@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''World War I''', also known as the '''First World War''' and '''The Great War''', was waged primarily in [[Europe]] from 1914 to 1918, but spilled over into Africa, the Middle East, and the Atlantic Ocean.
+Page corrected by Anon.
-On one side of the war were the [[Central Powers]]: [[Austria-Hungary]], [[Germany]], [[Bulgaria]], and the [[Ottoman Empire]].  The major [[Allies]] consisted of the [[Britain|British]] and [[France|French Empires]], the Tsarist [[Russian Empire]](until 1917), [[Italy]], [[Japan]], and after 1917 the [[United States]].
-World War I saw the first use of [[poison gas]], large [[artillery]], armored [[tank|tanks]], and [[airplane]]s. It was a "total war" because the governments involved took control over the economy and factories, giving first priority to the goods needed for war. Wage and price controls were imposed, there was rationing of goods for civilians, and free speech was limited.  The governments put out [[propaganda]] to maximize support for the war and dislike of the enemy.  Many of the techniques of population manipulation and central government control which we see today were first pioneered by European powers during World War I.
-Historian Jacques Barzun observed how Darwinism caused the horrendous brutality of the wars leading up to this one: "Since in every European country between 1870 and 1914 there was a war party demanding armaments, an individualist party demanding ruthless competition, an imperialist party demanding a free hand over backward peoples, a socialist party demanding the conquest of power and a racialist party demanding internal purges against aliens — all of them, when appeals to greed and glory failed, invoked Spencer and Darwin, which was to say science incarnate."<ref>http://www.creators.com/conservative/pat-buchanan/making-a-monkey-out-of-darwin.html</ref>
-=== A Spark Leads to a Fire ===
-----
-''Main article: [[Causes of World War I]]''
-On June 28, 1914, a team of Serbian nationalist assassins killed the [[Austrian]] [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand]] and his wife Sophie in [[Sarajevo]]. This action led to Austria-Hungary giving an ultimatum <ref>http://teachers.sduhsd.k12.ca.us/mmontgomery/world_history/world_war1/ultimatum.htm</ref> to Serbia. Serbia agreed to comply with all of the demands, except the ones which violated their sovereignty, and, due to a number of military alliances throughout Europe, a full scale war was soon in progress. Serbia requested support from its ally, [[Russia]], which mobilized its military forces. This mobilization led to [[Germany]] invading both Russia and [[France]] (which had an existing alliance with Russia), which was a part of Germany's [[Schlieffen Plan]] of war on two fronts. En route to France, German forces passed through neutral [[Belgium]]. The violation of this [[neutrality]] led [[Britain]] to declare war on Germany.  [[Italy]] had an alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary, but refused to join the war.
-Alternative theories cite the building of the Berlin-Baghdad railway and the problems it would have created for England. <ref>http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?&verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA138432</ref>
-=== Great Battles of World War I ===
-----
-World War I consisted mostly of [[trench warfare]].  This method of waging war was very slow and messy.  Soldiers might wait in their trenches for weeks, only to advance a few feet and wait in a new trench. Unfortunately, this became a necessity, as air forces were in their infancy, and the first combat tank only saw action by August of 1916. There were several important battles which were fought before America joined the war.
-'''[[First Battle of the Marne]]'''
-By the 5th of September, 1914, the German invasion of France was going so successfully, that French and British forces were in a general retreat towards Paris, with the German army hot on their heels. Just prior to the battle, the two main German forces, the 1st and 2nd German armies, had split up to attack the French 5th and 6th armies, respectively. The regiments of the British Expeditionary Force were pushed in between the two German armies, acting as a wedge, allowing the Germans to be outflanked. Following that, the French 5th army launched a surprise attack, eventually forcing the German army to retreat, stopping after having marched 40 miles. A number of unofficial cease fires took place, allowing both sides to dig their own trenches, setting the tone for the rest of the war. The Western allies took 234,000 casualties, while the Germans took just over 220,000. France still refers to this battle as "The miracle of the Marne" to this day.
-'''Gallipoli Campaign'''
-In 1915, [[Winston Churchill]], then First Lord of the Admiralty, proposed a daring plan to attack the [[Dardanelles]], a narrow section of ocean south of what is now [[Turkey]], in order to open a supply route to Russia. Unfortunately, he made his plans based of bad intelligence.
-A preliminary attack was launched in February of 1915, bombarding artillery of the Ottoman Empire. However, in March, a fleet of British and French warships attempted to navigate the Dardanelles and ran into mines at its narrowest point (which is only a mile wide).
-The British and Churchill, not wanting to admit defeat, diverted  British, Australian, New Zealander and French troops from training in [[Egypt]] to their campaign in Turkey. Putting together an amphibious Allied force, a plan was put together to land on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli on April 25. Although the Allies greatly outnumbered the Turks, poor counter-intelligence efforts by the Allies allowed the Ottoman Empire to resupply and reinforce the Gallipoli peninsula. Additionally, the Allies did not understand the terrain adequately and suffered from limited knowledge of their enemy. The Turkish soldiers were also very tenacious and very able fighters.
-However, the bloody-mindedness of the British commanders led to nine months wasted on the peninsula, with 44,000 deaths among over 100,000 casualties before their successful withdrawal, which was completed by January 9th, 1916.
-'''[[Battle of Verdun]]'''
-In 1916, the Battle of Verdun between the French and Germans may have been the most demanding battle in world history.  The struggle started when the Germans attacked [[Verdun]], France, a city surrounded by a ring of underground forts.  At least 220,000 soldiers died, and at least 480,000 were wounded in this 10-month struggle that accomplished nothing.  At the end the front lines were in nearly the same locations as at the beginning.
-''' Brusilov Offensive '''
-The Brusilov Offensive began on 4 June 1916 in spectacular fashion, demolishing the Austrian Fourth and Seventh Armies. The Austrians lost a staggering 1.5 million men (including 400,000 taken prisoner) and ceded some 25,000 square kilometres of ground. <ref>http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/brusilov.htm</ref>
-With the launch of the Brusilov Offensive any hopes the Austrians harboured of bringing about victory in the east were extinguished.  Austrian attacks in Italy ceased; and Romania finally entered the war with the Allies.
-'''[[Battle of the Somme]]'''
-Also in 1916, and also in France, the British and French armies met at the Somme River and began a massive attack on the Germans in order to distract them from [[Verdun]].  This became the Battle of the Somme, and the fighting was even heard across the British channel in England.  First the Allies shelled the Germans to weaken them, and then 100,000 British soldiers charged the enemy.  But the shelling did not have its intended effect, as the Germans were dug in too deeply to be affected by it.  On July 1, 1916, the Germans killed 20,000 of the British soldiers and wounded over 40,000, making it the single worst day in British military history.  This battle, which did not succeed in moving trench lines, eventually involved over 2 million men along a 30-mile front.  The British and French lost nearly 750,000 men.
-'''[[Third Battle of Ypres]]'''
-For 18 months the British hid 19 huge land mines underneath the German lines southeast of Ypres, Belgium, a location that had already seen battles in 1914 and 1915.  The British then detonated those massive mines, and charged the German positions in July 1917.  At first the strategy worked, as the Germans were confused and disorganized.  But the British did not pursue the Germans as quickly as they should have.  Rain began to drench the area in one of the wettest fall seasons there in years.  Soon the British forces were stuck in a mountain of mud, and this Allied plan was yet another failure.
-=== The United States Joins the War ===
-----
-For the first three years of World War I, the [[United States]] attempted to stay out of the war, but try to act as a mediator.  Mediation failed. When the Germans used a [[U-boat]] to sink the British ocean liner ''[[Lusitania]]'' in 1915, killing over one thousand civlians including some prominent Americans, the Americans were outraged.  Badly hurt by the British naval blockade of Germany, which cut off food supplies, the germans wanted to retailiate. In early 1917 they decided they could defeat Britain and France by cutting off all supplies. They could only do this by sinking merchant ships without warning, which violated international law and theur repeated promises to the U.S. Berlin knew it meant war with the U.S. but moved anyway. At the same time Berlin invited Mexico to form a military allaince and fight the U.S. Publication of the [[Zimmerman Telegram]] was a ''casus bellum" (cause of war). The Mexicans wisely ignored the proposal but American pubic opinion was outraged.
-German U-boats  now began sinking American ships on sight.  On April 2, 1917, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] spoke in favor of declaring war on Germany in an address to the joint houses of Congress.  Congress then formally declared war on April 6, 1917, with opposition votes coming mostly from areas with large German ethnic populations.<ref>http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/usofficialawardeclaration.htm</ref>
-The Army was expanded by a factor of 100 to 4 million soldiers (all men), and a major expeditionary force was sent to Europe called the [[American Expeditionary Forces]], under command of General [[John J. Pershing]].  Officially the U.S. did not join the Allies and there was no treaty or formal agreement with Britain or France, so Perhaps was practically independent.  He was also largely independent of Washington, and allowed to make his own strategic and command decisions.
-=== Russia ===
-In 1917 Russia suffered two successive internal Revolutions which would later caused it to withdraw from the side of the Allies and leave the war altogether. The [[February Revolution]] overthrew the centuries-old monarchy of the Tsar; the [[October Revolution]] installed the [[communist]] [[Bolshevik Party]] under [[V.I. Lenin]].  The lack of success against the German and Austrian Empires, and the hyperinflation caused by unsustainable military spending by the Russian government led to much internal discontent and economic chaos.
-Losses and hardship of the war had weakened Russian [[Czar Nicholas II]].  He abdicated the throne in March 1917 in favor of a provisional government headed by [[Alexander Kerensky]].  Hopes for a democratic revolution still existed at this time.  But in October 1917, [[Vladimir Ilyich Lenin]], and the [[Communist Party]], which was never strong enough to challenge the Czar, overthrew the fledgling provisional government.  The Communists later executed every member of the Czar's family including the children.
-Lenin became the founder of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] state.  He was both a writer and a revolutionary, a rare combination.  He was the brother of the "bomb thrower" [[Alexander Ulyanov]] who was hanged for his involvement in terrorist activity and an assassination attempt on Czar Alexander III in 1887. An atheist, he became a [[Marxism|Marxist]] in 1889. He obtained a law degree shortly afterwards, and by 1895 was a subversive who was arrested and sent to the Tsarist gulag along the Lena River in frigid [[Siberia]] where he adopted the name Lenin after the place of his internment.  Once he served his time he left for [[Zurich]], where he developed his ideas further and became a leader of the [[Bolsheviks]].  He was returned to Russia by the Germans in the wake of chaos during the [[Kerensky]] regime with the hope to led the Bolsheviks to power and negotiate a peace settlement with the Germans.  After the [[Treaty of Versailles]] failed to recognize the settlement between Germany and the Soviet Union in the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]], he then ruled the Soviet Union and imposed a system of [[Marxism-Leninism]] (communism) that remained in force there until [[Stalin]]'s rise to power.
-=== The Western Front ===
-----
-The exit of Russia allowed Germany to shift a majority of their troops from the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|eastern front]] to the [[Western Front (World War I)|western front]]. This gave them a final chance to try and break the Allies before the Americans arrived.  Known as [[Operation Michael]], the German offensive began in March of 1918.
-The Germans launched five major campaigns in a four month period in 1918 on the [[Western Front]].  The Germans had technology and lots of energy.  They had elite storm-troopers with [[automatic rifle]]s, light [[machine gun]]s, [[flame-thrower]]s and [[artillery]] fire.  They used poisonous [[mustard gas]] lavishly.  They easily defeated the vastly outnumbered British Fifth Army.  The Germans were advancing and taking property.
-But a combination of fresh American troops arriving on the scene, and a failure in German supply lines was soon to halt the Micheaal offensive.  In the [[Second Battle of the Marne]] in July 1918, the Allies started winning.  Nine American divisions fought in this battle about 75 miles northeast of [[Paris]].  The Germans started this battle on another one of their offensives, but the Americans valiantly turned the tables and enabled the Allies to win it.  Casualties were enormous for everyone, including the Americans.  Former President [[Teddy Roosevelt]]’s son Quentin was killed in this battle.
-American Capt. [[Jesse Woolridge]], 38th Inf., 3rd Division described the battle as follows:  “It’s [[God]]’s truth that one Company of American soldiers beat and routed a full regiment of picked shock troops of the German Army ... At ten o’clock ... the Germans were carrying back wounded and dead [from] the river bank and we in our exhaustion let them do it - they carried back all but six hundred which we counted later and fifty-two machine guns... We had started with 251 men and 5 lieutenants...I had left 51 men and 2 second lieutenants."
-=== The War Ends ===
-In January 1918, Wilson proclained the [[Fourteen Points]], which an idealistic vision of world peace that strengthened the peace movement inside germany and Austria and promised ana alternative to the increasingly despised monarchies.
-As the Americans and the Allies advanced toward Germany, the [[Ottoman Turks]] and [[Bulgarian]]s surrendered.  There was a [[revolution]] in Austria-Hungary that overthrew its government, and Germany would not recognize that new government.  [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]] abdicated his throne in Germany on November 1918, and the Germans formed a new republic.  Members of the German republic signed an [[Armistice]] (agreement to stop fighting), which was tantamount to surrender. The Armistice took effect at 11:00 AM on November 11, 1918.  The "war to end all wars", was over.
-=== Aftermath ===
-----
-Austria-Hungary was dismantled, mostly along ethnic lines.  The Ottoman Empire was also dismantled.  For the first time in over 1000 years [[Palestine]] was not under Muslim control, as Britain assumed control of the area as a colony.  Germany was forced to sign the [[Treaty of Versailles]] accepting full responsibility for the war and had to pay for the entire cost of the war.  This led Germany into economic collapse and sowed the seeds for anyone who could get them out of this collapse and restore their pride to be view as almost a savior.  Italy felt they were shortchanged in their portion of the spoils and led to a bitterness that would cause them to side with Germany in the years ahead.  The initial causes of the war, alliances and imperialism, were not dealt with.  Only 20 years after the Treaty of Versailles, [[World War II]] would start.
-====Cultural effects====
-On the cultural level, World War I represented the end of the Enlightenment movement in Europe, opening the doorway for cultural movements such as avante-garde, absurdism, and other artistic forms questioning moral absolutes.  These movements justified their relativistic stance by pointing out the horrors of war, which caused them to question the concepts of human goodness within the world.  The currents set in motion by this continue to the present day.
-== Chronology of World War I ==
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
-|+
-|-
-== '''1914''' ==
-|-
-| June 28 || In [[Sarajevo]], [[Serbia]], [[Austria]]-[[Hungary]] Archduke [[Franz Ferdinand]] is murdered, and somebody is responsible.
-|-
-| July 28 || War is declared on [[Serbia]] by [[Austria]]-[[Hungary]]
-|-
-| August 1 || War is declared on [[Russia]] by [[Germany]]
-|-
-| August 3 || War on [[France]] is declared by [[Germany]]; [[Italy]] remains neutral
-|-
-| August 4 || [[Belgium]] is invaded by [[Germany]]; War is declared on [[Germany]] by [[Britain]]
-|-
-| August 5-6 || War is declared on [[Russia]] by [[Austria]]-[[Hungary]]; War is declared on [[Germany]] by [[Serbia]]
-|-
-| August 12 || [[Serbia]] is invaded by [[Austria]]-[[Hungary]]
-|-
-| August 17 || [[East Prussia]] is invaded by [[Russia]]
-|-
-| August 23 || War is declared on [[Germany]] by [[Japan]]
-|-
-| August 26-29 || [[Russia]] is defeated by [[Germany]] at [[Tannenburg]], [[East Prussia]]
-|-
-| September 6-10 || Battle of the [[Marne]], [[France]]- [[Germany]] is defeated by [[France]]
-|-
-| October 19-November 22 || First Battle of [[Ypres]], [[Belgium]]; [[Germany]] is stopped by [[Britain]]
-|-
-| October 29 || Attacking the [[Russian Black Sea Fleet]], [[Turkey]] enters the war.
-|-
-| November 5 || War is declared on [[Turkey]] by [[Britain]] and [[France]]
-|-
-| November 11-25 || [[Russia]] is defeated by [[Germany]] in [[Lodz]], [[Poland]]
-|}
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
-|+
-|-
-== '''1915''' ==
-|-
-| February 23 || Off coast of [[Britain]], first [[German]] [[submarine]] attacks occur
-|-
-| April 22-May 25 || [[Britain]] holds [[Germany]] at [[Second Battle of Ypres]]; [[poison]] [[gas]] is first used by [[Germany|Germans]]
-|-
-| April 25 || [[Allies]] land at Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkey
-|-
-| May 7 || [[''Lusitania'']] is sunk by [[German]] [[U-boat]]
-|-
-| May 23 || The [[Allies]] are joined by [[Italy]]
-|-
-| August 5 || [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]] is captured by [[Germany|Germans]]
-|-
-| August 6 || [[British]] land at [[Suvla Bay]], [[Gallipoli Peninsula]]
-|-
-| August 20 || War is declared on [[Turkey]] by [[Italy]]
-|-
-| September 25 || Western Front ([[Artois]], [[Champagne]], and [[Loos]] in France) is attacked by [[Allies]]
-|-
-| December 8 || [[Evacuation]] of [[Gallipoli]] is begun by [[Allies]]
-|}
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
-|+
-|-
-== '''1916''' ==
-|-
-| February 21 || In [[France]], the Battle of [[Verdun]] begins by [[Germany]] attacking [[France]]
-|-
-| March 9 || War is declared on [[Portugal]] by [[Germany]]
-|-
-| May 31 || [[North Sea]], [[Battle of Jutland]]
-|-
-| June 4 || [[Russia]], The Brusilov Offensive begins
-|-
-| July 1 || Battle of [[Somme]], [[France]] begins
-|-
-| August 28 || War is declared on [[Romania]] by [[Germany]]
-|-
-| September 2-3 || [[Britain]] shoots down first [[Zeppelin]] [[German]] [[airships]]
-|-
-| September 15 || [[Tanks]] used for the first time in war by [[Britain]]
-|-
-| November 18 || Battle of [[Somme]] ends- [[Britain]] and [[France]] hold the [[Somme River]]
-|-
-| December 18 || [[France]] defeats [[Germany]], Battle of [[Verdun]] ends
-|}
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
-|+
-|-
-== '''1917''' ==
-|-
-| January || [[Palestine]] is entered by [[Britain]]
-|-
-| February || [[Germany]] declares unrestricted [[U-boat]] warfare and sinks five [[American]] ships
-|-
-| March 12 || [[Russian Revolution]] begins
-|-
-| April 6 || War is declared on [[Germany]] by the [[United States]]
-|-
-| April 9 || Battle of [[Arras]], [[France]]
-|-
-| April 10 || [[Vimy Ridge]], [[France]] is captured by [[Canadians]]
-|-
-| April 16-May 9 || [[French]] attack on Second Battle of [[Aisne River]], [[France]]
-|-
-| May 25 || In [[Britain]], daylight [[bombing]] raids begin
-|-
-| June 7 || [[Messines Ridge]], [[Belgium]] is attacked by [[British]]
-|-
-| July 31-November 6 || [[British]] against [[Germans]]- third Battle of [[Ypres]]
-|-
-| November 6-7 || [[Passchendaele]] is captured by [[Canadians]], ending Battle of [[Ypres]]; [[Bolshevik revolution]] begins in [[Russia]]
-|-
-| November 20 || [[British]] use large number of [[tanks]] to win Battle of [[Cambrai]]
-|-
-| December 9 || [[Jerusalem]] in [[Middle East]] is captured by [[British]]; [[Romania]] and [[Central Powers]] make [[Armistice]] (a cease-fire before signing a peace treaty)
-|-
-| December 15 || [[Armistice]] between [[Russia]] and [[Central Powers]]
-|}
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
-|+
-|-
-== '''1918''' ==
-|-
-| January 18 || [[Fourteen-point Peace Plan]] is proposed by [[Woodrow Wilson|President Woodrow Wilson]]
-|-
-| April 9 || [[Germans]] begin attack in northern [[France]]
-|-
-| May 27-30 || [[Allies|Allied]] line on the [[Marne River]] is broken by [[Germans]]
-|-
-| August 8 || [[Germans]] are routed by [[Allies]] at Battle of [[Amiens]]
-|-
-| September 26 || Final [[Allies|Allied]] attack begins
-|-
-| October 1 || [[Damascus]], [[Syria]] is captured by [[British]]
-|-
-| October 30 || [[Italy]] defeats [[Austria]]-[[Hungary]] at Battle of [[Vittorio Veneto]]; [[Armistice]] is signed by [[Turkey]]
-|-
-| November 3 || [[Armistice]] is signed by [[Austria]]-[[Hungary]]
-|-
-| November 9 || Revolution in [[Berlin]], [[Germany]]; throne is given up by [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]], [[Germany]] becomes a republic
-|-
-| November 11 || [[Armistice]] is signed by [[Germany]]; War on [[Western Front]] ends
-|}
-==Further reading ==
-===Short popular histories===
-* ''American Heritage History of WWI''. (1964). heavily illustrated
-* Barnett, Correlli. ''The Great War,'' (2003), 224pp, illustrated
-* Carver, Michael, Field Marshal Sir. ''War Lords''. (1976) Includes brief bios of Hamilton, Foch, Haig, von Falkenhayn
-* Cawood, Ian, and David Mckinnon-Bell. ''The First World War.'' (2001), 174pp  [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=109316843 online edition]
-* Cruttwell, C. R. M. F. ''A History of the Great War, 1914-1918'' (1934), general military history
-* Esposito, Vincent J. ''The West Point Atlas of American Wars: 1900-1918'' (1997) despite the title covers entire war; [http://www.dean.usma.edu/history/web03/atlases/great%20war/great%20war%20index.htm online maps from this atlas]
-* Evans, David. ''Teach yourself&mdash; the First World War''. (2004)
-* Falls, Cyril. ''The Great War'' (1960), general military history
-* Gilbert, Martin. ''Atlas of World War I'' (1995), very clear schematic maps
-* Gilbert, Martin. ''The Routledge Atlas of the First World War: The Complete History'' (2002)
-* Henig, Ruth ''The Origins of the First World War'' (2002) 76pp [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=103326769 online edition]
-* Hurley, Alfred F. ''Billy Mitchell, Crusader for Air Power'' (1975)
-* Jeffers, H. Paul. ''Ace of Aces: The Life of Captain Eddie Rickenbacker'' (2003). 352 pgs.
-* Keegan, John. ''An Illustrated History of the First World War'' (1999). by a leading British scholar [http://www.amazon.com/Illustrated-History-First-World-War/dp/B0001FZGNU/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1205528338&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
-* Livesey, Anthony,  and H. P. Willmott. ''The Historical Atlas of World War I'' (1994)
-* Lyons, Michael J. ''World War I: A Short History'' (2nd Edition), 1999.
-* Neiberg, Michael S. ''Fighting the Great War: A Global History.'' (2005). 416 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/Fighting-Great-War-Global-History/dp/0674022513/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1201531862&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
-* Pope, Stephen and Wheal, Elizabeth-Anne, eds. ''The Macmillan Dictionary of the First World War'' (1995)
-* Robbins, Keith. ''The First World War'' (1993), very short overview [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14754381 online edition]
-* Stevenson, David L. ''1914 - 1918: The History of the First World War'', 2004
-* Stone, Norman. ''World War One: A Short History'' (2008), 208pp
-* Stokesbury, James L. '' A Short History of World War I'' (1981) [http://www.amazon.com/Short-History-World-War-I/dp/0688001297/ref=sr_1_11?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1205527619&sr=1-11 excerpt and text search]
-* Strachan, Hew, ed. ''The Oxford Illustrated History of the First World War'' (2001) [http://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Illustrated-History-First-World/dp/0192893254/ref=sr_1_12?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1205528053&sr=1-12 excerpt and text search]
-* Strachan, Hew. ''The First World War'' (2004): a 385pp version of his multivolume history [http://www.amazon.com/First-World-War-Hew-Strachan/dp/B000F4LMQC/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1205528053&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]
-* Taylor, A. J. P. ''The First World War: An Illustrated History'',  (1963) [http://www.amazon.com/First-World-War-J-P-Taylor/dp/0399502602/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1205537432&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
-* Toland, John. ''No Man's Land. 1918 - The Last Year of the Great War'' (1980)
-* Tuchman, Barbara. ''The Guns of August'', best-seller and Pulitzer Prize book tells of the opening diplomatic and military manoeuvres in August 1914 [http://www.amazon.com/Guns-August-Barbara-W-Tuchman/dp/0345476093/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1205537159&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
-* Tucker, Spencer. ''The Great War 1914-18'' (1998) [http://www.amazon.com/Great-War-1914-18-Spencer-Tucker/dp/0253211719/ref=sr_1_7?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1205528478&sr=1-7 excerpt and text search]
-* Willmott, H. P. ''World War I'' (2007)  296pp
-* Winter, J. M. ''The Experience of World War I'' (2nd ed 2005), topical essays; well illustrated; strongest on behind-the-lines
-===Advanded books===
-* Bakeless, John Edwin. ''The Economic Causes of Modern War: A Study of the Period: 1878-1918'' (1919)  [http://books.google.com/books?id=5wgAAAAAYAAJ&printsec=toc&dq=intitle:war+date:1919-1921&num=30&as_brr=1&sig=LZcIMpEGmzqwkIldzuhfH5Muveg#PPR3,M1 online edition]
-* Fay, Sidney. ''The Origins of the World War'' (1930); classic scholarly study; argues every nation shared guilt for starting the war [http://yamaguchy.netfirms.com/7897401/fay/origin_index.html online edition]
-* Ferguson, Niall ''The Pity of War'' (1999), 563pp; much on death and casualties [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100769957 online edition]
-* Gray, Edwyn A. ''The U-Boat War, 1914-1918'' (1994)
-* Halpern, Paul G. ''A Naval History of World War I''(1995)
-* Herwig, Holger H. ''The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914-1918'' (1996)
-* [http://www.stratnet.ucalgary.ca/publications/pdf/herwig_operation-michael_nov2001.pdf Herwig, Holger H. ''Operation Michael: The “Last Card”'' 2001], German spring offensive in 1918
-* Haber, L. F. ''The Poisonous Cloud: Chemical Warfare in the First World War'' (1986); the standard history
-* Higham, Robin and Dennis E. Showalter, eds. ''Researching World War I: A Handbook'' (2003), 475pp; highly detailed historiography, stressing military themes; annotates over 1000 books; [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107066504 online edition]
-* Horne, Alistair. ''The Price of Glory: Verdun 1916'' (2nd ed 1994), very well written narrative
-* Joll, James. ''The Origins of the First World War''. (3rd ed 2006).
-* Kennett, Lee. ''First Air War, 1914-1918'' (1999). 288 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/First-Air-War-1914-1918/dp/0684871203/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1205528300&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
-* Miller, Steven E. (ed.) ''Military Strategy and the Origins of the First World War: an International Security Reader'', (1985)
-* Passingham, Ian. ''All the Kaiser's Men: The Life & Death of the German Army on the Western Front 1914-1918,'' (2nd ed 2006) 288pp
-* Sheldon, Jack. ''German Army on the Somme, 1914-1916,'' (2005) 352pp
-* Showalter, Dennis. ''Tannenberg: Clash of Empires,'' 1991
-* Stevenson, David. ''The First World War and International Politics'' (2005)
-* Stone, Norman. ''The Eastern Front, 1914–1917.'' 1975.
-* Strachan, Hew. ''The First World War: Volume I: To Arms'' (2004): the major scholarly synthesis. Thorough coverage of 1914 in 1248 pp  [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0199261911/ref=sib_dp_bod_ex/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&p=S00M#reader-link excerpt online]
-* Tooley, Hunt. ''The Western Front: Battle Ground and Home Front in the First World War.'' (2003), 305pp, social history, does not emphasize battles
-*  Travers, Tim. ''How the War Was Won: Command and Technology in the British Army on the Western Front, 1917-1918,''. London:Routledge (1992) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=103449849 online edition]
-* Tuchman, Barbara W. ''The Zimmermann Telegram'' (1966)
-* Tucker, Spencer, ed. ''The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History'' (5 vol 2005); the most detailed reference source; articles by specialists cover all aspects of the war
-* Tucker, Spencer, ed. ''European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia'' (1999)
-* Tucker, Spencer C.  ''Tanks: An Illustrated History of Their Impact.'' ABC-CLIO, 2004. 379 pp.
-===USA and Canada===
-* Bassett, John Spencer. ''Our War with Germany: A History'' (1919) [http://books.google.com/books?id=76UTAAAAIAAJ&printsec=toc&dq=intitle:war+date:1919-1921&num=30&as_brr=1&sig=4Vx3GGygya6F24ozaNJyLzMI694#PPP10,M1 online edition]
-* Chambers, John W., II. ''To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America'' (1987)
-* Coffman, Edward M. ''The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I'' (1998) [http://books.google.com/books?id=px_1JGtbeIAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=COFFMAN+The+War+to+End+All+Wars:&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&ei=0RdYSJKmKJyMjAG04JWFDA&sig=s-w6Np6drA_a-MzUxR0UnsQcORc excerpt and text search]
-* Kennedy, David M. ''Over Here: The First World War and American Society'' (1979) [http://www.amazon.com/Over-Here-First-American-Society/dp/0195173996 excerpt and text search]
-* May, Ernest R. ''The World War and American isolation, 1914-1917'' (1959[http://hdl.handle.net.proxy.cc.uic.edu/2027/heb.00283 online at ACLS e-books]
-* Morton, Desmond, and Jack Granatstein. ''Marching to Armageddon: Canadians and the Great War 1914-1919'' (1989)
-* Scott, Emmett Jay. ''Scott's Official History of the American Negro in the World War'' (1919) 511 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=obUHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA10&dq=intitle:world+intitle:war+date:1919-2007&num=30&as_brr=1 online edition]
-[http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24640205 online edition]
-* Venzon, Anne ed. ''The United States in the First World War: An Encyclopedia'' (1995)
-* Wilson, Dale E. ''Treat'Em Rough!: The Birth of American Armor, 1917-20'' (1989)
-* Zieger, Robert H. ''America's Great War: World War I and the American Experience.'' 2000. 272 pp.
-===Online secondary and primary sources===
-* [http://tigger.uic.edu/~rjensen/military.html#J. ''Web Sources for Military History'' by Richard Jensen]
-* [http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/ WWI Document Archive], valuable collection
-* [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/ww1.htm diplomatic primary documents, from Mt. Holyoke College]
-====notes====
-<references/>
-[[Category:Wars]]
-[[Category:World War I| ]]
-== External links ==
-* [http://tigger.uic.edu/~rjensen/military.html#J. Guide to web resources by RJJensen]
-* [http://www.firstworldwar.com/index.htm Excellent British site]
-* [http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/ The Great War, from PBS]
-* [http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/historian/index.html interviews with historians]
-* [http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext04/shogw10.txt ''A Short History of the Great War,'' by A.F. Pollard (1920), British perspective]
-* [http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Main_Page Primary documents], very thorough collection from all countries
-** [http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/WWI_Biographical_Dictionary short biographies]
-** [http://www.vlib.us/wwi/resources/archives/imarchive.html Photographs]
-** [http://www.vlib.us/medical/ medical history]
-* [http://www.worldwar1.com/maproom.htm maps]
-* [http://www.worldwar1.com/reflib.htm Trenches on the Web]
-===Origins and political impact===
-* [http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/comment/WarFacts/wfactsTC.htm ''Handbook of War Facts and Peace Problems'' (1919) sophisticated American pamphlet; anti-German; good summary of effects of war on each country involved]
-* [http://yamaguchy.netfirms.com/7897401/fay/origin_index.html Sidney Fay, ''The Origins of the World War'' (1930) classic scholarly study; argues many nations shared guilt for starting the war]
-* [http://www.onpower.org/history_wwi.html/ World War I]
-* [http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?id=1345 "American Foreign Policy: The Turning Point, 1898–1919," by Ralph Raico]
-* [http://www.independent.org/publications/working_papers/article.asp?id=1499 "Government and the Economy: The World Wars," by Robert Higgs]
-* [http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard91.html "War Collectivism in World War I," by Murray N. Rothbard]
-* [http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?issueID=40&articleID=506 "The Great War Retold," by Ralph Raico]

Difference between revisions of "World War I"

Revision as of 14:08, January 24, 2010

Navigation menu

Search