Gram-Schmidt process
The Gram-Schmidt process is an algorithm for producing an orthonormal basis from a set of vectors that are not orthogonal.[1] These vectors are orthogonal in the sense that their inner product is for any two basis vectors Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{v}_i} and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \vec{v}_j} is:
- Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \langle \vec{v}_i|\vec{v}_j \rangle = \delta_{ij} }
where Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \delta_{ij}} is the Kronecker delta, equal to 1 if i=j and 0 otherwise. They are then said to be orthonormal as the norm of any vector is 1: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle ||\vec{v}_i|| = 1} . It is used in quantum mechanics to create a basis of eigenfunctions to represent wavefunctions.[2]