Difference between revisions of "Shroud of Turin"

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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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The '''Shroud of Turin''' (in Italian, ''la Sacra Sindone'') is a long cloth presently kept in the Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist in Turin, Italy, which contains the image of a [[crucifixion|crucified]] man<ref>[http://www.shroud.com/]</ref>, with many believing it to be the actual burial cloth of [[Jesus Christ]]. 
 
  
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There is overwhelming forensic evidence on the Shroud indicating that it is the image of man who was both scourged and crucified, yet (as described in the Bible) without the breaking of the victim's leg as commonly done as part of the punishment.<ref name="Forensics">http://www.shroudstory.com/forensics.htm</ref>  The bloodstains on the Shroud were formed before the image was made.  The image is scientifically precise in a way unknown to any medieval forgers: the thumbs are not visible because the nails were through the wrist, not through the hands as mistakenly thought until the 20th century.<ref name="Forensics"/>
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
  
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Scientists have devoted years of work in analyzing the Shroud.  Several of these scientists who have studied the Shroud converted to [[Christianity]] as a result.<ref>[http://www.shroud.com/mrinobnf.pdf]</ref>
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
  
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==Description==
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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The Shroud is about 14 feet 3 inches long by 3 feet 7 inches wide, consisting of a single piece of linen cloth made from fibers of the flax plant (''Linum usitatisismum''), and woven in a 3-over-1 herringbone twill<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3624753.stm]</ref>.  Centered on the cloth is the front and back images of a man who is pictured as if in a burial repose; the man's estimated height is somewhere between 5'8" to 6'1"<ref>[http://www.shroudofturin4journalists.com/Details/howtall2.htm]</ref>.  He is rather powerfully-built, with classical eastern Mediterranean features.  The images of the feet are at both ends of the cloth, indicating that if it was a burial linen the body was placed on one end with the other end bought over the head to cover the body.  On either side of the image is severe damage from a fire which took place in 1532.
 
  
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The image of the body shows a man who had died a violent death.  Upon both front and back are dumbbell-shaped markings; approximately 140 such marks were applied upon the back, chest, and legs. Roman soldiers involved in "scourging" as a form of punishment for offenders employed a whip called a "[[flagrum]]"<ref>[http://www.shroudofturin4journalists.com/terms/flagrum.htm]</ref>, which was studded with either bone or lead knobs, and when used it tore into flesh and muscle.
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
  
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==History==
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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Historians and authors of written works on the Shroud have generally divided its history into two periods of time: a first period, from the time of the Resurrection ca. 33 A.D. to the fall of Constantinople in 1204; and the second period from 1349 to present.  The first version is based on largely on circumstantial evidence.
 
  
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===First Period: A.D. 33 to 1204===
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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====Gospels====
 
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The ''Gospel of John'' contains the first description of what is today regarded as the Shroud of Turin (the "linen clothes"), and the "napkin", a small head wrap which may be a relic known as the Sudarium of Oviedo, Spain. <ref>http://www.shroud.com/guscin.htm</ref>
 
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:''The first day of the week cometh Mary Magdalene early, when it was yet dark, unto the sepulchre, and seeth the stone taken away from the sepulchre.''
 
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:''Then she runneth, and cometh to Simon Peter, and to the other disciple, whom Jesus loved, and saith unto them, They have taken away the LORD out of the sepulchre, and we know not where they have laid him.''
 
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:''Peter therefore went forth, and that other disciple, and came to the sepulchre.''
 
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:''So they ran both together: and the other disciple did outrun Peter, and came first to the sepulchre.''
 
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:''And he stooping down, and looking in, saw the linen clothes lying; yet went he not in.''
 
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:''Then cometh Simon Peter following him, and went into the sepulchre, and seeth the linen clothes lie,''
 
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:''And the napkin, that was about his head, not lying with the linen clothes, but wrapped together in a place by itself.''
 
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:''Then went in also that other disciple, which came first to the sepulchre, and he saw, and believed.''
 
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:''For as yet they knew not the scripture, that he must rise again from the dead. (Gospel of John, Ch. 20 1-9; King James Version)''
 
  
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====Bardesane of Edessa====
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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The earliest possible extra-Biblical reference to the Shroud is found in a second century poem by Bardesane of Edessa. Called the "Hymn of the Pearl", it was embedded within the non-canonical ''Acts of Thomas'', and tells the story of a boy - apparently the figure in the poem - to retrieve a pearl from Egypt.  He describes the "mirror of myself" embedded in his robe in some detail similar to the Shroud:
 
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:''"And because I remembered not its fashion / for in my childhood I had left it in my father's house, / on a sudden, when I received it, / the garment seemed to me to become like a mirror of myself. / I saw it all in all, / and I to received all in it, / for we were two in distinction / and yet gain one in one likeness. / And the treasurers too, / who brought it to me, I saw in like manner / to be two (and yet) one likeness, for one sign of the king was written on them (both), / of the hands of him who restored to me through them / my trust and my wealth"'' <ref>[http://www.gnosis.org/library/hymnpearl.htm]</ref>
 
  
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====Image of Edessa/Mandylion====
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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According to [[Eusebius]], King Abgar of Edessa was afflicted of an illness, and hearing of the miracles of Jesus as a healer he sent a letter to Him, asking if He would come to his aid. Jesus responded that He could not come, but would send his disciple Thaddeus, who comes and heals him <ref>http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.vi.xiii.html</ref>; according to variants of this story King Abgar is left with the cloth image of Jesus, beginning with the ''Doctrine of Addai'' (ca. 400 A.D.) in which a court painter created an image of the Lord and "brought with him to Abgar the king, his master. And when Abgar the king saw the likeness, he received it with great joy, and placed it with great honor in one of his palatial houses." <ref>http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/addai_2_text.htm</ref>.  Artistic works of this relic - called either the "Image of Edessa" or the "[[Mandylion]]" - generally have it portrayed as the face of Christ upon a towel or kerchief.
 
  
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The Mandylion would surface again around 525 when Edessa was flooded by the Daisan River.  Workmen repairing one of the city's gates discovered a niche with the cloth inside; the mandylion was declared to be ''Acheiropoietos'' (Greek: Αχειροποίητος), "not made by hands", meaning that it was a miraculous image created supernaturally and not by man.  The Mandylion stayed in Edessa as a means of protection for the city from harm until forcibly taken to [[Constantinople]] in 944, where it was received with great fanfare by Emperor Romanus I.  Placed within the church of Saint Mary of Blachernae, it stayed there as a Christian relic until disappearing in the sack of the city during the Fourth Crusade in 1204. One of the knights who participated in the sacking of Constantinople, Robert de Clari, left a detailed letter of what he observed at the time, and he referred to this relic as being more than a facial image:
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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:''"But among the rest, there was also another of the minsters, which was called the Church of my Lady Saint Mary of Blachernae, within which was the shroud wherein Our Lord was wrapped. And on every Friday that shroud did raise itself upright, so that the form of Our Lord could clearly be seen. And none knows - neither Greek nor Frank - what became of that shroud when the city was taken."''<ref>http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/sources/clari4.htm</ref>
 
  
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== Ownership History ==
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
  
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The Shroud was owned and maintained by families in [[Italy]] for centuries and given only in the late 20th century to the [[Roman Catholic Church]], which has never taken a position for or against its authenticity.
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
  
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== Dating the Shroud ==
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
  
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Raymond N. Rogers, a retired [[chemist]] from the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] in [[New Mexico]], studied the Shroud and declared, "The chemistry says it was a real shroud, the blood spots on it are real blood, and the technology that was used to make that piece of cloth was exactly what Pliny the Elder reported from his time," about A.D. 70.  "It's a shroud from the right time, but you're never going to find out (through science) if it was used on a person named [[Jesus]]," Rogers said.<ref>http://bibleprobe.com/</ref>
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
  
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In 1988, [[carbon dating]] of a small snippet of the Shroud was performed, and the results suggested that the Shroud originated between A.D. 1238 and 1430.  However, a peer-reviewed scientific paper later demonstrated the invalidity of those results, suggesting instead that the Shroud is between 1,300 and 3,000 years old.<ref>Rogers, Raymond N., "Studies on the radiocarbon sample from the Shroud of Turin". Thermochimica Acta, Volume 425 Issue 1–2, pp. 189-194 (Jan. 20, 2005)[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6THV-4DTBVHC-1&_user=10&_handle=B-WA-A-W-WE-MsSAYWA-UUA-AAUYYDZUYC-AAUZVCZYYC-YZEWAVVVC-WE-U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=01%2F20%2F2005&_rdoc=26&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235292%232005%23995749998%23553672!&_cdi=5292&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3d89246a5d4144616be7657f0d83b6cf]</ref>    <ref>Mark Antonacci "Resurrection of the Shroud: New Scientific, Medical, and Archeological Evidence"</ref>  The sample for the 1988 analysis had actually been taken from cloth woven into the Shroud during the [[Middle Ages]], thereby giving a false result.<ref>[http://www.shroudcentersocal.com/]</ref>  Moreover, "the 12th Century Hungarian 'Pray Manuscript' come to depict Jesus being wrapped in the shroud - with authentic herringbone pattern and burn marks - 100 years before carbon-dating says the material originated."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3624753.stm]</ref>
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
  
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The defect in the carbon dating was that the samples were "uniquely coated with a yellow–brown [[plant]] gum containing dye lakes. [[Pyrolysis-mass-spectrometry]] results from the sample area coupled with microscopic and microchemical observations prove that the radiocarbon sample was not part of the original cloth of the Shroud of Turin."  Instead, [e]stimates of the kinetics constants for the loss of vanillin from lignin indicate a much older age for the cloth than the radiocarbon analyses."<ref>[http://bibleprobe.com/]</ref>
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
  
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== The Lamb ==
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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According to a paper by Dr. Petrus Soons scientific research of some of the photographs of the shroud show an oval object under the beard of the image. After much research three cursive letters were identified and translated from the Hebrew. The meaning of the translation was, "The Lamb," a name in which Jesus was referred to in the New Testament.<ref>Dr. Soons Paper [http://74.125.93.132/search?q=cache%3ACtDFWbA8AfIJ%3Awww.ohioshroudconference.com%2Fpapers%2Fp24.pdf+THE+SHROUD+OF+TURIN%2C+THE+HOLOGRAPHIC+EXPERIENCE+By+DR.+PETRUS+SOONS&hl=en&gl=us]</ref> This finding now makes the person on the shroud exclusively identified with Christ.
 
  
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== Critics ==
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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Over the centuries there have been critics and doubters of the Shroud being the authentic burial cloth of Jesus. One of the earliest unbelievers was Pierre d'Arcis, Bishop of Troyes who wrote a scathing letter to the pope in 1389 claiming that the Shroud was a "cunning" painting and that the artist had been discovered.<ref>The Shroud, Ian Wilson, 2010, page 102.</ref> Another critic was scientist Walter McCrone who insisted that it was a painting despite all the evidence against it being a painting.
 
  
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== Replication ==
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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Luigi Garlaschelli, professor of organic chemistry at the University of Pavia, announced that he had made a full size reproduction of the Shroud of Turin using only medieval technologies on October 5th, 2009.  Garlaschelli placed a linen sheet over a volunteer and then rubbed it with an acidic pigment. The shroud was then aged in an oven before being washed to remove the pigment. He then added blood stains, scorches and water stains to replicate the original. The image on the reproduction would closely match that of the Turin Shroud with differences explained as the result of natural fading over the centuries. <ref>Italian scientist reproduces Shroud of Turin [http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5943HL20091005]</ref> But according to noted sindonologist Giulio Fanti, "the image in discussion does not match the main fundamental properties of the Shroud image, in particular at thread and fiber level but also at macroscopic level."<ref>[http://www.acheiropoietos.info/abstracts/talks-image_formation.html]</ref> Further criticism of Garlaschelli's replica has come from shroud scholars Peter Soons <ref>[http://shroudofturin.wordpress.com/2009/10/09/why-the-italian-fake-does-not-reproduce-the-shroud-of-turin/]</ref> and Thibault Heimburger.<ref>[http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/thibault-lg.pdf]</ref>
 
  
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== References ==
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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{{reflist}}
 
  
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== Sources ==
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[[image:Shroud of Turin face.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.]]
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*[http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/guscin3.pdf Sermon of Gregory Referendarius, Archdeacon of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, August, 944]
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*[http://www.shroudstory.com/shroud-of-turin-picture-01.htm Amazing Details about the Shroud]
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[[Category:Christianity]]
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Revision as of 02:54, July 19, 2010

Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
Negative image of the face of the Shroud; the photographic qualities of the Shroud were unknown until 1898.
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