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* The philosopher who perfected pragmatism was John Dewey (1859-1952). Dewey advocated the theory of instrumentalism, saying that the intellect is something that works instrumentally toward future experiences, or a means for processing problems effectively. Contrary to James, who admitted religious truth, Dewey dealt only with everyday life, excluding any metaphysical thought. [http://www.tparents.org/Library/Unification/Books/Euth/Euth06-04.htm]
* The philosopher who perfected pragmatism was John Dewey (1859-1952). Dewey advocated the theory of instrumentalism, saying that the intellect is something that works instrumentally toward future experiences, or a means for processing problems effectively. Contrary to James, who admitted religious truth, Dewey dealt only with everyday life, excluding any metaphysical thought. [http://www.tparents.org/Library/Unification/Books/Euth/Euth06-04.htm]
Dewey was especially influential as the most well known philosopher of "progressive education." He sought the reconstruction of society through education in which children discovered knowledge for themselves rather than repeat rote learning. Dewey was one of the main intellectual forces behind American liberalism, 1900-1930, especially in his emphasis that the spirit of democracy has to be lived daily rather than be merely a procedural device for elections.
Dewey was especially influential as the most well known philosopher of "progressive education." He sought the reconstruction of society through education in which children discovered knowledge for themselves rather than repeat rote learning. Dewey was one of the main intellectual forces behind American liberalism, 1900–1930, especially in his emphasis that the spirit of democracy has to be lived daily rather than be merely a procedural device for elections.
Although pragmatism faded in importance in American philosophy after 1930, it has seen a revival since the 1980s with the writings of [[Richard Rorty]], [[Hilary Putnam]], and others. Dewey was a very prolific writer, with dozens of books and 766 articles in 151 different periodicals. His style, however, tended toward vagueness.[[File:Dewey-time.jpg|thumb|290px|''Time'' June 4, 1928; [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,731843,00.html read the cover story]]]
Although pragmatism faded in importance in American philosophy after 1930, it has seen a revival since the 1980s with the writings of [[Richard Rorty]], [[Hilary Putnam]], and others. Dewey was a very prolific writer, with dozens of books and 766 articles in 151 different periodicals. His style, however, tended toward vagueness.[[File:Dewey-time.jpg|thumb|290px|''Time'' June 4, 1928; [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,731843,00.html read the cover story]]]
==Criticism==
==Criticism==
Dewey has been referred to as a "totalitarian socialist who envisioned total government control over all education through the agency of public schools." Dewey’s book, Democracy and Education, was listed by ''[[Human Events]]'' magazine as fifth in a list of the ten most harmful books of the 19th and 20th centuries behind ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]'' by [[Karl Marx]], ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' by [[Adolf Hitler]], ''Quotations from Chairman Mao'' by [[Mao Zedong]], and the ''Kinsey Report'' by [[Alfred Kinsey]].<ref>http://www.newmediajournal.us/staff/porter/2009/09102009.htm</ref>
Dewey has been referred to as a "totalitarian socialist who envisioned total government control over all education through the agency of public schools." Dewey's book, Democracy and Education, was listed by ''[[Human Events]]'' magazine as fifth in a list of the ten most harmful books of the 19th and 20th centuries behind ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]'' by [[Karl Marx]], ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' by [[Adolf Hitler]], ''Quotations from Chairman Mao'' by [[Mao Zedong]], and the ''Kinsey Report'' by [[Alfred Kinsey]].<ref>http://www.newmediajournal.us/staff/porter/2009/09102009.htm</ref>
==Quotes==
==Quotes==
* Fott, David. ''John Dewey: America's Philosopher of Democracy.'' (1998). 167 pp.
* Fott, David. ''John Dewey: America's Philosopher of Democracy.'' (1998). 167 pp.
* Hoy, Terry. ''The Political Philosophy of John Dewey: Towards a Constructive Renewal'' (1998) [http://www.questiaschool.com/read/30559291?title=The%20Political%20Philosophy%20of%20John%20Dewey%3a%20Towards%20a%20Constructive%20Renewal online edition]
* Hoy, Terry. ''The Political Philosophy of John Dewey: Towards a Constructive Renewal'' (1998) [http://www.questiaschool.com/read/30559291?title=The%20Political%20Philosophy%20of%20John%20Dewey%3a%20Towards%20a%20Constructive%20Renewal online edition]
* Kloppenberg, James T. "Pragmatism: An Old Name for Some New Ways of Thinking?" ''Journal of American History'' 1996 83(1): 100-138. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2945476 in JSTOR]
* Kloppenberg, James T. "Pragmatism: An Old Name for Some New Ways of Thinking?" ''Journal of American History'' 1996 83(1): 100–138. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2945476 in JSTOR]
* Leddy, Tom. "Dewey's Aesthetics" ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (2009) [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dewey-aesthetics/ online]
* Leddy, Tom. "Dewey's Aesthetics" ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (2009) [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dewey-aesthetics/ online]
* Martin, Jay. ''The Education of John Dewey: A Biography'' (2002) [http://www.questiaschool.com/read/113357825?title=The%20Education%20of%20John%20Dewey%3a%20%20A%20Biography online edition]
* Martin, Jay. ''The Education of John Dewey: A Biography'' (2002) [http://www.questiaschool.com/read/113357825?title=The%20Education%20of%20John%20Dewey%3a%20%20A%20Biography online edition]
* Rockefeller, Steven C. ''John Dewey: Religious Faith and Democratic Humanism.'' (1991). 683 pp.
* Rockefeller, Steven C. ''John Dewey: Religious Faith and Democratic Humanism.'' (1991). 683 pp.
* Ryan, Alan. ''John Dewey and the High Tide of American Liberalism.'' (1995). 395 pp.; a major scholarly interpretation
* Ryan, Alan. ''John Dewey and the High Tide of American Liberalism.'' (1995). 395 pp.; a major scholarly interpretation
** Alter, Stephen G. "The Pitfalls Of Comparative Context: Deweyan Democracy in Transatlantic Perspective". ''Reviews in American History'' 1997 25(1): 89-94. 0048-7511; review essay on Ryan (1995); [http://www.jstor.org/stable/30030750 online at JSTOR]
** Alter, Stephen G. "The Pitfalls Of Comparative Context: Deweyan Democracy in Transatlantic Perspective". ''Reviews in American History'' 1997 25(1): 89–94. 0048–7511; review essay on Ryan (1995); [http://www.jstor.org/stable/30030750 online at JSTOR]
* Welchman, Jennifer. ''Dewey's Ethical Thought.'' (1995). 229 pp.
* Welchman, Jennifer. ''Dewey's Ethical Thought.'' (1995). 229 pp.
* Westbrook, Robert B. ''John Dewey and American Democracy'' (1991), the standard scholarly biography
* Westbrook, Robert B. ''John Dewey and American Democracy'' (1991), the standard scholarly biography