Game theory
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Game theory is a mathematical theory in economics that studies situations in which players choose different actions in an attempt to maximise their profits. It Provides a formal approach to the study of strategies and extends the simpler optimisation approach developed in neoclassical economics. Game theory can be viewed as a branch of decision theory in which players of the game interact with each other. A common example of game theory is the prisoner's dilemma.
Game theory was developed in 1944, by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern, and was popularised in the 2001 film A Beautiful Mind, staring Russell Crowe as mathematician John Forbes Nash.