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'''Josip Broz Tito''' (born Josip Broz, 1892–1980) was a an ethnic [[Croatia|Croat and the leader of ]] who led [[Yugoslavia]], which existed from 1943 until 1991his death. Tito was an independent Communist. Tito spent much time in Russia the [[Soviet Union]] and became a member of the [[Comintern]], . He became general secretary of the Yugoslav Communist Party (CPY) in 1937 and returned to Yugoslavia during [[World War II]] and led the Comintern [[Yugoslav Partisans]]. After World War II he defied [[SovietStalin]] influence and founded the Non-Aligned Movementand received military and economic aid from the United States. Throughout his rule, he served as the prevailing force holding Yugoslavia together; almost immediately upon his death, it disintegrated into chaos and civil war.[[File:Tito1.jpg|thumb|230px]]==Early life==Born to a peasant family with 15 children in [[Croatia]], Broz became a locksmith. He was drafted in [[World War I]] by the Austro-Hungarian army and became a sergeant. He was wounded and taken prisoner by the Russians; in prison camp he learned about Bolshevism. He escaped, joined the Red Army and became a Communist.

==Betrayal Returning home in 1920, Broz led an active career as a revolutionary, and was jailed several times. In 1927 he became secretary of the London exiles==Zagreb committee of the outlawed Communist Party, and by 1934 he had become a member of the Yugoslav party's Politburo. In 1936 he went to Moscow as a member of the Comintern's Balkan secretariat. In 1937 he became secretary general of the party in Yugoslavia, the top position, and started calling himself "Tito."

In 1940 ==Leading the German army invaded Yugoslavia and swiftly reduced it to submission. The government of Yugoslavia joined other [[Allied Powers]] exile governments in London, became a signatory of the [[Atlantic Charter]], and held recognition as the legitimate government of Yugoslavia. Colonel Draja Mikhailovitch remained behind in Yugoslavia to lead the Chetnik underground army in the fight for the [[right of self determination of peoples]] against the fascists. <ref>David Martin, ''Ally Betrayed,'' Prentice-Hall, 1946, pps. 224-231,</ref> Yugoslav Partisans==

In the United States, [[Louis Adamic]] had access 1941 Nazi Germany invaded Yugoslavia and swiftly reduced it to submission. The government of Yugoslavia fled and joined other exile governments in London. Colonel [[Eleanor RooseveltDraja Mikhailovitch]]. Adamic was invited remained behind in Yugoslavia to dinner at lead the Chetnik army to lead the Chetnik underground army in the fight for the [[White Houseright of self determination of peoples]] and pressed upon Uagainst the fascists.S<ref>David Martin, ''Ally Betrayed,'' Prentice-Hall, 1946, pps. President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] for support 224-231,</ref> The Chetniks' prime goals were the destruction of Communism and the [[Comintern]] [[subversion fight for a Greater Serbia (politicalChetniksdestruction often slaughtered Croats and Bosnians on nationally mixed territories)|subversive]] Tito over Colonel Draja Mikhailovitch. The U<ref>[http://www.Shic. [[Office of War Informationhr/books/seeurope/013e-dizdar.htm A symposium about chetnik crimes in Bosnia]] began spreading the lie that the leader of the anti</ref> The Yugoslav government-fascist resistance, Colonel Draja in-exile in London continued to support Mikhailovitch was an ineffectual interloper with so little backing that Hitler offered and his Chetniks. The British Foreign Office cut a reward middle path; it denied use of 100,000 marks for Tito's head but nothing for Mikhailovitch'sBBC radio to the exiles.

These libels on Mikhailovitch and these exaltations of Tito were repeated in other magazines. Frank Gervasi in ''Collier's'' wrote how Tito led 250,000 men while Mikhailovitch had no more than 10,000. The Yugoslav government - in - exile in London supported Mikhailovitch. This embarrassed the British Foreign Office in its dealings with the[[Josef Stalin]]. Hence the British Broadcasting Company was closed to the Yugoslav government - in - exile and organized guerrilla bands—at first but a little later put at the disposal handful of Tito men and his Partisanswomen—called partisans. President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] He directed their strategy and personally led them in 1942 had paid tribute to Mikhailovitch and his daring men. But at the [[Teheran conference]]battle, as part of not only against the policy of appeasing Stalin, Roosevelt Germans and [[Winston Churchill]] abandoned Mikhailovitch completely and yielded to Soviet’s choice of Tito. Shortly after TeheranItalians, Churchill in a speech (February, 1944) indicated that but also against the allies were no longer sending supplies to Mikhailovitch. Two months later King Peter was forced to dismiss Premier Purich, which meant his whole cabinet in which Mikhailovitch was Minister supporters of War. The Communist Subasich was made Prime Minister. With the subsequent Russian invasion and the aid of American supplies Tito was victoriousroyal government-in exile, and Mikhailovitchcommanded by Gen. was shot as a traitor by TitoMihajlovic.

==Break As the partisans' successes mounted and their ranks swelled, Tito found himself engaged in high-level international politics. He entered into military assistance arrangements with Moscow==the British and Americans. President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] at the [[Tehran conference]] in 1943, joined with [[Winston Churchill]] and Stalin in support of Tito. Churchill in February 1944 indicated Britain was no longer sending supplies to Mikhailovitch. Tito took control of the anti-Nazi forces and after the war Mikhailovitch was executed as a collaborator with the Nazis.

"Stop sending people to kill me," Tito once wrote to he was less successful in getting aid from the Russians. Tito's criticism of this Kremlin policy and his insistent demands for Soviet aid irritated [[Joseph Stalin]]. "If you don't stop sending killers, I'll send one to Moscow, and I won't have caused a level of mutual distrust that led to send a second." [[Stalin]] expelled the [[Yugoslav Communist Party]] on June 28, split in 1948. Tito was perhaps the only person who stood up to Stalin and survived.

After the Russians liberated Belgrade in 1944, Tito was militarily strong enough to secure the immediate departure of the Red Army from Yugoslavia. On March 7, 1945, Tito—who had already appointed himself a marshal—became premier and minister of defense. In 1953 he was elected president. ==See alsoBreak-up with Moscow==After the end of World War II, Tito installed a comprehensive dictatorship of the Communist Party.  When Tito refused to obey Stalin's orders, he was denounced<ref>"Stop sending people to kill me," Tito once wrote to [[Joseph Stalin]]. "If you don't stop sending killers, I'll send one to Moscow, and I won't have to send a second."</ref> and his party was read out of the Cominform, on June 28, 1948. The excommunication stunned Tito and his top leaders. They reoriented their party: although they still called themselves Communists, their new model of Communism involved sweeping decentralization, an increase in personal freedom, and opposition to military blocs both East and West. Furthermore, now supported by military and economic aid from the United States, Tito no longer saw the capitalist West as implacably hostile. ==Cold War==[[Image:Josip Broz Tito.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Marshall Tito in 1971 during a visit to the Nixon White House.]]"Titoism" meant a form of Communism trying to be independent from the Soviet Union. Tito accepted fellow Yugoslav Communist Milovan Djilas's proposal of self-management of factories to show that Yugoslavia was more communist than the Soviet Union yet more democratic than the West. The new constitutional law of 1953 contained the concept of socialist direct democracy as the expression of the working people through self-management. With the death of Stalin, Tito was reconciled with the Soviet leaders, and Djilas's attempt to apply criticism of Soviet Communism to Yugoslavia led to his trials and incarceration. Liberalization of Communism ended in Yugoslavia and Tito turned his ambitions as a leader outside the two blocs, to the countries of the Third World. Tito then followed an independent course in foreign affairs—maintaining good relations with the East European Communist satellite states, while establishing ties with the Western powers and nonaligned nations. He built a multiethnic Communist state notable for its policies of economic decentralization and increased worker participation in government. ==Further reading==*Barnett, Neil. ''Tito'' (2006) [http://www.amazon.com/Tito-Life-Times-Neil-Barnett/dp/1904950310/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1243458862&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]* Beloff, Nora. ''Tito's Flawed Legacy: Yugoslavia and the West since 1939.'' (1986). 287 pp.* Brands, Henry W. "Redefining the Cold War: American Policy toward Yugoslavia, 1948–60," ''Diplomatic History'' (1987) v.11 #1 pp 41–54* Dedijer, Vladimir. ''Tito'' (1972), official biography; pro-Tito [Kim Philbyhttp://www.questia.com/read/10940542?title=Tito online edition]* Djilas, Milovan. ''Tito: The Story from Inside'' (1980) highly revealing memoir by top aide. * Korbel, Josef. ''Tito's Communism'' (1951) 370 pp. [http://www.questia.com/read/3758805?title=Tito's%20Communism online edition]* Lees, Lorraine M. "The American Decision to Assist Tito, 1948–1949," ''Diplomatic History'' (1978) v. 2 #4, pp 407–422; online at [[Wiley Interscience]]* Lees, Lorraine M. ''Keeping Tito Afloat: The United States, Yugoslavia, and the Cold War'' (1996) 247pp [http://www.questia.com/read/9375187?title=Keeping%20Tito%20Afloat%3a%20The%20United%20States%2c%20Yugoslavia%2c%20and%20the%20Cold%20War online edition]* Pavlowitch, Stevan K. ''Tito, Yugoslavia's Great Dictator'' (1992).* Roberts, Walter R. ''Tito, Mihailovich, and the Allies, 1941-1945'' (1973) [http://www.questia.com/read/97541664?title=Tito%2c%20Mihailoviac%20and%20the%20Allies%2c%201941-1945 online edition]* Vucinich, Wayne S., ed. ''At the Brink of War and Peace: The Tito-Stalin Split in a Historic Perspective.'' (1982). 341 pp.* West, Richard. ''Tito and the Rise and Fall of Yugoslavia.'' (1995). 448 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Tito-Rise-Fall-Yugoslavia-Richard/dp/0786703326/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1243458862&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]* [http://www.questia.com/library/history/european-history/southern-europe/josip-broz-tito.jsp online books on Tito]

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[[Category:European HistoryCold War]][[Category:Balkans]]