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'''William Moore “Bill”'''<ref>Thomas, Jeffrey W (2013). [https://library.osu.edu/finding-aids/ohio-congressional-archives/mccullochfindingaid.pdf William M. McCullochPapers]. ''The Ohio State University''. Retrieved July 24, 2021.</ref><ref name=politico>Purdam, Todd S. (July 24, 2021). [https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/03/the-movers-behind-the-civil-rights-act-105216/ The Republican Who Saved Civil Rights]. ''Politico''. Retrieved July 24, 2021.</ref> '''McCulloch''' (November 24, 1901 – February 22, 1980) was an [[Ohio]] [[Republican]] congressman from the rural fourth congressional district who represented the area in the [[United States House of Representatives]] from 1947 until his retirement in 1973. He was an adamant [[conservative]] and known for his strong advocacy of [[civil rights]],<ref name=nytimes>Keller, Bill (January 19, 2014). [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/20/opinion/keller-an-unsung-hero-of-civil-rights.html An Unsung Hero of Civil Rights]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved July 24, 2021.</ref><ref>Purdam, Todd S. (July 24, 2021). [https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/03/the-movers-behind-the-civil-rights-act-105216/ The Republican Who Saved Civil Rights]. ''Politico''. Retrieved July 24, 2021.</ref> having been shaped by his early experiences of witnessing the injustices of Southern [[Jim Crow]] [[segregation]].<ref name=fascinatingpolitics>FascinatingPolitics (January 8, 2020). [https://fascinatingpolitics.com/2020/01/08/william-mcculloch-the-civil-rights-engine-of-congress/ William McCulloch: The Civil Rights Engine of Congress]. ''Mad Politics: The Bizarre, Fascinating, and Unknown of American Political History''. Retrieved July 24, 2021.</ref>
McCulloch previously served in the state House of Representatives, of which he became speaker for five years.<ref name=fascinatingpolitics/>
Mostly a staunch [[conservative]] similar to Ohio senator [[Robert A. Taft]],<ref name=fascinatingpolitics/> McCulloch supported [[fiscal responsibility]], [[school prayer]], [[gun rights]], and opposed foreign aid.<ref name=nytimes/> He was largely a restrictionist on [[immigration]],<ref name=fascinatingpolitics/> though voted for the [[Hart-Celler Act]]. During the 1960s, his conservatism began to [[moderate]]; although he scored 100% from the [[American Conservative Union]] in 1961, it waned to only 61% by 1968.<ref name=fascinatingpolitics/> However, he was one of the few members of Congress to vote against the liberal [[Equal Rights Amendment]],<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/92-1971/h197 TO PASS H.J. RES. 208.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved July 24, 2021.</ref> which ultimately was defeated by a grassroots coalition under the leadership of activist [[Phyllis Schlafly]].
On [[civil rights]], McCulloch, like Taft, favored a "conservative" approach to ensuring equality for blacks, opposing a mandatory Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) though supporting a voluntary one that would not take forceful actions on businesses.<ref name=fascinatingpolitics/> He gave support to "Powell Amendments" that would oppose the construction of segregated VA hospitals. McCulloch also voted for the [[Civil Rights Act]]s of [[Civil Rights Act of 1957|1957]]<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/85-1957/h42 HR 6127. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved July 24, 2021.</ref> and 1960,<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/86-1960/h106 HR 8601. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1960. APPROVAL BY THE HOUSE OF THE SENATE'S AMENDMENTS.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved July 24, 2021.</ref> though was frustrated over the weakening of the legislation masterminded by Southern Democrats in the Senate.<ref name=fascinatingpolitics/> In 1962, he, along with the vast majority of congressional Republicans, voted for the [[24th Amendment]] to prohibit the use of the [[poll tax]] in all federal-level elections.<ref>[https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/87-1962/h193 S.J. RES. 29. CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT TO BAN THE USE OF POLL TAX AS A REQUIREMENT FOR VOTING IN FEDERAL ELECTIONS.]. ''GovTrack.us''. Retrieved July 24, 2021.</ref>
==See also==
