Changes
hyperlink -Gravitational lensing
|accessdate=2012-10-14
|url=http://creation.com/images/pdfs/tj/j20_3/j20_3_6-8.pdf
|quote=Halton Arp suggested that these arcs, which are very prominent in the Abell 2218 cluster, are not the result of [[gravitational lensing]] but ejections of galaxies and matter from other clusters. Of course that flies in the face of standard big bang cosmology, which assumes all matter originated in the initial big bang. See Arp, H. C., Seeing Red: Redshifts, Cosmology and Academic Science, Apeiron, Montreal, 1998; and review, Hartnett, J.G., The heavens declare a different story! J. of Creation 17(2): 94–97, 2003. Note also that the redshift of the Bullet cluster is near 0.3 which is one of the discrete values that Arp claims is associated with ejection events of one galaxy giving birth to another.
}}</ref>|group=note}}, their opponents including [[John Hartnett|J.Hartnett]] however express their strong reservations and suggest that it ''"seems to be stretching things a bit, to put it mildly, given the many assumptions and interpretations necessarily involved"''. According to J.Hartnett the very essence of the ‘dark matter’ concept is that we have no explanation for what we observe and the whole dark matter scenario is in his view the result of incorrect physics being applied to the dynamics of astronomical bodies requiring ad hoc assumptions to be introduced to the norm.
As an alternative explanation based on applying [[Occam’s razor]] for phenomena leading to dark matter hypothesis is proposed a new theory by late Israeli cosmologist/physicist [[Moshe Carmeli]] whose 5D space-time-velocity metric explains both galactic rotation curves and the flatness of the universe—without dark matter or other fudge factors and explains more of the data. [[Halton Arp]] also in the past suggested that observed arcs in vicinity of clusters are not the result of [[gravitational lensing ]] but ejections of galaxies and matter from other clusters, i.e. the filament connecting the clusters of galaxies<ref>{{cite web
|title=Detection of hot gas in the filament connecting the clusters of galaxies Abell 222 and Abell 223
|author=N. Werner et al.
