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The '''Strategic Defense Initiative or ''' (SDI), which is also commonly called '''Star Wars (at first by detractors)''', was a proposal made by U.S. President [[Ronald Reagan]] directly to the surprised [[America]]n people in a televised addressed on March 23, 1983 , to build a [[Missile-defense system|ground based - and space -based system ]] to protect the U.S. from nuclear ballistic missiles. The system was never has not yet been fully set up, but the research from this paved the way for the anti-ballistic missile systems of today{{fact}}, including the [[Patriot missile]] that provided the defense against [[Iraq]]i Scud missiles launched against [[American]] forces and [[Israel]] during the [[Gulf War]]. It is believed by some experts that panic among the leadership of the [[Soviet's response necessitated by Union]] about SDI helped drive contributed to their financial and political downfallcollapse. (The Soviet Union was dominated by a hopeless [[Atheism|atheistic]], [[communist]] mindset.)  [[Phyllis Schlafly]] advocated for a missile defense system beginning as early as 1966, nearly two decades before Reagan adopted it. In a speech in October 1966, Phyllis Schlafly urged [[globalist]] [[Robert McNamara]] to drop his opposition to the Nike X missile defense program:{{cquote|American technological genius has developed a marvelous new weapon which can give us the anti-missile defense we need. It is called the Nike X. It has been developed. and thoroughly tested, so that we know it is reliable and ready to go Into production. It consists of three parts. First there is MAR, or multi-function array radar, which is what separates the real missiles from the decoys. Then there is the Zeus, the long-range missile which goes out Into space and kills the enemy missile before it hits us. Finally, there is the Sprint, the short range missile which goes up and kills any enemy missile which might have gotten past Zeus. We have already spent a great sum of money in developing and testing the Nike X, under the direction of General Austin Betts, and it is ready to put into production. This Nike X has been unanimously recommended by the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff since early 1965. It has the near-unanimous support of the United States Congress. In May of this year, the House Armed Services Committee of 38 members. released a unanimous report which was an across-the-board indictment of the McNamara policies and specifically recommended appropriations to proceed with engineering on the Nike X. When this was presented to the Congress of the United States, it passed the House of Representatives by a vote of 356 to 2. and it passed the Senate by a vote of 81 to 1. But in spite of the fact that this weapon has been unanimously endorsed by the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff for more than a year, and has received this remarkable unanimity of support in Congress, Secretary McNamara and his clique of gravediggers are determined that we shall not have it. He is refusing to spend the money and is opposing the building of the anti-missile defense we need.}} SDI was a major component of the [[Reagan Doctrine]] in foreign policy, designed to push the Soviets to its limits and beyond into collapse.

The basic goal of SDI was to intercept and destroy incoming nuclear ballistic missiles to prevent detonation over the U.S. In some scenarios, not all warheads would be intercepted, but enough would be to render [[Mutually Assured Destruction|mutually assured destruction]] moot. In the scenario of "partial protection", the U.S. would be immune from complete destruction, which would deter the USSR from launching a first strike. See Also see [[Game Theory]] and [[Mutually Assured Destructiongame theory]].

Missiles with nuclear payloads are launched in two primary ways: as ground based [[intercontinental ballistic missiles]], and as shorter range missiles, such as submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) and submarine-launched cruise missiles (SLCMs).

*'''ICBMs''' are launched from the ground, travel into space, and return with the assistance of [[gravity]]. Most contain "[[multiple independently targeted reentry vehicles" ]] or MIRVs. This means that a single ICBM can cause many nuclear warheads to detonate over multiple targets. Problems involved include detecting the launch, and deciding on what level to intercept the target. If the target is disabled before deployment of MIRVs, this obviously solves many problems. Once MIRVs are deployed, many more targets must be eliminated. Destroying an ICBM before it enters space is essentially impossible. [[Interception ]] in space requires a pre-placed infrastructure. Interception after MIRV deployment involves ground-based systems.*SLBMs and SLCMs present serious difficulties. SLBMs have a shorter time available to intercept, as they can be launched nearer to target. SLCMs are basically a [[first-strike ]] weapon, travel short distances quickly and close to the ground.

At this point, the missile is fragile and vulnerable. The difficulty lies in detecting the object, deploying the countermeasure, and successful interception. Several solutions have been proposed, including so-called "smart rocks" and "smart pebblesBrilliant Pebbles" , which would be non-ballistic objects kinetic missiles deployed to intercept the missile, and at low-energy, deflect or destroy the ICBM.<ref>[http://www.heritage.org/Research/NationalSecurity/upload/87946_1.pdf "Brilliant Pebbles": The Revolutionary Idea for Strategic Defense], ''[[Heritage Foundation]]'', 1990</ref>

There are many critiques Critiques of the original program, were self-contradictory. One the one of hand it was supposedly technologically impossible while simultaneously arguing that it effective and therefore was destabilizing. The criticisms were substantially weakened by the successful missile defense deployed during the [[Gulf War]], when the Patriot missiles successfully and spectacularly shot down deadly missiles launched by Saddam Hussein against military and civilian targets. Furthermore, contrary to popular opinion, relatively few false alarms were raised by automated missile defense systems during the tenure of SDI. The decade was a [[Renaissance]] of [[artificial intelligence]] and most infamous being experts in the field firmly stood behind Reagan's bold proposition that America could be defended from Communist aggression with a strategic defense program fully automated for optimal reaction time. ==Changes==Under Reagan SDI explored advanced technologies with the aim of determining the feasibility of effective, nonnuclear ballistic missile defenses (BMD). The initial focus of SDI reflected US concerns about growing Soviet first-strike capabilities. Thus, an initial deployment of defenses, or Phase I Strategic Defense System, was to have provided the minimum defensive capability that would add meaningfully to deterrence of a Soviet first strike. However, with the end of the [[Union of Concerned ScientistsCold War]], President [[George H. W. Bush]] in early 1991 directed that SDI be refocused to provide global protection against limited strikes, thus shifting the primary US role for BMD from deterrence to actual protection.  ==See also==* [[Reagan Doctrine]]* [[Ronald Reagan]]* [[Nuclear target structures]] ==Further reading==* Many criticisms didBaucom, howeverDonald R. ''The Origins of SDI, come from the more neutral scientific and military community1944-1983'' (1992), * Westwick, Peter J."'Space-Strike Weapons' and the Soviet Response to SDI," ''Diplomatic History'' 2008 32(5): 955-979  ==References=={{factreflist}} ==External links==*[http://donovaneditorial.com/work/ISDcasestudy1.51130007.pdf Changing the Rules: President Ronald Reagan's. Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) Decision].  [[Category:Cold War]][[Category:Reagan Era]][[Category:MilitaryNuclear Target Structures]]