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The '''Institute of Pacific Relations''' ('''IPR''') was a private association of ten independent national councils in ten countries concerned with affairs in the Pacific in the second quarter of the twentieth century. <ref>[http://sandiego.indymedia.org/media/2006/10/119975.pdf ''Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time''], Carroll Quigley, Collier-Macmillan, 1966, pg. 946. ISBN 0-945001-10-X</ref> Professor It was identified in a unanimous 1952 report of the [[Carroll QuigleySenate Internal Security Subcommittee]] has said of the IPR and persons associated with it(SISS), "Many of these experts which were favored chaired by the Far East "establishment" in the Institute Democrat Pat McCarran of Pacific Relations were captured by [[Communist]] ideology. Under its influence, they propagandizedNevada, as experts, erroneous ideas and sought "a vehicle used by Communists to influence orientate American Far Eastern policy in mistaken directionstoward Communist objectives."<ref>''Tragedy and HopeInstitute of Pacific Relations'' Quigley, pg. 935.</ref> ...the whole subject is report of major importance in understanding the twentieth century." <ref>''Tragedy and Hope'' QuigleySenate Internal Security subcommittee, pg. 9351952, p.223-225</ref>

The Institute of Pacific Relations was established in 1925 to provide a forum for discussion of Asian problems and relations between Asia and the West. It was governed by an international body in which each nation interested in the Pacific was represented and had its own national council. The constituent nations were the United States, United Kingdom, the [[Soviet Union]], China, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Netherland-Netherlands East Indies, Philippines and [[France]]. The overall international ruling body was called the Pacific Council. The IPR had two organs of expression. One was a quarterly journal called ''Pacific Affairs'', under the auspices of the International or Pacific Council. The other was ''Far Eastern Survey'', published by the American Council. [[Owen Lattimore]] was the editor of ''Pacific Affairs'' and Lawrence E. Salisbury was the editor of ''Far Eastern Survey''. The executive secretary of the American Council was [[Frederick Vanderbilt Field]], a notorious professional Communist and popularly known as the "Millionaire Communist." Field was enlisted for the job by Dr. [[Edward C. Carter ]] in 1928, when Field became assistant secretary and very soon after executive secretary. He remained a member of the governing executive committee until 1948 and executive secretary until 1940.<ref>''While You Slept : Our Tragedy in Asia and Who Made It'', John T. Flynn, New York : The Devin - Adair Company, 1951, [http://www.mises.org/books/whileyouslept.pdf pg. 116 - 119] pdf.</ref> Edward C. Carter was also member of the board of directors of the [[American Russian Institute]] and a contributor to ''Soviet Russia Today'' in which Carter defended the infamous Moscow [[show trial]]s during the [[Stalinist terror]].<ref> ''Soviet Russia Today'', May 1938.</ref> Carter tried to get Field, who was owner and chairman of the editorial board of ''[[Amerasia]]'' which recieved received stolen classified documents from the [[U.S. Government]], a commission in Army Intelligence.

To promote greater knowledge of the Far East, the IPR established a large research program, which was supported financially by grants from the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], the [[Carnegie Corporation]], and other major corporations. Prof Quigley states there is considerable truth in the contention that the American experts on China were organized into an interlocking group of a [[Leftish]] character. It is also true that this group, from its control of funds, academic recommendations, and research of publication opportunities, could favor persons who accepted their consensus and could injure, financial or in professional advancement, persons who did not. And this group, by its influence on book reviewing in the ''[[New York Times]]'', the ''Herald Tribune'' and the ''Saturday Review'', a few magazines and professional journals, could advance or hamper any specialist's career. Professor Quigley goes on to state it is true these things were done in the United States by the Institute of Pacific Relations, that this organization had been [[infiltrate]]d by Communists and Communist sympathizers, and that much of this group's influence arose from its access and control over the flow of funds from financial foundations to scholarly activities.<ref>''Tragedy and Hope'' Quigley, pg. 935.</ref>

In July of 1938 IPR had a grant of $90,000 from the Rockefeller Foundation to make a study. Carter was managing it. Lattimore wrote to Carter, “I think you were pretty cagey to turn over so much of the China section of the inquiry to Asiaticus, Han-seng and Chi. They will bring out the essential [[radical]] aspects, but can be depended upon to do it with the right touch!” Lattimore went on to say "my hunch is that it will pay to keep behind the official Chinese Communist position, " and "as for the USSR—back their international policy in general, but without using their slogans, and above all without giving them or anybody else the impression of subservience." <ref>United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security Hearings, July 26, 1951.</ref> Carter appointed the three persons named by Lattimore to the study commission and defended his decision to knowingly employ Soviet communists to by claiming the Soviet Union was an American ally. A [[U.S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]] investigating IPR in 1953. The Committee questioner needed to point out to Carter that this particular case occurred in 1940, when the Soviet Union, by virtue of the [[Communazi Peace pact]], was not an ally of the United States, but an ally of [[Hitler]].<ref>United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security Hearings, July 25, 1951.</ref>

Lattimore recommended highly ''Challenge of Red China''In 1948, written by member of the ex-Communist [[Richard SorgeLouis F. Budenz]] ring in Japan—, former managing editor of the Communist Party (CP) organ ''[[Guenther SteinThe Daily Worker]]'', told Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents that the CP had "very great influence" in the Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR) and "at times controlled its policy. Of "<ref>FBI report: "Institute of Pacific Relations, Internal Security - C," [[Israel Epstein]http://Ultra-Secret.info/PDFs/IPR04.pdf FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 4], p. 5 (PDF p. 7)</ref> In 1950, General Alexander Barmine, former Soviet chargé d's affaires of the Soviet Legation at Athens, told Bureau agents that prior to Barmine''Unfinished Revolution s 1937 defection, General Ian Berzin, head of Soviet Military Intelligence (GRU), told him that IPR was a Soviet intelligence network in China'' Lattimore said: "When he pleads his case . Barmine also stated that in 1937, General Walter Krivitsky, former head of Soviet Military Intelligence in Western Europe, told him in Paris that the arguments pile up like IPR was a wedge"cover" for GRU in the United States.<ref>J. Edgar Hoover to James M. McInerney, " When Lattimore resigned he Institute of Pacific Relations, Espionage - R," April 10, 1950, [http://Ultra-Secret.info/PDFs/IPR04.pdf FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 4], PDF p. 150</ref> Krivitsky's widow, Anonina Thomas, told FBI agents that she had been told in Moscow that sometime prior to 1937, IPR was succeeded by cover for GRU agents in the US.<ref>Memorandum: "Institute of Pacific Relations, Espionage - R," Belmont to Ladd, June 26, 1950 [[Michael Greenberg]http://education-research.org/PDFs/IPR33.01.pdf FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 33], a Communist Party memberPDF p. Lattimore then became 14</ref> Ex-Communist Freda Utley, a member former researcher at Moscow's Institute of World Economy and Politics (which would become the editorial board Soviet Council of another the IPR organ), told Bureau investigators that it was her impression that the notorious ''IPR was governed by Soviet policies, and that when officials of the American Council of IPR visited Moscow in the 1930s, it was to receive orders on IPR policies. She added her opinion that the Far Eastern section of the U.S. Department of State was influenced and guided by the policies and representations of the IPR.<ref>FBI teletype, [[Amerasia]http://Ultra-Secret.info/PDFs/IPR05.pdf FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 5], PDF p. 6</ref> Former Communist underground courier Elizabeth Bentley testified that her Party superior, veteran NKVD "handler" Jacob Golos, told her to stay away from the IPR because it was "as red as a rose, and you shouldn'' magazinet touch it with a 10-foot pole."<ref>Senate Internal Security Committee, Hearings on the Institute of Pacific Relations, p.437</ref>

During Lattimore recommended highly ''Challenge of Red China'', written by [[World War IIGuenther Stein]] an IPR resource packet , a member of the [[Richard Sorge]] Communist spy ring. Of [[Israel Epstein]]'s ''Unfinished Revolution in China'' Lattimore said: "When he pleads his case the arguments pile up like a wedge." When Lattimore resigned he was adopted succeeded by 1300 [[public schoolMichael Greenberg]] systems, and a Communist Party member. Lattimore then became a member of the editorial board of another IPR organ, the notorious ''[[War DepartmentAmerasia]] purchased over three quarters '' magazine. In 1944, Lattimore told Dr. [[Karl Wittfogel]] that the emperor of Japan should be removed and that as far as Korea was concerned "the best solution would be to let Russia take it over." At a million IPR pamphlets for instructing military personnelState Department conference later he submitted a ten-point program which included recognizing the Chinese Communist government, turning over Formosa and Hong Kong to them and stating that no aid should be sent Chiang's forces. <ref>Anthony KubekUnited States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security Hearings, ''How the Far East Was Lost''August 7 and October 1, Chicago 1963, pgs. 350-3511951.</ref>

:''{{Main article: [[|Amerasia]]''}}

Frederick Vanderbilt Field testified that he had discussed with associates in the IPR the project of starting ''Amerasia'' in 1937. Amerasia was established with the full approval of the Institute leaders. This property belonged to Fredrick Field and Philip Jaffe, with Field holding the controlling interest. Field testified that he owned 50 per cent of the stock, while Jaffe owned 49 per cent. A good many of Field's associates in IPR were on the editorial board of ''Amerasia''. Field named Owen Lattimore, Kate Mitchell, Harriet Moore, T. A. Bisson, Benjamin Kizer, a trustee of the Institute, and Philip Jaffe, who also was a member of the Institute and a contributor to its periodical. [[Joseph Milton Bernstein]], a Soviet Military intelligence ([[GRU]]) contact between Soviet agents in the [[Office of Strategic Services]] and the [[Board of Economic Warfare]], was an employee. When Field made his effort to get into Army Intelligence, it was in writing written on the letterhead of ''Amerasia'', showing Field as chairman of the editorial board with Owen Lattimore and William T. Stone as members of the board. There was no change in ownership of this magazine from 1937 to 1943, when Field resigned and Jaffe took over.<ref>United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security Hearings, July 25 and 26, 1951.</ref>

There appeared in ''Amerasia'' a long account which was recognized in by General [[William Donovan]]'s [[Office of Strategic Services]] (the OSS) as a verbatim reproduction of a government top secret government document. On June 6, 1945 the [[FBI]] raided the offices of ''Amerasia''. Six persons, [[Philip Jaffe]], [[Mark Gayn]], [[Kate Mitchell]] and three others who were U.S. government officials, [[Andrew Roth]], [[Emmanuel Larsen]], [[John S. Service]], were arrested on conspiracy and espionage charges related to the possession of over 1,000 stolen classified Government government documents. Documents from Military Intelligence, [[Naval Intelligence]], [[Bureau of Censorship]], [[British Intelligence]], Office of Strategic Services and the [[U.S. State Department]] were confiscated. Among these documents were military reports giving secret information on the position and disposition of [[Chinese Nationalist]] armies of Gen. [[Chiang Kai-shek]].

General Gen. Charles A. Willoughby, who was Gen. [[Douglas MacArthur]]'s chief of Army Intelligence in Japanthe Pacific, testified that the IPR Council in Japan was used as a spy ring by the [[Soviet Union]]. [[Hozumi Ozaki]] and [[Kimikazu Kinkazu Saionji]] attended the 1936 conference of the IPR at Yosemite, one as secretary and the other as an officer of the IPR in Japan. Ozaki was a journalist who enjoyed close relations to Japanese cabinet officials.

Saionji was secretary of the Japanese Council of the IPR. Saionji became a consultant of the Japanese Foreign Minister. He had access to the highest official circles and enjoyed a special intimacy with the Prime Minister, [[Prince Konoye]]. He introduced Ozaki into these circles, and both men—Ozaki and Saionji—became members of what Konoye's "breakfast group," an intimate group of high level advisers. Associated with them was Tomohiko Ushiba, Saionji's predecessor as secretary of the Japanese IPR. It should be noted Ozaki Hozumi was a member of [[Richard Sorge]]'s Soviet espionage ring in Tokyo during [[World War II]]. Maj. Gen. Charles A. Willoughby who was Gen. [[Douglas MacArthur]]'s chief of Intelligence in the Pacific, wrote in ''Shanghai Conspiracy'' that Guenther Stein was also a member of this ring, as was the well-known Communist writer [[Agnes Smedley]], also involved in the ''Amerasia Affair''.

When, on June 15 , 1943, [[Owen Lattimore]] instructed [[Joseph Barnes]]<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,791284,00.html ''Tongue-Tied''], [[Time magazine]], Feb. 07, 1944.</ref> to replace the non-Communist Chinese of the [[Office of War Information]] (OWI) with Communists, OWI did so. On July 14 [[Thomas A. Bisson]], in the Institute of Pacific Relations publication, ''Far Eastern Survey'', referred to Maoist forces as the "democratic China." The [[disinformation ]] was widely repeated among journalists and academics. In July and August 1943, the Chinese Communist forces -- in forces—in the midst of the war -- joined war—joined with the Japanese armies to inflict a serious defeat on the [[Kuomintang]] troops allied with the United States. <ref>[http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/yaltabet.html ''The Yalta Betrayal''], Felix Wittmer, Caxton Printers, 1953, pg. 36.</ref>During [[World War II]] an IPR resource packet was adopted by 1300 [[public school]] systems, and the [[War Department]] purchased over three quarters of a million IPR pamphlets for instructing military personnel.<ref>Anthony Kubek, ''How the Far East Was Lost'', Chicago 1963, pgs. 350-351.</ref>

Columbia University's Nathaniel Peffer, Owen Lattimore, [[Frederick Field]] and others, in the ''New York Times'' of May 14, 1944, wrote of China's "agrarian reformers." Vice-President [[Henry Wallace]], celebrated July 4, 1944, in Chita, Soviet Siberia accompanied by John Hazard, Lattimore, and [[John Carter Vincent]], on an official fifty-two-day, twenty-seven-thousand-mile junket to Soviet Asia and China and was the guest of Sergei Arsenevich Goglidze and Ivan Nikoshov, dreaded masters of the Soviet Siberian slave-labor camps[[gulag]]s.<ref>''Yalta Betrayal'', Wittmer, 1953, pg. 58. Retrieved from GELO.com [http://www.ogleo.com/search/ogleo-History_of_CzechoslovakiaHistory of Czechoslovakia] 05/08/07.</ref>

The [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]] (SISS) described the IPR in 1952 as "a vehicle used by Communists to orientate American Far Eastern policy toward Communist objectives." IPR was linked closely with the ''[[Amerasia]]'' publication, sharing writers, offices, and a general policy view, and appeared to mirror the United States Department of State in matters pertaining Asian policy. Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] of Wisconsin repeatedly criticized IPR and its former chairman [[Philip Jessup]]. McCarthy observed [[Frederick V. Field]], [[T.A. Bisson]], and Owen Lattimore were very active in IPR and worked to turn American China policy in favor of the [[Communist Party of China]]. [[John Carter Vincent]], John Service, [[Alger Hiss]], and John Paton Daviesall Davies all had links to IPR. Jessup in 1949 was the principal editor of the State Department "white paper" on China that abandoned Chiang Kai-chek and the Nationalist Chinese government.

The 1952 [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]] (SISS) reviewed some 20,000 documents from the files of IPR, including letters, memoranda, minutes and reports. <ref>[http://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/senate/chapter-13-judiciary-1947-1968.html#SISS National Archives and Records Administration, Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]</ref> During the Senate hearings on the IPR, 46 persons connected with the IPR were identified as Communist Party members. <ref>U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Report on the Institute of Pacific Relations, Washington 1952, pg. 11.</ref> The finding was beyond all doubt, that the IPR was a vehicle for pro-Communist leverage on American policy in China, a strikingly different conclusion than that reached by the [[Tydings Committee]].

The SISS discovered IPR was run by a circle of insiders, Edward Carter, Owen Lattimore, Frederick Field, and a few others. They were in constant communication, discussing lines of policy, materials to appear in newspapers, magazines and books, or the agenda for some impending conference. Connected to this inner cadre was a far-flung network of writers, researchers, speakers and policy experts, including a substantial number who moved back and forth among the IPR, the press corps, the academyacademia, and the government. Also revealed in the investigation was an extremely large number of Communists. <ref>[http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?print=yes&id=455 McCarthyism: Waging the Cold War in America], by M. Stanton Evans, ''Human Events'', 05/30/1997. Updated 05/08/2003.</ref>

A list of invited attendees to an IPR conference of 1942, as recommended by Philip Jessup, revealed 30-plus individuals who had been identified under oath as members of the Communist secret apparatus. Committee counsel Robert Morris summarized the situation as follows:

:''"Indeed, the difficulty with the IPR from the Communist point of view was that it was too stuffed with Communists, too compromised by its Communist connections. [[Elizabeth Bentley]] testified that her superior in the [[CPUSA#Secret_apparatusSecret apparatus|Soviet espionage apparatus]], [[Jacob Golos]], warned her away from the IPR because ‘it was as red as a rose, and you shouldn’t touch it with a 10-foot pole.’ "

:''"The IPR has been considered by the American Communist Party and by Soviet officials as an instrument of Communist policy, propaganda and [[military intelligence]]. The IPR disseminated and sought to popularize false information including information originating from Soviet and Communist sources. . . . Members of the small core of officials and staff members who controlled IPR were either Communist or pro-Communist. . . . Over a period of years, John Carter Vincent was the principal fulcrum of IPR pressure and influence in the State Department. . . . The IPR was a vehicle used by the Communists to orientate American far eastern policies toward Communist objectives. . ." <ref>U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Report on the Institute of Pacific Relations, Washington 1952.</ref> It should be noted Ozaki Hozumi was a member of [[Richard Sorge]]'s Soviet espionage ring in Tokyo during [[World War II]]. Maj. Gen. Charles A. Willoughby who was Gen. [[Douglas MacArthur]]'s chief of Intelligence in the Pacific, wrote in ''Shanghai Conspiracy'' that Guenther Stein was also a member of this ring, as was the well-known Communist writer [[Agnes Smedley]], also involved in the ''Amerasia Affair''.

The Eighty-third Congress set up in 1953 a Special Reece Committee to investigate Tax-Exempt Foundations. An interesting report showing the [[Left-wing]] associations of interlocking nexus of tax-exempt foundations was issued in 1954 rather quietly.<ref>[http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/Dodd_Report_to_the_Reese_Committee_on_Foundations-1954-16pgs-some_pages_missing-POL.sml.pdf&id=158&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 Dodd Report to the Reese Committee on Foundations-1954].</ref><ref>Tax Exempt Foundations Hearings-Reece Committee-1953 4-1000 pgs. [http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/Tax_Exempt_Foundations_Hearings-Reece_Committee-1953_4-1000pgs-PART1-GOV.sml.pdf&id=35&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 Part 1].</ref><ref>Tax Exempt Foundations Hearings-Reece Committee-1953 4-1086 pgs. [http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/Tax_Exempt_Foundations_Hearings-Reece_Committee-1953_4-1086pgs-PART2-GOV.sml.pdf&id=36&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 Part 2].</ref><ref>[http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/Tax_Exempt_Foundations_Hearings-Reece_Committee-1953_4-2086pgs-GOV.sml.pdf&id=34&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 Tax Exempt Foundations Hearings-Reece Committee-1953 4-2086 pgs].</ref> Four years later, the Reece Committee's general counsel, Rene A Wormser, wrote a book on the subject called ''Foundations: Their Power and Influence.'' <ref>''Tragedy and Hope'', Quigley, pg. 954.</ref> ==References==<references/>