Difference between revisions of "World History Study Guide to 1648"

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Revision as of 16:40, August 18, 2011

This is the growing list of study terms for World history, from creation to 1648 (the same midpoint used by the CLEP exams).

This should grow from 315 to 500 terms -- about half basic and half honors -- and every term should be described in the table. An examination on this material will be given in November 2011.

Basic terms

Term Definition
Abraham Aprx. 2000 BC. Father of Jewish people; God made a covenant with him to make his descendants great in number. Arabs claim descendance from Abraham's son Ishmael.
Acropolis Portion of a town or city that is built on a hilltop for easy defense. Best known Acropolis is in Athens, where the democratic assembly met. Most Greek city-states had an Acropolis.
Aesop Ethiopian slave in 600s BC in Greece. Famous for Aesop's Fables, such as "The Fox and the Grapes" and "The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing.
Alexander the Great 356 BC - 323 BC. Born to Philip II of Macedon and tutored by Aristotle. Conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia, and more, but turned back at India. Alexander's conquests spread Greek culture and language and helped the future spread of Christianity.
Analects The analects are a record of the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius, written and compiled by his disciples circa 400-300 B.C.
Ancient world Civilized world before the fall of the Roman Empire in AD 476.
Anselm A Christian philosopher, foonder of scholasticism, and archbishop of Canterbury
Archimedes 287 BC – 212 BC. Greek mathematician and engineer. Discovered Archimedes' Principle, invented "Archimedes' screw," and built defenses against the Romans for his city of Syracuse; killed by the Romans.
Aristocracy "Rule by the best": aristocrats generally wealthy and privileged. European feudal government resembled aristocracy, and some governments in ancient Greece were aristocracies.
Aristotle 384 to 322 BC. Greek philosopher, student of Plato and tutor to Alexander the Great. Focused on experience with the physical world; studied biology and founded a school, the Lyceum, resembling a university with specimens and a library.
Assyrian Empire 1400-605 BC. First dependent on Babylonia, then became an independent state, and finally an empire. Known for cruelty, especially to the Hebrews. Captured northern Kingdom of Israel in 722, but destroyed by Medians in the 600s.
Athens Greek city-state. Democracy begun by Pericles in 5th century BC. Previously ruled by aristocrats. First democracy in the world and a great naval power. Rival with Persia but united to defeat invading Persians.
Attila the Hun Last and greatest ruler of the Huns. Fought against the eastern Roman Empire and then fought the western Roman Empire throughout the mid AD 400s. Almost defeated, but then almost sacked Rome; turned away by Pope Leo I.
Augustus Caesar 63 B.C. - A.D. 14. Succeeded Julius Caesar and became first Roman Emperor. Ruler during the birth of Christ. Defeated Mark Antony for rule of Rome.
Babylon The major Mespotamian city in the ancient Middle East. Greatest ruler was Hammurabi. Developed Cuneiform, used base-60 numbers, and defeated ancient Sumer about 2000 BC. Later cruel to Hebrews.
Babylonia State and Empire created by Babylon. First empire existed from 1900-1600 BC. Resurged as the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 625-538 BC. Imposed Babylonian Exile on Hebrews.
Bible Collection of Hebrew (Old Testament) and Christian (New Testament) Scriptures. Foretells the coming of a Messiah for the Hebrews, and recounts ancient history including the Tower of Babel and the Great Flood.
Brahman The ultimate god or existence in Hinduism, of which all existence is somehow a part, or from which all comes.
Brahmin The highest level in the Hindu caste system
Bronze Age It is the age referred to during which time bronze was the common metal used in people's everyday lives. It was used for jewelry, tools, utensils, weapons, and it helped enable the introduction of the plough.
Buddhism It is a belief system which teaches that desire causes suffering and if desire is eliminated, enlightenment and Nirvana are attained.
Byzantine Empire It was the eastern part of the Roman Empire that split away. It outlasted the Western half by 1000 years due to its greater financial resources.
Carthage A city off the coast of Africa whose rivalry with Rome led to the three Punic Wars at the end of which Carthage was destroyed and decreed never to be rebuilt.
Caste It is a social rank in Hinduism. Brahmans are priests and scholars, Kshatriya are rulers, Vaishya are peasants, and Shudra are serfs. Good karma enables one to improve his caste in the next life.
Celts A people who had lived and had controlled parts of Europe including Ireland, England, Scotland, and Wales since the early Iron Age
Chaldeans The ancient Babylonians
China The world's oldest major civilization
city-states small nations consisting of only a single city each; common in ancient Greece. Examples included Sparta, Athens and Corinth. They fought each other, but also banned together to defeat the Persians when that great empire sought to absorb Greece.
Civilization A group of people who live in an area. They have agriculture, currency, a government and laws, and an economy.
Classical Civilizations d
Classicism A Renaissance movement in the arts, looking back to ancient Rome and Greece for inspiration
Code of Manu Hindu law containing rules and codes of conduct.
Colosseum A massive stadium in Rome that was used to hold gladiatorial contests, chariot racing and killing Christians for entertainment.
Comedy In a classical sense, a play with a happy ending
Confucius d
Constantine d
Constantinople Modern day Istanbul, it was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire from 330 AD. Also known as Byzantium.
Council of Nicaea A council of bishops called by Constantine to obtain agreement on various aspects of Christianity such as the doctrine of the Trinity and the role of the Roman Bishop (the Pope).
cuneiform The earliest known form of writing.
David Second king of Israel and a descendant of Jesus Christ. He was chosen by God to replace Saul and he expands the kingdom of Israel greatly.
Dharma d
Diaspora The migration or scattering of a people away from their ancestral home.
Direct Democracy laws are made by votes of the citizens, rather than by elected officials. Athens of ancient Greece was the first direct democracy.
Early agriculture d
Edict of Milan a political proclamation that fully legalized Christianity (and all other religions) throughout the Roman Empire. This edict was issued by Constantine I in 313 AD, shortly after the end of the Diocletian persecutions against Christians.
Egypt d
Eightfold Path The Buddhist path to reach the end of suffering
Enlightened One A translation of the name Buddha
Epic of Gilgamesh d
Euclid d
Fertile Crescent d
Four Noble Truths Important principles in Buddhism
Gentiles The term for people who are not of Israeli descent.
Gracchi brothers d
Great Wall of China A lrge wall created in Ancient China to keep invaders out of the country
Greek drama d
Greek empire d
Gupta empire d
Hammurabi d
Hannibal d
Hebrews d
heliocentric A theory where the Sun is the center of the universe.
Hellenistic Meaning either of or from the Greeks.
hieroglyphics A form of pictographic writing developed by the ancient Egyptians.
Hinduism A major religion. It is polytheistic and is practiced in many places, most notably India.
Hippocrates "The father of medicine", developed the Hippocratic Oath which all medical students worldwide take as a condition of graduation.
Homer An early Greek poet, famous for lengthy sagas such as Iliad and The Odyssey.
Huns A tribe of people who fought with the Romans in what is now the Ukraine. They were considered by many Romans to be the most ferocious of enemies
Ideograms d
India d
Indus River Valley d
Iron Age d
Isaac The promised son born to Abraham and Sarah in their old age. The father of the Israeli people.
Ishmael Bastard son born to Abraham and Sarah's servant, Hagar.
Israel d
Jainism d
Jesus The Holy Messiah of the Christian faith and the only son of God who was promised to save all humanity.
Joan of Arc 17 year old girl who heard God calling her to lead the French army against the English in the 15th Century. Was later canonized by the Catholic Church
Judah, Kingdom of d
Julius Caesar d
Karma d
Latin The language spoken in Rome. It has been influential in contributing to many modern day European languages including English
Maize Corn, first grown by Native Americans
Mandate of Heaven d
Marc Antony d
Martin Luther d
Mauryan Empire d
Mesoamerica d
Mesopotamia Modern-day Iraq, where civilization first appeared
Messiah Essentially means anointed by God. Jesus Christ is the Messiah of Christianity
Michelangelo A Renaissance painter and sculptor, known for his paintings on the Sistine Chapel ceiling, among other masterpieces. The archetypal Renaissance man.
Middle Ages d
Middle Kingdom d
monotheism The belief in a religion worshipping only one god. Christianity, Judaism, and Islam are monotheistic religions.
monsoons d
Moses The prophet who led the Israelites out of Egypt. He also brought the Ten Commandments to the Israelites and is credited with writing the first five books of the Bible
New Kingdom d
Nicene Creed d
Nirvana The ultimate goal of Buddhism, the end of all suffering
Old Kingdom d
Olympics (Ancient Greek) d
Paul d
Pax Romana d
Peloponnesian War War fought between Athens and Sparta, 431-404 BC. The war was ultimately won by Sparta and its allies
Pentateuch The first five books of the modern Bible, believed to have been written by Moses
Persian empire d
Persian Wars d
Peter d
pharaoh The ruler of Egypt
Philip of Macedon d
Philistines Group of people occupying the land of Canaan. Enemies of Israel and God.
Phoenicians d
Plato Athenian Philosopher who wrote several treatises on philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, and mathematics. He founded the Academy, of which Aristotle was its most famous student.
polis d
polytheism A religion with many Gods. This was the norm in ancient times until Judaism and Christianity emerged
Ptolemy d
Punic Wars d
pyramids d
Reformation d
Renaissance d
Roman empire d
Roman republic d
Rome The capital city of the Roman Empire and now, modern day Italy. Founded by Romulus and Remus who supposedly fought over which one of them the city would be named after. Romulus killed his brother and had the city named after himself.
Rosetta Stone d
Royal Road d
Saul The first king of Israel appointed by God. He turned out to be a very flawed character, afflicted by jealousy for David.
Scholasticism d
Scientific Revolution d
Senate d
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World d
Siddhartha Guatama d
Silk Road d
Socrates An Athenian philosopher who believed that the world we experience is a poor substitute for reality. His philosophy inspired Plato and in turn Aristotle; and became the accepted Orthodoxy until modern times.
Solomon d
Sparta d
Spread of Buddhism d
St. Augustine d
Sumer d
Sumerians d
Taoism (Daoism) d
Ten Commandments d
Theocracy A government ruled by the laws of a specific religion
Thomas Aquinas
Thirty Years War d
Thucydides d
Torah The Jewish name for the five books of Moses, meaning Law. The first five books of the modern Bible
Tragedy A type of drama and/or poetic saga that was common in Ancient Greece. It normally followed the fall of a character, often because of a specific character flaw such as envy or greed. The production and study of tragedies was very important in early philosophical movements, particularly that of Aristotle
Vedas d
Virgil d
Vishnu d
Visigoths d
Warring States Period d
Yahweh God as described in the Old Testament, written as YHWH in the original Hebrew.
Yin and Yang d
Zhou dynasty d
Ziggurat d
Zoroastrianism d

Honors terms

Term Definition
Age of Metal d
Age of Pericles d
Ahhotep d
Akkadian Empire d
Alluvial d
Arianism d
Ark of the Covenant d
Aryans d
Ashoka d
Bantu d
Barracks Emperors d
Battle of Marathon d
Bhagavad Gita d
Caesar's Commentaries d
Caligula d
Canaan d
Catal Huyuk d
Cato the Censor d
Champollion, Jean d
Chandragupta Maurya d
Cicero d
Cincinnatus d
Claudius d
Cleopatra d
Confucianism d
Constitutional monarchy d
consul d
Copts d
Covenant d
Cynicism d
Cyrus d
Darius d
Delian League d
Demosthenes d
Diocletian d
Dorians d
Dravidians d
Empress Lu d
Epicureanism d
Etruscans d
Euripedes d
Exodus d
Five Good Emperors d
foraging society d
Four Emperors Era d
Franks d
Gaul d
Golden mean d
Great Canal d
Hadrian d
Han empire d
Harappa d
Hatshepsut d
Hellenistic culture d
helot d
Herodotus d
Hiram d
Hittites d
Horace d
humanism d
Hyksos d
Iron Smelting d
Iliad d
Jericho d
Josephus d
Kassites d
Khufu d
Khyber Pass d
Kush d
Larger Vehicle d
Last Roman Emperor d
legalism d
Legions d
Lesser Vehicle d
Livy d
Loess d
Mahayana d
Manichaeism d
Marathon d
Marcus Aurelius d
Marius d
Masada d
Menes d
Meroe d
Minoan Civilization d
Moksha d
Mount Sinai d
Mycenaean Civilization d
Nebuchadnezzar I d
Nebuchadnezzar II d
Neolithic Age d
Nero d
Nerva d
Nineveh d
Nok culture d
Octavian d
Odyssey d
Olmec d
oracle bone d
Ostrogoths d
Ovid d
Paleolithic Age d
papyrus d
pariah d
Parthenon d
patricians d
Peru d
Philippides d
Philo d
Pisistratids d
plebian d
Plutarch d
Pompey d
praetors d
Prehistory d
purdah d
Pythagorus d
Ramayana d
Ramses II d
Rig Veda d
Romance of Three Kingdoms d
Romulus and Remus d
rule of tyrants d
Sargon the Great d
Sati (Buddhism) d
Satrap d
Saxons d
Schliemann, Heinrich d
Scipio d
Seneca d
Shang dynasty d
Shang Yang d
Shi d
Shiva d
Solon d
Sophocles d
Steppes d
Stoicism d
Stone age d
Stupa d
Sulla d
Sunna d
Sumuabum d
Suttee d
Tacitus d
Taj Mahal d
terra cotta d
Theravada d
Thutmos III d
Tiber River d
Tiberius d
Tigris and Euphrates d
Titus and Domitian d
Trajan d
Tribal Assembly d
Triumvirate A triumvirate is a system of governance led by 3 leaders. The two most important triumvirates of ancient times was that of Rome, lead by Julius Caesar, Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") and Marcus Crassus; and that lead by Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. It was the failings of these triumvirates that lead to the downfall of the Republic and the emergence of the Roman Empire.
Twelve Tables d
Untouchables d
Upanishads d
Ur d
Vandals d
Vespasian d
Wheel d
Xenephos d
Xerxes A Persian King in the 5th century BC who attacked and conquered much of Greece, before being defeated in a naval battle in the Battle of Salamis and being forced to withdraw back to Babylon
Zealots A group of Jews in the 1st Century AD who sought the violent overthow and expulsion of Rome from Israel. Their most famous battle (and defeat) came at the Masada, a mountain fortress that still holds spiritual significance for Israel today.
Zeno d