'''[[File:Lilpba1.jpg|thumb|200px| Partial birth abortion''' is a medical procedure in which a baby is almost born (except for : Grasping the head) and then killed. [http://www.abortioninfo.net/facts/pba.shtmlfetal extremity]]
'''Partial birth abortions are performed during the second and third trimesters Birth Abortion''' is a late-term [[Abortion|abortive procedure]] in which all of pregnancy. "Partial birth" refers to the fact that, from a legal perspective, birth occurs when fetus (except for the head emerges ) is removed from the womb through the [[cervix]] (the same pathway through which birth canal{{fact}}occurs; hence the name), and is then killed. The United States Congress enacted official medical term is "intact dilation and extraction" abortion. The procedure accounts for 0.17% of all abortions in the Partial Birth Abortion Ban Act U.S., but due to its grisly nature, has become an important battleground within the greater [[abortion controversy]].<ref>http://newswww.findlawabortioninfo.comnet/hdocsfacts/docs/abortionpba.shtml</2003s3.html] in 2003.ref>
==History==[[File:Cranioclast.jpg|thumb|200px| Cranioclast: an instrument used to crush the skull so as to allow the extraction of a dead fetus during obstructed labor.]] Prior to [[Roe vs. Wade]] and [[Doe vs. Bolton]], there was no such concept as a post-viability abortion. Abortion was, by definition, the death, either natural or inflicted, of a pre-viable fetus. The closest practice to what we know as late abortion was the [[destructive operation]], performed to remove a fetus who had died during [[obstructed labor]]. The destructive operation is sometimes still used in areas that lack the medical facilities to perform safe Cesarean sections,<ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/l701707824138666/ Savita Rani Singhal, Pooja Chaudhry, Krishna Sangwan and Suresh Kumar Singhal, "Destructive operations in modern obstetrics", ''Archives of Gynecology'', Volume 273, Number 2, 107-109]</ref><ref>[http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/dtc/primsurg/docbook/html/x5765.html Nelson Awori et al., ''Primary Surgery'', Online Edition on special wish of the editors Maurice King and Peter C. Bewes expressed on the 8th. DTC Symposium in Jena 1999]</ref> but elsewhere it has been supplanted.<ref>[http://www.gfmer.ch/Obstetrics_simplified/caesarean_section.htm Diaa M. EI-Mowafi, ''Obstetrics Simplified'']</ref> With ''Roe'' and ''Doe'', the Supreme Court declared that there was a Constitutional right to an "abortion" even past fetal viability. US abortionists thus were limited in scope only by their own willingness to destroy fetal life. It was only after the [[Planned Parenthood vs. Casey]] decision that states were permitted to limit post-viability abortions. Many still do not have, or do not enforce, laws that [[Casey]] had established as enforceable. In the immediate post-''Roe'' era, abortions past the midpoint in pregnancy were typically performed by [[saline abortion|instillation]], in which drugs or chemicals, alone or in combination, were used to cause fetal demise and induce labor. These abortions carried with them numerous drawbacks. They were risky for the mother, since the chemicals used to kill the fetus could severely injure or even kill the mother if they entered her bloodstream.<ref name="Wagatsuma1">Wagatsuma, T.: "Intraamniotic Injection of Saline for Therapeutic Abortion," ''American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology'', November 1, 1965</ref> They were also logistically challenging, requiring a typical multi-day hospital stay. Furthermore, they required a delay until about 16 weeks into the pregnancy, prior to which point there was not sufficient amniotic fluid for the practitioner to extract and replace.<ref name="Cates1">Cates, W. Jr., Schulz, K.F., Grimes D.A., et al: "The Effects of Delay and Method of Choice on the Risk of Abortion Morbidity," ''Family Planning Perspectives'', 9:266, 1977.</ref> [[File:Lilpba2.jpg|thumb|200px| Partial birth abortion: Rotating the fetus into position for extraction]] The dilation and evacuation (D&E) abortion technique had already been developing, "in part because surgeons needed a `right now' solution to complete suction abortions inadvertently started in the second trimester and in part to provide a means of early second trimester abortion to avoid necessary delays for instillation methods." As practitioners became more skilled and more confident, they performed D&E later and later in pregnancy, and this method began to eclipse the use of instillation methods.<ref name="Haskell">Haskell, M.: "Dilation and Extraction for Late Second Trimester Abortion," Presented at the National Abortion Federation Risk Management Seminar, September 13, 1992</ref> [[File:Lilpba3.jpg|thumb|200px| Partial birth abortion: Pulling the living fetus into position]] As one practitioner noted, "Classic D&E is accomplished by dismembering the fetus inside the uterus with instruments and removing the pieces through an adequately dilated cervix."<ref name="Haskell"/> He also noted that at and beyond 20 weeks of gestation, most abortionists found the fetal tissues too tough to easily tear apart. Thus, methods were developed to kill the fetus in-utero a day or more prior to dismemberment, so as to allow autolysis or softening of the fetal tissues. This method, however, also carried a risk of infection.<ref name="Haskell"/> [[File:Lilpba4.jpg|thumb|200px| Partial birth abortion: Using scissors to create a hole in the base of the skull, killing the fetus]] [[California]] [[abortionist]] [[James McMahon]] is credited with resolving the difficulty, around 1983, by developing what he called "intrauterine cranial decompression", involving extensive dilation of the cervix to extract the fetus feet-first, then kill it just before completing the delivery by removing the [[brain]] with a suction cannula.<ref>Tumulty, K.: "[http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1613078,00.html The Abortion Ruling: An Isolated Win?]" ''Time'', April 20, 2007</ref> [[Ohio]] abortionist [[Martin Haskell]] indicated that he stumbled across the method himself independently of McMahon: <blockquote><nowiki>[D&E abortions up to 24 weeks]</nowiki> were very tough. Sometimes it was a 45-minute operation. I noticed that some of the later D&Es were very, very easy. So I asked myself why can't they all happen this way. You see the easy ones would have a foot length presentation, you'd reach up and grab the foot of the fetus, pull the fetus down and the head would hang up and then you would collapse the head and take it out. It was easy. At first, I would reach around trying to identify a lower extremity blindly with the tip of my instrument. I'd get it right about 30-50 percent of the time. Then I said, "Well gee, if I just put the ultrasound up there I could see it all and I wouldn't have to feel around for it." I did that and sure enough, I found it 99 percent of the time. Kind of serendipity.<ref>"https://www.nrlc.org/abortion/fetal_pain/Haskell%20Cincinnati%20Medicine.pdf", ''Cincinnati Medicine'', Fall 1993</ref></blockquote> [[File:Lilpba5.jpg|thumb|200px| Partial birth abortion: Suctioning the brain out and collapsing the skull]] The technique gained popularity after Haskell presented a paper about his refinement of the technique, which he was now calling dilation and extraction or D&X, at the 1992 [[National Abortion Federation]] (NAF) Risk Management Seminar in Dallas, Texas.<ref>[https://www.nrlc.org/abortion/pba/pbafact1.html Johnson, D.: "What is partial-birth abortion, and what is the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act (HR 1833)?", National Right to Life]</ref> ==Controversy== Haskell's presentation paper, distributed through NAF's mailing list, fell into the hands of cartoonist Jenny Westberg. Westberg wrote an article on her discovery, also providing the now-infamous line drawings of the procedure, for the February, 1993 issue of ''Life Advocate'', a limited-circulation pro-life periodical then published in Portland, Oregon.<ref>Gorney, C.: [http://www.pubtheo.com/page.asp?pid=1483 "Gambling With Abortion: Why both sides think they have everything to lose"], ''Harper's'', November, 2004</ref><ref name="dead">[http://www.covenantnews.com/deParrie031110.htm de Parrie, P.: "I See Dead People", ''Covenant News'', November 10, 2003]</ref> National Right to Life seized upon the line drawings, along with Haskell's presentation paper, and with state affiliates launched a multi-front legislative battle against what they dubbed "partial-birth abortion" or PBA.<ref name="dead"/> ==Reasons for Partial Birth Abortions== Though abortion advocates typically present all [[late term abortion|late-term abortion]] as being performed for "hard cases" (severe fetal abnormalities or serious health problems in the mother), late abortions, including PBA, are typically performed for the [[reasons for abortion|same reasons as earlier abortions]]. ==Legislation== [[United States Congress|Congress]] passed laws to ban the procedure in 1996 and 1997, but the bill was [[veto]]ed by [[Bill Clinton|President Clinton]]<ref>http://www.jeremiahproject.com/culture/partbirthabortion.html</ref> and Congress was just short of the votes necessary to override it. The United States [[Congress]] enacted the [[Partial Birth Abortion Ban Act]] <ref>http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/abortion/2003s3.html</ref> in 2003 and [[George W. Bush|President Bush]] signed it into law. The Supreme Court upheld the ban by a 5 to 4 decision in [[Gonzalez Gonzales v. Carhart]], on 18 April 18, 2007. From PriestsForLife.org <ref>http://www.priestsforlife.org/pba/supreme-court-pba-ban.pdf</ref> The ban prohibits: <blockquote>"knowingly perform[ing] a partial-birth abortion...that is [not] necessary to save the life of the mother," 18 U.S.C. Section 1531(a). It defines "partial-birth abortion," Section 1531(b)(1), as a procedure in which the doctor: "(A) deliberately and intentionally vaginally delivers a living fetus until, in the case of a head-first presentation, the entire fetal head is outside the [mother's] body..., or, in the case of breech presentation, any part of the fetal trunck past the navel is outside the [mother's] body..., for the purpose of performing an overt act that the person knows will kill the partially delivered living fetus"; and "(B) performs the overt act, other than completion of delivery, that kills the fetus."</blockquote> ==References==<References/>==See also==*[[Abortion]][[Category:Abortion]] ==External links==* [http://www.abortioninstruments.com/new_index.html#instruments Abortion Instruments]