Difference between revisions of "Left Wing Terrorism in Chile"

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On 16 June 1986, the Patriotic Front Manuel Rodríguez planted a bomb in the Tobalaba subway station of the Santiago Metro, causing one death (Jorge Campos Fardella) and six wounded (Roberto Barros Sánchez, Juan Ruiz de Mujica, Laura Barceló Muñoz, Alez Soto Chindulza, Nelson Araneda Araneda and Esteban Gutiérrez Jorquera) among the civilian population.<ref>[http://www.todoporchile.com/noticias/recordando.htm Recordando]</ref>
 
On 16 June 1986, the Patriotic Front Manuel Rodríguez planted a bomb in the Tobalaba subway station of the Santiago Metro, causing one death (Jorge Campos Fardella) and six wounded (Roberto Barros Sánchez, Juan Ruiz de Mujica, Laura Barceló Muñoz, Alez Soto Chindulza, Nelson Araneda Araneda and Esteban Gutiérrez Jorquera) among the civilian population.<ref>[http://www.todoporchile.com/noticias/recordando.htm Recordando]</ref>
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On 3 July 1986, leftists carry out an acid attack on passengers aboard a bus in Santiago causing severe burns to the driver, Arnaldo Luco Arrué, and four other civilians, Guillermo Farías Pizarro, Juan Carlos Salazar Rojas, Cristina Castro Correa and Sergio Jofré Jofré.<ref>[http://www.todoporchile.com/noticias/recordando.htm Reordando]</ref>
  
 
On 4 July 1986, FPMR terrorists attack with automatic weapons and fire bombs a police patrol in Santiago, wounding Corporals Héctor San Martín Zapata, Osvaldo Hormazábal Diaz, Victor Muñoz Rojas, Rafael Quieto Hormazábal and Patricio Cruz Pérez.  
 
On 4 July 1986, FPMR terrorists attack with automatic weapons and fire bombs a police patrol in Santiago, wounding Corporals Héctor San Martín Zapata, Osvaldo Hormazábal Diaz, Victor Muñoz Rojas, Rafael Quieto Hormazábal and Patricio Cruz Pérez.  
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On 6 August 1986, Chilean police discover 80 tons of weapons in the small fishing port of Carrizal Bajo that had arrived from Cuba to further arm the Patriotic Front Manuel Rodríguez (FPMR) and Communist Party of Chile (CCP).<ref>"El descubrimiento posterior de una cantidad apreciable de armas introducidas por mar, desde Cuba, a través de una desconocida playa del Norte Chico, llamada Carrizal Bajo, en la que el FPMR estuvo claramente involucrado, terminó por afianzar el distanciamiento con el PC, que justificó lo hecho." Más acá de los Sueños, Más allá de lo Posible: La concertación en Chile, Volume 1, Carlos Bascuñán Edwards, p. 80, Lom Ediciones, 2009</ref> The seized weapons include C-4 plastic explosives, 123 RPG-7 and 180 M72 anti-tank weapons, as well as 3,383 M-16 assault rifles and corresponding ammunition.
 
On 6 August 1986, Chilean police discover 80 tons of weapons in the small fishing port of Carrizal Bajo that had arrived from Cuba to further arm the Patriotic Front Manuel Rodríguez (FPMR) and Communist Party of Chile (CCP).<ref>"El descubrimiento posterior de una cantidad apreciable de armas introducidas por mar, desde Cuba, a través de una desconocida playa del Norte Chico, llamada Carrizal Bajo, en la que el FPMR estuvo claramente involucrado, terminó por afianzar el distanciamiento con el PC, que justificó lo hecho." Más acá de los Sueños, Más allá de lo Posible: La concertación en Chile, Volume 1, Carlos Bascuñán Edwards, p. 80, Lom Ediciones, 2009</ref> The seized weapons include C-4 plastic explosives, 123 RPG-7 and 180 M72 anti-tank weapons, as well as 3,383 M-16 assault rifles and corresponding ammunition.
  
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According to Chilean historian [[Luis Heinecke Scott]], ''"what was wanted to be implemented here was a guerrilla war in the style of those produced in Nicaragua or El Salvador, a prolonged people's, and that was what communism failed to do, thanks to the discoveries of Carrizal Low.''<ref>Las Ardientes Cenizas del Olvido: Vía Chilena de Reconciliación Política 1932-1994, Brian Loveman, Elizabeth Lira, p. 472, Lom Ediciones, 2000</ref>
+
According to Chilean historian [[Luis Heinecke Scott]], ''"what was wanted to be implemented here was a guerrilla war in the style of those produced in Nicaragua or El Salvador, a prolonged people's war, and that was what communism failed to do, thanks to the discoveries of Carrizal Low.''<ref>Las Ardientes Cenizas del Olvido: Vía Chilena de Reconciliación Política 1932-1994, Brian Loveman, Elizabeth Lira, p. 472, Lom Ediciones, 2000</ref>
  
 
In the last week of August 1986, guerrillas operating in Santiago and Valparaíso detonate 13 bombs and kill a police officer and wound 4 soldiers near the National Stadium.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19860430&id=Cl5WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DfADAAAAIBAJ&pg=2849,9234595&hl=en Bomb blasts wall at U.S. Embassy compound in Chile]</ref>And in the suburb of Puente Alto in Santiago, five leftists try to set fire to a bus, shooting and killing the driver, Francisco Guzmán Núñez, who opposed them.<ref>[http://www.todoporchile.com/noticias/recordando.htm Reordando]</ref>
 
In the last week of August 1986, guerrillas operating in Santiago and Valparaíso detonate 13 bombs and kill a police officer and wound 4 soldiers near the National Stadium.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19860430&id=Cl5WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DfADAAAAIBAJ&pg=2849,9234595&hl=en Bomb blasts wall at U.S. Embassy compound in Chile]</ref>And in the suburb of Puente Alto in Santiago, five leftists try to set fire to a bus, shooting and killing the driver, Francisco Guzmán Núñez, who opposed them.<ref>[http://www.todoporchile.com/noticias/recordando.htm Reordando]</ref>

Revision as of 00:54, January 7, 2017

The MIR (Revolutionary Left Movement, Chile), Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front and other Left Wing guerillas waged a revolutionary war in Chile from 1965 until 1989. The Chilean Left Wing guerrillas initially advocated revolution to overthrow the longest-standing democracy in Latin America in order to establish a Communist dictatorship.[1]

On 4 September 1970, when Chileans elected as president Salvador Allende Gossens a Marxist, the MIR decided to carry out his socialist reforms by force. This resulted in the military coup led by General Augusto Pinochet on 11 September 1973 who largely defeated the Left Wing guerrillas and civilian supporters MIR through detentions, disappearances and counterinsurgency warfare.[2]

Guerrilla warfare

During the first three months of the Augusto Pinochet regime (Chile, 1973–90), the Chilean armed forces and carabiniers suffered 162 killed in operations against the Marxist guerrillas and civilian supporters of the MIR and Chilean Communist Party.[3]At least 238 members of the Army, Air Force, Navy and Police (not including private security and prison guards) were killed in the line of duty from 1973 to 1989.[4]

At the end of March 2013, it was announced that the Chilean government was considering a proposal by parliamentarians to compensate the nearly 30,000 Chilean conscripts mobilized after the Coup d'etat and that remained almost double the expected time in uniform.[5]

Experts believe that Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome (PTSD) is behind the 250 reported cases of suicide among former Chilean conscripts, during the last four decades.

Civilian losses

During the 1980s, 53 civilians were killed and hundreds wounded as a result of bombings and raids carried out by Chilean Marxist terrorists and their supporters from the civilian population.

Another 60 civilians died and 510 were injured after the collision and derailment of two trains when left wing guerrillas or radicals sabotaged one of the train lines in Limache.[6]

Terrorism in the 1970s

On 5 Februaary 1970, Leftists hijack a plane. In the resulting gunfight a flight attendant, Scarlet Burgos and a detective are wounded. Left Wing Radical Lenin Valenzuela is killed in the return fire.

Terrorism in the 1980s

On 15 July 1980, three guerrillas disguised as street workmen, stop the vehicle of Lieutenant Colonel Roger Vergara Campos, director of the Army's Intelligence School in Chile, killing him and wounding in a hail of bullets his driver (Sergeant Mario Espinoza Navarro) with their AK 47 assault rifles, causing a woman who witnessed the terrorist attack to fall into a deep state of shock.[7]

On 30 December 1980, MIR guerrillas kill two carabinier NCOs, 31-year-old Corporal Washington Godoy Palma, and 27-year-old Corporal Daniel Alberto González Leiva.[8]

In February 1981, in a war communiqué sent to the various press agencies of Santiago, the MIR guerrillas claim to have carried out more than 100 successful operations during 1980, including bomb attacks against the main electricity towers on 11 November, which caused widespread blackouts in Santiago and Valparaiso, and bomb attacks on three banks in the capital on 30 December in which a police officer was shot dead and at least three civilians wounded.

On 14 September 1981, during attempts to establish an operations base in Neltume, southern Chile, seven MIR fighters were killed in clashes with the police.[9]

On 19 September 1981, army private Víctor Manuel Silva Nahuelpan is killed during counterinsurgency operations in the Neltume area.

In November 1981, MIR guerrillas kill three members of the Investigative Police in an ambush, and also attempt to assassinate Supreme Court President Israel Bórquez Montero.

In further operations carried in November 1981, units of the Chilean Army destroy two MIR bases in the Neltume mountains, capturing large ammunition depots in the process.

In revenge attacks, MIR militants carry out twenty-three bomb attacks during March and April 1982.

In the last week of August 1983, General Pinochet reminded army cadets at the Military Academy that "The forces of order are waging total war to the death against communism."[10]

On 30 August 1983, guerrillas gun down and kill the Military Governor of Santiago, General Carol Urzúa Ibáñez and his two bodyguards, army corporals Carlos Riveros Bequiarelli and José Domingo Aguayo Franco.[11]

In October and November 1983, MIR guerrillas detonate bombs against four Chilean companies that do business with the United States.[12]

On 28 December 1983, the guerrillas kill in an ambush two policemen, carabinier Francisco Javier Pérez Brito and sergeant Manuel Jesús Valenzuela Loyola.[13]

Between December 1983 and August 1984, leftist militants and guerrillas detonate 300 bombs against banks, businesses, police stations and electricity poles, causing six blackouts in and around Santiago.[14]

On 31 March 1984, a police bus in downtown Santiago is destroyed by a bomb planted by Left Wing guerrillas, killing a noncommissioned officer and wounding 11 policemen and 6 civilians.[15]

On 29 April 1984, MIR guerrillas detonate 11 bombs in the Chilean capital, derailing a subway train, injuring 22 passengers in the process, including seven children.

On 5 September 1984, guerrillas operating in Copiapó shoot and kill 27-year-old Army Lieutenant Julio Briones Rayo.[16]

In the last week of October 1984, Left Wing radicals destroy a number of electricity poles, causing blackouts in several Santiago suburbs and 16 policemen are reported injured in tackling the leftist violence.[17]

On 2 November 1984, a Carabiniers bus is targeted during the Chilean national cycling championship and four police special forces are killed in the guerrilla bomb attack.[18]

On November 4, 1984, five guerrillas in a vehicle attack with automatic weapons and bombs a police station in Santiago, killing two police officers and wounding three more.

On 7 December 7 1984, urban guerrillas kill a policeman and detonate a bomb in a subway station in Santiago, wounding 6 civilians.[19]

On 18 December 1984, guerrillas plant a bomb in the Intendance of the O'Higgins Region, wounding 12 civilians in the resulting explosion.

On 25 March 1985, MIR terrorists plant a bomb at the Araucano Hotel in Concepción, killing a marine sergeant, 32-year-old René Osvaldo Lara Arriagada and an army sergeant, 41-year-old Alejandro del Carmen Avendaño Sánchez, who were trying to defuse the bomb.[20]

On 27 March 1985, a car bomb damages two banks and a hotel in the capital, injuring seven civilians (two journalists, four office workers and a passerby) in the leftist terrorist attack. That same day, another bomb was planted in the branch of the Osorno Bank of the city of Valparaíso, seriously wounding four employees.[21]

On 14 May 1985, leftists detonate bombs in the suburbs of Lo Prado and Conchalí in Santiago.

On 27 June 1985, the driver of a locomotive is killed while removing an electricity pole lying across the train track, victim of a bomb blast.[22]

On 12 July 1985, leftist terrorists wound three policemen in a bus with a hand grenade and detonate 15 bombs in all the major Chilean cities.

On 19 July 1985, leftists attack the United States Consulate in Santiago. In the operation, guerrillas of the Patriotic Front Manuel Rodríguez (FPMR) detonate a high explosive bomb, killing a civilian passer-by and wounding another two. The following month, another leftist bomb is planted in the Paseo Ahumada, wounding another five pedestrians.

On 9 August 1985, leftist militants operating in the Chilean capital cause major blackouts in Santiago, and shoot and wound two policemen in their patrol car and destroy with Molotov cocktails four passenger buses.[23]

On 6 December 1985, a policeman is shot dead by four leftist guerrillas who opened fire with machine guns as he walked home. That same month, 15 passenger buses in Santiago are destroyed with petrol bombs and the marxist guerrillas plant another bomb in the Santiago Metro subway, before escaping after a gun-battle with the police.

In all, 866 Left-Wing terrorist attacks take place during 1984 and 1985.[24]

On 9 January 1986, 12 year-old Rodrigo and his 8 year-old sister Ximena Nanjarí are seriously wounded, when a leftist bomb planted in Valparaíso explodes.[25]

On 5 February 1986, a MIR car bomb in downtown Santiago destroys a police bus, killing Sergeant Luis Rival Valdés, Corporal José Arias Cerda, Carabiniers Héctor López Acosta, Misael Martínez Cortés and wounding eleven policemen.[26]

On 17 February 1986, two trains collide in the Limache area killing 60 civilians and injuring at least 500 because the area had been reduced to only one railway line, after guerrillas had destroyed the nearby bridge.[27]

On 26 February 1986, leftist terrorists shoot and kill carabineer Lieutenant Alfonso Mauricio Rivera López in downtown Santiago. [28][29]

On 2 April 1986 businessman Simón Yévenes is shot and killed in downtown Santiago by guerrillas of the Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front.

On 29 April 1986, four FPMR guerrillas using the cover of a stolen taxi approach a military checkpoint in the suburb of Ñuñoa in Santiago and shoot and wound Army Sergeant Miguel Valenzuela Valenzuela, Corporal Ricardo Vergara Tapia and Privates Gustavo Orellana Quijada and Osvaldo Muñoz Lagos.[30]

On 1 May 1986, Left Wing Guerrillas or Radicals in Valparaiso attack with sulfuric acid passengers in a bus, seriously injuring six civilians, including two children.[31][32]That same day, an army platoon in downtown Santiago suffers two seriously wounded, Corporals Oscar Figueroa Urrutia and Roberto Opazo Tunaca, when their patrol is attacked with fire-bombs.[33]

On 4 May 1986, FMPR terrorists raid the San Miguel bus depot in Santiago. The night watchman Fernando Guzmán Vega who confronts them is shot and left a paraplegic in the attack.[34]

On 10 June 1986, leftist terrorists using the cover of a stolen taxi, gun down and badly wound Corporal Jose Aguilera Rivera of the Chilean Carabiniers.[35]

On 12 June 1956, a marine patrol discovers leftists planting a bomb in the Miraflores suburb of Viña del Mar and Corporal Luis Carvajal Zavala is badly wounded in the resulting gun-battle. The next day, terrorists operating in Santiago shoot and badly wound Carabinier Alberto López Jiménez.[36]

On 15 June 1986, in two separate leftist terrorists attacks, four policemen (Carabiniers Marcos Osorio, Lorenzo Vidal, Marcos Pozo Reyes and Carlos Urrutia Soto) are shot and wounded.[37]

On 16 June 1986, the Patriotic Front Manuel Rodríguez planted a bomb in the Tobalaba subway station of the Santiago Metro, causing one death (Jorge Campos Fardella) and six wounded (Roberto Barros Sánchez, Juan Ruiz de Mujica, Laura Barceló Muñoz, Alez Soto Chindulza, Nelson Araneda Araneda and Esteban Gutiérrez Jorquera) among the civilian population.[38]

On 3 July 1986, leftists carry out an acid attack on passengers aboard a bus in Santiago causing severe burns to the driver, Arnaldo Luco Arrué, and four other civilians, Guillermo Farías Pizarro, Juan Carlos Salazar Rojas, Cristina Castro Correa and Sergio Jofré Jofré.[39]

On 4 July 1986, FPMR terrorists attack with automatic weapons and fire bombs a police patrol in Santiago, wounding Corporals Héctor San Martín Zapata, Osvaldo Hormazábal Diaz, Victor Muñoz Rojas, Rafael Quieto Hormazábal and Patricio Cruz Pérez.

On 25 July 1986, a leftist bomb planted in a garbage tin a few yards from the Presidential House, wounds 35 civilians and 1 policeman near a bus stop in downtown Santiago.[40]

On 6 August 1986, Chilean police discover 80 tons of weapons in the small fishing port of Carrizal Bajo that had arrived from Cuba to further arm the Patriotic Front Manuel Rodríguez (FPMR) and Communist Party of Chile (CCP).[41] The seized weapons include C-4 plastic explosives, 123 RPG-7 and 180 M72 anti-tank weapons, as well as 3,383 M-16 assault rifles and corresponding ammunition.

According to Chilean historian Luis Heinecke Scott, "what was wanted to be implemented here was a guerrilla war in the style of those produced in Nicaragua or El Salvador, a prolonged people's war, and that was what communism failed to do, thanks to the discoveries of Carrizal Low.[42]

In the last week of August 1986, guerrillas operating in Santiago and Valparaíso detonate 13 bombs and kill a police officer and wound 4 soldiers near the National Stadium.[43]And in the suburb of Puente Alto in Santiago, five leftists try to set fire to a bus, shooting and killing the driver, Francisco Guzmán Núñez, who opposed them.[44]

Notes

  1. ↑ "The Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR) waged a revolutionary terrorist struggle in Chile from 1965 until 1989. The MIR initially advocated revolution to overthrow the longest-standing democracy in Latin America in order to establish a Marxist regime." World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era, James Ciment, p. 196, Routledge, 2015
  2. ↑ "In 1970, when Chile elected as president Salvador Allende a Marxist, the MIR decided to implement his policies by force. This prompted a military coup led by General Augusto Pinochet who struck a blow against the Left from which the MIR never recovered." World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era, James Ciment, p. 196, Routledge, 2015
  3. ↑ Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001, Robert L. Scheina, p. 326, Potomac Books, 2003
  4. ↑ [http://www.todoporchile.com/memorial.htm MEMORIAL EN MEMORIA DE AQUELLOS QUE CAYERON DEFENDIENDO A CHILE DE LOS ATAQUES TERRORISTAS, Y DE QUIENES MURIERON DEBIDO AL ACCIONAR DE LOS TERRORISTAS]
  5. ↑ Los conscriptos de entre 1973 y 1990 podrían recibir US$ 40 millones de indemnización
  6. ↑ "The crash occurred on a single line of track which had been damaged in early 1986 by a bomb attack." Keesing's Contemporary Archives, Volume 32, Keesing's Limited, 1986
  7. ↑ Chilean officer dies in ambush by 3 terrorists
  8. ↑ Historia Oral e Historia Política: Izquierda y Lucha Armada en América Latina, 1960-1990, Pablo Pozzi, LOM Ediciones, 2012
  9. ↑ "On 14 September 1981, during attempts to set up bases within Chile and to create a liberated zone in the Neltume, Valdivia region in southern Chile, seven MIR fighters were killed by police." Historical Dictionary of Terrorism, Stephen Sloan, Sean K. Anderson, p. 447, Scarecrow Press, 2009
  10. ↑ Undercover Police Shoot, Kill 8 Anti-Government Suspects
  11. ↑ [Despierta Chile/Mártires del terrorismo
  12. ↑ "...the MIR bombed four offices of US-affiliated corporations in a 10-day period in October and November of 1983..." Historical Dictionary of Terrorism, Stephen Sloan, Sean K. Anderson, p. 447, Scarecrow Press, 2009
  13. ↑ La verdad olvidada del terrorismo en chile
  14. ↑ Undercover Police Shoot, Kill 8 Anti-Government Suspects
  15. ↑ Bomb explodes under police bus in Chile killing officer, injuring 17
  16. ↑ Mártires del terrorismo
  17. ↑ Demonstrators Battle Police; Six Are Killed
  18. ↑ Four dead, 11 hurt in Chile bomb blast
  19. ↑ Car bomb in Chile damages 2 U.S. banks, luxury hotel
  20. ↑ Martires del Terrorismo/Despierta Chile
  21. ↑ Car bomb in Chile damages 2 U.S. banks, luxury hotel
  22. ↑ Cronología del terrorismo socialista
  23. ↑ Police, protesters battle in Chile; 2 dead, 12 hurt
  24. ↑ Chile Terrorism
  25. ↑ Reordando
  26. ↑ Recordando
  27. ↑ Pinochet warns terrorists after two-train crash kills 58
  28. ↑ "Informe de la Comisión Nacional de verdad y Reconciliación" Tomo 2 pp. 686
  29. ↑ Recordando
  30. ↑ Recordando
  31. ↑ Terrorist Group Profiles, p. 98, DIANE Publishing, 1989
  32. ↑ Recordando
  33. ↑ Recordando
  34. ↑ Recordando
  35. ↑ Recordando
  36. ↑ Recordando
  37. ↑ Reordando
  38. ↑ Recordando
  39. ↑ Reordando
  40. ↑ Reordando
  41. ↑ "El descubrimiento posterior de una cantidad apreciable de armas introducidas por mar, desde Cuba, a través de una desconocida playa del Norte Chico, llamada Carrizal Bajo, en la que el FPMR estuvo claramente involucrado, terminó por afianzar el distanciamiento con el PC, que justificó lo hecho." Más acá de los Sueños, Más allá de lo Posible: La concertación en Chile, Volume 1, Carlos Bascuñán Edwards, p. 80, Lom Ediciones, 2009
  42. ↑ Las Ardientes Cenizas del Olvido: Vía Chilena de Reconciliación Política 1932-1994, Brian Loveman, Elizabeth Lira, p. 472, Lom Ediciones, 2000
  43. ↑ Bomb blasts wall at U.S. Embassy compound in Chile
  44. ↑ Reordando
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