Difference between revisions of "Great Flood"

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{{cquote|'''Genesis 6:13'''<br />...The end of all flesh has come before Me; for the earth is filled with violence because of them; and behold, I am about to destroy them with the earth.}}
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[Image:Schönfeld The Flood.jpg|thumb|320px|The Flood by Johann Heinrich Schönfeld.]]
 
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The '''Great Flood''' refers to the most catastrophic [[flood]] and the most catastrophic geological event that has ever taken place in human history.
 
  
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Virtually nothing historical, from writings to civilization to long-living organisms like trees, has survived from before about 3000 B.C., an approximate date given to the Great Flood.<ref>''See, e.g.'', http://www.ohtm.org/strut99.pdf</ref>  Today 60% of Americans accept as truth the Biblical account of the Great Flood,<ref>http://www.washtimes.com/national/20040216-113955-2061r.htm</ref> and most cultures record a world-destroying flood in their oral or written histories.
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
  
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== Summary ==
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
  
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This flood was the means of [[God]]'s judgment on mankind because of the evil in their heart and actions. God warned [[Noah]] that He was going to destroy the world with a flood, because of the wickedness of mankind. Noah was to build an [[Noah's Ark|ark]] and take his family and pairs of each [[baraminology|kind]] of air-breathing animal in it in order to be saved from the flood.
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
  
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After Noah and his family and all the creatures were on board, God shut the door of the ark. The flood was brought on by the bursting open of the ''fountains of the great deep'' and the opening of ''the floodgates of the sky''. The rain lasted nearly six weeks (40 days and nights). The flood waters apparently continued to rise for 150 days, but it was just over a year before the waters had receded enough for the occupants of the ark to leave.
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
  
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The ark came to rest on one of the mountains of [[Ararat]]. God used a [[rainbow]] in the clouds as a sign that he would never again destroy the world in a flood.<ref>Genesis does not say that this was the first ever rainbow.</ref>
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
  
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== Flood accounts ==
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[Image:The Great Deluge - Gustave Dore.jpg|thumb|330px|''The Great Deluge'', by Gustave Doré.]]
 
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One of the strong pieces of evidence in support of a worldwide flood are the many stories that exist amongst people groups all over the world. These stories describe a world-destroying flood, and it is highly improbable to have this type of similarity between them. Dr. [[John Morris]] wrote regarding the historicity of the biblical flood:
 
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{{cquote|One of the strongest evidences for the global flood which annihilated all people on [[Earth]] except for [[Noah]] and his family, has been the ubiquitous presence of flood legends in the folklore of people groups from around the world. And the stories are all so similar.<ref>http://www.icr.org/article/570/</ref>}}
 
  
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=== Gilgamesh Epic ===
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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The best known of the flood accounts is, firstly, the biblical account in [[Genesis]], and secondly, the one found in the [[Gilgamesh Epic]]. Here is a summary of the Gilgamesh Epic:
 
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:''The council of the gods decided to destroy mankind with a flood, but Utnapishtim was warned by the god who had made man, Ea, to build a boat to take all living beings. The length, width, and height were each 120 cubits (about 180 feet). It had seven stories.
 
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:''The gods got frightened by the flood and retreated to heaven where they cowered and wept.
 
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:''The flood lasted six days and seven nights, and was accompanied by wind and storm.
 
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:''Utnapishtim send out a dove followed by a swallow, but both returned, unable to find land. He then sent a raven, which didn't return.
 
  
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Dr. [[Jonathan Sarfati]] comments on the Gilgamesh Epic:
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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{{cquote|It is common to make legends out of historical events, but not history from legends. ... For instance, in Genesis, God’s judgment is just, he is patient with mankind for 120 years (Genesis 6:3), shows mercy to Noah, and is sovereign. Conversely, the gods in the Gilgamesh Epic are capricious and squabbling, cower at the Flood and are famished without humans to feed them sacrifices. That is, the human writers of the Gilgamesh Epic rewrote the true account, and made their gods in their own image.<ref Name="JS_GE" />}}
 
  
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=== Common Themes in Flood Accounts ===
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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There are parallel themes going through most of the accounts of the [[Great Flood (cultural traditions)|Great Flood]]. Here are some of them.
 
  
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==== Cause ====
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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Many of the accounts say that the flood was caused by God or some equivalent being.
 
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In Genesis, it was Yahweh<ref>Genesis 6:3</ref>.
 
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In the Gilgamesh Epic, it was the council of the gods<ref Name="JS_GE">[http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/3107 Noah’s Flood and the Gilgamesh Epic] by Jonathan Sarfati, ''Creation'', vol. 28 No. 4 pp.12-17</ref>.
 
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In the Bundaba (Australian aboriginal) flood story, it was Ngowungu, the Great Father.<ref>[http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/1468 Australian Aboriginal Flood Stories], ''Creation'' Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 6-9.</ref>
 
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The Greeks recorded it as being [[Zeus]].<ref name="Greek">[http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Greek Greek], in ''Flood Stories from Around the World'' by Mark Isaak.</ref>
 
  
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==== Purpose ====
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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When the cause of the flood is attributed to a god, the reason is frequently said to be for [[mankind]]'s wickedness.
 
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Genesis adds that "every inclination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil all the time".<ref>Genesis 6:5 (NIV)</ref>
 
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The Miao account from China says, in verse, "These did not God's will nor returned His affection. / But fought with each other defying the Godhead. / Their leaders shook fists in the face of the Mighty."<ref>[http://www.icr.org/index.php?module=articles&action=view&ID=341 Genesis According to the Miao People], by Edgar A. Truax, ''Impact'', April 1991</ref>
 
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A Navajo account says that it was because of "their sins of adultery and constant quarreling".<ref>[http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Navajo Navajo (Four Corners area)], in ''Flood Stories from Around the World'' by Mark Isaak</ref>
 
  
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==== What saved the people ====
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
  
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People were generally saved either by floating out the flood, or fleeing to the top of a mountain. In the former case, the vessel took a variety of forms.
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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A Hopi Indian story has them surviving in the hollow stems of giant reeds<ref name="Hopi">[http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Hopi Hopi], in ''Flood Stories from Around the World'' by Mark Isaak.</ref>
 
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The Greek story has them surviving in a chest.<Ref name="Greek" />
 
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In Genesis, [[Noah]] was instructed by God to build an ark to dimensions and other specifications included in the account.
 
  
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==== Who was saved? ====
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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The survivors were often a single family.
 
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An Australian aboriginal account has Ngadgja, the Supreme One, telling Gajara to take his wife, his sons, and his sons' wives.<ref name="Wunambal">[http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/1467 Aboriginal Flood Legend], by Howard Coates, ''Creation'' Vol. 4 No.3, pp.9-12</ref>
 
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The Masai account from East Africa has Tumbainot taking his two wives, his six sons, and their wives.<ref name="Masai">[http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Masai Masai (East Africa)], in ''Flood Stories from Around the World'' by Mark Isaak.</ref>
 
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A Hawaiian story has Nuu taking his wife and three sons.<ref name="Hawaii">[http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Hawaii Hawaii], in ''Flood Stories from Around the World'' by Mark Isaak.</ref>
 
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Noah took his wife, his three sons, and their wives.<ref>Genesis 7:13</ref>
 
  
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==== Birds sent out ====
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[Image:Michelangeloflood.jpg|thumb|300px|right|''The Flood'', by Michaelangelo, detail from the Sistine Chapel, 1509.]]
 
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Genesis describes Noah sending out birds to see if there was yet dry land.<ref>Genesis 8:6-12</ref>
 
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Initially this was unsuccessful, but a subsequent attempt was successful when a dove didn't return. In the Hopi account also, they unsuccessfully sent out birds to find land.<ref name="Hopi" />
 
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An Australian aboriginal account has a cuckoo not returning because it found land.<ref name="Wunambal" />
 
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The Masai account has Tumbainot sending out a dove, which returned because it had no place to rest.<ref name="Masai" />
 
  
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==== A rainbow ====
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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The Masai account has four rainbows signifying that God's [[wrath]] was over.<ref name="Masai" />
 
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A Hawaiian account has the god Kane leaving a rainbow as a perpetual sign of his forgiveness.<ref name="Hawaii" />
 
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From an Australian aboriginal story comes this account:
 
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:Ngadja, the Supreme Being, put the rainbow in the sky to keep the rain-clouds back. The rainbow lies bent across the sky; he ties up the clouds behind it and the rain does not come. The rainbow keeps the clouds back and protects us so that the rainfall does not rise too high. Our people understand the significance of it. When we see the rainbow we say, ‘There will not be any abnormally heavy rain.’<ref name="Wunambal" />
 
  
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Genesis says that the rainbow would be a reminder that God would never again destroy the world with a flood.<ref>Genesis 9:12-17</ref>
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
  
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==== Criticisms ====
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
  
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:''See more criticisms in the article on [[Noah's Ark#Criticisms|Noah's Ark]] and [[Flood Geology#Controversy|Flood Geology]].''
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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Critics of the global flood suggest that the flood accounts are unrelated accounts of local floods, or stories influenced by the arrival of missionaries.
 
  
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However, Nozomi Osanai responds that "''...the detailed nature of the widely spread statements has common elements to the Bible. In fact, even people who live far from the sea or in mountainous areas have flood traditions which are similar to the Genesis account.''"<ref>[http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/4089/ A comparative study of the flood accounts in the Gilgamesh Epic and Genesis, chapter 7], by Nozomi Osanai.</ref>
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
  
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And Murray Adamthwaite responds regarding the missionary influence, "''...that explanation fails since in many cases secular anthropologists gathered the stories before missionaries reached these tribes with the Gospel. In other cases missionaries have related how they indeed told the story of Noah, only to find that the tribal folk already had a similar tale in their own legends.''"<ref>[http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/2538 Animals, a Deluge and Noah’s Ark]</ref>
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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{{Clear}}
 
  
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== Other ancient references ==
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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The Great Flood has left a variety of traditions in many cultures world-wide. In most of them, the stories involve a few survivors and a number of animals in a boat or on a raft; the search for dry land involving a bird; a landing on a mountain, and a sacrifice to the gods after the flood was over.
 
  
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{| border="1" align="center" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" width="900" style="margin-left:5px"
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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|align="center" colspan="6"|
 
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|-
 
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!colspan="6" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|European traditions
 
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|-
 
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! width="100" | Culture or people
 
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! width="500" | Details
 
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! width="150" | Name of Noah
 
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! width="150" | Name of mountain
 
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! width="80" | Number of survivors
 
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! width="80" | Animals involved
 
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|-
 
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| Greece
 
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| Deucalion and Pyrrha were warned by Prometheus about the flood and told to build a chest; they survived when the chest landed on a high mountain.<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D7%3Asection%3D2 Apollodorus, ''The Library'', book 1]</ref>
 
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| Deucalion
 
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| Mt. Parnassus
 
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| -
 
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| Yes
 
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|-
 
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!colspan="6" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Asian traditions
 
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|-
 
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! width="100" | Culture or people
 
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! width="500" | Details
 
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! width="150" | Name of Noah
 
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! width="150" | Name of mountain
 
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! width="80" | Number of survivors
 
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! width="80" | Animals involved
 
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|-
 
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| Babylonia
 
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| [[Epic of Gilgamesh]]; The god Ea warned Utnapishtim of the imminent destruction of the earth; the ark built was cube-shaped, and held his family, friends, and all animals
 
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| Utnapishtim
 
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| Mt. Nisir
 
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| 8
 
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| Yes; a raven and dove were used to search for dry land as well
 
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|-
 
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| Assyria
 
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| King [[Ashurbanipal]], who lived in the seventh century B.C., recorded, "I have read intricate tablets inscribed with obscure [[Sumerian]] or [[Akkadian]]...inscriptions on stone from before the Flood."<ref>[http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1032092 Ashurbanipal]<!-- this may not be the best reference for this.--></ref>
 
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| Utnapishtim; possibly used the same Gilgamesh tales of Babylonia
 
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| Mt. Nisir
 
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| 8
 
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| Yes
 
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|-
 
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| Chaldean
 
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| Xisuthrus was warned of a coming flood by the god Chronos, who ordered him to build a boat in which to carry family, friends, and two of every kind of animal.<ref>[http://rbedrosian.com/euseb2.htm Eusebius, ''Chronicle'', book 1]</ref> 
 
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| Xisuthrus
 
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| -
 
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| 8
 
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| Yes; birds were used to find land.
 
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|-
 
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| China
 
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| [[Hihking]]; The Chinese classic record details one family survived a great flood by gathering their sons and sons' wives together in a large boat, whereupon they repopulated the earth afterwards.
 
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| Fuhi
 
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| -
 
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| 8
 
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| Yes
 
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|-
 
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| Sumeria
 
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| [[Eridu Genesis]]: the god [[Enki]] warns Ziudsura to build a large boat due to the coming destruction of the earth.  After a flood lasting seven days, Ziudsura sacrifices to the gods.
 
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| Ziudsura
 
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| translation lost
 
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| -
 
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| translation lost
 
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|-
 
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| -
 
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| -
 
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| -
 
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| -
 
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| -
 
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| -
 
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|-
 
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!colspan="6" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Australian traditions
 
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|-
 
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! width="100" | Culture or people
 
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! width="500" | Details
 
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! width="150" | Name of Noah
 
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! width="150" | Name of mountain
 
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! width="80" | Number of survivors
 
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! width="80" | Animals involved
 
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|-
 
−
| -
 
−
| -
 
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| -
 
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| -
 
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| -
 
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| -
 
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|-
 
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!colspan="6" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Oceanic Islanders traditions
 
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|-
 
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! width="100" | Culture or people
 
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! width="500" | Details
 
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! width="150" | Name of Noah
 
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! width="150" | Name of mountain
 
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! width="80" | Number of survivors
 
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! width="80" | Animals involved
 
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|-
 
−
| -
 
−
| -
 
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| -
 
−
| -
 
−
| -
 
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| -
 
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|-
 
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!colspan="6" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|African traditions
 
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|-
 
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! width="100" | Culture or people
 
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! width="500" | Details
 
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! width="150" | Name of Noah
 
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! width="150" | Name of mountain
 
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! width="80" | Number of survivors
 
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! width="80" | Animals involved
 
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|-
 
−
| -
 
−
| -
 
−
| -
 
−
| -
 
−
| -
 
−
| -
 
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|-
 
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!colspan="6" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|North American traditions
 
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|-
 
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! width="100" | Culture or people
 
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! width="500" | Details
 
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! width="150" | Name of Noah
 
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! width="150" | Name of mountain
 
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! width="80" | Number of survivors
 
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! width="80" | Animals involved
 
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|-
 
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| Chippewa
 
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| A war between Nanabozho and the Great Serpent who lived at the bottom of Lake Superior; the serpent, being wounded in the fight, vowed to destroy the tribe by a flood.  The tribe quickly built rafts, gathered their animals, and escaped to the highest mountains, which were quickly covered over except the one on which stood Nanabozho<ref>[http://www.indians.org/welker/greatflo.htm].</ref>
 
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| Nanabozho
 
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| unknown
 
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| unknown
 
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| Yes
 
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|-
 
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| Choctaw
 
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| The Great Spirit destroyed a corrupt and wicked human race and all life on earth, except a prophet who went in vain to warn the people to repent or die.  The prophet survived by building a raft of sassafras logs.<ref>[http://www.tc.umn.edu/~mboucher/mikebouchweb/choctaw/flood1.htm].</ref>
 
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| known only as the prophet.
 
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| unknown
 
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| unknown
 
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| Yes; the bird which led him to land he named "Puchi Yushuba" (lost pigeon)
 
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|-
 
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!colspan="6" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|South American traditions
 
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|-
 
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! width="100" | Culture or people
 
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! width="500" | Details
 
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! width="150" | Name of Noah
 
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! width="150" | Name of mountain
 
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! width="80" | Number of survivors
 
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! width="80" | Animals involved
 
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|-
 
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| Tamanakis (Carib tribe, Orinoco River basin)
 
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| A man and woman escaped to the highest peak after being warned of a flood.  Afterward, the tossed coconuts behind them, which became the next race of man.
 
−
| -
 
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| Mt Tapanacu
 
−
| -
 
−
| -
 
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|-
 
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|}
 
  
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== Effects of ''the Flood'' ==
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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=== Natural Effects ===
 
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==== Flood Geology ====
 
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:''Main article: [[Flood Geology]]''
 
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Flood geology is the study of the Earth's geology in the search of evidence for the Flood in the [[geology]] of the Earth.
 
  
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=== Separation of Continents===
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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Some [[Young Earth Creationists]] point to the flood as the reason for the separation of [[Pangea]], rather than the secular view that the separation was caused by [[plate tectonics]] over millions or even billions of years.
 
  
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=== Ice Age ===
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
  
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Some scientists think that the Great Flood caused the Ice Age. Meteorologist Michael J. Oard
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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states in ''Frozen in Time'' that:
 
  
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<blockquote>
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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''The Flood and its aftershocks provide the volcanic dust and gases that bring the summer cooling indispensable for the Ice Age. Water from the “fountains of the great deep” and mixing during the Flood provides a warm ocean. In the mid and high latitudes the warm ocean would cause copious evaporation and produce massive amounts of snow. The two ingredients required for an Ice Age, cool temperatures and tons of snow, were dramatically fulfilled immediately after the Genesis flood. This unique climate would persist for hundreds of years after the Flood as the intensity of the two mechanisms slowly decreased.'' <ref> [http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/fit/chapter7.asp The Genesis flood caused the Ice Age] </ref> <ref> Oard, M.J., 1990. An ice age caused by the Genesis Flood, Institute for Creation Research, El Cajón, California. </ref>
 
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</blockquote>
 
  
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=== Spiritual Effects ===
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
  
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Interpreting the way Noah obeyed God (Genesis 6:22):
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
  
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<blockquote>
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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Noah was faithful for 120 long hard disappointing years. You can be sure, however, he was a happy man the day the rains came and he was safe and dry inside the ark that was the product of his faith and obedience to God...  
 
  
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Noah submitted himself and worshiped God... His strength to live for God was that he chose to walk daily with the Lord. The same power is available to us to believe in God and let God direct our lives.
+
[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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<ref> [http://www.bible-truth.org/GEN6.HTM THE GREAT WORLD WIDE FLOOD] </ref>
 
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</blockquote>
 
  
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Consequently at present we should ask ourselves: What kind of faith do we have?, Does my faith guide me always in my daily decision? ([[Ibidem]])
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
  
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== Modern explanations ==
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
  
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[[Image:The building of the ark.jpg|thumb|left|The building of the ark by Bertram of Minden.]]
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=== Black Sea theory ===
 
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In 2000, explorers discovered evidence that humans lived where the [[Black Sea]] now is and speculated the sea was created during a great flood<ref>http://archives.cnn.com/2000/NATURE/09/13/great.flood.finds.ap/</ref>. Dr. Robert Ballard expanded on this theory, postulating that the Black Sea was much lower during the [[Ice Age]] (including the finding of a beach thousands of feet underwater), and when the walls holding back the [[Mediterranean Sea]] at the Bosporus broke, the sea rushed in and drowned the inhabitants; those who survived told the tale orally, and according to Ballard this became the basis for the flood accounts of Genesis and Gilgamesh<ref>http://www.nationalgeographic.com/blacksea/ax/frame.html</ref>. This theory is for a local flood, and not the world-wide flood as recorded in Genesis and many other cultural traditions. It also doesn't fit with many other details of the Genesis account.<ref>[http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/3392 Proof of Noah's Flood at the Black Sea?] by Creation Ministries International.</ref>
 
  
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=== Crustal Displacement Theory ===
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In ''When the sky fell: In search of Atlantis'' (1996), Rand Flem Ath<ref>http://www.flem-ath.com</ref> expanded on Professor [[Charles Hapgood]]'s theory of crustal displacement whereby the entire earth's crust moved with respect to the core. The suggested date for this was about 10,000 years BC. If a displacement had occurred then it would have caused enormous disruption to the the earth's oceans with massive tsunamis and heavy rain. Although the book was nominally about the disappearance of [[Atlantis]], the theory of crustal displacement not only explains the discrepancies in ice thickness in [[Greenland]] and [[Antarctica]] but also the sudden demise of the [[mammoth]]s. This theory could also potentially explain the widespread existence of flood accounts throughout different cultures.
 
  
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==See Also==
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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*[[Causes of the Great Flood]]
 
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*[[Flood geology]]
 
  
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==External links==
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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*[http://www.maicar.com/GML/Flood.html Greek Myths: Deucalion and the Flood]
 
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*[http://www.ancienttexts.org/library/mesopotamian/gilgamesh/tab11.htm Epic of Gilgamesh, Tablet 11 (Flood Story)]
 
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*[http://www.nwcreation.net/geologycolumn.html Geological evidence from Northwest Creation]
 
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*[http://www.genesisfiles.com/Library.htm#B Genesis Files website]
 
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*[http://www.searchgodsword.org/enc/isb/view.cgi?number=T2631 DELUGE OF NOAH]
 
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*[http://www.answersingenesis.org/Home/Area/AnswersBook/global10.asp Was the Flood Global? Answers in Genesis article]
 
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*[http://www.nationalgeographic.com/blacksea/ax/frame.html Black Sea theory, from Dr. Robert Ballard and National Geographic]
 
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*[http://www.ilhawaii.net/~stony/lore64.html Native American flood story]
 
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*[http://wovoca.com/myths-flood-1.htm Collection of Flood myths]
 
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*[http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/3107 A table comparing specific details in a number of different flood accounts]
 
  
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==References==
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]

Revision as of 02:55, July 19, 2010

Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
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