studies indicate that atheists and Christians are explicitly and implicitly associated with different attributes and that, even when atheists possess stereotypically Christian attributes, Christians trust atheists significantly less than other Christians. These findings suggest that antiatheist prejudice is relatively insensitive to individual differences of the target.[10] ”

UK study finds atheists widely distrusted - even among themselves

See also: Views on atheists and Atheism and deception

In 2015, the Christian Post reported in a story entitled Atheists Widely Distrusted, Even Among Themselves, UK Study Finds:

“ Distrust of atheists is "deeply and culturally ingrained" among people, and even many atheists are not able to trust each other, according to a new study carried out by the psychology department at Nottingham Trent University in England.

Published in the International Journal for The Psychology of Religion, the study, "The Robustness of Anti-Atheist Prejudice as Measured by Way of Cognitive Errors," was conducted with 100 participants from the U.K. ....

The study shows that "anti-atheist prejudice is not confined either to dominantly religious countries or to religious individuals, but rather appears to be a robust judgment about atheists."[4]

”

The Independent reports about the participants of the study:

“ Professor Leah Giddings and Thomas Dunn led the study with 100 online participants from the United Kingdom, 70 of whom were women and whose average age was 21.

A total of 43 per cent of the contributors were atheist, 33 per cent were Christian and the remainder belonged to other faiths.[5]

”

Theodore Beale says about atheists not trusting other atheists: "The reason most atheists trust fellow atheists less than anyone else is because they recognize their own lack of integrity and morality."[11]

University of Minnesota study indicates that American dislike of atheists grew

A 2016 press release of a University of Minnesota study on atheists reported:

“ Survey data collected in 2014 shows that, compared to data collected in 2003, Americans have sharpened their negative views of atheists...

The findings of this most recent survey support the argument that atheists are persistent cultural outsiders in the United States because they are perceived to have rejected cultural values and practices understood as essential to private morality, civic virtue, and national identity. Moreover, any refusal to embrace a religious identity of any type is troubling for a large portion of Americans.[12]

”

The atheist Dan Arel reported:

“ In 2014, Pew Research found that atheists ranked down at the bottom of the list, only 1 point above Muslims as the least trusted religious demographic in the United States...

Now, according to a new study released by University of Minnesota sociologists shows that today, atheists are the most disliked.

The study compared a previous 2003 study with the new study, originally conducted in 2014, and found that Americans have only sharpened their dislike for atheists and religious nones.[13]

”

According the American atheist author Kevin Davis, atheism has an "unshakeable stigma".[14]

2011 poll: Americans and Canadians distrust atheists as much as rapists

See also: Atheism and rape and Atheism and social outcasts and American atheism and Canada and irreligion

Studies and web traffic data appear to indicate that women in the Western World tend to be more religious than men.[15] See: Atheism and women

On December 10, 2011, USA Today reported in a story entitled Study: Atheists distrusted as much as rapists:

“ The study, conducted among 350 Americans adults and 420 Canadian college students, asked participants to decide if a fictional driver damaged a parked car and left the scene, then found a wallet and took the money, was the driver more likely to be a teacher, an atheist teacher, or a rapist teacher?

The participants, who were from religious and nonreligious backgrounds, most often chose the atheist teacher.

The study is part of an attempt to understand what needs religion fulfills in people. Among the conclusions is a sense of trust in others.

"People find atheists very suspect," Shariff said. "They don't fear God so we should distrust them; they do not have the same moral obligations of others. This is a common refrain against atheists. People fear them as a group."[3]

”

In 2011, The Atlantic published the article Study of the Day: Religious People Distrust Atheists as Much as Rapists

See also:

2015 poll: Canadians' view of atheists

See also: Views on atheists

A 2015 poll of 3,041 Canadians conducted by Angus Reid Institute and Dr. Reginald Bibby of the University of Lethbridge found that 27% of Canadians had an unfavorable view of atheists while 27% of Canadians had an favorable view of atheists (the remainder were neutral).[16]

Barna Group studies related to atheism and morality

Barna Group study on behavior of atheists vs. evangelical Christians

Richard Deem wrote:

“ A random sample of 1003 adults were surveyed in May, 2008 by The Barna Group for their participation in a number of negative behaviors within the previous week. The results showed that there were vast differences in the behaviors of evangelicals compared to agnostics/atheists.

These results show that atheists/agnostics participate in morally questionable behaviors to a much greater degree than evangelical Christians - an average of nearly five times the frequency![17]

”

Barna Group study related to atheist beliefs about behaviors

The Barna Group found that atheists and agnostics in America were more likely, than theists in America, to look upon the following behaviors as morally acceptable: illegal drug use; excessive drinking; sexual relationships outside of marriage; abortion; cohabitating with someone of opposite sex outside of marriage; obscene language; gambling; pornography and obscene sexual behavior; and engaging in homosexuality/bisexuality.[18]

Given the many diseases associated with homosexuality, the biblical prohibition against homosexuality is quite arguably one of the many examples where the Bible exhibited knowledge that was ahead of its time. See also: Atheism and sexual immorality

Nordic Psychology journal article on public's perception of atheists

The abstract for the 2016 journal article entitled Atheism and how it is perceived: Manipulation of, bias against and ways to reduce the bias which was published in the journal Nordic Psychology indicates: "...atheists are distrusted, elicit disgust and are viewed as immoral both explicitly and implicitly".[19]

Atheism and historical revisionism

See: Atheism and historical revisionism

Atheism and morality

The perverse and cruel atheist Marquis de Sade in prison, 18th century line engraving.

See also: Atheism and morality

Not possessing a religious basis for morality, which can provide a basis for objective morality, atheists are fundamentally incapable of having a coherent system of morality.[20]

For example, atheists have been the biggest mass murderers in history (see: Atheism and mass murder). Dr. R. J. Rummel's mid estimate regarding the loss of life due to atheistic communism is that communism caused the death of approximately 110,286,000 people between 1917 and 1987.[21]

See also:

Atheist organizations and scandals

See: Atheist organizations and scandals

Atheism and theft crimes

See: Atheism and theft crimes

Atheist mass shooters and serial killers

See also

External links

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 NEWSWEEK Poll: 90% Believe in God, Newsweek 2007
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Roberts, Jessica, et al. (June 19, 2007). "Interview with an atheist". News21. Retrieved on July 30, 2014.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Study: Atheists distrusted as much as rapists
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Atheists Widely Distrusted, Even Among Themselves, UK Study Finds, Christian Post, 2015
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Anti-atheist distrust ‘deeply and culturally ingrained’, study finds, The Independent, 2015
  6. ↑ Edgell, Gerteis & Hartmann 2006
  7. ↑ Intense prejudice exists against atheists in the US by By Jaimie Arona Krems & Jordan W. Moon, December 28, 2019, Quartz website
  8. ↑
  9. ↑ Everyone’s suspicious of atheists — even other atheists, The Special Broadcasting Service, 2017
  10. ↑ Distrust persists after subverting atheist stereotypes by Richard C. Grove, Ayla Rubenstein, and Heather K. Terrell, Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, Volume 23, Issue 7, https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430219874103
  11. ↑ Fun with atheists, Theodore Beale/Vox Day
  12. ↑ Atheists Remain Most Disliked Religious Minority in the US
  13. ↑ Study: Atheists remain the most disliked religious minority in the U.S.
  14. ↑ An Atheist Walks into a Christian Meeting about Atheism by Kevin Davis
  15. ↑ Multiple references:
  16. ↑ A God? That's complicated. Canadians hanging on to personal faith as organized religion declines: poll , National Post, 2015
  17. ↑ Atheism Doesn't Lead to Immoral Behavior - Or Does It? by Richard Deem
  18. ↑ Practical outcomes replace biblical principles as the moral standard, Barna Group
  19. ↑ Atheism and how it is perceived: Manipulation of, bias against and ways to reduce the bias by Gerhard Andersson, Nordic Psychology 68(3):1-10 · January 2016, DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2015.1125304
  20. ↑ Paul Copan
  21. ↑ Rummel, R. J. (November 1993). "How many did communist regimes murder?" University of Hawaii website; Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
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