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Within a [[news]] [[media]] and [[social media]] environment, an ''echo chamber'' is an environment or ecosystem in which individuals merely encounter beliefs that mirror, amplify or reinforce their [[Confirmation bias|preexisting beliefs ]] via communication and repetition inside a completely closed system that offers no contrary facts or rebuttals.<ref>Nguyen, C. Thi (June 2020). "[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/episteme/article/abs/echo-chambers-and-epistemic-bubbles/5D4AC3A808C538E17C50A7C09EC706F0 Echo Chambers and Epistemic Bubbles]". Episteme. 17 (2): 141–161. doi:10.1017/epi.2018.32. ISSN 1742-3600. S2CID 171520109.</ref><ref>[https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2023301118 The echo chamber effect on social media], PNAS, February 23, 2021, 118 (9) e2023301118 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023301118</ref><ref>[https://advertising.utexas.edu/news/what-social-media-echo-chamber What is a Social Media Echo Chamber?], Stan Richards School of Advertising & Public Relations, The University of Texas at Austin, 2020</ref>