Changes

Nationalist sentiment in the 21st century is a powerful force in Newfoundland politics and culture. But that was a development of the late 20th century, for in the 1940s it was not strong enough to stop confederation with Canada. A Newfoundland identity was first articulated in the 1840s, embodied in a distinction between English-born and native-born Newfoundland residents.The relative absence of a strong sense of belonging to an independent country was the underlying reason for Joseph Smallwood's referendum victory. Most islanders were descendants of immigrants from either Ireland or the English West Country. It took centuries for them to view themselves as Newfoundlanders first and foremost. Gregory (2004) tried to date the transition from old (European) to new (Newfoundland) in the outport communities using vernacular song texts. Use of three collections of Newfoundland songs<ref>Gerald Doyle, ed. ''The Old Time Songs and Poetry of Newfoundland'' (1927); Elisabeth Greenleaf, ''Ballads and Sea Songs from Newfoundland'' (1968); and Maud Karpeles, ed. ''Folk Songs from Newfoundland'' (1971)</ref> demonstrates how by 1930 or so a Newfoundland song culture had replaced earlier cultural traditions. These songs suggest that the island was still a cultural mosaic; some outports were completely Irish, others were English, and in a few ethnically mixed communities, including St. John's, there was an emergent, home-grown, patriotic song culture. Cultural nationalism was still a minority tradition in the Newfoundland of 1930.<ref>E. David Gregory, "Vernacular Song, Cultural Identity, and Nationalism in Newfoundland, 1920-1955," ''History of Intellectual Culture'' 2004 4(1). Issn: 1492-7810 [http://www.ucalgary.ca/hic/hic/website/2004vol4no1/framesets/2004vol4no1gregoryarticleframeset.htm online edition]</ref> After joining Canada in 1949, Newfoundland culture underwent a significant transformation, notably in the cultural revival of the 1970s, which extolled the virtues of the people before they were hit with efficiency, centralization, and modernity. The "Ode to Newfoundland" is sung with as much enthusiasm in the taverns of Toronto and Calgary as on the island itself. Traditional Newfoundland heritage enjoyed a renaissance in the arts and crafts. Celebrations of outport life have been combined with a long-standing sense of victimization, offering a parade of historical scapegoats ­ from the fishing admirals to powerful merchants ­used to explain relative backwardness and failure. Atlantic Canadians increasingly share an angle of vision derived in large part from the unpleasant fact that, compared to the mainland, the Atlantic region is both economically poor and politically weak, and growing more so. Nevertheless, Atlantic Canadians have so far rejected political union.<ref>Shane O'Dea, "Culture and Country: the Role of the Arts and Heritage in the Nationalist Revival in Newfoundland." ''Newfoundland Studies'' 2003 19(2): 378-386; Margaret R. Conrad and James K. Hiller, ''Atlantic Canada: A Region in the Making'' (2001) pp 1-11.</ref>

* [http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ ''The Dictionary of Canadian Biography''] (1966-2006), thousands of scholarly biographies of notables who died by 1930

* [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCESubjects&Params=A1 ''Canadian Encyclopedia'' (2008)] reliable detailed encyclopedia, on-line free

* Canada, Government of. ''Newfoundland . An Introduction to Canada's New Province'' (1950), 142p., useful short history [http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/nfldhistory/NewfoundlandHistory.htm online edition]

* Conrad, Margaret, and James Hiller. ''Atlantic Canada: A Concise History'' (2006).

* Jackson, Lawrence. ''Newfoundland & Labrador'' (1998)

* Smallwood, Joseph, et al. eds. ''The Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador'' (5 vol 1981-94) 3900 pages; available on cd-rom [http://www.cuff.com/enl/Anext.htm portions online]

* [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCESubjects&Params=A1 ''Canadian Encyclopedia'' (2008), complete text]

* Bélanger, Claude, ed. "Newfoundland Biography (1497-2004)" (2004) [http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/nfldhistory/Newfoundland%20biographies%20A-D.htm online edition]

* Canada, Government of. ''Newfoundland . An Introduction to Canada's New Province'' (1950), 142p., useful short history [http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/nfldhistory/NewfoundlandHistory.htm online edition]

* Chadwick, Gerald William St. John. ''Newfoundland; Island Into Province'' (1967)

* Bannister, Jerry. ''The Rule of the Admirals: Law, Custom, and Naval Government in Newfoundland, 1699-1832.'' (2003).

* Birkenhead, Lord. ''The story of Newfoundland'' (2nd ed. 1920) 192pp [http://www.ourroots.ca/e/toc.aspx?id=1319 online edition]

* Buckner, Phillip A., and John G. Reid, eds. ''The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History'' (1994);

* Casey, G.J., and Elizabeth Miller, eds., ''Tempered Days: A Century of Newfoundland Fiction'' St. John's: Killick Press, 1996.

* Earle; Karl McNeil. "Cousins of a Kind: The Newfoundland and Labrador Relationship with the United States" ''American Review of Canadian Studies'' Vol: 28. Issue: 4. 1998. pp: 387-411. [http://www.questia.com/read/5002300400?title=Cousins%20of%20a%20Kind%3a%20The%20Newfoundland%20and%20Labrador%20Relationship%20with%20the%20United%20States online edition]

* Fay, C. R. ''Life and Labour in Newfoundland'' University of Toronto Press, (1956) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/life-and-labour-in-newfoundland-based-on-lectures-delivered-at-the-memorial-university-of-newfoundland-by-c-r-fay.jsp online edition]

* Forbes, E.R., and D.A. Muise, eds. ''The Atlantic Provinces in Confederation'' (1993).

* Head, Grant C. ''Eighteenth Century Newfoundland: A Geographer’s Perspective'' (1976)

* Hiller, James, and Peter Neary, eds. ''Newfoundland in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Essays in Interpretations'' (1980)

* Hiller, James K. ''Confederation: deciding Newfoundland's future, 1934–1949'' (1998)

* Hiller, J. K. and Harrington, M. F., ed. ''The Newfoundland National Convention, 1946-1948.'' (2 vols. 1995). 2021 pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=HcBTy7iPuAkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:newfoundland+inauthor:Hiller&lr=&as_brr=0&sig=CSm8ZJGbvGXEDTGR9Vj5rqdYJXY excerpts and text search]

* Letto, Douglas. ''Chocolate bars and rubber boots: the Smallwood industrialization plan'' (1998)

* Ling, Katherine Anne. "'A Share of the Sacrifice': Newfoundland Service Wives in the Second World War." PhD dissertation Memorial U. of Newfoundland [Canada] 2001. 331 pp.: DAI 2002 62(10): 3527-A. DANQ62451 Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]

* McCann, Phillip. ''Schooling in a Fishing Society: Education and Economic Conditions in Newfoundland and Labrador, 1836-1986.'' St. John's: Institute of Social and Economic Res., 1994. 277 pp.

* MacKay, R. A. ''Newfoundland: Economic, Diplomatic, and Strategic Studies,'' (1946) [http://www.questia.com/read/1018277?title=Newfoundland%3b%20Economic%2c%20Diplomatic%2c%20and%20Strategic%20Studies online edition]

* Ommer, Rosemary E., ed. ''The Resilient Outport: Ecology, Economy, and Society in Rural Newfoundland.'' (2002). 358 pp.

* Overton, James. "Nationalism, Democracy, and Self-determination: Newfoundland in the 1930s and 1940s." ''Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism'' 2005 32(1-2): 31-52. Issn: 0317-7904

* Rowe, Frederick W. ''The Smallwood Era.'' (1985). 250 pp.

* Sider, Gerald M. ''Between History and Tomorrow: Making and Breaking Everyday Life in Rural Newfoundland.'' (2nd ed. 2003); first edition was ''Culture and Class in Anthropology and History: A Newfoundland Illustration,'' (1986). 344 pp.