Difference between revisions of "Eagle"

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|order=Falconiformes
 
|order=Falconiformes
 
|suborder=Accipitres
 
|suborder=Accipitres
−
|infraorder=Falconides
+
|infraorder=
 
|superfamily=Accipitroidea
 
|superfamily=Accipitroidea
 
|families=
 
|families=
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==Use as symbols==
 
==Use as symbols==
−
[[Image:Mexican arms.jpg|right|150px|thumb|Golden Eagle (''Aquila chrysaetos'') featured in an Aztec legend, now the current arms of Mexico]]
+
[[Image:Mexican arms.jpg|left|100px|thumb|Arms of Mexico, based on an Aztec legend.]]
−
Eagles have been used as symbolds of government and imperial power since at least the time of the [[Babylon]]ians.  In stylized form they have been placed atop the standards of ancient [[Persia]] and Imperial [[Rome]].  A two-headed eagle was used as a coat of arms for the [[Byzantine Empire]], than later as the standard for Czarist Russia and the Hapsburg [[Austrian Empire]].  An [[Azte]]c legend of an eagle clutching a snake while sitting on a cactus led to the founding of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, and later became the coat of arms for [[Mexico]].  The [[United States]] adopted the bald eagle (''Haliaeetus leucocephalus'') as its national emblem.
+
[[File:Tsar monument Helsinki.jpg|left|100px|thumb|Imperial Russian "double-headed" eagle standard.]]
 +
The eagle's in heraldry is, next to the lion, the most widespread image portrayed on a crest, and have been used as symbols of government and imperial power since at least the time of the [[Babylon]]ians.  In stylized form they have been placed atop the standards of ancient [[Persia]] and Imperial [[Rome]], where it was used on field standards of the Roman legions as well as on helmets and coins.  A two-headed eagle was used as a coat of arms for the [[Byzantine Empire]], than later as the standard for [[Charlemagne]]'s Holy Roman Empire, Czarist Russia and the Hapsburg [[Austrian Empire]].  An [[Azte]]c legend of an eagle clutching a snake while sitting on a cactus led to the founding of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, an"d later became the coat of arms for [[Mexico]].  The [[United States]] adopted the bald eagle (''Haliaeetus leucocephalus'') as its national emblem.
 +
 
 +
In traditions, myths and popular beliefs of early civilizations ancient peoples of the eagle is generally considered a symbol of domination and the divine. The symbolism was reinforced by the representation of eagle/animal hybrid beings such as the griffin or the harpies, which emphasized the strength or mental attitude through different animal body parts that were a part of these beings. In ancient Indian mythology, the Garuda is a snake-killing messenger of Vishnu<ref>https://www.ancient.eu/Garuda/</ref>. According to legend, the Sumerian king Gilgamesh was rescued by an eagle<ref>http://www2.latech.edu/~bmagee/103/gilgamesh.htm</ref>. For the ancient Greeks, the eagle was the symbol of the supreme olympic god Zeus<ref>https://www.quora.com/Why-is-the-eagle-a-symbol-of-Zeus</ref>, and in ancient Rome it was the sign of the supreme Roman deity Jupiter as well as the imperial power and in the apotheosis the sign of the divinity of the emperor.
 +
 
 +
In many North American Indian tribes the eagle is the messenger to the Creator, and to possess a feather means to honor the Creator in the highest and most humble way<ref>http://www.muiniskw.org/pgLegacy06_EagleFeather.htm</ref>.  It is also a symbol of bravery, and only awarded after a victory against an enemy has been won, and the tale told to the tribal elders afterwards<ref>http://www.muiniskw.org/pgLegacy06_EagleFeather.htm</ref>.
  
 
== Species of eagle ==
 
== Species of eagle ==
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* '''Subfamily ''Buteoninae''''' - true eagles, sea eagles, hawk-eagles
 
* '''Subfamily ''Buteoninae''''' - true eagles, sea eagles, hawk-eagles
 
:*Genus ''Aquila''
 
:*Genus ''Aquila''
−
:::[[Bonelli's eagle]], ''A. fasciata''  
+
:::[[Bonelli's eagle]], ''Aquila fasciata''  
−
:::[[Booted eagle]], ''A. pennata'' - formerly ''Hieraaetus pennatus''
+
:::[[Booted eagle]], ''Aquila pennata''
−
:::[[Eastern imperial eagle]], ''A. heliaca''
+
:::[[Cassin's Hawk-eagle]], ''Aquila africanus''
−
:::[[Golden eagle]], ''A. chrysaetos''
+
:::[[Eastern imperial eagle]], ''Aquila heliaca''
−
:::[[Greater spotted eagle]], ''A. clanga''   
+
:::[[Golden eagle]], ''Aquila chrysaetos''
−
:::[[Gurney's eagle]], ''A. gurneyi''
+
:::[[Greater spotted eagle]], ''Aquila clanga''   
−
:::[[Indian spotted eagle]], ''A. hastata''
+
:::[[Gurney's eagle]], ''Aquila gurneyi''
−
:::[[Lesser spotted eagle]], ''A. pomarina''
+
:::[[Indian spotted eagle]], ''Aquila hastata''
−
:::[[Little eagle]], ''A. morphnoides''
+
:::[[Lesser spotted eagle]], ''Aquila pomarina''
−
:::[[Spanish imperial eagle]], ''A. adalberti''  
+
:::[[Little eagle]], ''Aquila morphnoides''
−
:::[[Steppe eagle]], ''A. nipalensis''
+
:::[[Spanish imperial eagle]], ''Aquila adalberti''  
−
:::[[Tawny eagle]], ''A. rapax''
+
:::[[Steppe eagle]], ''Aquila nipalensis''
−
:::[[Verreaux's eagle]], ''A. verreauxii''
+
:::[[Tawny eagle]], ''Aquila rapax''
−
:::[[Wahlberg's eagle]], ''A. wahlbergi''
+
:::[[Verreaux's eagle]], ''Aquila verreauxii''
−
:::[[Wedge-tailed eagle]], ''A. audax''
+
:::[[Wahlberg's eagle]], ''Aquila wahlbergi''
 +
:::[[Wedge-tailed eagle]], ''Aquila audax''
 
:*Genus ''Geranoaetus''
 
:*Genus ''Geranoaetus''
 
:::[[Black-chested buzzard eagle]], ''Geranoaetus melanoleucus''
 
:::[[Black-chested buzzard eagle]], ''Geranoaetus melanoleucus''
 
:*Genus ''Haliaeetus''
 
:*Genus ''Haliaeetus''
−
:::[[African fish eagle]], ''H. vocifer''
+
:::[[African fish eagle]], ''Haliaeetus vocifer''
−
:::[[Bald eagle]], ''H. leucocephalus''
+
:::[[Bald eagle]], ''Haliaeetus leucocephalus''
−
:::[[Madagascar fish eagle]], ''H. vociferoides''
+
:::[[Madagascar fish eagle]], ''Haliaeetus vociferoides''
−
:::[[Pallas's fish eagle]], ''H. leucoryphus''
+
:::[[Pallas's fish eagle]], ''Haliaeetus leucoryphus''
−
:::[[Sanford's sea eagle]], ''H. sanfordi''
+
:::[[Sanford's sea eagle]], ''Haliaeetus sanfordi''
−
:::[[Steller's sea eagle]], ''H. pelagicus''
+
:::[[Steller's sea eagle]], ''Haliaeetus pelagicus''
−
:::[[White-bellied sea eagle]], ''H. leucogaster''
+
:::[[White-bellied sea eagle]], ''Haliaeetus leucogaster''
 
:::[[White-tailed eagle]], ''Haliaeetus albicilla''
 
:::[[White-tailed eagle]], ''Haliaeetus albicilla''
 
:*Genus ''Harpagornis'' (extinct)
 
:*Genus ''Harpagornis'' (extinct)
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:*Genus ''Harpyhaliatus''
 
:*Genus ''Harpyhaliatus''
 
:::[[Crowned solitary eagle]], ''Harpyhaliaetus coronatus''
 
:::[[Crowned solitary eagle]], ''Harpyhaliaetus coronatus''
−
:::[[Solitary eagle]], ''H. solitarius''
+
:::[[Solitary eagle]], ''Harpyhaliaetus solitarius''
 
:*Genus ''Harpyopsis''
 
:*Genus ''Harpyopsis''
 
:::[[New Guinea harpy eagle]], ''Harpyopsis novaeguineae''
 
:::[[New Guinea harpy eagle]], ''Harpyopsis novaeguineae''
 
:*Genus ''Hieraaetus''
 
:*Genus ''Hieraaetus''
−
:::[[African hawk eagle]], ''H. spilogaster''
+
:::[[African hawk eagle]], ''Hieraaetus spilogaster''
 
:::[[Ayre's hawk eagle]], ''Hieraaetus ayresii''
 
:::[[Ayre's hawk eagle]], ''Hieraaetus ayresii''
−
:::[[Rufous-bellied eagle]], ''H. kienerii''
+
:::[[Rufous-bellied eagle]], ''Hieraaetus kienerii''
 
:*Genus ''Ichthyophaga''
 
:*Genus ''Ichthyophaga''
−
:::[[Gray-headed fish eagle]], ''I. ichthyaetus''
+
:::[[Gray-headed fish eagle]], ''Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus''
 
:::[[Lesser fish eagle]], ''Ichthyophaga humilis''
 
:::[[Lesser fish eagle]], ''Ichthyophaga humilis''
 
:*Genus ''Ictinaetus''
 
:*Genus ''Ictinaetus''
Line 91: Line 97:
 
:*Genus ''Morphnus''
 
:*Genus ''Morphnus''
 
:::[[Crested eagle]], ''Morphnus guianensis''
 
:::[[Crested eagle]], ''Morphnus guianensis''
−
:*Genus ''Oroaetus''
+
:*Genus ''Nisaetus''
−
:::[[Black-and-chestnut eagle]], ''Oroaetus isidori''
+
:::[[Blyth's Hawk-eagle]], ''Nisaetus alboniger''
 +
:::[[Changeable hawk-eagle]], ''Nisaetus cirrhatus''
 +
:::[[Javan hawk-eagle]], ''Nisaetus bartelsi''
 +
:::[[Mountain hawk-eagle]], ''Nisaetus nipalensis''
 +
:::[[Philippine hawk-eagle]], ''Nisaetus philippensis''
 +
:::[[Sulawesi hawk-eagle]], ''Nisaetus lanceolatus''
 +
:::[[Wallace's hawk-eagle]], ''Nisaetus nanus''
 
:*Genus ''Pithecophaga''
 
:*Genus ''Pithecophaga''
 
:::[[Philippine eagle]], ''Pithecophaga jefferyi''
 
:::[[Philippine eagle]], ''Pithecophaga jefferyi''
Line 98: Line 110:
 
:::[[Martial eagle]], ''Polemaetus bellicosus''
 
:::[[Martial eagle]], ''Polemaetus bellicosus''
 
:*Genus ''Spizaetus''
 
:*Genus ''Spizaetus''
−
:::[[Black hawk-eagle]], ''S. tyrannus''
+
:::[[Black-and-chestnut eagle]], ''Spizaetus isidori''
−
:::[[Black-and-white hawk-eagle]], ''S. melanoleucus''
+
:::[[Black hawk-eagle]], ''Spizaetus tyrannus''
−
:::[[Blyth's Hawk-eagle]], ''S. alboniger''
+
:::[[Black-and-white hawk-eagle]], ''Spizaetus melanoleucus''
−
:::[[Cassin's Hawk-eagle]], ''Spizaetus africanus''
+
:::[[Ornate hawk-eagle]], ''Spizaetus ornatus''
−
:::[[Changeable hawk-eagle]], ''S. cirrhatus''
 
−
:::[[Javan hawk-eagle]], ''S. bartelsi''
 
−
:::[[Mountain hawk-eagle]], ''S. nipalensis''
 
−
:::[[Ornate hawk-eagle]], ''S. ornatus''
 
−
:::[[Philippine hawk-eagle]], ''S. philippensis''
 
−
:::[[Sulawesi hawk-eagle]], ''S. lanceolatus''
 
−
:::[[Wallace's hawk-eagle]], ''S. nanus''
 
 
:*Genus ''Stephanoaetus''
 
:*Genus ''Stephanoaetus''
 
:::[[African crowned eagle]], ''Stephanoaetus coronatus''
 
:::[[African crowned eagle]], ''Stephanoaetus coronatus''
 
* '''Subfamily ''Circaetinae''''': snake-eagles
 
* '''Subfamily ''Circaetinae''''': snake-eagles
 
:*Genus ''Circaetus''
 
:*Genus ''Circaetus''
−
:::[[Banded snake-eagle]], ''C. cinerascens''
+
:::[[Banded snake-eagle]], ''Circaetus cinerascens''
 +
:::[[Black-chested snake-eagle]], ''Circaetus pectoralis''
 +
:::[[Brown snake-eagle]], ''Circaetus cinereus''
 +
:::[[Fasciated snake-eagle]], ''Circaetus fasciolatus''
 +
:::[[Short-toed eagle]], ''Circaetus gallicus''
 
:*Genus ''Eutriorchis''
 
:*Genus ''Eutriorchis''
 
:::[[Madagascar serpent-eagle]], ''Eutriorchis astur''
 
:::[[Madagascar serpent-eagle]], ''Eutriorchis astur''
−
:::[[Black-chested snake-eagle]], ''C. pectoralis''
 
−
:::[[Brown snake-eagle]], ''C. cinereus''
 
−
:::[[Fasciated snake-eagle]], ''C. fasciolatus''
 
−
:::[[Short-toed eagle]], ''Circaetus gallicus''
 
 
:*Genus ''Spilornis''
 
:*Genus ''Spilornis''
−
:::[[Andaman serpent-eagle]], ''S. elgini''
+
:::[[Andaman serpent-eagle]], ''Spilornis elgini''
 
:::[[Crested serpent-eagle]], ''Spilornis cheela''
 
:::[[Crested serpent-eagle]], ''Spilornis cheela''
−
:::[[Mountain serpent-eagle]],''S. kinabaluensis''
+
:::[[Mountain serpent-eagle]],''Spilornis kinabaluensis''
−
:::[[Nicobar serpent-eagle]], ''S. minimus''
+
:::[[Nicobar serpent-eagle]], ''Spilornis minimus''
−
:::[[Philippine serpent-eagle]], ''S. holospilus''
+
:::[[Philippine serpent-eagle]], ''Spilornis holospilus''
−
:::[[Sulawesi serpent-eagle]], ''S. rufipectus''
+
:::[[Sulawesi serpent-eagle]], ''Spilornis rufipectus''
 
:*Genus ''Terathopius''
 
:*Genus ''Terathopius''
 
:::[[Bateleur]], ''Terathopius ecaudatus''
 
:::[[Bateleur]], ''Terathopius ecaudatus''
  
 
[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Birds of Prey]][[Category:Eagles]]
 
[[Category:Birds]][[Category:Birds of Prey]][[Category:Eagles]]

Revision as of 09:25, December 1, 2018

Eagle
Eagle.jpg
Bald Eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus
Scientific classification
Kingdom Information
Domain Eukaryota
Kingdom Animalia
Subkingdom Bilateria
Branch Deuterostomia
Phylum Information
Phylum Chordata
Sub-phylum Vertebrata
Infraphylum Gnathostomata
Class Information
Superclass Tetrapoda
Class Aves
Sub-class Neornithes
Infra-class Neoaves
Order Information
Superorder Falconimorphae
Order Falconiformes
Sub-order Accipitres
Family Information
Superfamily Accipitroidea
Family Accipitridae
Sub-family Accipitrinae
Population statistics

Eagle refers to large diurnal birds of prey from the order Falconiformes, family Accipitridae, and characterized by resemblance to vultures when in flight, but bearing fully-feathered heads and powerful talons capable of taking and killing live prey. Because of their strength and majestic appearance, eagles have been prominently displayed as heraldic symbols of war and earthly power.

Description

Eagles are found throughout the world, from the cold waters of the Arctic north to the tropical rain forests of Africa, Asia, and South America. They are monogamous, mating for life, and using the same nest every year, which is placed in an inaccessible site (called an eyrie), such as the top of a tree or a cliff face. The clutch of three to four eggs take six to eight weeks to hatch, but when hatched the young mature slowly, putting on their adult plumage in three to four years.

Eagles are typically two to three feet long and have wingspans from six to eight feet. The smallest eagle, Ayres' Hawk-eagle, (Hieraaetus ayresii), is only 16 inches long, while the largest eagles, the Harpy (Harpia harpyja), Steller's sea-eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus), and the Philippine eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) each approach 39 inches in length and weigh close to sixteen pounds. All eagles have keen eyesight; experiments conducted on golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) have determined that they are able to discern, identify, and successfully kill an animal as small as a rabbit from a minimum distance of a quarter-mile away.

Use as symbols

Arms of Mexico, based on an Aztec legend.
Imperial Russian "double-headed" eagle standard.

The eagle's in heraldry is, next to the lion, the most widespread image portrayed on a crest, and have been used as symbols of government and imperial power since at least the time of the Babylonians. In stylized form they have been placed atop the standards of ancient Persia and Imperial Rome, where it was used on field standards of the Roman legions as well as on helmets and coins. A two-headed eagle was used as a coat of arms for the Byzantine Empire, than later as the standard for Charlemagne's Holy Roman Empire, Czarist Russia and the Hapsburg Austrian Empire. An Aztec legend of an eagle clutching a snake while sitting on a cactus led to the founding of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, an"d later became the coat of arms for Mexico. The United States adopted the bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) as its national emblem.

In traditions, myths and popular beliefs of early civilizations ancient peoples of the eagle is generally considered a symbol of domination and the divine. The symbolism was reinforced by the representation of eagle/animal hybrid beings such as the griffin or the harpies, which emphasized the strength or mental attitude through different animal body parts that were a part of these beings. In ancient Indian mythology, the Garuda is a snake-killing messenger of Vishnu[1]. According to legend, the Sumerian king Gilgamesh was rescued by an eagle[2]. For the ancient Greeks, the eagle was the symbol of the supreme olympic god Zeus[3], and in ancient Rome it was the sign of the supreme Roman deity Jupiter as well as the imperial power and in the apotheosis the sign of the divinity of the emperor.

In many North American Indian tribes the eagle is the messenger to the Creator, and to possess a feather means to honor the Creator in the highest and most humble way[4]. It is also a symbol of bravery, and only awarded after a victory against an enemy has been won, and the tale told to the tribal elders afterwards[5].

Species of eagle

Family Accipitridae

  • Subfamily Buteoninae - true eagles, sea eagles, hawk-eagles
  • Genus Aquila
Bonelli's eagle, Aquila fasciata
Booted eagle, Aquila pennata
Cassin's Hawk-eagle, Aquila africanus
Eastern imperial eagle, Aquila heliaca
Golden eagle, Aquila chrysaetos
Greater spotted eagle, Aquila clanga
Gurney's eagle, Aquila gurneyi
Indian spotted eagle, Aquila hastata
Lesser spotted eagle, Aquila pomarina
Little eagle, Aquila morphnoides
Spanish imperial eagle, Aquila adalberti
Steppe eagle, Aquila nipalensis
Tawny eagle, Aquila rapax
Verreaux's eagle, Aquila verreauxii
Wahlberg's eagle, Aquila wahlbergi
Wedge-tailed eagle, Aquila audax
  • Genus Geranoaetus
Black-chested buzzard eagle, Geranoaetus melanoleucus
  • Genus Haliaeetus
African fish eagle, Haliaeetus vocifer
Bald eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus
Madagascar fish eagle, Haliaeetus vociferoides
Pallas's fish eagle, Haliaeetus leucoryphus
Sanford's sea eagle, Haliaeetus sanfordi
Steller's sea eagle, Haliaeetus pelagicus
White-bellied sea eagle, Haliaeetus leucogaster
White-tailed eagle, Haliaeetus albicilla
  • Genus Harpagornis (extinct)
Haast's eagle, Harpagornis moorei
  • Genus Harpia
Harpy eagle, Harpia harpyja
  • Genus Harpyhaliatus
Crowned solitary eagle, Harpyhaliaetus coronatus
Solitary eagle, Harpyhaliaetus solitarius
  • Genus Harpyopsis
New Guinea harpy eagle, Harpyopsis novaeguineae
  • Genus Hieraaetus
African hawk eagle, Hieraaetus spilogaster
Ayre's hawk eagle, Hieraaetus ayresii
Rufous-bellied eagle, Hieraaetus kienerii
  • Genus Ichthyophaga
Gray-headed fish eagle, Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus
Lesser fish eagle, Ichthyophaga humilis
  • Genus Ictinaetus
Black eagle, Ictinaetus malayensis
  • Genus Lophaetus
Long-crested eagle, Lophaetus occipitalis
  • Genus Morphnus
Crested eagle, Morphnus guianensis
  • Genus Nisaetus
Blyth's Hawk-eagle, Nisaetus alboniger
Changeable hawk-eagle, Nisaetus cirrhatus
Javan hawk-eagle, Nisaetus bartelsi
Mountain hawk-eagle, Nisaetus nipalensis
Philippine hawk-eagle, Nisaetus philippensis
Sulawesi hawk-eagle, Nisaetus lanceolatus
Wallace's hawk-eagle, Nisaetus nanus
  • Genus Pithecophaga
Philippine eagle, Pithecophaga jefferyi
  • Genus Polemaetus
Martial eagle, Polemaetus bellicosus
  • Genus Spizaetus
Black-and-chestnut eagle, Spizaetus isidori
Black hawk-eagle, Spizaetus tyrannus
Black-and-white hawk-eagle, Spizaetus melanoleucus
Ornate hawk-eagle, Spizaetus ornatus
  • Genus Stephanoaetus
African crowned eagle, Stephanoaetus coronatus
  • Subfamily Circaetinae: snake-eagles
  • Genus Circaetus
Banded snake-eagle, Circaetus cinerascens
Black-chested snake-eagle, Circaetus pectoralis
Brown snake-eagle, Circaetus cinereus
Fasciated snake-eagle, Circaetus fasciolatus
Short-toed eagle, Circaetus gallicus
  • Genus Eutriorchis
Madagascar serpent-eagle, Eutriorchis astur
  • Genus Spilornis
Andaman serpent-eagle, Spilornis elgini
Crested serpent-eagle, Spilornis cheela
Mountain serpent-eagle,Spilornis kinabaluensis
Nicobar serpent-eagle, Spilornis minimus
Philippine serpent-eagle, Spilornis holospilus
Sulawesi serpent-eagle, Spilornis rufipectus
  • Genus Terathopius
Bateleur, Terathopius ecaudatus
  1. ↑ https://www.ancient.eu/Garuda/
  2. ↑ http://www2.latech.edu/~bmagee/103/gilgamesh.htm
  3. ↑ https://www.quora.com/Why-is-the-eagle-a-symbol-of-Zeus
  4. ↑ http://www.muiniskw.org/pgLegacy06_EagleFeather.htm
  5. ↑ http://www.muiniskw.org/pgLegacy06_EagleFeather.htm
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