Essay: Cultures change slowly. So world orders generally change slowly

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World orders change slowly.

"From examining all these cases across empires and across time, I saw that the great empires typically lasted roughly 250 years, give or take 150 years, with big economic, debt, and political cycles within them lasting about 50 to 100 years."[1]

Major shifts in the world order generally take a significant time to change.[2][3] Why is this so?

According to Cornell University Press, "By historical comparative standards, European-American civilization is middle aged. One can get a sense of the life spans of civilizations by seeing how long other civilizations survived."[4]

Ray Dahlio, author of the book Principles for Dealing with the Changing World Order: Why Nations Succeed and Fail wrote: "From examining all these cases across empires and across time, I saw that the great empires typically lasted roughly 250 years, give or take 150 years, with big economic, debt, and political cycles within them lasting about 50 to 100 years. By studying how these rises and declines worked individually, I could see how they worked on average in an archetypical way, and then I could examine how they worked differently and why. Doing that taught me a lot. My challenge now is trying to convey it to you."[5]

How long will the European-American civilization last? How long will the United State civilization last?

As of 2025, the United States is approximately 250 years old. According to Cornell University Press, the average civilization lasts 562 years.[6] So if you consider the United States to be a unique civilization, then United States hasn't reached the midpoint of its lifespan yet in terms of the average civilization's lifespan.

The United States is a part of Western Civilization. The Roman Civilization is considered a key part of Western civilizational history.[7] The Roman Empire (389 B.C. to 512 A.D.) lasted 901 years.[8] The Roman civilization lasted about 2,200 years.

Historically, the United States has had a dynamic culture compared to many cultures so it is able to adapt more quickly to changing conditions. The French historian and politician Alexis de Tocqueville wrote: "The greatness of America lies not in being more enlightened than any other nation, but rather in her ability to repair her faults." Russia's President Vladimir Putin, admitted about American's openness, open-mindedness and creativity: "I like the creativity. Creativity when it comes to tackling your country's problems. They're openness. Openness and open-mindedness. Because it allows them to unleash the inner potential of their people. And because of that America has achieved such amazing results."[9] See: United States and innovation and The United States will be the leading power in the world for the foreseeable future

"By historical comparative standards, European-American civilization is middle aged. One can get a sense of the life spans of civilizations by seeing how long other civilizations survived." - Cornell University Press[10]

The endurance of cultural legacies. Cultures and civilizations change slowly

Since world orders are majorly affected by various major powers/cultures and other cultures, if these cultures change slowly, then it makes sense that the world order changes slowly as well.

The website Cultural Front notes about the endurance of cultural legacies:

“ In chapter 6 of Outliers, Malcolm Gladwell highlights cultural legacies. He opens with disturbing descriptions of how longstanding cultural patterns and beliefs influenced violent conflicts among generations of families in Kentucky during the 19th century.

The compelling research findings concerning long-term and deeply held values led Gladwell to the conclusion that cultural legacies are powerful forces. They have deep roots and long lives. They persist, generation after generation, virtually intact, even as the economic and social demographic conditions that spawned them have vanished, and they play such a role in directing attitudes and behavior that we cannot make sense of our world without them. He goes on to note the possibilities of “taking cultural legacies seriously” in order to learn “why people succeed and how to make people better.”[11]

”

Cultures and civilizations change slowly

Source: Cultures and civilizations change slow</ref>

Social inertia

How fast do global orders change? How often do major shifts in the world order happen?

Articles:



Source: How fast do global orders change? How often do major shifts in the world order happen?

Examples of world orders in recent history

Examples of world orders

It is becoming increasingly difficult for middle-income countries to become high-income countries

Many Latin American middle-income countries haven't become high-income countries and have half the labor productivity of countries that are technological leaders.[12][13]

Middle-income countries is the term which the World Bank defines as: "economies with a gross national income (GNI) per capita between $1,136 and $13,845 as of 2024. MICs consist of lower-middle-income countries and upper-middle-income countries, both of which are part of the income categories that the World Bank uses to classify economies for operational and analytical purposes."[14]

The middle-income trap refers to an economic theory where middle-income countries are failing to transform themselves into high-income economies due to its rising costs and declining competitiveness (Historically few countries successfully manage the transition from low to middle to high income).[15][16][17][18]

The Asia Society describes the middle-income trap thusly: "The “middle-income trap” is a theory of economic development in which wages in a country rise to the point that growth potential in export-driven low-skill manufacturing is exhausted before it attains the innovative capability needed to boost productivity and compete with developed countries in higher value-chain industries. Thus, there are few avenues for further growth — and wages stagnate."[19]

Is it becoming harder for countries to escape the middle-income trap?, Google AI: "Yes, it is becoming increasingly difficult for countries to escape the middle-income trap. The World Bank warns that many countries are at risk of being trapped in this phase, with 108 countries potentially facing this challenge. This difficulty arises from a combination of factors including rising debt, aging populations, and increased global protectionism..."

How long will the American civilization last? Strong reasons it could be a very long time

See: How long will the American civilization last? Strong reasons it could be a very long time

Source: Will american civlization last longer than the roman civilization?
"The greatness of America lies not in being more enlightened than any other nation, but rather in her ability to repair her faults." - French historian and politician Alexis de Tocqueville

Five long-term advantages that the United States has over China

The article Is America in Decline list the following five long-term advantages that the United States has over China.[20]

The article Is America in Decline list the following five long-term advantages that the United States has over China:

“ China is an impressive peer competitor with great strengths but also weaknesses. In assessing the overall balance of power, the U.S. has at least five long-term advantages. One is geography. The U.S. is surrounded by two oceans and two friendly neighbors, while China shares a border with fourteen other countries and is engaged in territorial disputes with several. The U.S. also has an energy advantage, whereas China depends on energy imports. Third, the U.S. derives power from its large transnational financial institutions and the international role of the dollar. A credible reserve currency depends on it being freely convertible, as well as on deep capital markets and the rule of law, which China lacks. The U.S. also has a relative demographic advantage as the only major developed country that is currently projected to hold its place (third) in the global population ranking. Seven of the world’s fifteen largest economies will have a shrinking workforce over the next decade, but the U.S. workforce is expected to increase, while China’s peaked in 2014. Finally, America has been at the forefront in key technologies (bio, nano, and information). China, of course, is investing heavily in research and development and scores well in the numbers of patents, but by its own measures its research universities still rank behind American ones.[21] ”

For more information, please see:

Instances of pundits predicting collapses of the world order that failed

Professor Paul Robinson is a professor in the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Ottawa and a Senior Fellow at the Institute for Peace and Diplomacy.

Professor Robinson wrote in his article Don’t despair: the world order is changing, but it is not collapsing

“ After the Cold War, pundits lined up to produce various scenarios of future political chaos. None of them have proven true. Robert Kaplan, for instance, predicted a “Coming Anarchy,” in which environmental decline and state collapse would turn large parts of the globe into lawless zones reminiscent of Sierra Leone in the early 1990s. Nothing of the sort has happened. Likewise, post-9/11 fears of terrorism posing an ‘existential’ threat to Western civilization have proven completely unfounded. Other prophecies of doom have proven equally false.

On a global level, while states such as Russia and China may be challenging Western hegemony, contrary to many claims to the contrary, nobody is challenging the international system as a whole. Nobody is seriously proposing abolishing the United Nations, abandoning international law, suspending the rules regulating international trade, ripping up all bilateral and international treaties, and the like. And for very good reasons. It is in nobody’s interests to live in such a world. What is happening is that more and more states are making more and more treaties among themselves, and establishing more and more new multilateral institutions on a regional or local level. But these do not replace the existing system. They simply supplement it, while binding states further into an order of mutual obligations. The world order is changing, but it is not collapsing, nor is it likely to. Again, this is good news.

Every war must end. The war in Ukraine will end too. Unfortunately, much more blood will be shed before that happens. But, as things currently stand, this local catastrophe should not be taken as an indication of a more general crisis. So far it isn’t, and most of the world is showing no inclination to do anything that might make it so. For that at least, we should be thankful.[22]

”

The terrible track record of forecasters predicting rapid de-dollarization and/or the imminent demise of the U.S. dollar

Key parallels between China's decline and the Roman Empire's decline

See also: China's decline and some Roman Empire decline parallels

China's decline and some Roman Empire decline parallels

Russia's decline and some Roman Empire decline parallels

See: Russia's decline and some Roman Empire decline parallels

Russia's decline and some Roman Empire decline parallels

For more information, please see: Russia's decline and some Roman Empire decline parallels

Why authoritarian countries often do poorly and fail

Aggressive, authoritarian countries and war:



"Give me liberty, or give me death!" - Patrick Henry

Why has the West been so successful?

See: Why has the West been so successful?

In the above map, the Western World regions of the world are colored light blue.

There are countries in Asia that have adopted much of Western values such as Japan, South Korea and the Philippines.

The above graphic comes from the video Why the West Won’t Collapse with Stephen Kotkin (Stephen Kotkin is an American historian, academic, and author.)

For more information, please see: Why has the West been so successful?

The USA is well-positioned to be a leading power for the foreseeable future

The United States will likely be the strongest country for the foreseeable future and this is due to the strengths of the USA and partly due to the weaknesses of China and Russia.

See: The United States will be the leading power in the world for the foreseeable future

While I do believe the USA, China and Russia are three major powers, both China and Russia have some major problems that are not going to go away anytime soon. In this essay, I argue that the United States has a brighter future than China and Russia for the foreseeable future. So while China and Russia will remain major powers for many years, out of the three major powers, America will remain the strongest power out of the three major powers for the foreseeable future.

Please read the resources below.

United States:

China:

Russia:

In 2014, the international relations scholar John Mearsheimer said: "Russia is a declining power, and it will only get weaker with time."[23]

Cultural/socioeconomic/technology changes over time and their effects on history

Fernand Braudel and the Annals school of history:

  • Annales school of history: "Annales school, School of history. Established by Lucien Febvre (1878–1956) and Marc Bloch (1886–1944), its roots were in the journal Annales: économies, sociétés, civilisations, Febvre’s reconstituted version of a journal he had earlier formed with Marc Bloch. Under Fernand Braudel’s direction the Annales school promoted a new form of history, replacing the study of leaders with the lives of ordinary people and replacing examination of politics, diplomacy, and wars with inquiries into climate, demography, agriculture, commerce, technology, transportation, and communication, as well as social groups and mentalities. While aiming at a “total history,” it also yielded dazzling microstudies of villages and regions. Its international influence on historiography has been enormous."



Fernand Braudel

Rapid development of new forms of modern technology and its effect on the world and its societies

See also: Change management and Future Shock and United States and innovation

The Amazon description of the book The Exponential Age: How Accelerating Technology is Transforming Business, Politics and Society:

“ A bold exploration and call-to-arms over the widening gap between AI, automation, and big data—and our ability to deal with its effects

We are living in the first exponential age.

High-tech innovations are created at dazzling speeds; technological forces we barely understand remake our homes and workplaces; centuries-old tenets of politics and economics are upturned by new technologies. It all points to a world that is getting faster at a dizzying pace.

Azeem Azhar, renowned technology analyst and host of the Exponential View podcast, offers a revelatory new model for understanding how technology is evolving so fast, and why it fundamentally alters the world. He roots his analysis in the idea of an “exponential gap” in which technological developments rapidly outpace our society’s ability to catch up. Azhar shows that this divide explains many problems of our time—from political polarization to ballooning inequality to unchecked corporate power. With stunning clarity of vision, he delves into how the exponential gap is a near-inevitable consequence of the rise of AI, automation, and other exponential technologies, like renewable energy, 3D printing, and synthetic biology, which loom over the horizon.

And he offers a set of policy solutions that can prevent the growing exponential gap from fragmenting, weakening, or even destroying our societies. The result is a wholly new way to think about technology, one that will transform our understanding of the economy, politics, and the future.[24]

”

Importance of labor productivity

See also: Labor productivity

Investopedia says about the importance of labor productivity to an economy, "Labor productivity is largely driven by investment in capital, technological progress, and human capital development. Labor productivity is directly linked to improved standards of living in the form of higher consumption. As an economy's labor productivity grows, it produces more goods and services for the same amount of relative work. This increase in output makes it possible to consume more of the goods and services for an increasingly reasonable price."[25]

The USA is a lot more innovative and productive than China and Russia

See also: Essay: The USA is more innovative and productive than China and Russia

USA is more productive than China and Russia

In 2023, the USA was over 400% more productive in terms of labor productivity than China when measured using purchasing power parity.[26][27] See: The USA has one of the highest labor productivity rates in the world - significantly higher than both China and Russia and America’s Labor Productivity Sets it Apart, TD Bank April 2024

In 2023, the USA was over 200% more productive in terms of labor productivity than Russia when measured using purchasing power parity.[28][29] In 2023, the USA was over 400% more productive in terms of labor productivity than China when measured using purchasing power parity.[30][31]

Investopedia says about the importance of labor productivity to an economy, "Labor productivity is largely driven by investment in capital, technological progress, and human capital development. Labor productivity is directly linked to improved standards of living in the form of higher consumption."[32]

According the Yahoo Finance: "According to Yahoo Finance: "Efficiency in production, also coined as productivity, is one of the major driving forces behind economic resilience in a country... The United States has one of the strongest economies in the world. The country hosts some of the largest companies in the world, which contributes to the high GDP per capita in the country."[33]

As can be seen in the map above, the USA has one of the highest labor productivity rates in the world and it is significantly higher than both China and Russia.[34]
USA's Nonfarm labor productivity 1947 to 2024[35]

USA is more innovative than China and Russia

See also: United States and innovation

The United States is a leader in technology and innovation and outperforms both China and Russia in this regard (See: United States and innovation). In 2023, the USA ranked #3 in the world in Global Innovation Index and China was ranked 12th, see: World’s innovation leaders, gauging the innovation performance of 132 economies. Furthermore, in 2024 it was reported that "innovation requires incentives and an institutional guarantee to reward risk-taking. Hence, the private sector needs to grow faster. Research has found that the share of China’s private sector among the 100 largest listed companies in China dropped to 36.8% at the end of 2023 from 55.4% in mid-2021."[36]

Please read: Why the US Leads the World in Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 2023

Switzerland, Sweden, the United States, the United Kingdom and Singapore are the world’s most innovative economies in 2023, according to WIPO’s Global Innovation Index (GII), as a group of middle-income economies have emerged over the past decade as the fastest climbers of the ranking.[37][38][39]
VisualCapitalist.com ranked the USA 3rd in innovation in 2023.[40]

Russia's failed attempts to be in the first ranks of the great powers through authoritarian rule and Russian imperialism

See also: Russia's failed attempts to be in the first ranks of the great powers through authoritarian rule and Russian imperialism

During his annual phone-in with the public in 2019, President Vladimir Putin described low productivity as “one of the most acute and important” problems facing Russia.[41]

Please watch the short video at: Russia's predicament, Stephen Kotkin, video, 2024

The historian Stephen Kotkin stated:

“ And so it comes up with this solution to try to handle this geopolitical conundrum, the gulf between its aspirations and its capabilities. It comes up with this idea that you can use the state and use state power to force modernize the country to try to push it into the ranks of the first powers coercive. And it does this and sometimes has a spurt, it has an industrialization spurt, like you referred to under Stalin, or that we saw under Putin. We saw it on the Czars regime. It goes back to Peter the Great, as you know. And so they have this spurt and then they hit a wall, they stagnate, it doesn't continue. And instead of catching up to the first rank powers, instead of catching up which is what is now the western powers, the gulf between Russia and the greatest powers only gets wider instead of shrinking. So they try to use the state to manage this. They try to have this coercive modernization. Different forms, again, the Stalin one is much bloodier, incomparable to either the czars or the post-Soviet. And it turns out that they don't build a strong state. Instead they build a personalist regime. And there's a conflation between the survival of the Russian state and the survival of this regime that is trying to force modernize, to try to catch up, to try to match the capabilities with the aspirations. And you end up with personalist rule, you end up with a stagnating economy, and you end up with this conflation where the survival of the regime is somehow meant to mean the survival of Russia.

And today we have this Putin equals Russia equation, which is false, but very widespread. And so if they gave up the aspiration to be a providential power, a power under God, if they gave up the need to have a special mission in the world, to be in the first ranks of the great powers, then they wouldn't feel this geopolitical urgency to try to catch up somehow or close that gap or manage that gap between capabilities and aspirations. And then they wouldn't have to force modernize with coercion, they wouldn't have to suppress consumption and lower living standards to overinvest in the state and in the secret police. And they wouldn't have these moments of quest for a strong state that devolves into personalist rule potentially. So it's a choice. It's a choice that elites in Russia make again and again and again. It's not cultural DNA, although it does come from a self-identity, self-conception about, you know, Russia's special place in the world. And so I call this the geopolitical conundrum, and I think it can be broken.[42]

”

Vladimir Putin's foolish decision to launch an invasion of Ukraine in February 2022

Russia is dying out. The war in Ukraine is making Russia's demographic crisis even worse

The main consequences of Russia's demographic crisis according to the Russian demographer Salavat Abylkalikov

The Russian demographer Salavat Abylkalikov says the main consequences of Russia's demographic crisis will be the following:

“ According to the average version of the UN forecast, Russia's population by 2050 may be about 133.4 million people, which is 14th in the world and below countries such as Egypt, the Philippines, and Mexico. But if Russia goes not according to the average, but according to the low option that is quite likely at the present time, then with a population of 123.2 million people we will drop to 16th place and will already be neighbors with Tanzania and Vietnam. Thus, the price of switching to the low scenario could be -10 million people, as well as a decrease in the place in the top countries in terms of population. Moreover, the low version of the UN forecast did not include too low or even negative migration growth.

A smaller population means a country's lower economic potential, a shrinking domestic market, worsening demographic problems and an aging population, as well as a decrease in the country's geopolitical power. The population size still correlates with the weight in international relations, the ability to promote their interests on the world stage. And the declining population for the largest country in the world may cause some neighbors on the continent, especially the eastern ones, to be tempted to solve their internal growing problems by some external adventures. But will Russia find anyone and how to fight back, will there be allies?[43]

”

Russia brain drain and the war in Ukraine

Is Russia a failed state?

See also: Is Russia a failed state?

Map of Russia.

Approximately 7% of Russia's land is arable and suitable for agricultural production.

Question: Is Russia a failed state?

Consider:

Almost half of global strategists think Russia could become a failed state within the next 10 years, Fortune magazine, January 23, 2023.

The 2023 article Russia has failed as a state published by Modern Diplomacy indicates: "Britannica explained that a failed state is the one that “cannot protect its national boundaries". April 26, 2023 head of the Russian Committee of defense of the Russian State Duma suggested that Russian citizens should be mobilized to protect Russian borders acknowledging that Russia has no resources for that, comparing the current inability of the state to the previous mighty USSR."

Ukraine, which has a much smaller population of Russia, invaded Russia in 2024. It did so in the southern Kursk region of Russia (See: Russia-Ukraine War: Ukraine's Surprise Attack in Russia's Kursk Region, video and Ukraine invades Russia: Russian civilians seek shelter as fighting rages, video). Russia was caught completely by surprise and was unprepared for the attack. In addition, Ukraine used innovative drone tactics to blind Russian S-400 air defenses and take out Russia's Khalino Air Base which is located in Kursk Oblast, Russia (See: How Ukraine Took Out Russia’s Khalino Air Base with Advanced Tactics, Kyiv Post, December 23, 2024 and Ukraines Masterstroke - Russian Khalino Air Base TOTALLY OBLITERATED, Military Show YouTube channel, 2025).

On August 22, 2024, The Hill published the article Another Russian mercenary leader has turned against Putin which stated:

“ A little over a year ago, Yevgeny Prigozhin, Putin’s former cook and the founder of the notorious Wagner private military company, launched a coup attempt that fizzled quickly. But, significantly, the Russian military and security services did nothing to stop it. They just watched — hardly a sign of their loyalty to Putin.

A few days ago, Georgy Zakrevsky, another head of a private military company, effectively called on Russians to get rid of the “Great” Putin (his modifier, not mine). When the guys with the guns start making fun of your greatness, it may be time to read the writing on the wall...

Here’s Zakrevsky’s diatribe against Putin, in my translation:

“Our country is not just on the brink of disaster or already right next to it; our country is already in trouble. In big trouble. Drones are flying all over central Russia, right up to Moscow and St. Petersburg. They even attacked the Kremlin. Our Black Sea fleet is being pushed out. It’s being pushed out as if we were not a great power with a great fleet, but some third-rate country.

“Our air force is practically not working because it is also being pushed out. We are standing in the same positions that we took more than two years ago, and partly in those to which we retreated. The population is dying out, becoming impoverished, drinking itself to death: no one cares. All they have time to do is bring in migrants.”

Zakrevsky minces no words in assigning blame for this sad state of affairs: “And all this was done by the so-called ‘president.’ The ‘Great’ Putin.”[44]

”

"Russia is a declining power, and it will only get weaker with time." - International relations scholar John Mearsheimer[45]

Russian imperialism

John Joseph Mearsheimer and U.S. relations with Russia

John Mearsheimer

John Mearsheimer, is an American political scientist and international relations scholar, who belongs to the realist school of international relations and teaches at the University of Chicago.

In his March 2022 interview with The New Yorker, Mearsheimer indicated:

“ I’m talking about the raw-power potential of Russia—the amount of economic might it has. Military might is built on economic might. You need an economic foundation to build a really powerful military. To go out and conquer countries like Ukraine and the Baltic states and to re-create the former Soviet Union or re-create the former Soviet Empire in Eastern Europe would require a massive army, and that would require an economic foundation that contemporary Russia does not come close to having. There is no reason to fear that Russia is going to be a regional hegemony in Europe. Russia is not a serious threat to the United States. We do face a serious threat in the international system. We face a peer competitor. And that’s China. Our policy in Eastern Europe is undermining our ability to deal with the most dangerous threat that we face today.[46] ”

In 2014, Mearsheimer said: "Russia is a declining power, and it will only get weaker with time."[47]

Russian military weaknesses. Russia getting pummeled in wars in Russian history that hyper Russophiles will not tell you about

Russians overestimate their role in world history

See also: We Made History: Citizens of 35 Countries Overestimate Their Role in World History

"Russians, for example, estimated that their country was responsible for 61% of world history." - Source: We Made History: Citizens of 35 Countries Overestimate Their We Made History: Citizens of 35 Countries Overestimate Their Nation’s Role in World History, Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Volume 7, Issue 4, December 2018, Pages 521-528

Map data derived from: We Made History: Citizens of 35 Countries Overestimate Their We Made History: Citizens of 35 Countries Overestimate Their Nation’s Role in World History, Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Volume 7, Issue 4, December 2018, Pages 521-528

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External links

Notes

  1. ↑ The Changing World Order
  2. ↑ How often do major shifts in the world order happen?, Grok
  3. ↑ How fast do major shifts in the world order occur?, ChatGPT
  4. ↑ All Societies die. How long will our current civilization live?, Cornell University Press
  5. ↑ The Changing World Order
  6. ↑ All Societies die. How long will our current civilization live?, Cornell University Press
  7. ↑ The Roman Republic
  8. ↑ All Societies die. How long will our current civilization live?, Cornell University Press
  9. ↑ Preview: Vladimir Putin reveals what he admires about America, CBS News, 2016
  10. ↑ All Societies die. How long will our current civilization live?, Cornell University Press
  11. ↑ Outliers & Cultural Legacies
  12. ↑ Is economic growth in middle-income countries different from low-income countries? by Barry Eichengreen, Donghyun Park, and Kwanho Shin, Brookings Institute, September 25, 2017
  13. ↑ Is Southeast Asia falling into a Latin American style “middle-income trap”?, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, CWPE 2267. Published 9 November 2022. Website www.econ.cam.ac.uk/cwpe
  14. ↑ Middle-Income Countries (MICs): Characteristics and Significance, Investopedia
  15. ↑ Middle-Income Trap
  16. ↑ China May Be Running Out of Time To Escape the Middle-Income Trap, Asia Society, 2017
  17. ↑ Tracking the Middle-Income Trap: What is It, Who is in It, and Why? (Part 1), Asia Development Bank, 2012
  18. ↑ Tracking the Middle-Income Trap: What is It, Who is in It, and Why? (Part 2), Asia Development Bank, 2012
  19. ↑ China May Be Running Out of Time To Escape the Middle-Income Trap, Asia Society, 2017
  20. ↑ Is America in Decline by Joseph Nye, Time magazine, 2024
  21. ↑ Is America in Decline by Joseph Nye, Time magazine, 2024
  22. ↑ Don’t despair: the world order is changing, but it is not collapsing by Paul Robinson], Canadian Dimensions website
  23. ↑ Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West’s Fault, Foreign Affairs, Published August 18, 2014
  24. ↑ [https://www.amazon.com/Exponential-Age-Accelerating-Technology-Transforming/dp/1635769094 The Exponential Age: How Accelerating Technology is Transforming Business, Politics and Society
  25. ↑ Labor Productivity: What It Is, How to Calculate & Improve It, Investopedia
  26. ↑ Statistics on Labour Productivity, International Labor Organization website
  27. ↑ List of countries by labor productivity (Ranked using purchasing power parity)
  28. ↑ Statistics on Labour Productivity, International Labor Organization website
  29. ↑ List of countries by labor productivity (Ranked using purchasing power parity)
  30. ↑ Statistics on Labour Productivity, International Labor Organization website
  31. ↑ List of countries by labor productivity (Ranked using purchasing power parity)
  32. ↑ Labor Productivity: What It Is, How to Calculate & Improve It, Investopedia
  33. ↑ 25 Most Productive Countries Per Capita, Yahoo Finance
  34. ↑ Most Productive Countries 2024
  35. ↑ USA Nonfarm labor productivity 1947 to 2024
  36. ↑ China: why the country’s economy has hit a wall – and what it plans to do about it, 2024
  37. ↑ The U.S. Is (Again) Among the World's Top Innovators, U.S. News and World Report, 2023
  38. ↑ Global Innovation Index 2023: Switzerland, Sweden and the U.S. lead the Global Innovation Ranking; Innovation Robust but Startup Funding Increasingly Uncertain
  39. ↑ World's Most Innovative Countries, Statista website, 2023
  40. ↑ Ranked: The Most Innovative Countries in 2023
  41. ↑ Why Is Russia So Unproductive?, Moscow Times, 2019
  42. ↑ Transcript: Stephen Kotkin: Back to the USSR or Back to the Tsarist Empire?, Stephen Kotkin, Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies; Havard University
  43. ↑ "Until the end of the century, we will be enough." Demographer Salavat Abylkalikov - about whether Russia is dying and what to do about it, Russian demographer Salavat Abylkalikov
  44. ↑ Another Russian mercenary leader has turned against Putin, The Hill, August 22, 2024
  45. ↑ Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West’s Fault by John Mearsheimer, Foreign Affairs, September/October 2014, Published on August 18, 2014
  46. ↑ Why John Mearsheimer Blames the U.S. for the Crisis in Ukraine, The New Yorker, March 2022
  47. ↑ Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West’s Fault, Foreign Affairs, Published August 18, 2014
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