Constants

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This page lists various constants used in physics and some useful conversions.

Physical constants

The number in brackets represents the uncertainty in the constant, so that has an uncertainty of .

Name Symbol Value Meaning Used in Exact
Planck's constant It relates the frequency of a photon to its energy Quantum mechanics Inexact[1]
Speed of light Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 299,792,458 \, \mathrm{m} \, \mathrm{s^{-1}}} This is the speed of light in a vacuum Most of physics, such as optics and relativity Exact[2]
Permittivity of free space Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \epsilon_0} Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 8.854187817... \times 10^{-12} \, \mathrm{F} \, \mathrm{m^{-1}}} Related to the strength of an electric field produced by a charge Electromagnetism Exact[3]
Permeability of free space Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu_0} Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 4 \pi \times 10^{-7} \, \mathrm{H} \, \mathrm{m^{-1}}} Related to the strength of magnetic fields produced by a current Electromagnetism Exact[4]
Elementary charge Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle e} Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1.6021766208(98) \times 10^{-19} \, \mathrm{C}} The magnitude of the electric charge on an electron Determines the strength of electric and magnetic fields produced by protons, electrons etc. Inexact[5]
Avogadro's number Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle N_A} Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 6.022140857(74) \times 10^{23} \, \mathrm{mol^{-1}}} The number of constituents in 1 mole of something Chemistry, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics Inexact[6]
Ideal gas constant Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle R} Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 8.3144598(48) \, \mathrm{J} \, \mathrm{mol^{-1}} \, \mathrm{K^{-1}}} Relates the pressure, volume, temperature and number of moles of an ideal gas Thermodynamics Inexact[7]
Faraday Constant Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F} Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 96485 \mathrm{C} \, \mathrm{mol^{-1}}} The electric charge on one mole of electrons (Avogadro's number times elementary charge) Chemistry, physics Inexact[8]
Gravitational constant Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G} Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 6.67408(31) \times 10^{-11} \, \mathrm{N} \, \mathrm{m^2} \, \mathrm{kg^{-2}}} Constant related to the strength of Newtonian gravity Newtonian gravity Inexact[9]
Boltzmann constant Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k} Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1.38064852(79) \times 10^{-23} \, \mathrm{J} \, \mathrm{K^{-1}}} Thermodynamics Inexact[10]
Reduced Planck's constant Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \hbar} Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1.054571800(13) \times 10^{-34} \, \mathrm{J} \, \mathrm{s}} Quantum mechanics It is Planck's constant divided by Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 2 \pi} . Inexact[11]
Wien displacement constant Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle b} Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 2.8977729(17) \times 10^{-3} \, \mathrm{m} \, \mathrm{K}} Relates the temperature of a black body to the peak in its spectrum Inexact[12]
Standard acceleration due to gravity Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle g} Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 9.80665 \, \mathrm{m} \, \mathrm{s^{-2}}} This is the acceleration of any object near to the earth's surface when gravity is the only force acting (i.e., no air resistance). Mechanics Exact[13]
Proton mass Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle m_p} Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1.672621898(21) \times 10^{-27} \, \mathrm{kg}} Rest mass of a proton Inexact[14]
Neutron mass Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle m_n} Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1.674927471(21) \times 10^{-27} \, \mathrm{kg}} Rest mass of a neutron Inexact[15]
Electron mass Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle m_e} Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 9.10938356(11) \times 10^{-31} \, \mathrm{kg}} Rest mass of an electron Inexact[16]

Useful Conversions

Length

1 metre = 39.37 inches 1 metre = 3.281 feet 1 kilometre = 0.6213 miles

1 mile = 5280 feet 1 mile = 1760 yards

Weight

1 kilogram = 35.27 ounce 1 kilogram = 2.205 pounds

Pressure

1 atm = 101.1 kPa 1 atm = 760 torr 1 atm = 760 mm Hg

Other

Atomic mass unit: 1.00 amu = 1.67 x 10−27 kg

1.000 calorie = 4.184 Joules

Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP): temperature = 273 K and pressure = 1.00 atm

Relative mass and charge of subatomic particles found in atoms.

Atomic particles
Relative Mass Relative Charge
Proton 1 +1
Neutron 1 0
Electron 1/1837 -1

Prefixes

Prefixes in front of a unit indicate that that unit should be multiplied by a multiple of ten, e.g. Giga is 109, so 1 GPa = 109 Pa.

Name Symbol Power
Pico p 10−12
nano n 10−9
micro μ 10−6
milli m 10−3
centi c 10−2
deci d 10−1
deca da 101
hecto h 102
kilo k 103
mega M 106
giga G 109
tera T 1012

References

  1. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?h
  2. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?c
  3. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?ep0
  4. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mu0
  5. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?e
  6. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?na
  7. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?r
  8. ↑ http://ch302.cm.utexas.edu/echem/echem-stoich/echem-stoich-all.php
  9. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?bg
  10. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?k
  11. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?hbar
  12. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?bwien
  13. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?gn
  14. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mp
  15. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mn
  16. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?me
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