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|name=''الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية العظمىليبيا<br/>'''al-jamāhīriyyatu l-`arabiyyatu l-lībiyyatu<br/>š-ša`biyyatu l-ištirākiyyatu l-`uZmà'' Lībyā

|flag=Flag of Libya1951.png |arms=Arms of Libya.png |capital=Tripoli, Libya |government=AuthoritarianNational Transitional Council

|president-raw=[[Muammar al-Gaddafi|Col. Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi]]Nuri Busahmein

|pop=67,036000,914000 (2020) |pop-basis=(2007 estimate)

'''Libya''' (Arabic الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الإشتراكية العظم ''Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya'': ليبيا) is a country in northern [[Africa]]. The country is officially a that was taken over, at the encouragement of President [[DemocracyObama]], has been described as a by militant [[Socialism|Socialist stateMuslims]], and is in practice a Military Junta2011. The country revolutionaries murdered [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]], who had ruled the nation since 1969. Geographically, Libya borders the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the north, [[Egypt]] to the east, [[Sudan]] to the southeast, [[Chad]] and [[Niger]] to the south, [[Algeria]] to the west, and [[Tunisia]] to the northwest. The country has been led by In September 2012, the [[Muammar al-GaddafiObama Administration]] since 1969ignored security warnings and refused to protect the [[American]] embassy there, who seized power resulting in a military coupthe [[Benghazi Attack]] and the murder of the American ambassador John Christopher Stevens and three other Americans.

Libya has a small population in a large land area. Population density is about 50 persons per sq. km². (80/sq. mi.) in the two northern regions of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica, but falls to less than one person per sq. km². (1.6/sq. mi.) elsewhere. Ninety percent of the people live in less than 10% of the area, primarily along the coast. More than half the population is urban, mostly concentrated in the two largest cities, Tripoli and Benghazi. Thirty-three percent of the population is estimated to be under age 15.

*Education: Years compulsory--9compulsory—9. Attendance--90Attendance—90%. Literacy (age 15 and over who can read and write)--total population 82.6%; female 72% (2003 est.). *Health (2007 est.): Infant mortality rate--22rate—22.82 deaths/1,000 live births. Life expectancy--total expectancy—total population 76.88 yrs.; male 74.1 yrs.; female 78.58 yrs.

Total area: 1,759,540 sq km², slightly larger than Alaska. Coastline: 1,770 &nbsp;km. Climate: Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior. Terrain: mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus, depressions.

===Gaddafi regime 1969 - 2011===[[File:Flag of Libya.png|thumb|Flag of Libya under Gaddafis tenure]][[File:Arms of Libya.png|thumb|Coat of Arms of Libya under Gaddafis tenure]]Prior to the 2011 revolution, Libya's political system is was in theory based on the political philosophy in Gaddafi's Green Book, which combines combined socialist and Islamic theories and rejects rejected parliamentary democracy and political parties. In reality, Gaddafi exercises exercised near total control over major government decisions. For the first seven years following the revolution, Colonel Gaddafi and 12 fellow army officers, the Revolutionary Command Council, began a complete overhaul of Libya's political system, society and economy. In 1973, he announced the start of a "cultural revolution" in schools, businesses, industries, and public institutions to oversee administration of those organizations in the public interest. On March 2, 1977, Gaddafi convened a General People's Congress (GPC) to proclaim the establishment of "people's power," change the country's name to the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, and to vest, theoretically, primary authority in the GPC.

The GPC is , built on the socilaist model, was the legislative forum that interacts interacted with the General People's Committee, whose members are were secretaries of Libyan ministries. It serves served as the intermediary between the masses and the leadership and is was composed of the secretariats of some 600 local "basic popular congresses." The GPC secretariat and the cabinet secretaries are were appointed by the GPC secretary general and confirmed by the annual GPC congress. These cabinet secretaries are were responsible for the routine operation of their ministries, but Gaddafi exercises exercised real authority directly or through manipulation of the peoples and revolutionary committees.

Gaddafi remained the de facto chief of state and secretary general of the GPC until 1980, when he gave up his the office. Although he holds held no formal office, Gaddafi exercises exercised power with the assistance of a small group of trusted advisers, who include included relatives from his home base in the Sirte region, which lies between the traditional commercial and political power centers in Benghazi and Tripoli.

In the late 1980s, Gaddafi began to pursue an anti-Islamic fundamentalist policy domestically, viewing Islamist fundamentalism as a potential rallying point for opponents of threat to the regime. Gaddafi's security forces launched a preemptive strike at alleged coup plotters in the military and among the Warfallah tribe in October 1993. Widespread arrests and government reshufflings followed, accompanied by public "confessions" from regime fundamental Islamist opponents and allegations of torture and executions. The military, once Gaddafi's strongest supporters, became a potential threat in the 1990s. In 1993, following a failed coup attempt that implicated senior military officers, Gaddafi began to purge purges of Islamists from the military periodically, eliminating potential rivals and inserting his own loyal followers in their place.

The ===NATO war on Libya 2011 ===:''Main article : [[Libyan court system consists of three levelsuprising 2011]]'' On March 21, 2011, [[President Obama]] announced he ordered U.S. military force operations in Libya.<ref>https: //www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20038391-503544.html</ref> A week later the courts ''[[Washington Post]]'' included these paragraphs:{{Cquote|"It’s almost a certitude that at least part” of first instance; the courts Libyan opposition includes members of appeals; and the Supreme Court[[al-Qaeda]], which is the final appellate level. The GPC appoints justices said Bruce Riedel, a former senior CIA analyst and adviser to President Obama. Riedel said that anti-Gaddafi elements in the Supreme Courtrebel stronghold of Benghazi have had “very close associations with al-Qaeda” dating back years. Special "revolutionary courts" ...I would hope that we now have a good sense of the opposition in Libya and military courts operate outside can say that this is 2 percent, not 20 percent,” Riedel said. “If we don’t, then we are running the court system risk of helping to try political offenses bring to power a regime that could be very dangerous.<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/libyan-opposition-includes-a-small-number-of-al-qaeda-fighters-us-officials-say/2011/03/29/AFRlXWyB_story.html</ref>}}[[File:Libya Muammar-Gaddafi-and-President-Obama.jpg|300px|right|thumb| A 2010 photo of Gaddafi and crimes against Obama at the stateG8 Summit in Italy. "PeopleThis was the first time in Gaddafi's courts40-year rule that he met with a sitting U.S. president.]] This set off a fierce debate in the [[Obama administration]] over the wisdom of arming terrorists.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/30/world/africa/30diplo.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss</ref> It is now known sometime prior to March 31," another example 2011,<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/31/world/africa/31intel.html?_r=2&hp</ref> at the urging of extrajudicial authority [[Secretary of State]] [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]] and over the objections of his National Security Council, were abolished in January 2005Obama signed a Presidential Finding authorizing support for the rebel jihadis. Libya's justice system is nominally based on Sharia law<ref>https://www.reuters. com/article/2011/03/30/us-libya-usa-order-idUSTRE72T6H220110330</ref>

===Principal Government Officials===[[Julian Assange]] said:*De facto Head of State--Mu'ammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi ("the Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution")*Secretary General of the General People's Committee (Prime Minister)--Dr. Al-Baghdadi Ali al-Mahmudi*Secretary of the General People's Committee for Foreign Liaison and International Cooperation (Foreign Minister)--Abd al-Rahman Shalgham *Charge d'Affaires, Libyan Embassy, Washington, DC--Ambassador Ali Aujali {{Assange Clinton Libya}}

Gaddafi wrote to Obama and told him he bore no ill will. "We have been hurt more morally than physically because of what had happened against us in both deeds and words by you," he wrote. "Despite all this you will always remain our son whatever happened. We still pray that you continue to be president of the USA. We endeavour and hope that you will gain victory in the [[Presidential Election 2012|new election campaign]]."<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/06/gaddafi-obama-nato-libya?INTCMP===Foreign Relations===ILCNETTXT3487</ref>

Since By October 2011, [[Libyan rebel fighting group]]s with support from the U.S. and [[NATO]], overtook the capital of Tripoli and toppled the government. Gaddafi was captured and brutally and sadistically murdered.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPzeLLL9V-c Leading from behind - a critique of Obama foreign policy]</ref> The jihadis were immediately recognized by the [[Obama administration]] and the U.N. as the legitimate government. Mustafa Abdul-Jalil, chairman of the National Transitional Council, announced that [[Sharia]] will be the source for all legislation in Libya and that all laws conflicting with Sharia are null and void.<ref name="Sharia">[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8861608/Libya-Al-Qaeda-flag-flown-above-Benghazi-courthouse.html Libya: Al Qaeda flag flown above Benghazi courthouse - Daily Telegraph]</ref> Abdel Rahim al-Kib, the country's interim prime minister, echoed Jalil's words a couple of days later.<ref>[http://www.presstv.ir/detail/207953.html New Libyan PM backs Islamic sharia law]</ref> Around the same time these statements were made an Al Qaeda flag was flown above the Benghazi courthouse, and reports were surfacing that the Libyan jihadis imposed Sharia law in some parts of the country even earlier.<ref name="Sharia" /> A church bombing by the end of 2012 left two dead,<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/30/us-libya-bomb-church-idUSBRE8BT09S20121230 Attack on Libyan church building kills two,] ''Reuthers,'' Dec 30, 2012.</ref> and in February 2013 four foreign nationals were arrested for distributing Bible pamphlets. They may face the death penalty.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/feb/17/libya-arrests-suspected-foreign-missionaries Libya arrests foreign 'missionaries' Four foreign nationals accused of distributing Christian literature, a charge that could carry the death penalty], Chris Stephen guardian.co.uk, Sunday 17 February 2013.</ref> ===Libyan courts prior to Sharia law===The Libyan court system under Gaddafi and prior to the institution of [[Sharia]] law in 2012 consisted of three levels: the courts of first instance; the courts of appeals; and the Supreme Court, which is the final appellate level. The GPC appointed justices to the Supreme Court. Special "revolutionary courts" and military courts operated outside the court system to try political offenses and crimes against the Gaddafi regime. "People's courts," another example of extrajudicial authority, were abolished in January 2005. Libya's justice system at that time was nominally based on Sharia law. 2013 the Libyan Congress voted for Introducing [[Sharia]] law.<ref>https://www.breitbart.com/Big-Peace/2013/12/06/Libya-Bows-to-Sharia</ref> ===Foreign Relations=======Gaddafi era====After 1969, Gaddafi has determined Libya's foreign policy. His principal foreign policy goals have been were Arab unity, elimination of Israel, advancement of a [[secular]]ized brand of Islam, support for Palestinians, elimination of outside--particularly Western--influence outside—particularly Western—influence in the Middle East and Africa, and support for a range of "revolutionary[[revolution]]ary" causes.

After the 1969 coup, Gaddafi closed American and British bases on Libyan territory and partially nationalized all foreign oil and commercial interests in Libya. He also played a key role in promoting the use of oil embargoes as a political weapon for challenging the West, hoping that an oil price rise and embargo in 1973 would persuade the West--especially West—especially the United States--to States—to end support for Israel. Gaddafi rejected both Soviet communism and Western capitalism, and claimed he was charting a middle course.

Libya's relationship with the former Soviet Union involved massive Libyan arms purchases from the Soviet bloc and the presence of thousands of east bloc advisers. Libya's use--and use—and heavy loss--of loss—of Soviet-supplied weaponry in its war with Chad was a notable breach of an apparent Soviet-Libyan understanding not to use the weapons for activities inconsistent with Soviet objectives. As a result, Soviet-Libyan relations reached a nadir in mid-1987.

One of the longest-standing issues in Libya's relationship with the European Union and the international community was resolved in July 2007 with the release of five Bulgarian nurses and a Palestinian doctor who had been convicted in 1999 of deliberately infecting over 400 children in a Benghazi hospital with the HIV virus. The six medics were sentenced to death in 2004, a sentence that was upheld by the Libyan Supreme Court but commuted in July 2007 by the Higher Judicial Council to life in prison. Under a previous agreement with the Bulgarian Government on the repatriation of prisoners, the medics were allowed to return to Bulgaria to finish their sentence, where upon arrival the Bulgarian president pardoned all six. The Benghazi International Fund, established by the United States and its European allies, raised $460 million to distribute to the families of the children infected with HIV, each of whom received $1 million.

====Terrorism=Cooperation with international conventions 2003 - 2011=====[[File:Cockpit Nose section of Clipper Maid of the Seas.jpg|thumb|250px|Cockpit of Clipper "Maid of the Seas" (Pan Am 103).]]On December 19, 2003, Libya has taken significant steps announced its intention to mend its international image rid itself of WMD and formally renounced terrorism in a letter MTCR-class missile programs. Gaddafi pledged to cooperate with the UN Security Council in August 2003U.S. In 1999, the Libyan government surrendered two Libyans suspected of involvement in the Pan Am 103 bombingU.K., leading to the suspension of UN sanctions. On January 31International Atomic Energy Agency, 2001, a Scottish court seated in and the Netherlands found one of Organization for the suspects, Abdel Basset al-Megrahi, guilty Prohibition of murder in connection with Chemical Weapons toward those objectives. Libya under Gaddafi also signed the bombing, IAEA Additional Protocol and acquitted the second suspect, Al-Amin Khalifa Fhima. Megrahi's conviction was upheld on March 14, 2002, but an appeals hearing was granted in June 2007 by then became a State Party to the Scottish High CourtChemical Weapons Convention.

UN sanctions were lifted on September 12In recognition of these actions, 2003 following Libyan compliance with its remaining UNSCR requirements on Pan Am 103, including acceptance of responsibility for the actions of its officials and payment of appropriate compensationU. Libya paid compensation in 1999 for S. began the death process of British policewoman Yvonne Fletcher, a move that preceded normalizing relations with Libya under Gaddafi. The U.S. terminated the reopening applicability of the British Embassy in Tripoli, Iran-Libya Sanctions Act to Libya and paid damages to the families of the victims in the bombing of UTA Flight 772. With the lifting of UN sanctions in President signed an Executive Order on September 200320, each of 2004 terminating the families of national emergency with respect to Libya and ending IEEPA-based economic sanctions. This action had the victims effect of Pan Am 103 received $4 million of a maximum $10 million in compensation. After unblocking assets blocked under the lifting of UExecutive Order sanctions.S. IEEPARestrictions on cargo aviation and third-based sanctions party code-sharing have been lifted, as have restrictions on September 20, 2004, the families received a further $4 millionpassenger aviation. Certain export controls remain in place.

On November 13, 2001U.S. diplomatic personnel reopened the U.S. Interest Section in Tripoli on February 8, 2004. The mission was upgraded to a German court found four personsU.S. Liaison Office on June 28, including 2004, and to a former employee full embassy on May 31, 2006. The establishment in 2005 of an American School in Tripoli demonstrates the Libyan embassy increased presence of Americans in East BerlinLibya, guilty and the continuing normalization of bilateral relations. Libya re-established its diplomatic presence in connection Washington with the 1986 La Belle disco bombingopening of an Interest Section on July 8, 2004, in which two was subsequently upgraded to a Liaison Office in December 2004 and to a full embassy on May 31, 2006.  On May 15, 2006, the State Department announced its intention to rescind Libya's designation as a state sponsor of terrorism in recognition of the fact that Libya had met the statutory requirements for such a move: it had not provided any support for acts of international terrorism in the preceding six-month period, and had provided assurances that it would not do so in the future. On June 30, 2006, the U.S. servicemen were killedrescinded Libya's designation as a state sponsor of terrorism. The court In July 2007, Mr. Gene Cretz was nominated by President Bush as ambassador to Libya. ====NATO aggression===={{See also established |Libyan war|Obama war crimes}}[[File:Power-rice-rodham-clinton-2.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Architects of the humanitarian catastrophe in Libya - [[Samantha Power]] (top) [[Susan Rice]] (left) and [[Hillary Clinton]] (right). President Obama initially billed US intervention "to prevent a connection humanitarian catastrophe," however after [[Gaddafi]]'s murder the Black-African slave trade re-emerged in open slave markets in Libya.<ref>https://www.cnn.com/2017/11/14/africa/libya-migrant-auctions/index.html</ref> NATO was used to give cover for the Obama administration's direct involvement.]]In 2011 NATO lent its name to [[Western]] [[globalist]]s to wage a war of aggression in [[Libya]] totally outside NATO's purview and mission.<ref>https://libertarianinstitute.org/articles/really-know-libyan-slave-trade/</ref> As a direct consequence of NATO's illegal intervention, the black African slave trade was reborn in Africa.<ref>https://fair.org/home/media-nato-regime-change-war-libya-slave-markets/</ref> UN Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1973 of March 17, 2011 followed on the heels of Gaddafi's public threat on March 2, 2011, to throw western oil companies out of Libya, and his invitation on March 14 to Chinese, Russian, and Indian firms to produce Libyan governmentoil in their place. The German Government <ref>''[http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/7661/Business/Economy/Gaddafi-offers-Libyan-oil-production-to-India,-Rus.aspx Gaddafi offers Libyan oil production to India, Russia, China,] Agence France-Presse, March 14, 2011.</ref> China, Russia, India and Brazil all abstained on UNSC Resolution 1973. Resolution 1973 authorized strict limitations, according to international law, on NATO as the organization with responsibility for the implementation of the resolution. Particularly, it provided only for a naval blockade enforcing the arms embargo, and enforcement of a no-fly zone. On March 29, 2011, Russian envoy [[Dmitry Rogozin]] commented after a meeting with NATO officials in [[Brussels, Belgium]], that Russia expressed deep concern over the interpretation of the Security Council's resolution, as some countries have effectively turned it into an approval for ground operations.{{Cquote|[[Moscow]] has many questions about how the UN Security Council’s resolution is being carried out...First of all, there are reports that civilians have been killed in the air strikes. This is odd if you consider the message of the resolution, which says that the foreign forces’ actions should protect civilians. So it’s hard to comprehend how you can protect civilians by killing them....we demanded that the UN Security Council be fully informed about the actions of the alliance in Libya accept responsibility at all times... We have reports of air strikes against convoys far from the front line. This is a far cry from the UN Security Council resolution.<ref>http://rt.com/news/coalition-libya-nato-russian-envoy/</ref>}}The French and the British described plans for a wargames exercise for an attack on Libya in November 2010, in the La Belle bombing end they used those military assets that had been mobilized for the real thing 3 months ago. NATO doesn't just go and pay appropriate compensationbomb a country over night, these things are planned far in advance, and in this case there is conclusive evidence that there have been plans for this for many many years. A compensation deal <ref>[https://lizziesliberation.wordpress.com/2011/06/04/letter-from-libya-to-a-close-friend/ Letter from Libya to a close friend] June 4, 2011.</ref> Despite France taking the lead role in the intervention, the Congressional Research Service reports, "Only the United States and NATO possess the command and control capabilities necessary for noncoalition operations enforcing the no-Ufly zone over Libya.S" France only recently rejoined the NATO alliance, in 2008, after a 40-year absence. victims The Congressional Research Service, which analyzes information and prepares reports for members of Congress, also states,{{Cquote|In spite of statements underscoring NATO unity on steps announced to date, the initial planning and operational phases were also marked by significant levels of discord within Europe and [[NATO]] on the aims and future direction of the mission. A key point of contention was agreed reportedly the amount of flexibility that NATO forces would be granted to protect civilians and civilian areas, as called for in August 2004paragraph 4 of UNSCR 1973. UReports indicate that French officials insisted on maintaining the ability to strike ground forces that threatened civilian areas, while their [[Turkish]] counterparts vocally opposed any targeting of ground forces.SAdding to the strain within NATO, NATO ally [[Germany]] abstained from UNSCR 1973 and, opposed to any potential [[combat]] operation, on March 23, withdrew its naval assets in the [[Mediterranean]] from NATO command. victims continue Throughout the first week of operations, other European allies contributing to pursue the mission, including Italy and Norway, expressed increasing frustration with the lack of agreement within NATO, with Norway refusing to deploy its fighter jets unless under they were under NATO command and control.<ref>Operation Odyssey Dawn (Libya):Background and Issues for Congress, ''Congressional Research Service,'' March 30, 2011, p. 20 pdf.</ref>}}[[File:NATO air strike on Tripoli Libya.jpg|right|250px|thumb|NATO air strike on Tripoli, Libya.]]Of Nato's 28 members, 14 are said to be "actively participating," but only 6 have provided military support. Of the 22-country [[Arab League]], whose appeal prompted the United Nations to vote on intervention, only [[Qatar]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]] are involved. Of the 192 members of the [[UN General Assembly]], who all have a legal "responsibility to protect" civilians attacked by their claims own governments, only [[Sweden]] has responded.<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/apr/19/libya-mission-military-advisory-team</ref> NATO planes and ships began striking cities and military installations in federal courtLibya in mid-March, 2011. Allied military officials have spoke of the need for escalation to help protect Libyan civilians and called for Gaddafi to step down. Libyan officials said that NATO is picked sides in a civil war and complained that strikes on Gaddafi's Tripoli compound were attempts to assassinate the leader of a sovereign country. NATO launched its largest airstrike against Moammar Gaddafi's regime on May 24, 2011, with at least 15 massive explosions rocking the Libyan capital. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/french-officials-france-and-britain-to-use-attack-helicopters-in-libya/2011/05/23/AFTF909G_story.html?hpid=z2] On May 15, two months into the NATO bombing campaign against loyal Gaddafi's forces, Britain's top military commander said that the Libyan leader could remain “clinging to power” unless NATO broadened its bombing targets to include the country's infrastructure.<ref>http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/libya/index. html</ref>

By 2003On Jun 18, 2011 Prime minister of Libya appeared to have curtailed its support for international terrorism, although it may have retained residual contacts with some Al-Baghdadi al-Mahmoudi accused NATO of its former terrorist clients. In August 2004, the Department of Justice entered into a plea agreement with Abdulrahman Alamoudi, "new level of aggression" over the past 72 hours in which he stated said the military alliance intentionally targeted civilian buildings, including a hotel and a university. "It has become clear to us that NATO has moved on to deliberately hitting civilian buildings. ... This is a crime against humanity," he had been part told reporters in the capital. Libya's Health Ministry released new casualty figures that put the number of a 2003 plot civilians killed in NATO air strikes through to assassinate Saudi Crown Prince Abdallah (now King Abdallah) June 7 at the behest of Libyan government officials856.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/gaddafi-rages-at-nato-after-bombing-2299509.html Gaddafi rages at NATO after bombing. ]</ref>

In 2005EU Member of Parliament Clare Daly reminded her fellow lawmakers: {{quotebox-float|“The NATO intervention in Libya, the Saudi Government pardoned the individuals accused carried out in the assassination plot. During the 2005 UN General Assembly sessionname of protecting freedom, Foreign Minister Shalgam issued a statement that reaffirmed Libya's commitment democracy and human rights, is one we’d do well to the statements made remember as NATO plays out its [[proxy war]] in Ukraine in its letter addressed to the Security Council on August 15name of, 2003you’ve guessed it, renouncing terrorism in all its forms and pledging that Libya will not support acts of international terrorism or other acts of violence targeting civiliansfreedom, whatever their political views or positionsdemocracy and human rights. Libya also expressed its commitment to continue cooperating ..What happens after NATO intervenes in the international fight against terrorismyour country on this basis?. On June 30..Terror, 2006[[death]], [[lawlessness]], [[rape]], poverty, [[starvation]]…Libya is a country riven by conflict, its [[economy]] shattered, its population – formerly the U[[wealth]]iest in Africa – ridden and mired in [[poverty]].S. rescinded Libya's designation as .Migrants are bought and sold in [[slave]] markets...It’s a state sponsor country of terrorismmass graves, of [[crimes against humanity]]...This is NATO’s legacy”.<ref>https://twitter.com/ClareDalyMEP/status/1597954104889778176</ref>}}

====Relations with the United States===[[File:Treaty of Tripoli PD LC.jpg|thumb|Treaty of Tripoli, Libya was one of the first nation to recognize the US in 1796.]]The United States supported the UN resolution providing for Libyan independence in 1951 and raised the status of its office at Tripoli from a consulate general to a legation. Libya opened a legation in Washington, DC, in 1954. Both countries subsequently raised their missions to embassy level. =

Due to Libya's continuing continued support for terrorismat that time, the United States adopted additional economic sanctions against Libya in January 1986, including a total ban on direct import and export trade, commercial contracts, and travel-related activities. In addition, Libyan Government assets in the United States were frozen. When evidence of Libyan complicity was discovered in the Berlin discotheque discothèque terrorist bombing that killed two American servicemen, the United States responded by launching an aerial bombing attack against targets near Tripoli and Benghazi in April 1986 (Operation El Dorado Canyon).<ref>Historical Atlas of the U.S. Navy, by Craig L. Symonds, the Naval Institute, 1995</ref> Subsequently, the United States maintained its trade and travel embargoes and brought diplomatic and economic pressure to bear against Libya. This pressure helped to bring about the Lockerbie settlement and Libya's renunciation of WMD and MTCR-class missiles. [[File:Libya Muammar-Gaddafi-and-President-Obama.jpg|right]]In 1991, two Libyan intelligence agents were indicted by federal prosecutors in the U.S. and Scotland for their involvement in the December 1988 bombing of Pan Am flight 103. In January 1992, the UN Security Council approved Resolution 731 demanding that Libya surrender the suspects, cooperate with the Pan Am 103 and UTA 772 investigations, pay compensation to the victims' families, and cease all support for terrorism. Libya's refusal to comply led to the approval of UNSC Resolution 748 on March 31, 1992, imposing sanctions designed to bring about Libyan compliance. Continued Libyan defiance led to passage of UNSC Resolution 883--a limited assets freeze and an embargo on selected oil equipment--in November 1993. UN sanctions were lifted on September 12, 2003, after Libya fulfilled all remaining UNSCR requirements, including renunciation of terrorism, acceptance of responsibility for the actions of its officials, and payment of appropriate compensation to the victims' families.

On December 19In 1991, 2003, Libya announced its intention to rid itself of WMD and MTCR-class missile programs. Since that time, it has cooperated with two Libyan intelligence agents were indicted by federal prosecutors in the U.S., and Scotland for their involvement in the U.KDecember 1988 bombing of Pan Am flight 103.In January 1992, the International Atomic Energy AgencyUN Security Council approved Resolution 731 demanding that Libya surrender the suspects, cooperate with the Pan Am 103 and UTA 772 investigations, pay compensation to the Organization victims' families, and cease all support for terrorism. Libya's refusal to comply led to the Prohibition approval of Chemical Weapons toward these objectivesUNSC Resolution 748 on March 31, 1992, imposing sanctions designed to bring about Libyan compliance. Continued Libyan defiance led to passage of UNSC Resolution 883—a limited assets freeze and an embargo on selected oil equipment—in November 1993. UN sanctions were lifted on September 12, 2003, after Libya has also signed fulfilled all remaining UNSCR requirements, including renunciation of terrorism, acceptance of responsibility for the IAEA Additional Protocol actions of its officials, and has become a State Party payment of appropriate compensation to the Chemical Weapons Conventionvictims' families.

In recognition of these actions, =====Relations with the U.S. began the process of normalizing relations with Biden regime=====[[File:Biden Libya. The U.S. terminated the applicability of the Iran-Libya Sanctions Act to Libya jpg|right|300px|thumb|]]{{See also|Libyan war}}In 2010 and 2011 the President signed an Executive Order on September 20[[Hillary Clinton]] [[State Department]], 2004 terminating working with [[NATO]] allies (particularly France), triggered a crisis in Libya during the national emergency with respect Obama administration’s intentional effort to Libya and ending IEEPA-based economic sanctionsremove [[Muammar Gaddafi]] from power. This action had was a key element to the effect of unblocking assets blocked under [[Arab Spring]] ([[Islamist Spring]] or [[Color Revolution]]) that flowed from the Executive Order sanctions. Restrictions on cargo aviation and third-party code-sharing have been lifted[[Cairo]], [[Egypt]], as have restrictions on passenger aviation. Certain export controls remain in placespeech of President Obama a year prior.

UHillary Clinton, [[Susan Rice]] and [[Samantha Power]] ([[R2P]]) were the architects of the destabilization plan.S. diplomatic personnel reopened After the U.S. Interest Section in Tripoli on February 8, 2004. The mission country was upgraded to a destabilized and thrown into severe violent crisis by the U.S. Liaison Office on June 28, 2004, and to a full embassy on May 31, 2006. The establishment in 2005 of an American School in Tripoli demonstrates the increased presence of Americans support for radical Islamists in eastern Libya([[Benghazi]] region), and the continuing normalization of bilateral relations. Libya re-established its diplomatic presence in Washington with the opening of an Interest Section on July 8President Obama then signed (Feb, 2004, which was subsequently upgraded to 2011) a Liaison Office national emergency declaration in December 2004 and regard to a full embassy on May 31, 2006the destabilized [[Libya]] his administration created.

On May 15Five years later, 2006in April 2016, President Obama expanded the State Department announced its intention Libya emergency declaration to rescind Libya's designation as extend the 2011 declaration and envelop a state sponsor of terrorism in recognition larger portion of [[North Africa]], under the fact that Libya had met the statutory requirements for such a move: it had not provided any support for acts auspices of international terrorism in the preceding sixexpanded threats from [[AQIM]] (al-month period, and had provided assurances that it would not do so Qaeda in the futureIslamic Maghreb). On June 30, 2006 This extension allowed the state dept to frame actions in neighboring Egypt, and block any effort to counteract Obama’s mid-east policy which was established to support the U.S. rescinded Libya's designation as a state sponsor of terrorism[[Muslim Brotherhood]]. In July 2007, Mr. Gene Cretz April 2016 it was nominated by President Bush as ambassador to Libyapresumed Hillary Clinton would win the election and continue the policy.

=== Libyan uprising A full twelve years after Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton destabilized Libya throwing it into a tribal civil war, Joe Biden signs an executive order continuing the extension of the U.S. National Emergency with regard to Libya:<ref>https://theconservativetreehouse.com/blog/2023/02/17/it-never-ends-joe-biden-extends-2011 ===-national-security-emergency-over-libya-through-2023/</ref>:''Main article : [[…] “The situation in Libya continues to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States, and measures are needed to protect against the diversion of assets or other abuses by members of Qadhafi’s family, their associates, and other persons hindering Libyan uprising national reconciliation. :''For this reason, the national emergency declared on February 25, 2011]], and expanded on April 19, 2016, must continue in effect beyond February 25, 2023. Therefore, in accordance with section 202(d) of the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1622(d)), I am continuing for 1 year the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13566. :''This notice shall be published in the Federal Register and transmitted to the Congress.

*Real GDP (2000$2000, 2006): $46.451 billion.

*Agriculture: Products--wheatProducts—wheat, barley, olives, dates, citrus, vegetables, peanuts, soybeans; cattle; approximately 75% of Libya's food is imported.*Industry: Types--petroleumTypes—petroleum, food processing, textiles, handicrafts, cement.

The Arabs conquered Libya in the seventh century A.D. In the following centuries, most of the indigenous peoples adopted Islam and the Arabic language and culture. The Ottoman Turks conquered the country in the mid-16th century. Libya remained part of their empire--although empire—although at times virtually autonomous--until autonomous—until Italy invaded in 1911 and, in the face of years of resistance, made Libya a colony.

On November 21, 1949, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution stating that Libya should become independent before January 1, 1952. King Idris I represented Libya in the subsequent UN negotiations. When Libya declared its independence on December 24, 1951, it was the first country to achieve independence through the United Nations and one of the first former European possessions in Africa to gain independence. The United States supported the UN resolution and raised the status of its office at Tripoli from a consulate general to a legation. Libya opened a legation in Washington, DC, in 1954. Both countries subsequently raised their missions to embassy level. Libya was proclaimed a constitutional and a hereditary monarchy under King Idris. [[File:Synagogue in Yefren Libya 2009.jpg|thumb|Synagogue in Yefren.]]

In the 1970s, Libya claimed leadership of Arab and African revolutionary forces and sought active roles in international organizations.  Late in the 1970s, Libyan embassies were redesignated as "people's bureaus," as Gaddafi sought to portray Libyan foreign policy as an expression of the popular will. The people's bureaus, aided by Libyan religious, political, educational, and business institutions overseas, exported Gaddafi's revolutionary philosophy abroad. [[File:Benghazi University Libya.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Benghazi, where violent protests against the Gaddafi regime were instigated in February 2011.]]Gaddafi's confrontational foreign policies and use of terrorism, as well as Libya's growing friendship with the U.S.S.R., led to increased tensions with the West in the 1980s. Following a terrorist bombing at a discothèque in West Berlin frequented by American military personnel, in 1986 the U.S. retaliated militarily against targets in Libya, and imposed broad unilateral economic sanctions.

Gaddafi's confrontational foreign policies and use of terrorism, as well as Libya's growing friendship with the U.S.S.R., led to increased tensions with the West in the 1980s. Following a terrorist bombing at a discotheque in West Berlin frequented by American military personnel, in 1986 the U.S. retaliated militarily against targets in Libya, and imposed broad unilateral economic sanctions. [[File:Benghazi University Libya.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Benghazi, where mass protests against Gaddafi occurred in February 2011.]]After Libya was implicated in the 1988 bombing of Pan Am flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, UN sanctions were imposed in 1992. UN Security Council resolutions (UNSCRs) passed in 1992 and 1993 obliged Libya to fulfill requirements related to the Pan Am 103 bombing before sanctions could be lifted. Gaddafi initially refused to comply with these requirements, leading to Libya's political and economic isolation for most of the 1990s. Gaddafi's Islamic Call Society focus shifted to "build foundations of cooperation and dialogue among cultures and religions" and not just Islamic proselytizing.<ref>[http://daawacomplex.com/cms/en/about-libya About Islamic Call Society],</ref>

Gaddafi's Islamic Call Society gave the Anglican Church of Christ the King in Tripoli a church building on the downtown square to compensate for the one lost at the time of the 1969 Revolution. The government paid for all the renovations and repairs, and provided housing for the [[vicar]].<ref>[http://www.arabwestreport.info/year-2001/week-19/8-libyan-government-supports-anglican-church-tripoli The Libyan government supports the Anglican church in Tripoli,] Munir Hanna Anis Armanius, Religious News Service from the Arab World, May 16, 2001.</ref> On December 19, 2003, Libya publicly announced its intention to rid itself of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)-class missile programs. Since that time, it has Gaddafi cooperated with the U.S., the U.K., the International Atomic Energy Agency, and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons toward these objectives. Libya has also signed the IAEA Additional Protocol and has become a State Party to the Chemical Weapons Convention. These were important steps toward full diplomatic relations between the U.S. and Libya. ===Libya after Gaddafi===Since the death of Gaddafi, Libya sinks into chaos. Different militias such as the Libyan offshoot of the [[Islamic State]], but also Gaddafi-supporter are fighting each other and are operating against the government.  Important militias include:*Libyan government:*National Security Directorate (police):*Libyan National Army (government army)::*Al-Saiqa (an elite of the Libyan National Army):*Al-Zintan Revolutionaries' Military Council (allied to the Libyan government)*Al-Qaqa Brigade (Islamists)*Al-Sawaiq Brigade (Islamists)*Libya Revolutionaries Operations Room (Islamists)*Ansar al-Sharia Brigade (Islamists; were involved in the [[Benghazi Attack]])<ref>http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/libya-on-the-brink-after-militia-violence-in-tripoli</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-19744533</ref> ==References==<references/>

==References==<references/> [[Category:{{African Countries]]}}

[[categoryCategory:Muslim-Majority Countries]]