[[File:Ukraine Army with Nazi Wolsfangel.PNG|right|250px|thumb|Officially approved for distribution in English propaganda poster by the Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Thank You Ukrainian Army” with the Nazi Wolfsengel patch, a [[hate]] symbol,<ref>https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/wolfsangel</ref> emblazoned on the sleeve.<ref>https://reportingradicalism.org/en/hate-symbols/movements/nazi-symbols/wolfsangel</ref>]]
'''Propaganda''' ([[Latin]] ''propaganda'' feminine ablative gerundive of ''propago'' I am spreading) is any idea, fact, rumor, or lie, or a wider body of same, which one circulates, publishes, or otherwise spreads by deliberate conscious effort in order to advance or hinder any given cause. This includes activity by a government to instill fear of that government's enemies, either in time of [[war]] or as a prelude to war, especially if the information that the government is promulgating is false. [[Edward Bernays]] is often considered the father of modern propaganda.
Propagandists such as [[demagogue]]s, [[dictator]]s, [[false prophet]]s, and fanatical ideologists allegedly use, but primarily abuse [[logic]]. They all try to convince audiences that their reasoning is logical and sound, while in reality they twist, slant, and distort its process in whatever ways they believe they can without detection. [[Goebbels' maxim]] shows some of these speakers believe that the bigger the misrepresentation they can get away with, the greater the triumph. Since propagandists have already made up their minds, they are not really attempting to use logic in an honest search for [[truth]]. Their intention is only to deceive more effectively.<ref name="Virkler">{{cite book |author=Virkler, Henry A. |title=A Christian's Guide to Critical Thinking |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |location=Eugene, OR |year=1993 |isbn=978-15975-26616 |pages=183–4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUgqAAAACAAJ}}</ref>
'''Negative propaganda''' can incite hatred between social strata, develop and maintain conflicts between them, turn people of different views against each other, etc. An important basis for negative propaganda is "the end justifies the means", that is, whatever is committed, this is normal, since there was a need. Negative propaganda subjugates the people it influences, makes them treat other people badly and confront them. People exposed to such propaganda accept beliefs and [[stereotype]]s that are beneficial to certain people. Negative propaganda creates a parallel reality in the eyes of people, which has its own system of values, beliefs and views. Such propaganda easily affects people without [[critical thinking]] and with high suggestibility. This allows a narrow group of people to manage a huge mass of people and act in the interests of this very group. For example, during the [[NATO war in Ukraine]], the official NATO Twitter account posted a message comparing the Ukraine conflict to famous fantasy films such as [[Harry Potter]], [[Star Wars]], [[Braveheart]], and more. The tweet read:
{{quotebox-float|"We are Harry Potter and William Wallace, the Na’vi and Han Solo. We’re escaping from Shawshank and blowing up the Death Star. We are fighting with the Harkonnens and challenging Thanos.<ref>[https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2023/02/nato-gets-destroyed-for-tweet-comparing-ukraine-russia-conflict-to-harry-potter-and-other-famous-fantasy-films-responses-are-hysterical/ NATO Gets DESTROYED For Tweet Comparing Ukraine-Russia Conflict To Harry Potter And Other Famous Fantasy Films], By Cullen Linebarger, Feb. 23, 2023. ''[[Gatewaypundit]]''.</ref>}}
== Uses of propaganda in society today ==
[[File:Fauci Film.JPG|right|300px|thumb|The [[Fauci]] agitprop film was not well received. [[Rotten Tomatoes]] refused to allow critical reviews.<ref>https://youtu.be/OBbEV8qP4fo</ref>]]
Former president [[Woodrow Wilson]] is known his use of [[deceit]]ful political propaganda in the [[United States]], techniques first used by organizations such as the [[Committee on Public Information]], during the [[progressive]]-era in the early 1900s.<ref>[http://www.glennbeck.com/content/articles/article/196/4199/ Glenn talks with Jonah Goldberg, author of Liberal Fascism], ''The Glenn Beck Program'', January 15, 2008.</ref><ref name=journolist>[https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,597464,00.html Journolist Follows the Footsteps of Woodrow Wilson's Propagandists], ''[[Fox News]]'', July 22, 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.glennbeck.com/content/articles/article/198/35938/ Glenn Beck: Obama Zombies], ''The Glenn Beck Program'', February 4, 2010.</ref><ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,593622,00.html Progressives' Fight for American Hearts and Minds], ''[[Fox News]]'', May 27, 2010.</ref> Today, propaganda has become the favorite method of [[politics]]. Both politicians and the commentators that support them routinely engage in it. The most egregious example of modern propaganda can probably be found in the films of [[Michael Moore]], which present a classic combination of factual fabrication, distorted interpretation, and emotional dishonesty. On television, [[Countdown]] with [[Keith Olbermann]] provides a nightly dose of mean-spirited, irrational invective. Journalists have also contributed, forming groups such as the [[JournoList]].<ref name=journolist /> The vicious and frivolous tone of so much modern propaganda has contributed, especially in the United States, to a coarsening of civil discourse and, some say, a severe weakening of civility.
In addition to civility, the idea of truth suffers from the habitual use of propaganda. Current-events organs that willfully publish propagandistic content not only contribute to the problem, but also demean themselves. In one famous example ([[Rathergate]]), a [[television]] broadcast network circulated for weeks certain memoranda, the contents of which were damaging to the incumbent President of the United States ([[George W. Bush]]), though those who obtained those memoranda knew, or ought to have known, that they were forgeries.
[[Theater]] has been an instrument of propaganda since before such things as current-events organs existed. Significantly, however, whenever theater has lent itself to propaganda, it has tended to demean itself. Even [[William Shakespeare]] was not immune to this - certain of his Histories, especially ''Richard the Third'' acted as propaganda for the ruling [[Tudor]] dynasty whose founder, [[Henry VII]], had defeated [[Richard III]] to become king.
== Identifying propaganda ==
#Propaganda payload, the moral of the story
==War propaganda==[[FileBook:Guardian reports on Nazi defeat.PNG|right|250px|thumb|''[[The Guardian]]'' report on the defeat of [[Nazi]]s in [[Azovstal]].<ref>httpsManufacturing Consent://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2022/may/17/evacuation-of-azovstal-plant-in-mariupol-in-pictures</ref>]]War propaganda is used as a means of influencing both sides of the military conflict. An example from the [[Russia-Ukraine war]] is the recruitment of foreign [[mercenaries]] by the government of [[Ukraine]]. Mercenaries do not enjoy the status and protection of [[prisoners of war]] under the [[Geneva Convention]], can be executed on the spot as paid killers for profit under international law, and most governments have laws in place prohibiting their citizens from engaging in mercenary activity. Three [[UK]] citizens were captured by the Russians, and two faced [[criminal]] charges and the [[death penalty]]. The third, Aiden Aslin, was somewhat Political Economy of [[social media]] star with a large number of subscribers on [[Twitter]] and [[Instagram]] following his tales of adventure. In captivity, Aslin was allowed to create a [[YouTube]] channel to interact with the global public,<ref>https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFNB2gdTvzAXW9LQ1GS5wfg/videos</ref> and dissuade people from responding to Ukrainian and Western media solicitations to join Ukraine's mercenary force.Mass Media ===
Propaganda in times ''[[Manufacturing Consent]]: The Political Economy of war or other kinds the Mass Media'' is a 1988 book by Edward S. Herman and [[Noam Chomsky]]. The book advocates the position that the mass communication media of military operationsthe United States "are effective and powerful ideological institutions that carry out a system-supportive propaganda function, by reliance on market forces, internalized assumptions, and self-censorship, and without overt coercion", through propaganda and the censoring of dissenting viewpoints. It can be divided into <ref>{{cite book|last1=Herman|first1=Edward S.|last2=Chomsky|first2=Noam|title=Manufacturing Consent|publisher=Pantheon Books|location=New York|page=306}}</ref> The title refers to consent of the following typesgoverned, and is derived from the phrase "the manufacture of consent" used by the American writer, reporter and political commentator Walter Lippmann in Public Opinion (1922).<ref>p. xi, ''Manufacturing Consent''. Also, p. 13, Noam Chomsky, ''Letters from Lexington: Reflections on Propaganda'', Paradigm Publishers 2004.</ref> The book was given the [[George Orwell|Orwell]] Award.
'''Propaganda of captivity.''' One of Subsequent to the most popular and effective types of military propaganda books publication Chomsky does talk censorship in the framework corporate media (Firing or non-promotion of [[psychological warfare]]. It includes providing information about prisoners journalists taking opposing viewpoints, corporate advertisers having influence of warnews content, their normal existencecorporate publishers discriminating against various viewpoints, lack of bullying and serious difficultiesetc. Implementing the idea that surrender is a completely normal solution that will help you return home alive).
===The role of 'fact checkers''Propaganda and information experts===Stavroula Pabst, a writer in [[Greece]], published an article on the nefarious purpose of military successes.fact-checking and 'disinformation'' Significantly increases debunking. The piece explains this by going back to the morale writings of his army the French philosopher Guy Debord and demoralization his musings about 'spectacles'.<ref>[https://libya360.wordpress.com/2023/01/03/guy-debords-warning-of -the enemy army. -role-of-the-expert-a-philosophical-perspective-on-the-rise-of-fact-checking/ Guy Debord’s Warning of “The Role of the Expert”: A kind Philosophical Perspective on the Rise of Fact-Checking], Stavroula Pabst, JANUARY 3, 2023.</ref>{{Quotebox|"placebo effectWhile anti-disinformation efforts proliferate, what’s missing from the conversation is a discussion about power. Of course, the powerful have reasons for wanting to combat what they consider to be “disinformation” — they want their version of the [[truth]] to become ours. Many commentators observe as such, noting that so-called disinformation researchers, fact-checkers, and experts are often [[partisan]] in nature, and themselves frequently disseminate things that are not true." – }}[[Glenn Greenwald]] commented, basically, anyone calling themselves a “misinformation expert” or “disinformation reporter” is a partisan [[fraud]], trying to make their [[activism]] seem [[scientific]].{{quotebox-float|"But a larger force is at work within the introduction rise of certain thoughts fact-checking and moods other counter-disinformation efforts. That force is our society’s current arrangement of appearances, the totality of social relations mediated by images, or spectacle. Spectacle, as elucidated in Debord’s ''The Society of the Spectacle'', is a concept that can really lead help us to the result understand seemingly unconnected, yet deeply intertwined phenomena that is statedhave come to fruition as the [[economy]] has subjugated [[society]] to its needs (as opposed to the other way around), and thus recover our ability to experience life directly.
'''Propaganda by instilling fear of defeat.''' Such propaganda can set up the army for the most decisive actions, since "there is nowhere As its dominance over our everyday lives grows complete, the spectacle has become powerful enough to retreatturn our understanding of what is [[true]] upside down." It can acquire Because spectacle replaces real life with a different character - instilling fear due to the consequences mere mediated representation of the offensive. Such an approach can cause confusion in the army life that cannot be experienced directly, it provides a framework where mass deceptions and society of the attacking side. Other ways of exposure. [[File:Time fake news Denisova.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Ukraine Human Rights Ombudsman Lyudmila Denisova was actually fired in an unprecedented move for manufacturing fake news reports about alleged Russian [[rapelie]]s can consistently and bringing disrepute on the Ukrainian regimeconvincingly appear as true.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2022 |title='This will not help us defeat the enemy' A new report looks at Ukrainian Ombudsman Lyudmyla DenisovaThus, who was fired after officials couldn't confirm her stories spectacle is perhaps one of rape committed by Russian soldiers |url=https://meduza.io/en/feature/2022/06/28/the most effective tools we-work-on-the-information-front have to explain how [[elitism|access-date= |website=Meduza |language=en}}</ref>elite]] ===NATO war in Ukraine==={{See also|NATO war in Ukraine}} From the earliest days of the conflictdeceptions, the including fabrications and lies about [[Kyiv regimeimperialist]] focused on winning a global information and propaganda war rather than a military conflict. Researchers at the University of Adelaide in Australia published a landmark paper on August 20, 2022 on the activities of bot accounts on [[Twitterwar]] related to the conflict. The Australian findings were staggering – of 5.2 million tweets on the s like those in [[social mediaIraq war|Iraq]] network from February 23 to March 8, 2022 at the outbreak of the conflict, between 60 to 80% were shared by fake accounts.<ref>https://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.07038.pdf</ref> Reverse psychology was employed for the first year of the conflict, reporting Ukraine's staggering losses, in excess of 100,000 killed, as Russian losses. This conditioned Western media consumers to believe support for the war was accomplishing its goals, lessening the shock impact of being lied to and the horrors of war when it became apparent that the numbers were real, only the belligerent parties to whom the atrocities and casualty rates were attributed had been reversed. Virtually all [[mainstream mediaSyrian war|Syria]] reporting was reversed: Ukrainian war crimes, atrocities, killing of civilians, casualty rates, can consistently go unpunished and troops killed in action were reportedeven unnoticed. As such, however universally attributed by the controlled media of the West as being Russian war crimes it follows that spectacle can help us understand how modern fact-checks and casualty rates, and not Ukrainian. This avoided counter-disinformation initiatives can consistently do the need to invent stories out opposite of whole cloth to gin up anti-Russian propaganda cause no one could deny these events happened or deaths occurred. All Western reporting was sanitized in Kyiv through the [[CIA]]what they claim, which shared office space in [[SBU]] headquarters. Nothing made it out of Kyiv for global MSM distribution without passing through regime and NATO information experts firstas many have observed."}}
== Counter-propaganda ==
''See also:'' [[Soft power]]
[[Soft power]] is a nation's capacity to cause others to do things through persuasive/non-coercive means. The American political scientist Joseph Nye introduced the concept of "soft power" in the late 1980s. Brand Finance, the world's leading brand valuation consultancy, annually list the countries with the strongest soft power.
=== Brand Finance's 2022 ranking of the countries with the most soft power ===
# Italy
== Uses of War propaganda in society today ==[[File:Fauci FilmGuardian reports on Nazi defeat.JPGPNG|right|300px250px|thumb|''[[The Guardian]]'' report on the defeat of [[FauciNazi]] agitprop film was not well received. s in [[Rotten TomatoesAzovstal]] refused to allow critical reviews.<ref>https://youtuwww.betheguardian.com/world/gallery/2022/OBbEV8qP4fomay/17/evacuation-of-azovstal-plant-in-mariupol-in-pictures</ref>]]Former president War propaganda is used as a means of influencing both sides of the military conflict. An example from the [[Woodrow WilsonRussia-Ukraine war]] is known his use the recruitment of foreign [[deceitmercenaries]]ful political propaganda in by the government of [[United StatesUkraine]], techniques first used by organizations such as . Mercenaries do not enjoy the status and protection of [[Committee on Public Informationprisoners of war]], during under the [[progressiveGeneva Convention]]-era in , can be executed on the early 1900s.<ref>[http://www.glennbeck.com/content/articles/article/196/4199/ Glenn talks with Jonah Goldbergspot as paid killers for profit under international law, author of Liberal Fascism], ''The Glenn Beck Program'', January 15, 2008and most governments have laws in place prohibiting their citizens from engaging in mercenary activity.</ref><ref name=journolist>[https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,597464,00.html Journolist Follows the Footsteps of Woodrow Wilson's Propagandists], ''Three [[Fox NewsUK]]''citizens were captured by the Russians, July 22, 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.glennbeck.com/content/articles/article/198/35938/ Glenn Beck: Obama Zombies], ''The Glenn Beck Program'', February 4, 2010.</ref><ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,593622,00.html Progressives' Fight for American Hearts and Minds], ''two faced [[Fox Newscriminal]]'', May 27, 2010.</ref> Today, propaganda has become charges and the favorite method of [[politicsdeath penalty]]. Both politicians and the commentators that support them routinely engage in it. The most egregious example of modern propaganda can probably be found in the films third, Aiden Aslin, was somewhat of [[Michael Mooresocial media]], which present star with a classic combination large number of factual fabrication, distorted interpretation, and emotional dishonesty. On television, subscribers on [[CountdownTwitter]] with and [[Keith OlbermannInstagram]] provides a nightly dose following his tales of mean-spirited, irrational invectiveadventure. Journalists have also contributedIn captivity, forming groups such as the Aslin was allowed to create a [[JournoListYouTube]].channel to interact with the global public,<ref name=journolist >https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFNB2gdTvzAXW9LQ1GS5wfg/videos</ref> The vicious and frivolous tone of so much modern propaganda has contributed, especially in the United States, dissuade people from responding to a coarsening of civil discourse Ukrainian and, some say, a severe weakening of civilityWestern media solicitations to join Ukraine's mercenary force.
In addition to civilityPropaganda in times of war or other kinds of military operations. It can be divided into the following types: '''Propaganda of captivity.''' One of the most popular and effective types of military propaganda in the framework of [[psychological warfare]]. It includes providing information about prisoners of war, their normal existence, lack of bullying and serious difficulties. Implementing the idea that surrender is a completely normal solution that will help you return home alive. '''Propaganda of truth suffers from military successes.''' Significantly increases the habitual use morale of his army and demoralization of the enemy army. A kind of "placebo effect" – the introduction of certain thoughts and moods can really lead to the result that is stated. '''Propaganda by instilling fear of defeat.''' Such propagandacan set up the army for the most decisive actions, since "there is nowhere to retreat. Current" It can acquire a different character -events organs that willfully publish propagandistic content not only contribute instilling fear due to the problem, but also demean themselvesconsequences of the offensive. In one famous example (Such an approach can cause confusion in the army and society of the attacking side. Other ways of exposure. [[RathergateFile:Time fake news Denisova.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Ukraine Human Rights Ombudsman Lyudmila Denisova was actually fired in an unprecedented move for manufacturing fake news reports about alleged Russian [[rape]])s and bringing disrepute on the Ukrainian regime.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2022 |title='This will not help us defeat the enemy' A new report looks at Ukrainian Ombudsman Lyudmyla Denisova, who was fired after officials couldn't confirm her stories of rape committed by Russian soldiers |url=https://meduza.io/en/feature/2022/06/28/we-work-on-the-information-front |access-date= |website=Meduza |language=en}}</ref>]] ===NATO war in Ukraine==={{See also|NATO war in Ukraine}} From the earliest days of the conflict, the [[Kyiv regime]] focused on winning a global information and propaganda war rather than a military conflict. Researchers at the University of Adelaide in Australia published a landmark paper on August 20, 2022 on the activities of bot accounts on [[televisionTwitter]] related to the conflict. The Australian findings were staggering – of 5.2 million tweets on the [[social media]] broadcast network circulated for weeks certain memorandafrom February 23 to March 8, 2022 at the contents outbreak of which the conflict, between 60 to 80% were damaging shared by fake accounts.<ref>https://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.07038.pdf</ref> Reverse psychology was employed for the first year of the conflict, reporting Ukraine's staggering losses, in excess of 100,000 killed, as Russian losses. This conditioned Western media consumers to believe support for the war was accomplishing its goals, lessening the incumbent President shock impact of being lied to and the United States (horrors of war when it became apparent that the numbers were real, only the belligerent parties to whom the atrocities and casualty rates were attributed had been reversed. Virtually all [[George W. Bushmainstream media]])reporting was reversed: Ukrainian war crimes, though those who obtained those memoranda knewatrocities, or ought to have knownkilling of civilians, that they casualty rates, and troops killed in action were forgeriesreported, however universally attributed by the controlled media of the West as being Russian war crimes and casualty rates, and not Ukrainian. This avoided the need to invent stories out of whole cloth to gin up anti-Russian propaganda cause no one could deny these events happened or deaths occurred. All Western reporting was sanitized in Kyiv through the [[CIA]], which shared office space in [[SBU]] headquarters. Nothing made it out of Kyiv for global MSM distribution without passing through regime and NATO information experts first.
[[Theater]] has been an instrument of propaganda since before such things as current-events organs existed. Significantly, however, whenever theater has lent itself to propaganda, it has tended to demean itself. Even [[William Shakespeare]] was not immune to this - certain of his Histories, especially ''Richard the Third'' acted as propaganda for the ruling [[Tudor]] dynasty whose founder, [[Henry VII]], had defeated [[Richard III]] to become king.
== Psychological warfare and the U.S. Army ==
''See also:'' [[Psychological warfare]]
[[File:USA blew up Nordstream.PNG|right|150px|thumb|]]
According to the U.S. Army:
{{Cquote|[[Psychological warfare|Psychological Operations ]] (PSYOP) Soldiers benefit the Army’s missions by using unconventional techniques. Their intelligence, interpersonal skills, cultural sensitivity, and foreign language proficiency help sway opinions and actions of foreign governments, groups, and individuals. Psychological warfare requires adaptability, resilience, and problem solving to be successful. To become a PSYOP Soldier, you’ll be thoroughly tested and trained on your critical thinking skills, and your mental and physical toughness, in order to prepare you for work in the field.<ref>[https://www.goarmy.com/careers-and-jobs/specialty-careers/special-ops/psychological-operations.html PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS - U.S. Army website]</ref>}}
=== U.S. Army field manual: Psychological Operations Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures ===
*[https://irp.fas.org/doddir/army/fm3-05-301.pdf U.S. Army field manual: Psychological Operations Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures]
== See also ==
<div style="column-count:3;-moz-column-count:3;-webkit-column-count:3">
*[[Psychological warfare]]
*[[Media intelligence complex]]
*[[Echo chamber (media)]]
*[[Michael Moore]]
*[[Keith Olbermann]]
*[[Copium]]
*[[DARVO]]
*[[Persuasion]]
*[[Putin propaganda]]
</div>
==References==
<references/>{{reflist|2}}
== External links ==