[[File:Desecnt of the modernist.png|thumb|right|The Descent of the Modernists cartoon by E. J. Pace. It portrays [[modernism]] as the descent from [[Christianity]] to [[atheism]]. It was first published in 1922. ]]
'''Fundamentalism''' is a movement among Christians in the United States that began in the late 19th century. It was a backlash against [[Modernism]], which the fundamentalists accused of denying such Christian doctrines such as [[virgin birth]] and the inerrancy of Scripture. The name comes from a series of pamphlets entitled ''The Fundamentals'' that were published between 1910 and 1915.<ref name=IFTSAE>"[http://www.wheaton.edu/isae/defining-evangelicalism/fundamentalism Fundamentalism]”, Institute for the Study of American Evangelicals</ref><ref name=TheFundamentals>[http://www.ntslibrary.com/PDF%20Books%20II/Torrey%20-%20The%20Fundamentals%201.pdf The Fundamentals A Testimony to the Truth] (1910-1915) Volume One], [http://www.ntslibrary.com/PDF%20Books%20II/Torrey%20-%20The%20Fundamentals%202.pdf Volume Two], [http://www.ntslibrary.com/PDF%20Books%20II/Torrey%20-%20The%20Fundamentals%203.pdf Volume Three], [http://www.ntslibrary.com/PDF%20Books%20II/Torrey%20-%20The%20Fundamentals%204.pdf Volume Four].</ref> The movement is associated with the 1925 [[Scopes Trial]], which concerned the issue of evolution. It suffered a decline in the 1930s, but revived in the late 1940s. At this time, the words "evangelical" and "fundamentalist" were used interchangeably.
In the late 1950s, the movement split between evangelicals such as [[Billy Graham]] (1918-2018) and fundamentalists led by [[John R. Rice]] (1895-1980). In the 1920s, fundamentalism was inclusive and involved a diverse set of denominations. In contrast, Rice was a separatist and an [[Independent Baptist]]. Although anti-Catholicism had been a core fundamentalist principle, [[Jerry Falwell]] (1933–2007), a protégé of Rice, united conservative Protestants and Catholics as the [[Religious Right]]. Since the retirement of Bob Jones III in 2005, the fundamentalist movement has lacked notable leadership.