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=="Dictatorial powers"==
Roosevelt presented the New Deal in militaristic terms of "discipline," sacrificing individual rights for "leadership" promising a greater good. His first inaugural address contained an exhortation that could have been made by Mussolini or Hitler:
{{cquote|[I]f we are to go forward, we must move as a trained and loyal army willing to sacrifice for the good of a common discipline, because without such discipline no progress can be made, no leadership becomes effective.... We are, I know, ready and willing to submit our lives and our property to such discipline, because it makes possible a leadership which aims at the larger good.... I assume unhesitatingly the leadership of this great army of our people.... [I]n the event that the Congress shall fail... I shall ask the Congress for the one remaining instrument to meet the crisis -- broad Executive power to wage a war against the emergency, as great as the power that would be given to me if we were in fact invaded by a foreign foe.<ref>Franklin Delano Roosevelt's First Inaugural Address, Washington, DC, March 4, 1933, in Michael Waldman, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=bHpQCczJrwkC My Fellow Americans: The Most Important Speeches of America's Presidents, from George Washington to Barack Obama]'' (Sourcebooks, Inc., 2010), ISBN 1402243677, pp. 98-101. In 1932, members of FDR's inner circle urged the new president to deputize the American Legion as -- in Alter's words -- an "extraconstitutional" "private army." In prepared remarks to be delivered to a meeting of the American Legion (and broadcast as his first radio address after his inauguration), FDR was to tell the assembled veterans, "As new commander-in-chief under the oath to which you are still bound, I reserve to myself the right to command you in any phase of the situation which now confronts us." (Alter calls this "dictator talk -- an explicit power grab.") Jonathan Alter, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ASmlaOHQNawC The Defining Moment: FDR's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope]'' (Simon and Schuster, 2007) ISBN 0743246012, pp. 4-5, as cited in Jonah Goldberg, "[http://www.claremont.org/crb/article/the-raw-deal/ The Raw Deal: A review of ''The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression'' by Amity Shlaes]," ''Claremont Review of Books'', Vol. VIII , Number 1 - Winter 2007/08</ref>}}
Meanwhile, [[First Lady]] [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] “lamented that the nation lacked a benevolent dictator to force through reforms."<ref>Christopher Caldwell, “[http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/the_book_club/features/1999/eleanor_roosevelt_volume_2_19331938/er_authoritarian_and_aristocratic.html ER: Authoritarian and Aristocratic], Slate.com, July 28, 1999. In the crisis of World War II, the First Lady wrote, "I've come to one very clear decision, namely, that all of us -- men in the services, and men and women at home -- should be drafted and told what is the job we are to do. It seems to me there should be immediately a freezing of prices, of profits and of wages .... The only way I can see to get the maximum service out of our citizens, is to draft us all and to tell us all where we can be most useful and where our work is needed." She thought that private citizens should be regimented into "complying with the wishes and doing the things which those in authority thought should be done." Eleanor Roosevelt, [https://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/myday/displaydoc.cfm?_y=1942&_f=md056129 "My Day," May 10, 1942]</ref> Soviet intelligence source<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/9sep_lippman_views_churchill_roosevelt.pdf 1289 KGB New York to Moscow, 9 September 1944]</ref> [[Walter Lippmann]] told Roosevelt, "The situation is critical, Franklin. You may have no alternative but to assume dictatorial powers";<ref>Thomas Griffith, “[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,924464,00.html NEWSWATCH: Comrade of the Powerful],” ''Time'', September 15, 1980</ref> in his influential<ref>Lippmann is widely regarded as “the most influential journalist in American history.” Jacqueline Foertsch, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mao9DJoAlhAC American Culture in the 1940s]'' (Edinburgh University Press, 2008) ISBN 0748624139, p. 56</ref> column, Lippmann added that the use of "'dictatorial powers,' if that is the name for it—is essential."<ref>Russell Baker, “[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22273 A Revolutionary President], ''The New York Review of Books'', Vol. 56, No. 2 (February 12, 2009)</ref> The ''New York Herald Tribune'' approved the inauguration with the headline "FOR DICTATORSHIP IF NECESSARY."<ref>“[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5525748 Author Reconstructs FDR's 'Defining Moment'],” ''Weekend Edition Saturday'', National Public Radio, July 1, 2006</ref> "We called for a Man of Action, and we got one," wrote New Dealer Donald Richberg. For only the Man of Action could overcome the "inefficiencies and corruptions of popular government":
{{cquote|The American people might well go down upon their knees and thank God that in that dreadful day there came into power the man who alone could save them — the Man of Action.<ref>Donald Randall Richberg, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=od1AAAAAIAAJ The rainbow: after the sunshine of prosperity, the deluge of the depression, the rainbow of the NRA, what have we learned? Where are we going?]'' (Doubleday, Doran & company, inc., 1936), pp. 2, 14, 294. Cf. James Q. Whitman, "[http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1656&context=fss_papers Of Corporatism, Fascism, and the First New Deal]," ''The American Journal of Comparative Law'', Vol. 39, No. 4 (Autumn, 1991), pp. 747-778. N.B. The New York Times had identified Mussolini as a "man of action" nine years before Richie's [https://books.google.com/books?id=cfIhAQAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22man+of+action%22 first recorded application] of [https://archive.org/stream/Electrical_Workers_Journal_1933-08/Electrical_Workers_Journal_1933-08_djvu.txt this title to FDR]: "Being a man of action rather than words he was among the first to fly to the colors." Alice Rohe, "[https://query.nytimes.com/search/sitesearch/?action=click&contentCollection®ion=TopBar&WT.nav=searchWidget&module=SearchSubmit&pgtype=Homepage#/Mussolini,%20Hope%20of%20Youth,%20Italy%E2%80%99s%20%E2%80%98Man%20of%20Tomorrow%E2%80%99 MUSSOLINI, HOPE OF YOUTH, ITALY'S 'MAN OF TOMORROW'; HARD WORK HIS CREED Scholar and Editor, Self Taught, Is Premier at Thirty-Eight ONCE A SOCIALIST LEADER Spectre of a Bolshevik Government Led Him to Organize Fascisti and Upset Cabinet]," ''The New York Times'', November 5, 1922, p. 109</ref>}}A [[Hollywood]] movie was released about a President of the United States who "revokes the Constitution, becomes a reigning dictator," and employs "brown-shirted storm troopers,"<ref>"[http://allmovie.com/work/gabriel-over-the-white-house-19092 Gabriel Over the White House]," allmovie.com</ref>—by means of whom he not only "declares martial law,"<ref>Glenn Erickson, "[http://www.dvdsavant.com/s3054gabr.html Gabriel Over the White House]," dvdsavant.com</ref> but “dissolves Congress, creates an army of the unemployed, and lines up his enemies before a firing squad.”<ref>Jonathan Alter, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ASmlaOHQNawC The Defining Moment: FDR's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope]'' (Simon and Schuster, 2007) ISBN 0743246012, p. 6</ref> This movie was made not by a conservative such as Frank Capra, but by Walter Wanger, a "liberal Hollywood mogul";<ref>Saverio Giovacchini, "[http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/109.2/br_89.html Benjamin L. Alpers, ''Dictators, Democracy, & American Public Culture: Envisioning the Totalitarian Enemy, 1920s-1950s]," ''The American Historical Review'', Vol. 109, No. 2 (April 2004), p. 553</ref> in the film, the dictator ("an FDR lookalike")<ref>Saverio Giovacchini, "[http://wwwarchive.historycooperative.orgli/journals/ahr/109.2/br_89.html fJoAG Benjamin L. Alpers, ''Dictators, Democracy, & American Public Culture: Envisioning the Totalitarian Enemy, 1920s-1950s'']," ''The American Historical Review'', Vol. 109, No. 2 (April 2004), p. 553</ref> is not the villain, but ''the hero'', who by such dictatorial means "solves all of the nation's problems."<ref>"[http://allmovie.com/work/gabriel-over-the-white-house-19092 Gabriel Over the White House]," allmovie.com</ref> Roosevelt enjoyed the movie and saw it several times.<ref>Terry Christensen, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=HnSFQgAACAAJ Reel Politics: American Political Movies from Birth of a Nation to Platoon]'' (Blackwell, 1987) ISBN 0631158448, p. 34. Cf. Peter C. Rollins and John E. O'Connor, eds., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=eyTFPMFOskkC Hollywood's White House: The American Presidency in Film and History]'' (University Press of Kentucky, 2005) ISBN 0813191262, p. 153</ref> Most chilling, FDR wrote that he thought this film “should do much to help.”<ref>Jonathan Alter, ''The Defining Moment: FDR's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope'' (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007), p. 185. ISBN 0-7432-4601-2. Cf. Jonathan Alter, “[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/07/books/chapters/0507-1st-alter.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all The Defining Moment],” ''The New York Times'', May 7, 2006</ref>
==Contemporary reporting and commentary==
"Anyone who wants to look at the writings of the Brain Trust of the New Deal will find that President Roosevelt’s advisers admired the fascist system," observed President [[Ronald Reagan]], himself a former New Dealer. "They thought that private ownership with government management and control ''a la'' the Italian system was the way to go, and that has been evident in all their writings."<ref>Steven F. Hayward, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=R6N3AAAAMAAJ The age of Reagan: the fall of the old liberal order, 1964-1980] (Forum/Prima, 2001), ISBN 076151337X, p. 681</ref> Even "intellectual observers of economics and social policies who were otherwise Roosevelt allies," observes Schivelbusch, "saw a Fascist element at the core of the New Deal."<ref>Wolfgang Schivelbusch, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Z3GV5_n1h04C Three New Deals: Reflections on Roosevelt's America, Mussolini's Italy, and Hitler's Germany, 1933-1939]'' (Macmillan, 2006) ISBN 080507452X, p. 27</ref>
Roosevelt’s economic adviser, Rexford Tugwell, the “most prominent of the Brain Trusters and the man often considered the chief ideologist of the 'first New Deal' (roughly, 1933–34),”<ref>Ralph Raico, "[http://www.fff.org/freedom/0201e.asp FDR — The Man, the Leader, the Legacy, Part 11]," ''Freedom Daily'', February 2001</ref> was "open in his respect for Mussolini's economic policies." Of the Fascist system he wrote, "It's the cleanest, neatnest [sic], most efficiently operating piece of social machinery I've ever seen. It makes me envious." Tugwell, "the most left-wing member of Roosevelt's brain trust,"<ref>Wolfgang Schivelbusch, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Z3GV5_n1h04C Three New Deals: Reflections on Roosevelt's America, Mussolini's Italy, and Hitler's Germany, 1933-1939]'' (Macmillan, 2006) ISBN 080507452X, p. 31-32</ref> said, “I find Italy doing many of the things which seem to me necessary... Mussolini certainly has the same people opposed to him as FDR has. But he has the press controlled so that they cannot scream lies at him daily.”<ref>Rexford G. Tugwell papers, Series 1, Box 14, Folder: Diary 1934, No. 2, National Archives and Records Administration, Franklin Delano Roosevelt Presidential Library, Hyde Park, NY, cited in Maurizio Vaudagna, "[http://rhr.dukejournals.org/content/1977/14-15/3.full.pdf+html The New Deal and Corporativism in Italy]," ''Radical History Review'' (Marxist and Radical Historians' Organization), Vol. 4, No. 2-3 (Spring/Summer 1977), pp. 3-35; doi:10.1215/1636545-1977-14-15-3</ref>
Roosevelt was also a secret admirer of Mussolini, writing to his friend John Lawrence, "I don't mind telling you in confidence, that I am keeping in fairly close touch with that admirable Italian gentleman."<ref>David F. Schmitz, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Pzt2AAAAMAAJ The United States and Fascist Italy, 1922-1940]'' (University of North Carolina Press, 1988) ISBN 080781766X, p. 139</ref> FDR also wrote to U.S. Ambassador to Italy Breckinridge Long about Mussolini, "I am much interested and deeply impressed by what he has accomplished and by his evidenced honest purpose of restoring Italy and seeking to prevent general European trouble."<ref>Elliott Roosevelt, Ed., [http://books.google.com/books?id=aHEbAAAAIAAJ ''F.D.R., His Personal Letters'', Vol. 3] (Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1947), p. 352</ref> According to ex-Marxist<ref>Wolfgang Saxon, "[http://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/30/us/lewis-feuer-89-scholar-in-sociology-and-government.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm Lewis Feuer, 89, Scholar in Sociology and Government], ''The New York Times'', November 30, 2002</ref> Lewis Feuer, FDR privately acknowledged that “what we were doing in this country were some of the things that were being done in Russia and even some of the things that were being done under Hitler in Germany. But we were doing them in an orderly way.”<ref>Lewis S. Feuer, "American Travelers to the Soviet Union, 1917-32: The Formation of a Component of New Deal Ideology," ''American Quarterly'', summer 1962, pp. 147-48</ref>
In his 1936 book, ''The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money,'' Keynes advocated "a somewhat comprehensive socialization of investment." Agreeing with Lenin's NEP, Mussolini's corporatism, and Hitler's national socialism, he added, "This need not exclude all manner of compromises and devices by which public authority will co-operate with private initiative." Nevertheless, he insisted, "The central controls necessary to ensure full employment will, of course, involve a large extension of the traditional functions of government."<ref>John Maynard Keynes, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=xpw-96rynOcC The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money],'' (Atlantic Publishers & Dist, 2006) ISBN 8126905913, p. 378</ref>
In a 1939 interview by the [http://www.amazon.com/Socialism-welfare-state-Fabian-tract/dp/B0007JKJG4 Fabian] Kingsley Martin, published in the ''New Statesman'' (a British journal [http://www.fabians.org.uk/about/the-fabian-story/ founded by leading Fabians]), Keynes conceded that his economic proposals envisioned -- again like the NEP, Fascism and National Socialism -- an "amalgam of private capitalism and state socialism."<ref>Gilles Dostaler, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=kyxmAwAAQBAJ Keynes and His Battles]'' (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007) ISBN 178100837X, p. 98</ref> In this interview, Keynes dubbed his system "liberal socialism"; in 1944 he would explicitly refer to this approach as yet another a "middle way."<ref>Peter Kriesler and Claudio Sardoni, eds., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=iJGKAgAAQBAJ Keynes, Post-Keynesianism and Political Economy: Essays in Honour of Geoff Harcourt, Volume 3]'' (Routledge, 2002) ISBN 1134825978, p. 164</ref> That year, he would work together with Soviet agent<ref>John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr, and Alexander Vassiliev, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qCAVQ_cdomcC Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America]'' (Yale University Press, 2009) ISBN 0300155727, p. 258</ref> [[Harry Dexter White]] to create the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, quintessential [httphttps://www.tni.org/en/archives/archives_george_ottawa act/1495 "Third Way" globalist institutions].
Keynes had been involved with Fabian socialism since at least his student days at Cambridge.<ref>Michael Holroyd, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=hL1GPQAACAAJ Lytton Strachey: A Critical Biography, Vol.1: The Unknown Years,1880-1910]'' (Heinemann, 1967), p. 250; Anne Jackson Fremantle, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=IRQdAAAAIAAJ This Little Band of Prophets: The British Fabians]'' (New American Library, 1960), p. 230</ref> Mosley had been a Fabian socialist in 1930, when Keynesian economics was the "officially accepted Fabian line," notes Former Trotskyite<ref>Joel T. LeFevre, [http://www.keynesatharvard.org/site.html About the Author], keynesatharvard.org</ref> Zygmund Dobbs. Mosley went on to found the British Union of Fascists, which "at first was modeled after Mussolini’s example but later became patterned after Hitler. Through all these tergiversations, Mosley never had to abandon his Keynesist principles."<ref>Zygmund Dobbs, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=N-g1AQAAIAAJ Keynes at Harvard: economic deception as a political credo],'' (New York: Veritas Foundation, 1960), pp. 88-90</ref> As a leading Fascist propagandist<ref>James Strachey Barnes led a "major group" established "to promote ... fascism," and circulate "fascist propaganda," emphasizing "the positive nature of fascism." Roger Griffin with Matthew Feldman, eds., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=xeHuSpHzqGUC Fascism: The 'Fascist Epoch']'' (Taylor & Francis, 2004) ISBN 0415290198, p. 255</ref> noted (in a book with a preface by Mussolini):<ref>Gaetano Salvemini, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=CaONx1VLelsC Under the Axe of Fascism]'' (Read Books, 2008) ISBN 1443736708, p. 115</ref>
[[Communist Party]] General Secretary [[William Z. Foster]] commented, "The Nazi fascists were especially enthusiastic supporters of Keynes."<ref>William Z. Foster, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=0AdnAAAAMAAJ Outline Political History of the Americas]'' (International Publishers, 1951), p. 597.</ref> As Harvard economist Joseph Schumpeter observed, in Nazi Germany, "A work like Keynes’ ''General Theory'' could have appeared unmolested—and did."<ref>Joseph A. Schumpeter, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=pl4DABZfGREC History of Economic Analysis]'' (Routledge, 2006) ISBN 1134838700, p. 1156</ref> In the introduction to the 1936 German edition of his treatise, Keynes himself suggested that the total state that the National Socialists were then building was perfectly suited for the implementation of his investment schemes:
{{cquote|The theory of aggregate production that is the goal of the following book can be much more easily applied to the conditions of a totalitarian state than the theory of production and distribution of a given output turned out under the conditions of free competition and a considerable degree of ''laissez-faire''.<ref>Translation in Henry Hazlitt, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=HfGxAAAAIAAJ The Failure of the "New Economics": An Analysis of the Keynesian Fallacies]'' (Van Nostrand, 1959), p. 277 (Original: "Trotzdem kann die Theorie der Produktion als Ganzes, die den Zweck des folgenden Buches bildet, viel leichter den Verhältnissen eines totalen Staates angepaßt werden als die Theorie der Erzeugung und Verteilung einer gegebenen, unter Bedingungen des freien Wettbewerbes und eines großen Maßes von ''laissez-faire'' erstellten Produktion." John Maynard Keynes, ''Allgemeine Theorie der Beschäftigung, des Zinses und des Geldes'' [Berlin: Duncker & HumblotHumbolt, 1936], p. ix)</ref>}}
Moreover, Keynes was at least an ambivalent anti-Semite. He called Albert Einstein "a naughty Jew boy... that kind of Jew... who have not sublimated immortality into compound interest." This he contrasted with
{{cquote|the other kind of Jews, the ones who are... serving devils, with small horns, pitch forks, and oily tails. It is not agreeable to see civilization so under the ugly thumbs of its impure Jews who have all the money and the power and brains.<ref>Charles Henry Hession, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=S1BqF0GpL3UC John Maynard Keynes: a personal biography of the man who revolutionized capitalism and the way we live]'' (Macmillan, 1984) ISBN 0025513109, pp. 225-226, as cited in Nina Paulovicova, "[http://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/pi/article/viewFile/1591/1117 The Immoral Moral Scientist. John Maynard Keynes]," ''Past Imperfect'', Vol. 13 (2007), pp. 43-44 (PDF 20-21)</ref>}}
As head of the NRA and thus “FDR’s leading bureaucrat,”<ref>[http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/hsjohnson.htm Hugh Samuel Johnson], arlingtoncemetary.net</ref> the President appointed<ref>[http://www.condenaststore.com/Politicians/General-Hugh-Johnson/invt/103630 General Hugh Johnson], Condé Nast store</ref> General Hugh Johnson, who was granted “almost unlimited powers over industry.”<ref>Associated Press, "[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0716FC3E5F1A7A93CBA8178ED85F478385F9 Johnson Chosen Industry Chief]," ''The New York Times'', May 19, 1933, p. 1</ref> According to economist Thayer Watkins (who teaches economic history at California’s San José State University),<ref>[http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/economics/faculty/thayer.htm Thayer Watkins, Ph.D.], Faculty & Staff, Economics, San José State University</ref> Johnson was “an admirer of Mussolini’s National Corporatist system in Italy and he drew upon the Italian experience in formulating the New Deal.”<ref>Thayer Watkins, "[http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/corporatism.htm The Economic System of Corporatism]," Department of Economics, San José State University</ref> Walker F. Todd, research fellow at the American Institute for Economic Research, agrees that Johnson “did admire greatly what Mussolini appeared to have done,” identifying the NRA as a “thoroughly corporativist” idea.<ref>Walker F. Todd, "[http://www.aei.org/docLib/Todd%20-%20The%20Federal%20Reserve%20Board%20and%20the%20Rise%20of%20the%20Corporate%20State.pdf The Federal Reserve Board and the Rise of the Corporate State, 1931-1934]," ''Economic Education Bulletin'', Vol. XXXV No. 9 (September 1995) pp. 6, 34</ref>
According to Jonah Goldberg, Johnson displayed a portrait of ''Il Duce'' in his NRA office and actually “distributed distributed a memo at the 1932 Democratic Convention proposing that [http://www.claremont.org/crb/article/the-raw-deal/ the entire Congress and Supreme Court be sent into temporary exile] and that "FDR become a Mussolini-like dictator.”<ref>Jonah Goldberg, [http://corner.nationalreview.com/post/?q=Mjc0ZmFlMDFiNDJkODdjYjE3NDY5OGVlY2JiZWRmNjM= Hendrick Hertzberg & The F-Word], The Corner (National Review Online), March 5, 2009</ref> In his retirement speech, Johnson invoked what he called the “shining name” of Mussolini.<ref>Hugh Samuel Johnson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=7J1YAAAAYAAJ The Blue Eagle, from Egg to Earth, Vol. 4]'' (Doubleday, Doran & company, inc., 1935), p. 405</ref> Johnson was said to carry around with him a copy of Raffaello Viglione’s pro-Mussolini book,<ref>Sheldon Richman, "[http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Fascism.html Fascism]," ''The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics'', econlib.org</ref> ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=vIJQHAAACAAJ The Corporate State]'', and presented a copy to Perkins.<ref>Frances Perkins, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=AIEhAAAAMAAJ The Roosevelt I Knew]'' (The Viking press, 1946) p. 206. Socialist (Kent Worcester, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=TwTTArAPWswC C.L.R. James: A Political Biography]'' [SUNY Press, 1995] ISBN 079142751X, p. 175) George Rawich wrote that Perkins told him Johnson gave each member of the Cabinet a book by [http://www.marxists.org/archive/rawick/1969/xx/self.html Fascist theoretician Giovanni Gentile], “and we all read it with great care.” Schivelbusch suggests the book was actually [http://www.lewrockwell.com/dilorenzo/dilorenzo172.html Mussolini advisor] Fausto Pitigliani’s ''The Italian Corporativist State.'' (Wolfgang Schivelbusch, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Z3GV5_n1h04C Three New Deals: Reflections on Roosevelt's America, Mussolini's Italy, and Hitler's Germany, 1933-1939]'' [Macmillan, 2006] ISBN 080507452X, p. 203, n. 28)</ref>
===Agricultural Adjustment Administration===
{{cquote|were essentially designed to keep young men out of the labor market. Roosevelt described work camps as a means for getting youth ‘off the city street corners,’ Hitler as a way of keeping them from ‘rotting helplessly in the streets.' In both countries much was made of the beneficial social results of mixing thousands of young people from different walks of life in the camps. Furthermore, both were organized on semimilitary lines with the subsidiary purposes of improving the physical fitness of potential soldiers and stimulating public commitment to national service in an emergency.<ref>John A. Garraty, "[http://www.jstor.org/pss/1858346 The New Deal, National Socialism, and the Great Depression]," ''The American Historical Review'', Vol. 78, No. 4 (October, 1973), pp. 907-944</ref>}}
The CCC "smacks of Fascism, of Hitlerism, of a form of Sovietism," observed William Green, president of the American Federation of Labor.<ref>Jean Edward Smith ''[ https://books.google.com/books?id=Uezmu4jQC_UC FDR]'' (Random House, 2008), ISBN 0812970497, p. 340</ref> "The American side, and especially President Roosevelt himself, was strikingly open and receptive to ideas emanating from Nazi Germany," writes historian [http://www.eui.eu/DepartmentsAndCentres/HistoryAndCivilization/People/Professors/Patel.aspx Kiran Klaus Patel]. According to Patel, there was at least one actual "intercultural transfer," in which the CCC studied and adopted ("on personal orders from Roosevelt") a program for training aviation mechanics modeled after the Flyer Hitler Youth.<ref>Kiran Klaus Patel, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=nqTsBdOzNF4C Soldiers of labor: labor service in Nazi Germany and New Deal America, 1933-1945]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2005), ISBN 0521834163, pp. 278, 289</ref>
===National Youth Administration===
The National Youth Administration (NYA) was conceived as a New Deal “alternative to the Hitler Youth,” designed to hold young people “to their patriotic loyalties.”<ref>Richard A. Reiman , ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=wRNiQgAACAAJ The New Deal & American Youth: Ideas & Ideals in a Depression],'' (University of Georgia Press, 1992) ISBN 0820314072. Cf. Herbert Mitgang, "[http://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/13/books/books-of-the-times-on-the-new-deal-s-effort-to-put-youth-to-work.html On the New Deal's Effort to Put Youth to Work]," ''The New York Times'', January 13, 1993</ref> Harry Hopkins -- whom Ishkak Akhmerov, the NKVD's leading illegal officer in the United States,<ref>John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=dIsmm_ZLHcIC Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America]'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), ISBN 0300077718, p. 154</ref> identified as "the most important of all Soviet war-time agents in the United States"<ref>Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=PfdGAQAACAAJ KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev]'' (New York: Harpercollins, 1990) ISBN 0060166053, p. 230</ref> (according to Oleg Gordievsky, the [https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/jan/30/freedomofinformation.uk highest-ranking KGB officer ever to defect]) -- told the the NYA's Advisory Committee, “we have a lawyer who will declare anything you want to do legal.”<ref>Barton J. Bernstein and Allen J. Matusow (eds.), ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=W-U5AAAAMAAJ Twentieth-Century America: Recent Interpretations]'' (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972) ISBN 0155923919, p. 234</ref> Hopkins had hired the Communist<ref>[[#refHUAC50.2|HUAC 1950, pt. 2]]: 2850 [PDF 16]</ref> lawyer [[Lee Pressman]] back into the government immediately after he was "purged" from AAA.<ref>[[#refHUAC50.2|HUAC 1950, pt. 2]]: 2849 [PDF 15]</ref> According to Pressman, Hopkins told him, “The first time you tell me I can’t do what I want to do, you’re fired. I’m going to decide what I think has to be done and it’s up to you to see to it that it’s legal.”<ref>[[#refGall99|Gall 1999]]: 32)</ref> Among his other hires was [[Eleanor Roosevelt]]'s [http://www.sappho.com/letters/e_roosevelt.html close friend] Lorena Hickok, whom Hopkins brought into the government on [http://web.archive.org/web/20101104032911/http://www.nps.gov/archive/elro/glossary/hickok-lorena.htm Mrs. Roosevelt's recommendation]. Hickok wrote, "If I were 20 years younger and weighed 75 pounds less, I think I'd start out to be the Joan of Arc of the Fascist Movement of the United States."<ref>Lorena A. Hickok, et al., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=nstfz85S4ccC One Third of a Nation: Lorena Hickok Reports on the Great Depression]'' (University of Illinois Press, 1983) ISBN 0252010965, p. 218</ref>
=="Friendly Fascism"==
