|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| | [[Image:800px-Crop Book of Isaiah 2006-06-06.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The Holy Bible, opened to the Book of Isaiah.]] | | [[Image:800px-Crop Book of Isaiah 2006-06-06.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The Holy Bible, opened to the Book of Isaiah.]] |
| − | The '''Bible''' is the collection of canonical religious texts in Christianity.
| |
| − | Most Christians believe that the men and women who wrote and translated the Bible were under Divine Inspiration, and/or that the Bible is God's infallible Word to humanity.
| |
| | | | |
| − | The "canon" is the standard set of scriptural books which are deemed to represent the Word of God, as opposed to books which are considered wise or inspirational but not authoritative. The canon has evolved over time.
| + | A bedtime story told to little children and written by the brothers grimm. "If you don't go to bed, jesus will get you" |
| − | | |
| − | Some books counted as part of the Bible by the [[Roman Catholic Church]]—such as the books of ''Tobit'', ''Judith'', ''1st and 2nd Maccabees'', ''The Wisdom of Solomon (or Ecclesiasticus)'', and ''ben Sirach''—are regarded as non-canonical by Protestants. Some modern Protestant Bibles, following the example set by the original King James Version, include these books but categorize them as [[Apocrypha]]; most omit them. It is not clear whether they form part of the word of God or not.
| |
| − | | |
| − | The early church's determination of the [[canon]] was based on several criteria, including authorship, consistency with the rest of Scripture, and the level of general acceptance at the time. <ref>http://www.gotquestions.org/canon-Bible.html</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | Protestants value direct access to the Bible by worshipers, without the need for intervention or interpretation by clergy. The translation of the Bible into "common" languages such as German and English, and the development of printing by [[Johannes Gutenberg|Gutenberg]], were motivated by the Protestant desire to make the Bible accessible to everyone.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Books of the Bible==
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===The Old Testament===
| |
| − | The [[Old Testament]], or [[Hebrew Bible]] consists of 39 books. "Hebrew" in "[[Hebrew Bible]]" may refer to either the [[Hebrew language]] or to the [[Hebrew people]] who historically used Hebrew as a spoken language, and have continuously used the language in prayer and study, or both.
| |
| − | As used by the Jewish community, the word ''Tanakh'' describes the three parts of the Hebrew Bible: the [[Torah]] ("Teaching or Law"), and also known as the [[Pentateuch]], the five books of [[Moses]]; [[Nevi'im]] ("Prophets"), and [[Ketuvim]] ("Writings,” or [[Hagiographa]]). The arrangment of the books in this way is common within the Jewish community; within the familiar Bibles of the English-speaking world the arrangement differs, however the actual writing of each book remains the same.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====Torah====
| |
| − | The books of the Torah are also known as the five books of Moses, thus [[Chumash]] or [[Pentateuch]] (Hebrew and Greek for "five," respectively):
| |
| − | | |
| − | *[[Genesis]]
| |
| − | *[[Exodus]]
| |
| − | *[[Leviticus]]
| |
| − | *[[Numbers]]
| |
| − | *[[Deuteronomy]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | The Torah focuses on three moments in the changing relationship between God and people.
| |
| − | *The first eleven chapters of Genesis provide accounts of the [[Creation]] of the world, the history of God's early relationship with humanity, and the the [[Deluge]] of [[Noah]].
| |
| − | *The remaining thirty-nine chapters of Genesis provide an account of God's covenant with the Hebrew patriarchs, [[Abraham]], [[Isaac]] and [[Jacob]] (also called [[Israel]]), and Jacob's children (the "[[Children of Israel]]"), especially [[Joseph]]. It tells of how God commanded Abraham to leave his family and home in the city of [[Ur]], eventually to settle in the land of [[Canaan]], and how the Children of Israel later moved to Egypt.
| |
| − | *The remaining four books of the Torah tell the story of [[Moses]], who lived hundreds of years after the patriarchs. His story coincides with the story of the liberation of the Children of Israel from slavery in [[Ancient Egypt]], to the renewal of their covenant with God at [[Mount Sinai]], and their wanderings in the desert until a new generation would be ready to enter the land of Canaan. The Torah ends with the death of Moses.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====Nevi'im====
| |
| − | The [[Nevi'im]], or "Prophets," tells the story of the rise of the Hebrew monarchy, its division into two kingdoms, and the prophets who, in God's name, judged the kings and the Children of Israel. It ends with the conquest of the Kingdom of Israel by the Assyrians and the conquest of the Kingdom of Judah by the Babylonians, and the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem. Portions of the prophetic books are read by Jews on the Sabbath ([[Shabbat]]). The [[Book of Jonah]] is read on [[Yom Kippur]]. According to Jewish tradition, Nevi'im is divided into eight books.
| |
| − | | |
| − | * I. [[Joshua]]
| |
| − | * II. [[Judges]]
| |
| − | * III. [[Books of Samuel]]
| |
| − | * IV. [[Books of Kings]]
| |
| − | * V. [[Isaiah]]
| |
| − | * VI. [[Jeremiah]]
| |
| − | * VII. [[Ezekiel]]
| |
| − | * VIII. [[The Minor Prophets]], which are a single book within the Nevi'im, and individual books in the Christian Bible:
| |
| − | **[[Hosea]]
| |
| − | ** [[Joel]]
| |
| − | ** [[Amos]]
| |
| − | ** [[Obadiah]]
| |
| − | ** [[Jonah]]
| |
| − | ** [[Micah]]
| |
| − | ** [[Nahum]]
| |
| − | ** [[Habakkuk]]
| |
| − | ** [[Zephaniah]]
| |
| − | ** [[Haggai]]
| |
| − | ** [[Zechariah]]
| |
| − | ** [[Malachi]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====Ketuvim====
| |
| − | The [[Ketuvim]], or "Writings," contain lyrical poetry, philosophical reflections on life, and the stories of the prophets and other Jewish leaders during the Babylonian exile. It ends with the Persian decree allowing Jews to return to Jerusalem to rebuild the Temple.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Ketuvim contains eleven books:
| |
| − | * [[Psalms]]
| |
| − | * [[Proverbs]]
| |
| − | * [[Book of Job]]
| |
| − | * [[Song of Songs]], also called [[Song of Solomon]]
| |
| − | * [[Book of Ruth]]
| |
| − | * [[Lamentations]]
| |
| − | * [[Ecclesiastes]]
| |
| − | * [[Esther]]
| |
| − | * [[Daniel]]
| |
| − | * [[Ezra]], often divided into two books, [[Book of Ezra]] and [[Book of Nehemiah]]
| |
| − | * [[Books of Chronicles]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | According to Rabbinic tradition, many of the psalms in the book of [[Psalms]] are attributed to [[David]]; [[Solomon]] is believed to have written [[Song of Songs]] in his youth, the Proverbs in his prime, and Ecclesiastes during his old age. The prophet [[Jeremiah]] is thought to have written Lamentations at the start of the [[Babylonian Exile]]. The Book of Ruth is the only biblical book that centers entirely on a non-Jew, a [[Moab]]ite) who married a Jew and, upon his death, followed in the ways of the Jews, ultimately becoming an ancestor of King David and Jesus Christ. Five of the books, called "The Five Scrolls" (Megilot), are read on Jewish holidays: Song of Songs on [[Passover]]; the Book of Ruth on [[Shavuot]]; Lamentations on the [[Ninth of Av]]; Ecclesiastes on [[Sukkot]]; and the Book of Esther on [[Purim]]. Esther is unique as it is the only book in the Bible not to mention God.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===The New Testament===
| |
| − | The Bible as used by the majority of [[Christians]] includes the Hebrew Bible in its part as the Old Testament together with the [[New Testament]], which relates the life and teachings of [[Jesus Christ]], the [[Epistles]], or letters, of the [[Apostle Paul]] and other disciples to the early church, and ending with the [[Book of Revelation]].
| |
| − | | |
| − | The [[New Testament]] is a collection of 27 books and letters, produced by the early Christian community, with [[Jesus]] as its central figure, written primarily in [[Koine Greek]]. Nearly all Christians recognize the New Testament as canonical. These books can be grouped into:
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ====[[The Gospels]]====
| |
| − | The Gospels contain the history of Jesus of Nazareth. The Acts of the Apostles are a continuence of the Gospels, documenting the history of the early church, beginning immediately following Jesus' death and resurrection.
| |
| − | *[[Gospel of Matthew]]
| |
| − | *[[Gospel of Mark]]
| |
| − | *[[Gospel of Luke]]
| |
| − | *[[Gospel of John]]
| |
| − | *[[Acts of the Apostles]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====[[Pauline Epistles]]====
| |
| − | These are letters written to the Christian community by the Apostle Paul.
| |
| − | *[[Epistle to the Romans]]
| |
| − | *[[First Epistle to the Corinthians]]
| |
| − | *[[Second Epistle to the Corinthians]]
| |
| − | *[[Epistle to the Galatians]]
| |
| − | *[[Epistle to the Philippians]]
| |
| − | *[[Epistle to Philemon]]
| |
| − | *[[First Epistle to the Thessalonians]]
| |
| − | *[[Second Epistle to the Thessalonians]]
| |
| − | *[[Epistle to the Ephesians]]
| |
| − | *[[Epistle to the Colossians]]
| |
| − | *[[First Epistle to Timothy]]
| |
| − | *[[Second Epistle to Timothy]]
| |
| − | *[[Epistle to Titus]]
| |
| − | *[[Epistle to the Hebrews]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====[[General Epistles]]====
| |
| − | *[[Epistle of James]]
| |
| − | *[[First Epistle of Peter]]
| |
| − | *[[Second Epistle of Peter]]
| |
| − | *[[First Epistle of John]]
| |
| − | *[[Second Epistle of John]]
| |
| − | *[[Third Epistle of John]]
| |
| − | *[[Epistle of Jude]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====Revelation====
| |
| − | The [[Book of Revelation]] is the last work in the New Testament as well as the whole Bible, written close to A.D. 100 by the [[Apostle John]] during his exile on the Greek island of [[Patmos]]. Revelation is concerned with the condition of the [[Seven Churches of Asia]] before going deeply into a description of the last days prior to the beginning of the [[Millennial Age]].
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===The Apocrypha===
| |
| − | The [[Apocrypha]] are books which have been rejected as canonical by the Church due to historical, geographical, or literal inaccuracies; the teaching of doctrines which contradict inspired Scripture; and a lack of elements and structure which give genuine Scripture its unique characteristic. The Roman Catholic Church includes the Apocrypha in its version of the Bible, the [[Vulgate]]. The following are the books which are most frequently referred to by the title ''Apocrypha'':
| |
| − | *[[1 Esdras]]
| |
| − | *[[2 Esdras]]
| |
| − | *[[Book of Tobit]]
| |
| − | *[[Book of Judith]]
| |
| − | *Additions to the Book of Esther
| |
| − | *[[Book of Wisdom]]
| |
| − | *[[Ecclesiasticus]], also known as Sirach
| |
| − | *[[Book of Baruch]]
| |
| − | *[[Epistle of Jeremy]]
| |
| − | *[[The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children]]
| |
| − | *[[Story of Susanna]]
| |
| − | *[[Bel and the Dragon]]
| |
| − | *[[Prayer of Manasseh]]
| |
| − | *[[1 Maccabees]]
| |
| − | *[[2 Maccabees]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==History of the Bible==
| |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | == Related articles ==
| |
| − | *[[Bible exegesis]]
| |
| − | *[[Bible inerrancy]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==External links==
| |
| − | ===Bible societies ===
| |
| − | *[http://www.americanbible.org/ American Bible Society]
| |
| − | *[http://www.biblesociety.org/ United Bible Society]
| |
| − | *[http://www.ibs.org/ The International Bible Society (New York/Colorado Springs)]
| |
| − | *[http://www.wbtc.com/site/PageServer World Bible Translation Center]
| |
| − | *[http://www.wycliffe.org/home.htm Wycliffe Bible Translators]
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Online, internet, and downloadable Bibles===
| |
| − | ====Hebrew====
| |
| − | * [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0.htm Hebrew-English Bible] ([[Jewish Publication Society of America|JPS]] 1917 translation; includes Hebrew audio)
| |
| − | * [http://tanakhml2.alacartejava.net/cocoon/tanakhml/d13.php2xml?sfr=1&prq=1&pnt=tru&acc=tru&dia=tru&enc=heb XML Hebrew-English (KJV) Bible]
| |
| − | * [http://www.spcm.org/english/Hebrew_OT/ Old Testament in Hebrew]
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====Latin====
| |
| − | * [http://www.LatinVulgate.com/ Latin Vulgate] — Latin Vulgate with parallel Douay-Rheims and King James English translations
| |
| − | * [http://www.sacredbible.org/ SacredBible.org] — Latin Vulgate translation of the Bible
| |
| − | * [http://www.spcm.org/english/Vulgate/ Jerome's Latin Vulgate (405 A.D.)]
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====English====
| |
| − | * [http://www.audio-bible.com/bible/bible.html AudioBible] — Audio version of the King James Version.
| |
| − | * [http://www.blueletterbible.org/ Blue Letter Bible] — On-line interactive reference library continuously updated from the teachings and commentaries of selected pastors and teachers who hold to the conservative, historical Christian faith.
| |
| − | * [http://www.e-sword.net E-sword] — Downloadable Bible in many different versions, for [[MS Windows]].
| |
| − | * [http://www.spcm.org/english/ASB/ American Standard Version].
| |
| − | * [http://www.gnpcb.org/esv/ English Standard Version] from Good News/Crossway (the publisher).
| |
| − | * [http://www.verselink.org/ King James Version with dictionary].
| |
| − | * [http://www.spcm.org/english/KJV/ King James Version].
| |
| − | * [http://www.newlivingtranslation.com New Living Translation]
| |
| − | * [http://bible.oremus.org/ New Revised Standard Version].
| |
| − | * [http://www.watchtower.org/e/bible/index.htm New World Translation] of the Holy Scriptures.
| |
| − | * [http://www.europepourchrist.org/biblesite/WEB/ World English Bible].
| |
| − | * [http://scriptures.lds.org/ LDS King James Version] with audio, extensive commentary and cross-references.
| |
| − | * [http://www.dynamicbible.com/ King James Version built using AJAX technologies], with Strongs and Greek Morphological Codes by Robinson.
| |
| − | * [http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/index.htm#index The Hypertext Bible] with side-by-side translations in English, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew at the [[Internet Sacred Text Archive]]
| |
| − | * [http://www.biblegateway.com/ Bible Gateway at GospelCom.net] text search in any one of many translations/languages, or lookup complete passages in up to five different translations/languages at once. Select from among NIV, NASB, MSG, AMP, NLT, KJV, ESV, CEV, NKJV, ASV, NLV, NIrV and many others.
| |
| − | * [http://www.thebricktestament.com/index.html The Brick Testament] — Bible stories accurately rendered, illustrated in Lego(tm) blocks
| |
| − | * [http://www.biblereadthrough.com/ Bible Read-Through] — read through the Bible aid that has a standard one year read through as well as the ability to design your own read through.
| |
| − | * [http://www.TheFreeBible.com/ TheFreeBible.com] provides free Bible software downloads
| |
| − | * [http://www.scripture4all.org/ Interlinear (word-by-word) translation of the Christian Bible] from the original Hebrew and Koine Greek
| |
| − | * [http://www.aramaicpeshitta.com/aramaic_nt_resources.htm Aramaic New Testament resources]
| |
| − | * [http://www.spcm.org/en/versions.php Over 40 versions of the Bible]
| |
| − | * [http://www.armenianchurchlibrary.com/Bibletranslationsandstudies.html Eastern and Western Armenian Bible]
| |
| − | * [http://www.bible9.com/ Online Bible (King James Version & Old Testament)]
| |
| − | * [http://www.spcm.org/LSG_FR/ Bible — Louis Segond de 1910]
| |
| − | * [http://www.wbtc.com/site/PageServer?pagename=downloads_spanish Spanish Bible] PDT version
| |
| − | * [http://www.latinvulgate.com/christverse.aspx Complete Sayings of Christ] (long download)
| |
| − | * [http://bible.crosswalk.com/ParallelBible/ Crosswalk.com Parallel Bible] to see two versions side by side, any of NAS, ASV, ESV, NKJV, KJV, NLT, NRS, GNT, WEB, MSG, NIV, NIrV and many others.
| |
| − | * [http://www.blueletterbible.org/search.html#verse Blue Letter Bible] provides resources on a verse by verse basis, such as commentaries, definitions, concordance with Hebrew/Greek, related information and parallel bible on the one selected verse in KJV, NKJV, NLT, NIV, ESV, NASB, RSV, ASV and others.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====Turkish====
| |
| − | * [http://www.incil.info Turkish Bible] (Turkish Old and New Testament)
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====Others====
| |
| − | * [http://search.americanbible.org/ American Bible Society] to search NASB, KJV, CEV, ASV and others.
| |
| − | * [http://etext.virginia.edu/kjv.browse.html University of Virginia Library] for word proximity searches on the KJV bible.
| |
| − | * [http://www.1enormousidea.com/Default.aspx?tabid=42 Many translations in English, verse by verse]
| |
| − | * [http://www.bible-marathi.com Nava Karar] NT Translation from Greek to Marathi 2005 and Greek-Marathi wordbook by [[R H Kelkar]]
| |
| − | * [http://bible.palconit.com The Bible Collection] Collection of Sacred Books for Different Religions
| |
| − | * [http://www.bible-researcher.com/links12.html Gender-neutral Bible translations].
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Commentaries and analysis===
| |
| − | * [http://www.dinur.org/resources/resourceCategoryDisplay.aspx?categoryID=411&rsid=478 Biblical History], The Jewish History Resource Center — project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
| |
| − | * [http://www.chabad.org/article.asp?aid=63255 Judaica Press Translation] — online Jewish translation of the books of the Bible. Includes the Tanakh and [[Rashi]]'s entire commentary.
| |
| − | * [http://www.angdatingdaan.org/biblicaltopics/bib_bible_1.htm Reading and Understanding the Bible].
| |
| − | * [http://en.bibleinfo.com/ Source for Bible Answers].
| |
| − | * [http://www.amazingfacts.org/school/af_logon.asp Amazing Facts Bible Studies].
| |
| − | * [http://www.iishj.org/images/Bible.pdf Learning Bible Today] — a historical approach the Bible.
| |
| − | * [http://eword.gospelcom.net/comments/gill/ John Gill's Exposition of the Bible] — verse by verse commentary.
| |
| − | * [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/henry/mhc.i.html/ Matthew Henry's Commentary on the Whole Bible] — unabridged.
| |
| − | *[http://www.verselink.org/ Topical References]
| |
| − | *[http://www.verselink.org/ Bible Dictionaries and Encyclopedia]
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Wikis===
| |
| − | * [http://bible.tmtm.com BibleWiki]
| |
| − | * [http://wikible.org Wikible]
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==References==
| |
| − | <references/>
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Bible]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Religion]]
| |
