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There is worldview diversity among proponents and intelligent design is a secular, or even non-religious, theory. Alfred Russel Wallace, a naturalist who co-discovered [[natural selection]] along with [[Charles Darwin]], eventually came to see that nature exhibited design and purpose with evolution, and in particular wrote about the advancements of research on the cell in the chapter "Mystery of the Cell" along with observations on man as being designed with purpose.<ref>Alfred Russel Wallace. 1911. [https://archive.org/details/worldoflifemanif00wallialaThe World of Life: A Manifestation of Creative Power, Directive Mind and Ultimate Purpose]</ref><ref name="wallacenat">Alfred Russel Wallace. [https://wallace-online.org/converted/pdf/1895_NaturalSelection_S725%5B2d%5D.pdf Natural Selection and Tropical Nature: Essays on Descriptive and Theoretical Biology] important works on natural selection: "The Law which has Regulated the Introduction of New Species" (1855) and of course "On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type" (1858); on the the limits on natural selection and man see "Limits of Natural Selection as Applied to Man" (1869)</ref><ref name="intelligent evolution">Flannery, M.A. Alfred Russel Wallace’s Intelligent Evolution and Natural Theology. Religions 2020, 11, 316. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11060316</ref><ref>Flannery, Michael A. 2011. Alfred Russel Wallace’s Theory of Intelligent Evolution: How Wallace’s World of Life Challenged Darwinism, rev ed. Riesel: Erasmus Press</ref> Some intelligent design proponents such as Michael Behe carry on the ''intelligent evolution'' espoused by Alfred Russel Wallace.<ref name="intelligent evolution" /> Another prominent ID proponent is David Berlinski who is actually an agnostic atheist.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150312200118/https://www.discovery.org/a/4536/ Agnostic takes New Atheists to Task for Trying to Hijack Science Author David Berlinski's New Book The Devil's Delusion]</ref><ref>David Berlinski. 2009. The Devil's Delusion: Atheism and its Scientific Pretensions. Basic Books. ISBN, 0786751479</ref> Other atheist defenders have been Bradley Monton.<ref>Bradley Monton, Seeking God in Science: An Atheist Defends Intelligent Design, 2009, Broadview Press, ISBN 9781551118635.</ref>  

There is worldview diversity among proponents and intelligent design is a secular, or even non-religious, theory. Alfred Russel Wallace, a naturalist who co-discovered [[natural selection]] along with [[Charles Darwin]], eventually came to see that nature exhibited design and purpose with evolution, and in particular wrote about the advancements of research on the cell in the chapter "Mystery of the Cell" along with observations on man as being designed with purpose.<ref>Alfred Russel Wallace. 1911. [https://archive.org/details/worldoflifemanif00wallialaThe World of Life: A Manifestation of Creative Power, Directive Mind and Ultimate Purpose]</ref><ref name="wallacenat">Alfred Russel Wallace. [https://wallace-online.org/converted/pdf/1895_NaturalSelection_S725%5B2d%5D.pdf Natural Selection and Tropical Nature: Essays on Descriptive and Theoretical Biology] important works on natural selection: "The Law which has Regulated the Introduction of New Species" (1855) and of course "On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type" (1858); on the the limits on natural selection and man see "Limits of Natural Selection as Applied to Man" (1869)</ref><ref name="intelligent evolution">Flannery, M.A. Alfred Russel Wallace’s Intelligent Evolution and Natural Theology. Religions 2020, 11, 316. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11060316</ref><ref>Flannery, Michael A. 2011. Alfred Russel Wallace’s Theory of Intelligent Evolution: How Wallace’s World of Life Challenged Darwinism, rev ed. Riesel: Erasmus Press</ref> Some intelligent design proponents such as Michael Behe carry on the ''intelligent evolution'' espoused by Alfred Russel Wallace.<ref name="intelligent evolution" /> Another prominent ID proponent is David Berlinski who is actually an agnostic atheist.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150312200118/https://www.discovery.org/a/4536/ Agnostic takes New Atheists to Task for Trying to Hijack Science Author David Berlinski's New Book The Devil's Delusion]</ref><ref>David Berlinski. 2009. The Devil's Delusion: Atheism and its Scientific Pretensions. Basic Books. ISBN, 0786751479</ref> Other atheist defenders have been Bradley Monton.<ref>Bradley Monton, Seeking God in Science: An Atheist Defends Intelligent Design, 2009, Broadview Press, ISBN 9781551118635.</ref>  

In general, design principles are compatible with biology since design is already used in biological fields (e.g. breeding, artificial selection, farming, synthetic biology, systems biology, etc).<ref>Castle, S.D., Stock, M. & Gorochowski, T.E. Engineering is evolution: a perspective on design processes to engineer biology. Nature Communications 15, 3640 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48000-1</ref><ref>Kevin A. Janes, Preethi L. Chandran, Roseanne M. Ford, Matthew J. Lazzara, Jason A. Papin, Shayn M. Peirce, Jeffrey J. Saucerman, Douglas A. Lauffenburger, An engineering design approach to systems biology, Integrative Biology, Volume 9, Issue 7, July 2017, Pages 574–583, https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ib00014f</ref> Intelligent design theory does have extensive peer-reviewed publications.<ref>[https://www.discovery.org/m/securepdfs/2024/05/Peer-Reviewed-and-Mainstream-Articles-Page-Update-May-2024_FinalPDF.pdf  LIST OF PEER-REVIEWED AND MAINSTREAM SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS SUPPORTING INTELLIGENT DESIGN 2024]</ref> The central idea of Intelligent Design theory is that [[design]] is empirically detectable, just as the detectability of design in man-made objects is straightforward, non-controversial,  and often intuitive (see: [[design detection]]).  With respect to the origin and development of cosmological and biological systems, Intelligent Design theory holds that the same principles provide a logical inference of design in nature.  That is, without necessarily "proving" actual intelligent design in nature, the observable material evidence provides a reasonable basis from which to infer design, and such a [[design inference]] supports a legitimate scientific hypothesis of ''intelligent'' design.  As such, Intelligent Design theory is a scientific disagreement with the core claim of materialistic theories of [[evolution]] such as chemical and Darwinian evolution <ref>Darwinian Evolution: A materialistic theory of the history of the diversification of organisms from common ancestors through a process of descent with modification. The theory postulates that evolutionary change is the result of material causes [i.e., unintelligent causes due to the interactions of matter, energy, and the forces of nature], driven primarily by random variation and natural selection.  The forces include gravity, the electromagnetic force and the weak and strong nuclear forces that define the structure of atoms. With respect to explaining the cosmos, the laws of chemistry and physics such as the laws of motion and thermodynamics dictate that material causes operate in generally periodic or regular patterns at best, and in entropy-increasing randomness at worst. ''See'', "Thirty-eight Nobel Laureates, ''Nobel Laureates Initiative,'' (The Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity, September 9, 2005), stressing to Kansas State Board of Education: “[E]volution is understood to be the result of an unguided, unplanned process of random variation and natural selection.”</ref> that the design exhibited in our universe is merely ''apparent'' design, i.e., ''unintelligent'' design caused by unguided, purposeless, natural forces of physics and chemistry alone.<ref>As used in this article, "materialism" is used synonymously with "naturalism". Naturalism is a philosophical doctrine that material causes alone are adequate to account for all natural phenomena and that teleological (design) conceptions of nature are invalid.</ref>

In general, design principles are compatible with biology since design is already used in biological fields (e.g. breeding, artificial selection, farming, synthetic biology, systems biology, etc.).<ref>Castle, S.D., Stock, M. & Gorochowski, T.E. Engineering is evolution: a perspective on design processes to engineer biology. Nature Communications 15, 3640 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48000-1</ref><ref>Kevin A. Janes, Preethi L. Chandran, Roseanne M. Ford, Matthew J. Lazzara, Jason A. Papin, Shayn M. Peirce, Jeffrey J. Saucerman, Douglas A. Lauffenburger, An engineering design approach to systems biology, Integrative Biology, Volume 9, Issue 7, July 2017, Pages 574–583, https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ib00014f</ref> Intelligent design theory does have extensive peer-reviewed publications.<ref>[https://www.discovery.org/m/securepdfs/2024/05/Peer-Reviewed-and-Mainstream-Articles-Page-Update-May-2024_FinalPDF.pdf  LIST OF PEER-REVIEWED AND MAINSTREAM SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS SUPPORTING INTELLIGENT DESIGN 2024]</ref> The central idea of Intelligent Design theory is that [[design]] is empirically detectable, just as the detectability of design in man-made objects is straightforward, non-controversial,  and often intuitive (see: [[design detection]]).  With respect to the origin and development of cosmological and biological systems, Intelligent Design theory holds that the same principles provide a logical inference of design in nature.  That is, without necessarily "proving" actual intelligent design in nature, the observable material evidence provides a reasonable basis from which to infer design, and such a [[design inference]] supports a legitimate scientific hypothesis of ''intelligent'' design.  As such, Intelligent Design theory is a scientific disagreement with the core claim of materialistic theories of [[evolution]] such as chemical and Darwinian evolution <ref>Darwinian Evolution: A materialistic theory of the history of the diversification of organisms from common ancestors through a process of descent with modification. The theory postulates that evolutionary change is the result of material causes [i.e., unintelligent causes due to the interactions of matter, energy, and the forces of nature], driven primarily by random variation and natural selection.  The forces include gravity, the electromagnetic force and the weak and strong nuclear forces that define the structure of atoms. With respect to explaining the cosmos, the laws of chemistry and physics such as the laws of motion and thermodynamics dictate that material causes operate in generally periodic or regular patterns at best, and in entropy-increasing randomness at worst. ''See'', "Thirty-eight Nobel Laureates, ''Nobel Laureates Initiative,'' (The Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity, September 9, 2005), stressing to Kansas State Board of Education: “[E]volution is understood to be the result of an unguided, unplanned process of random variation and natural selection.”</ref> that the design exhibited in our universe is merely ''apparent'' design, i.e., ''unintelligent'' design caused by unguided, purposeless, natural forces of physics and chemistry alone.<ref>As used in this article, "materialism" is used synonymously with "naturalism". Naturalism is a philosophical doctrine that material causes alone are adequate to account for all natural phenomena and that teleological (design) conceptions of nature are invalid.</ref>

In a broader sense, Intelligent Design is simply the science of design detection—how to recognize patterns arranged by an intelligent cause for a purpose. Design detection is used in a number of scientific fields, including anthropology, archeology, forensic sciences, cryptanalysis and the search for extraterrestrial intelligence ('''[[SETI]]'''). An inference that certain cosmological and biological features of the natural world may be the product of an intelligent cause can be tested or evaluated in the same manner as scientists daily test for design in other sciences.<ref>For example, Stephen C. Meyer, Senior Fellow of the Center for Science and Culture at the Discovery Institute, notes at [http://www.discovery.org/a/1671 A Note to Teachers Stephen C. Meyer and Mark Hartwig, Pandas and People: The Central Question of Biological Origins May 1, 1993], the problem with limiting explanations to only "natural" causes: "Archaeologists routinely distinguish manufactured objects (e.g., arrowheads, potsherds) from natural ones (e.g., stones), even when the differences between them are very subtle. These manufactured objects then become important clues in reconstructing past ways of life. But if we arbitrarily assert that science explains solely by reference to natural laws, if archaeologists are prohibited from invoking an intelligent manufacturer, the whole archaeological enterprise comes to a grinding halt."</ref>

In a broader sense, Intelligent Design is simply the science of design detection—how to recognize patterns arranged by an intelligent cause for a purpose. Design detection is used in a number of scientific fields, including anthropology, archeology, forensic sciences, cryptanalysis and the search for extraterrestrial intelligence ('''[[SETI]]'''). An inference that certain cosmological and biological features of the natural world may be the product of an intelligent cause can be tested or evaluated in the same manner as scientists daily test for design in other sciences.<ref>For example, Stephen C. Meyer, Senior Fellow of the Center for Science and Culture at the Discovery Institute, notes at [http://www.discovery.org/a/1671 A Note to Teachers Stephen C. Meyer and Mark Hartwig, Pandas and People: The Central Question of Biological Origins May 1, 1993], the problem with limiting explanations to only "natural" causes: "Archaeologists routinely distinguish manufactured objects (e.g., arrowheads, potsherds) from natural ones (e.g., stones), even when the differences between them are very subtle. These manufactured objects then become important clues in reconstructing past ways of life. But if we arbitrarily assert that science explains solely by reference to natural laws, if archaeologists are prohibited from invoking an intelligent manufacturer, the whole archaeological enterprise comes to a grinding halt."</ref>

== Intelligent Design, Evolution, and Origins Science ==

== Intelligent Design, Evolution, and Origins Science ==

'''[[Origins science]]''' is the scientific inquiry about biological and cosmological origins.<ref>''See'', '''Statement of Objectives Regarding Origins Science''', definition of Origins Science, '''Intelligent Design Network''' http://www.intelligentdesignnetwork.org/Statement_of_Objectives_Feb_12_07.pdf</ref>  Scientists investigating such origins seek to propose explanations for the direct cause of unobserved events and processes that occurred in the very remote past that can not be duplicated under presently observable conditions and that are not amenable to experimental confirmation.  Explanations can only be inferred from the evidence.  Intelligent design theorists argue that the evidence naturally leads to an inference of design.  Darwinists argue unguided purposeless causes ''despite'' the clear evidence of design.  Because no explanation can be tested by experimental methods, the historical nature of origins science can only lead to inferences, and the question is simply which inference is most reasonable.   

'''[[Origins science]]''' is the scientific inquiry about biological and cosmological origins.<ref>''See'', '''Statement of Objectives Regarding Origins Science''', definition of Origins Science, '''Intelligent Design Network''' http://www.intelligentdesignnetwork.org/Statement_of_Objectives_Feb_12_07.pdf</ref>  Scientists investigating such origins seek to propose explanations for the direct cause of unobserved events and processes that occurred in the very remote past that can not be duplicated under presently observable conditions and that are not amenable to experimental confirmation.  Explanations can only be inferred from the evidence.  Intelligent design theorists argue that the evidence naturally leads to an inference of design.  Darwinists argue unguided purposeless causes ''despite'' the clear evidence of design.  Because no explanation can be tested by experimental methods, the historical nature of origins science can only lead to inferences, and the question is simply which inference is most reasonable.   

[[Image:Ernst_Mayr.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Ernst Mayr]]]]

[[Image:Ernst Mayr.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Ernst Mayr]]]]

Preeminent 20th century Darwinist [[Ernst Mayr]], billed as “one of the great shining figures of evolutionary biology” <ref>Ernst Mayr, ''What Evolution Is'' (New York: Basic Books, 2001); back cover, quote attributed to John Maynard Smith.</ref> correctly noted in his book entitled ''What Evolution Is'':

Preeminent 20th century Darwinist [[Ernst Mayr]], billed as “one of the great shining figures of evolutionary biology” <ref>Ernst Mayr, ''What Evolution Is'' (New York: Basic Books, 2001); back cover, quote attributed to John Maynard Smith.</ref> correctly noted in his book entitled ''What Evolution Is'':

Design is often inferred intuitively. However, there are formal ways to establish a [[Design inference]]. For example, logical and/or mathematical assessment of both ''small probabilities'' and ''specifications'' on any phenomenon or event, and the resulting elimination of chance as a viable explanation for the phenomenon or event.<ref>William Dembski and Winston Ewert. 2023. The Design Inference: Eliminating Chance through Small Probabilities (2nd edition). Discovery Institute. ISBN 9781637120347. Page 70</ref>

Design is often inferred intuitively. However, there are formal ways to establish a [[Design inference]]. For example, logical and/or mathematical assessment of both ''small probabilities'' and ''specifications'' on any phenomenon or event, and the resulting elimination of chance as a viable explanation for the phenomenon or event.<ref>William Dembski and Winston Ewert. 2023. The Design Inference: Eliminating Chance through Small Probabilities (2nd edition). Discovery Institute. ISBN 9781637120347. Page 70</ref>

''Chance'' can occur as a side effect of design (e.g. car accidents occur even when cars, controls, and roads are designed). Chance can also be a an unguided natural phenomenon (e.g. earthquake, landslide, etc).<ref>William Dembski and Winston Ewert. 2023. The Design Inference: Eliminating Chance through Small Probabilities (2nd edition). Discovery Institute. ISBN 9781637120347. Page 75-85</ref> In order to narrow down if something is designed or natural, specifications should be present.  

''Chance'' can occur as a side effect of design (e.g. car accidents occur even when cars, controls, and roads are designed). Chance can also be a an unguided natural phenomenon (e.g. earthquake, landslide, etc.).<ref>William Dembski and Winston Ewert. 2023. The Design Inference: Eliminating Chance through Small Probabilities (2nd edition). Discovery Institute. ISBN 9781637120347. Page 75-85</ref> In order to narrow down if something is designed or natural, specifications should be present.  

''Specifications'' "are patterns that identify events and that have short or simple descriptions. But descriptions can be represented in bits." Also, "Design inferences engage in a balancing act between the complexity of events and the simplicity of descriptions."<ref>William Dembski and Winston Ewert. 2023. The Design Inference: Eliminating Chance through Small Probabilities (2nd edition). Discovery Institute. ISBN 9781637120347. pages 132-133</ref>  

''Specifications'' "are patterns that identify events and that have short or simple descriptions. But descriptions can be represented in bits." Also, "Design inferences engage in a balancing act between the complexity of events and the simplicity of descriptions."<ref>William Dembski and Winston Ewert. 2023. The Design Inference: Eliminating Chance through Small Probabilities (2nd edition). Discovery Institute. ISBN 9781637120347. pages 132-133</ref>  

''See also:'' [[Irreducible complexity]] and [[Anthropic principle]]

''See also:'' [[Irreducible complexity]] and [[Anthropic principle]]

[[Image:Phillip_johnson_arn.gif|thumbnail|150px|right|[[Phillip E. Johnson]], Jefferson E. Peyser Professor of Law, Emeritus]]

[[Image:Phillip johnson arn.gif|thumbnail|150px|right|[[Phillip E. Johnson]], Jefferson E. Peyser Professor of Law, emeritus]]

Virtually all scientists, including evolutionists,<ref>The term "evolutionist" is used in its "strong form" to describe those who hold and defend the position that all the variety of life is the result solely of naturalistic processes. Therefore, the term refers to those who rule out any intelligent causation for any aspect of life (if intelligence plays any role whatsoever, then whatever the theory, it is a form of intelligent design). While everyone is an "evolutionist" if "evolution" is defined in its weak form as simply "change over time" or "micro-evolution" such as finch beak variation, not everyone is an "evolutionist" if "evolution" is used, as herein, to mean "unguided, purposeless processes to produce new and beneficial changes in living systems".  Evolutionists who oppose Intelligent Design believe that unintelligent processes of physics and chemistry can explain the creation of every novel and beneficial feature of the various species, including wings, eyes, and brains. Darwinism is the leading naturalistic evolutionary theory, holding that all life forms descended as modified forms of previous life forms in an unguided, unintelligent process, i.e., Darwin's "descent with modification".</ref> observe design in nature. Fossils exhibit design. Living body plans exhibit design. Micro-biological features such as DNA exhibit design. The evidentiary question is not a question of the '''''existence''''' of design in nature, but the '''''cause''''' of design in nature.

Virtually all scientists, including evolutionists,<ref>The term "evolutionist" is used in its "strong form" to describe those who hold and defend the position that all the variety of life is the result solely of naturalistic processes. Therefore, the term refers to those who rule out any intelligent causation for any aspect of life (if intelligence plays any role whatsoever, then whatever the theory, it is a form of intelligent design). While everyone is an "evolutionist" if "evolution" is defined in its weak form as simply "change over time" or "micro-evolution" such as finch beak variation, not everyone is an "evolutionist" if "evolution" is used, as herein, to mean "unguided, purposeless processes to produce new and beneficial changes in living systems".  Evolutionists who oppose Intelligent Design believe that unintelligent processes of physics and chemistry can explain the creation of every novel and beneficial feature of the various species, including wings, eyes, and brains. Darwinism is the leading naturalistic evolutionary theory, holding that all life forms descended as modified forms of previous life forms in an unguided, unintelligent process, i.e., Darwin's "descent with modification".</ref> observe design in nature. Fossils exhibit design. Living body plans exhibit design. Micro-biological features such as DNA exhibit design. The evidentiary question is not a question of the '''''existence''''' of design in nature, but the '''''cause''''' of design in nature.

By any objective definition of science, including dictionary definitions, intelligent design is science.  But the controversy begs a larger question.  Historically, the practice of science can be considered in two broad categories.   

By any objective definition of science, including dictionary definitions, intelligent design is science.  But the controversy begs a larger question.  Historically, the practice of science can be considered in two broad categories.   

[[Image:Francis_Bacon.jpg|thumbnail|150px|[[Francis Bacon]]]]

[[Image:Francis Bacon.jpg|thumbnail|150px|[[Francis Bacon]]]]

First there is the inductive method espoused by [[Francis Bacon]].  Bacon pioneered the modern notion that science should let "evidence lead the inquiry" and "general axioms ought to be the end, not the beginning, of the scientific process."<ref>See, Cornelius G. Hunter, ''Science's Blind Spot, the Unseen Religion of Scientific Naturalism, (Brazos Press, 2007), p. 15.</ref>  Bacon specifically formulated his scientific method to ensure that religious speculation (including speculation about naturalism) was excluded from the scientific process.  Thus, Bacon's scientific method proceeded based on observations of nature, and logical inferences derived from those observations.

First there is the inductive method espoused by [[Francis Bacon]].  Bacon pioneered the modern notion that science should let "evidence lead the inquiry" and "general axioms ought to be the end, not the beginning, of the scientific process."<ref>See, Cornelius G. Hunter, ''Science's Blind Spot, the Unseen Religion of Scientific Naturalism, (Brazos Press, 2007), p. 15.</ref>  Bacon specifically formulated his scientific method to ensure that religious speculation (including speculation about naturalism) was excluded from the scientific process.  Thus, Bacon's scientific method proceeded based on observations of nature, and logical inferences derived from those observations.

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With respect to hypothesis testing, see, Carol Cleland, '''''Historical Science, Experimental Science and the Scientific Method''''', (''Geology'', November 2001, Vol. 29, No. 11, 987-990).  

With respect to hypothesis testing, see, Carol Cleland, '''''Historical Science, Experimental Science and the Scientific Method''''', (''Geology'', November 2001, Vol. 29, No. 11, 987–990).  

The fact is that historical sciences operate by different methods, including different methods of testing, than do experimental sciences. Historical sciences attempt to construct a historical narrative to explain current observed phenomena. The only way to "test" historical narratives is by comparing with competing historical narratives to see which one more closely aligns with the observed phenomena.  

The fact is that historical sciences operate by different methods, including different methods of testing, than do experimental sciences. Historical sciences attempt to construct a historical narrative to explain current observed phenomena. The only way to "test" historical narratives is by comparing with competing historical narratives to see which one more closely aligns with the observed phenomena.  

'''''The Evolution Controversy: Understanding the Basic Issues in the Debate Between Biological Evolution and Intelligent Design'''''. By Jody F. Sjogren, Robert P. Lattimer, and Douglas D. Rudy, and presented by Science Excellence for all Ohioans (SEAO).<ref>http://www.sciohio.org/start.htm</ref> Read and understand this and you will, as the title says, understand the basic issues.

'''''The Evolution Controversy: Understanding the Basic Issues in the Debate Between Biological Evolution and Intelligent Design'''''. By Jody F. Sjogren, Robert P. Lattimer, and Douglas D. Rudy, and presented by Science Excellence for all Ohioans (SEAO).<ref>http://www.sciohio.org/start.htm</ref> Read and understand this and you will, as the title says, understand the basic issues.

'''''Intelligent Design: The Origin of Biological Information and the Higher Taxonomic Categories.'''''<ref>http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&program=CSC - Scientific Research and Scholarship - Science - MainPage&id=2177</ref> By Stephen C. Meyer of the Center for Science & Culture,<ref name="http://www.discovery.org/csc">http://www.discovery.org/csc/</ref> this article first appeared in the peer reviewed Proceeding of the Biological Society of Washington, August 20, 2005. Dr. Meyer argues that no current materialistic theory of evolution can account for the origin of the information necessary to build novel animal forms. He proposes intelligent design as an alternative explanation for the origin of biological information and the higher taxa.

'''''Intelligent Design: The Origin of Biological Information and the Higher Taxonomic Categories.'''''<ref>http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&program=CSC - Scientific Research and Scholarship - Science - MainPage&id=2177</ref> By Stephen C. Meyer of the Center for Science & Culture,<ref name="http://www.discovery.org/csc">http://www.discovery.org/csc/</ref> this article first appeared in the peer-reviewed Proceeding of the Biological Society of Washington, August 20, 2005. Dr. Meyer argues that no current materialistic theory of evolution can account for the origin of the information necessary to build novel animal forms. He proposes intelligent design as an alternative explanation for the origin of biological information and the higher taxa.

===Web Based Resources===

===Web Based Resources===