Changes

A '''vaccine''' is an a pharmaceutical product containing an [[antigen]] designed to stimulate the production of antibodies abainst against a particular disease or .<ref>https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/explainer-what-vaccine</ref> Vaccines have helped eradicate a few diseases, but this is often exaggerated.

Other diseases that have been drastically reduced since the invention of Many vaccines include [[measles]], including the [[mumpsCOVID vaccine|Covid vaccines]], are based on aborted fetal tissue, apparently to try to increase public acceptance of [[rubellaabortion]], and typhoid.{{cn}}

If the body produces an antibody against a particular disease or toxin it can identify the infection early on There are numerous reasons why many people prefer to avoid vaccines, but laws and the other rules (often pushed into place by those who stand to make significant profit) frequently mandate them. The Pfizer and Moderna [[immune systemCOVID]] can destroy it. Vaccines work by exposing "vaccines" are not authentic vaccines in the body to a form traditional use and understanding of the disease in such a way that it is much less likely cause illness but still allows antibodies to developword "vaccine". This confers Rather, they are genetic experiments using an mRNA to trick the recipient's cells into generating a level of immunity SARS-Cov-2 spike protein, in order to improve the organism vaccinatedimmune system's response to the disease. This differs from how most traditional vaccines work. They employ an inactivated virus.<ref>httphttps://www.howstuffworksmenshealth.com/immunehealth/a35589366/mrna-system7.htm How stuff works: Antibodiesvs-traditional-vaccine/</ref>Although most vaccines directly target a disease, the [[COVID-19]] vaccine works to improve the body's natural response to the virus. Vaccine manufacturers admit that severe harm may be caused by their products, in their packaging information, of which patients might be unaware.

There are four major types of vaccines and they are differentiated by what antigen is used. Live attenuated vaccines are created from ==Mechanism==If the actual body produces an antibody against a particular disease in questionor toxin, however before injection it can identify the infection early on and the [[pathogenimmune system]] is [[attenuated]] (weakened) can destroy it. Vaccines work by growing successive generations exposing the body to a form of the pathogen disease in poor nutrient conditions. It such a way that it is possible for these vaccines much less likely to still cause an infection. Inactivated vaccines are created from pathogens that have been killed, usually with the use of a preservative [[formaldehyde]]. Toxoid vaccines are created by using toxins produced by the pathogen, before injection these toxins are exposed to heat and chemicals that inactivate the toxins, illness but [[still allows antibodies]] that are produced to these deactivated toxins will also protect against the real toxindevelop. Finally, component vaccines use pieces This confers a level of immunity to the pathogen in the injection. These pieces often consist of unique protein segments that stimulate the production of antibodiesperson or animal vaccinated.<ref>http://www.drspockhowstuffworks.com/article/0,1510,4866,00immune-system7.html The Main Types of Vaccinehtm How stuff works: Antibodies</ref>

Since the adoption of mass vaccination programs, many diseases have been curbed. [[Smallpox]], a deadly contagious disease responsible for the deaths that killed 30 percent of millionsthose it infected, has been entirely eliminated through vaccination, excepting some strains maintained in labs for researchpurposes. Responsible for an estimated 300 to 500 million deaths worldwide in the 20th century, vaccination Vaccination programs of the 19th and 20th century were effective at curbing the disease, and in 1979 the World Health Organization declared smallpox to be eradicated.<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html</ref>

Another disease that has been eliminated from the US is [[Polio]], for example, which killed over 3,000 people in the United States in 1952 [http,<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/vsus/VSUS_1952_2.pdf], </ref> and afflicted such noted persons as President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]], actor Alan Alda, and musician Itzak Perlman. When doctors began using a vaccine to fight polio, it practically eradicated the disease in the developed world. <ref>https://www.cdc.gov/polio/progress/index.htm</ref>

Traditionally a few highly tested vaccines were mandatory for children to protect against deadly or severe The incidence of other diseases, such as [[smallpoxdiphtheria]] , [[pertussis]], and [[poliomeasles]]. In , has decreased greatly from improvements in sanitation, increased awareness of the 1990sbenefits of hand-washing and other preventive measures, vaccine manufacturers began introducing and persuading states to require numerous additional the invention of vaccines for non-deadly and even sexually transmitted against these diseases. About one-third of the states have philosophical exemptions entitling parents to decline the vaccines; 48 out of 50 states have religious exemptions; all states have medical exemptions, but they are hardest to obtain.<ref>httphttps://www.nvicunicef.org/state-sitepon96/state-exemptions.htm</ref><ref>http://www.vaccinesafety.edu/cc-exemhevaccin.htm</ref>

==Influenza While vaccines have been successful at preventing infectious disease, they have also resulted in controversy regarding their safety and effectiveness, legal and ethical issues surrounding mandatory vaccination, and whether children should be vaccinated against sexually transmitted diseases ([[STD]])s.<ref>https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/ethical-issues-and-vaccines</ref><ref>https://www.nvic.org/NVIC-Vaccine==-News/January-2018/are-vaccine-ingredients-safe.aspx</ref>

The flu vaccine is an example There are five major types of modern vaccinationvaccines and they are differentiated by what type of antigen is used. Due to Live attenuated vaccines are created from the change actual disease in question, however before injection the [[allelepathogen]] frequency over time in the population is [[attenuated]] (weakened) by growing successive generations of the influenza viruspathogen in poor nutrient conditions. Because they contain live pathogens, new influenza it is still possible for these vaccines to cause infection, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Inactivated vaccines are created each yearfrom pathogens that have been killed, usually with [[formaldehyde]]. According Toxoid vaccines are created by using toxins produced by the pathogen, these toxins are exposed to heat and/or chemicals such as formaldehyde to inactivate the toxins, but [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC[antibodies],<ref>"Inactivated Influenza Vaccine, What you need ] that are produced to know," a publication these deactivated toxins will also protect against the real toxin. Subunit vaccines use pieces of the Center for Disease Control, 2006pathogen in the vaccine. Available online at: http://wwwThese pieces often consist of unique protein segments that stimulate the production of antibodies.cdc.gov/nip/publications/VIS/vis-flu.pdf</ref> <blockquote>Influenza viruses are always changing. ThereforeFinally, influenza conjugate vaccines protect against bacteria that are updated every yearencapsulated in polysaccharides (complex sugars), and an annual vaccination is recommendedwhich disguise the bacteria, making it hard for the immune system to recognize them.</blockquote>Since production of Conjugate vaccines overcome this by attaching the vaccine must begin many months before sugar to a protein the influenza season starts models of does stimulate the population genetics of immune system, thus triggering the virus must be produced.<ref>http://www.nature.com/nrd/journal/v5/n3/full/nrd1988.html Influenza vaccines</ref> The success of vaccinations programs immune system to react to the sugar in the future even if it is dependent on not accompanied by the accuracy of these predictionsprotein.<ref>httphttps://www.naturecdc.comgov/newsvaccines/2003hcp/030324conversations/fulldownloads/030324vacsafe-5.html Flu changes modeled</ref> The [[National Institute of Health]] recently assigned $26 million to establish a research center to better develop molecular models of influenza.<ref>http://www.spiritindia.com/healthunderstand-carecolor-news-articles-8024office.html $26 million NIH contract to establish new flu/bird flu Center of Excellencepdf</ref>

==Herd immunity and mandatory vaccinationDieases for which Vaccines Exist<ref>[https://immunize.ca/diseases-vaccines Immunize Canada]</ref>==A concept in vaccine planning is "*[[herd immunityDiphtheria]]"*[https://www. When a certain percentage of a population is vaccinated, those within the population who are not vaccinated are protected from the diseasecdc. If 90 percent of a population is immune, then the chances that a carrier of the disease will come into contact with a nongov/hi-immune member of the population disease/index.html Haemophilus influenzae type B (or "herd"Hib) is low.]*[[Hepatitis A]]*[[Hepatitis B]]*[[Herpes Zoster]] (Shingles)*[[HPV vaccine|Human Papillomavirus]]*[[Measles]]*[[Meningitis|Meningococcal disease]]*[[Malaria]]<ref>http[https://www.mathepigavi.comorg/maindirvaccineswork/herd.html The mathematics of herd immunityworlds-first-ever-malaria-vaccine-approved-we-cannot-let-it-be-last?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIucnpyLfX9QIVAp2zCh2yMQGTEAAYAiAAEgItWvD_BwE Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance]</ref> Herd immunity is the goal of most vaccination programs as it is the point where a disease can start to be eliminated from a population altogether. *[[Mumps]]*[[Rabies]]

For example===Polio==='''Poliomyelitis''', in 1962 Japan instituted mandatory vaccination against influenza in school children. This continued until 1987 when more commonly known as ''[[polio]]'', is an infectious [[disease]] caused by an enterovirus of the program was changed to optional; it was abandoned in 1994same name. Approximately 85 percent of children were estimated to have been vaccinated.<ref>{{hnb|Glezen|2004}}</ref> Several studies examined the mortality rates due to influenza during this period Fear of time and revealed that polio in the death rates due to influenza in all population groups was drastically decreased, including older adult populationsU.S. Since there was no increased rate second only to fear of vaccination in these populationsnuclear war, in the decreased mortality was caused by herd immunity effects of vaccinating so many childrenpost-war years, until [[Jonas Salk]] developed an effective vaccine.<ref>http[https://www.newsrxhistory.com/newslettersnews/Vaccine8-Weekly/2001things-04you-may-not-know-about-jonas-salk-11/200104113335VW.html Mandatory Vaccination of Japanese Schoolchildren Demonstrates "Herd Immunity"</ref> Many researchers have written that this and other evidence argues strongly for mandatory vaccination programs worldwide as a means -the-polio-vaccine] Most cases (about 95%) of controlling many diseases and preventing a [[pandemic]]polio are asymptomatic, or cause minor respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms.<ref>http://www About 1 of every 1000 cases leads to paralytic polio.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1360502 Herd Immunity</ref>

Previously widespread in the [[United States|US]], polio is now all but eradicated here. Two basic types of vaccines were developed in the 1950s:*Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV). This vaccine makes use of a live-attenuated form of the [[virus]]. It is administered orally, infects the host, and is spread in the same way as polio. It does not cause paralytic polio. One advantage of this vaccine is that it can "passively" vaccinate those who do not get vaccinated normally. Unfortunately, immunocompromised people can become quite ill from exposure, so this vaccine is largely being replaced in the US.*Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). This is an injected vaccine that is now widely used in the US.===Small pox===[[Edward Jenner]] ( 1749 – 1823) discovered that milkmaids developed an immunity to [[smallpox]], because they had earlier contacted cowpox. Cowpox is an uncommon, mild disease of animals, first observed in cows, closely related to the virus which causes smallpox. This led to the invention of a smallpox vaccine, which Jenner first tested in May 14, 1796, by inoculating eight-year-old James Phipps, the son of his gardener.<ref>Stefan Riedel, MD (January 2005). "Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination". Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center). Baylor University Medical Center. 18 (1): 21–25.</ref>===Influenza===The USA has federal [[flu]] vaccine is an example of modern vaccination recommendations according . Due to an official CDC schedule[[genetic]] changes in the influenza virus, new influenza vaccines are created each year. Requirements In some years the vaccines are up less effective than in other years. According to the statesCDC,"Influenza viruses are always changing. Most states have medical Therefore, influenza vaccines are updated every year, and religious exemptionsannual vaccination is recommended". Some states make it very easy <ref> "Inactivated Influenza Vaccine, What you need to opt out of vaccinesknow, while other states strictly enforce compliance " a publication of the Center for school attendanceDisease Control, 2006. Available online at: https://www.cdc.gov/nip/publications/VIS/vis-flu.pdf</ref>Since the production of the vaccine must begin many months before the influenza season starts models of the population genetics of the virus must be produced.<ref>http://www.nature.com/nrd/journal/v5/n3/full/nrd1988.html Influenza vaccines</ref> The difference in vaccination rates between these states success of vaccinations programs is actually very slight, and usually not nearly enough dependent on the accuracy of these predictions.<ref>http://www.nature.com/news/2003/030324/full/030324-5.html Flu changes modeled</ref> The National Institute of Health recently assigned $26 million to affect herd immunityestablish a research center to better develop molecular models of influenza.{{cn}}<ref>http://www.spiritindia.com/health-care-news-articles-8024.html $26 million NIH contract to establish new flu/bird flu Center of Excellence</ref>

As of February 2008, the CDC noted that "fewer than 100 measles cases ==Problems==Vaccination requirements are now reported annually in the United States and virtually all of those are linked to imported cases" in which someone is infected during overseas travel. The USA maintains herd immunity for measlesinserted into laws, even in states where it is easy to opt out of vaccination requirements.<ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5708a3.htm]</ref> Measles can be serious; according to an article in The Timesoften unjustifiably, "About one in every 15 children has complications that can include by [[meningitis]], [[pneumonia]], [[fits]], [[encephalitis]] (swelling of the brain), [[blindnessBig Pharma]] for profits and [[brain damage]]by governmental officials to increase their control."<ref>The Sunday Times, ''How the MMR scare led It is common for advocates of vaccination to the return of measles''receive undisclosed compensation from Big Pharma, February 8, 2009 [http://wwweither directly or through a spouse.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/article5683687.ece]</ref> In the England This medial offering which was initially developed and Wales, there were 1,348 cases released as something to benefit society has become a point of measles in 2008; two children died of the diseasetension and even oppression to many individuals.<ref>The Sunday Times, ''MMR doctor Andrew Wakefield fixed data on autism'', by Brian Deer, February 8, 2009 [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/article5683671.ece]</ref>

The CDC notes that when a measles outbreak occurs, Many injuries from vaccination are admitted by the cost to taxpayers can be substantial. Public health responsibilities include "identification of casesgovernment, isolation of patients and vaccination, administration of severe potential side effects are disclosed on packaging labels that most parents never see. The sharp rise in [[immune globulinautism]], which is generally considered incurable and voluntary quarantine afflicts 1 out of contacts who have no evidence every 59 children, has a correlation with the increase in vaccination; the incidence of measles immunityautism is greater in states where children receive more vaccines, such as [[New Jersey]] and [[North Carolina]].<ref>https://www.healthline.In Iowa, the public com/health response to one imported measles case cost approximately $/autism/autism-rates-by-state#2</ref> "The new estimate represents a 15% increase from two years prior and a 150,000% increase since 2000."<ref>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, ''Outbreak of Measles --- San Diego, California, January--February 2008'', February 29, 2008 [httphttps://www.cdccnn.govcom/mmwr2018/preview04/mmwrhtml26/mm5708a3health/autism-prevalence-cdc/index.htm]html</ref> ''See generally'' [[vaccines and autism]].

Other Traditionally a few highly tested vaccines were recommended for children to protect against deadly or severe diseases besides the measles have also started not only to reappear but also to kill children. Hib ('', such as [[Haemophilus influenzaesmallpox]]'' type B) meningitis recently killed an infant and [[polio]]. Beginning in Minnesota. The child who died had not been vaccinated. Two others who had been either partiallythe 1990s, but not fullyhowever, vaccinated, or who had an immune deficiency were seriously sickened. The profit-driven vaccine manufacturers lobbied states and pediatrician organizations to compel numerous additional vaccines for Hib is sexually transmitted or less than twenty years olddangerous diseases. In addition, but this is the first death due to the disease in the state of Minnesota since the vaccine was introducedemotion based on inadequate information can cause over-vaccination.<ref>[http://children.webmd.com/vaccines/news/20090123/hib-outbreak-kills-unvaccinated-child Hib Outbreak Kills Unvaccinated Child]</ref>

===Herd Immunity in Britain===Due 15 US states have philosophical exemptions allowing parents to a decrease in vaccination, measles has become endemic in Britain. This means that measles does not need to be brought in by travelers, but instead has a large enough base of non-immune individuals for it to continuously spread inside the country. In London, only 71 percent of children receive the first dose of the vaccine and only 51 percent receive the second dose. Due to this decline, there were 461 measles cases in Britain in the first half of 2008. These cases vaccines; 45 states have had tragic consequencesreligious exemptions; all states have medical exemptions, with the death of a 17 year old reported in 2008.<ref>[httphttps://www.healthdirectnvic.co.ukorg/2008Vaccine-Laws/07/measlesstate-endemicvaccine-in-britain-officialrequirements.html Health Direct NHS watch blog]aspx</ref> This immunization failure is due to parents opting out of the MMR vaccine program in the wake of the false claims that the MMR vaccine causes autism.<ref>http://www.timesonlinevaccinesafety.co.ukedu/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article4100287cc-exem.ecehtm</ref>but they are hardest to obtain. Some parents choose to [[homeschooling|homeschool]] rather than submit their children to numerous vaccinations as required by state laws, due to lobbying by vaccine manufacturers, as a condition of being in school.

=== Adverse Reactions ===

Vaccines are not completely harmlesshave substantial side effects, and many vaccines have a significant morbidity and mortality associated with them. In the fiscal year 2017 alone, it is estimated that $220 million will be paid to victims of vaccines, and underpayments or improper denials of payment are common.<ref>http://www.wakingtimes.com/2017/05/09/whopping-vaccine-injury-payouts-us-fiscal-year-2017-released/</ref> More than Postvaccinial encephalitis is a known hazard of [[smallpox]] vaccine, for example. A recently introduced vaccine against [[human papilloma virus]], the [[causative agent]] of [[cancer]] of the [[uterus|uterine]] [[cervix]], has now been linked to a number of sudden deaths reported within days of its administration.<ref name=GardasilMM>Cockcroft, Lucy, "[httphttps://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/10/29/njab129.xml Cervical cancer drug Gardasil linked to deaths]," ''[[London]] Daily Telegraph'', October 29, 2007. Retrieved November 10, 2007.</ref>

Bulging or swollen [[fontanelle]]s have been linked with many vaccines commonly given to infants, such as the [[diptheria]]diphtheria-[[tetanus]] (DPT) vaccine. Many families, out of concern for their child's health, have sought legal justice for the potential health damage.<ref>http://legaljustice4john.com/fontanellebulging.htm</ref>

Only live attenuated vaccines can still cause infection. All vaccines can cause illness, but this is commonly a hypersensitivity reaction (similar to an allergic response), not due to the disease itself. Very rarely a serious disease known as eczema vaccinatum]can be causes caused by the smallpox vaccine. Vaccines that use pieces of pathogens often use a carrier virus in the injection. Those with very weak immune systems that are exposed to such a vaccine can become infected with the carrier virus and develop [[eczema]]. A recent case of this was reported in the United States after a military man was vaccinated with smallpox and his two-year-old son became ill.<ref>http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/183349/soldier_infects_toddler_son_with_lifethreatening.html AP article on eczema vaccinatum</ref>

Most medical journals and the CDC are heavily influenced by vaccine manufacturers, and hence their published information about side effects is one-sided. The packaging labels on vaccines are more candid. This is what the CDC and medical journals claim:*The Hepatitis B Vaccine (HBV) has a .000167% chance of causing [[anaphylaxis]] upon vaccination.<ref>[httphttps://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00046738.htm]</ref>

*The Measles, Mumps, Rubbela Rubella (MMR) vaccine has a 25% chance of causing [[arthralgia]] (joint pain) and a 10% chance of causing [[arthritis]]-like symptoms in women who are past puberty. This pain and stiffness begins begin 1–3 weeks after vaccination, persisting for 1 day to 3 weeks.<ref>[httphttps://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/combo-vaccines/mmr/faqs-mmr-hcp.htm]</ref>

=== Common Misconceptions Surrounding Vaccines ===Many people assume that official vaccine recommendations are based on recommendations of independent panels of experts after reviewing risk-benefit and cost-benefit analyses. They are not. The government panels are dominated by vaccine industry representatives and they have no consumer representatives. {{factcn}}

Misinformed rumors about vaccines do not happen only Vaccines have injured many in the developed developing world. The worldwide polio eradication came , sometimes due to a halt contamination in 2003 when Muslim Imams in Nigeria began spreading rumors that the donated stale vaccines would give boys HIV and sterilize girls. The vaccine was banned for over a year in the countryNigeria after concerns about safety were raised. The ban has since been lifted, but the vaccination rate remains low.{{cn}} ==Herd immunity and mandatory vaccination==When a certain percentage of a population is vaccinated, those within the population who are not vaccinated are protected from the disease, this is called [[herd immunity]]. If 90 percent of a population is immune, then the chances that a carrier of the disease will come into contact with a non-immune member of the population (or "herd") is low.<ref>http://www.mathepi.com/maindir/herd.html The mathematics of herd immunity</ref> Herd immunity is the goal of most vaccination programs as it is the point where disease can start to be eliminated from a population altogether.  For example, in 1962 Japan instituted mandatory vaccination against influenza in school children. This continued until 1987 when the program was changed to optional; it was abandoned in 1994. Approximately 85 percent of children were estimated to have been vaccinated.<ref>{{hnb|Glezen|2004}}</ref> Several studies examined the mortality rates due to influenza during this period of time and revealed that the death rates due to influenza in all population groups were drastically decreased, including older adult populations. Since there was no increased rate of vaccination in these populations, the decreased mortality was caused by herd immunity effects of vaccinating so many children.<ref>http://www.newsrx.com/newsletters/Vaccine-Weekly/2001-04-11/200104113335VW.html Mandatory Vaccination of Japanese Schoolchildren Demonstrates "Herd Immunity"</ref> Many researchers have written that this and other evidence argues strongly for mandatory vaccination programs worldwide as a means of controlling many diseases and preventing a [[pandemic]].<ref>http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1360502 Herd Immunity</ref> The USA has federal vaccination recommendations according to an official CDC schedule. Requirements are up to the states, as explained by the [[CDC]]: "All 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC) have state laws that require children entering childcare or public schools to have certain vaccinations. There is no federal law that requires this."<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/public/index.html</ref> Most states have medical and religious exemptions. Some states make it very easy to opt-out of vaccines, while other states strictly enforce compliance for school attendance. The difference in vaccination rates between these states is actually very slight, and usually not nearly enough to affect herd immunity.{{cn}} As of February 2008, the CDC noted that "fewer than 100 measles cases are now reported annually in the United States and virtually all of those are linked to imported cases" in which someone is infected during overseas travel. The USA maintains herd immunity for measles, even in states where it is easy to opt-out of vaccination requirements.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5708a3.htm]</ref> Measles can be serious; according to an article in The Times, "About one in every 15 children has complications that can include [[meningitis]], [[pneumonia]], [[fits]], [[encephalitis]] (swelling of the brain), [[blindness]] and [[brain damage]]."<ref>The Sunday Times, ''How the MMR scare led to the return of measles'', February 8, 2009 [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/article5683687.ece]</ref> In the England and Wales, there were 1,348 cases of measles in 2008; two children died of the disease.<ref>The Sunday Times, ''MMR doctor Andrew Wakefield fixed data on autism'', by Brian Deer, February 8, 2009 [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/article5683671.ece]</ref> The CDC notes that when a measles outbreak occurs, the cost to taxpayers can be substantial. Public health responsibilities include "identification of cases, isolation of patients and vaccination, administration of [[immune globulin]], and voluntary quarantine of contacts who have no evidence of measles immunity...In Iowa, the public health response to one imported measles case cost approximately $150,000."<ref>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, ''Outbreak of Measles --- San Diego, California, January--February 2008'', February 29, 2008 [https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5708a3.htm]</ref> Other diseases besides the measles have also started not only to reappear but also to kill children. Hib (''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'' type B) meningitis recently killed an infant in Minnesota. The child who died had not been vaccinated. Two others who had been either partially, but not fully, vaccinated, or who had an immune deficiency became seriously ill. The vaccine for Hib is less than twenty years old, but this is the first death due to the disease in the state of Minnesota since the vaccine was introduced.<ref>[http://children.webmd.com/vaccines/news/20090123/hib-outbreak-kills-unvaccinated-child Hib Outbreak Kills Unvaccinated Child]</ref> ===Herd Immunity in Britain===Due to a decrease in vaccination, measles has become endemic in Britain. This means that measles does not need to be brought in by travelers, but instead has a large enough base of non-immune individuals for it to continuously spread inside the country. In London, only 71 percent of children receive the first dose of the vaccine and only 51 percent receive the second dose. Due to this decline, there were 461 measles cases in Britain in the first half of 2008. These cases have had tragic consequences, with the death of a 17-year-old reported in 2008.<ref>[http://www.healthdirect.co.uk/2008/07/measles-endemic-in-britain-official.html Health Direct NHS watch blog]</ref> This immunization failure is due to parents opting out of the MMR vaccine program in the wake of the false claims that the MMR vaccine causes autism.<ref>https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/no-doubt-the-mmr-vaccine-does-not-cause-autism-zpxk37ntzmh</ref>

{{reflist|2}} 

*[[HPV vaccineHistory of microbiology]]

*[http://www.site.stopjenny.com/Home.html Stop Jenny McCarthy], A site devoted to fighting vaccine misinformation, contains many vaccine -related resources.