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Triceratops

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|conservation=Extinct
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'''Triceratops''' (Greek: τρι-κέρας-ωψ; "three-horned face"<ref>Liddell, H.G., and R. Scott. Greek-English Lexicon, Abridged Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 1980</ref>) were two species of ceratopsian (horned) [[dinosaur]], known from fossilized remains found in [[North America]] .
The mouth was beaked at the fore, leading scientists to speculate that it fed by "nipping" vegetation rather than grazing; the food was then ground down by a battery of simple, yet effective, cheek teeth. They were assumed to have been browsers of low-lying plants, and judging from fossilized tracks they roamed in small herds.
The first specimen of ''Triceratops'' was found in 1887 near Denver, Colorado and sent to [[Othniel Charles Marsh]], one of America's leading paleontologists at that time. Assuming it was a mammal rather than a reptile, the remains - which consisted only of a pair of brow horns - was given the name ''Bison alticornis''. It would only take a few short years and several more specimens before Marsh was convinced he had a new ceratopsian dinosaur, giving it the familiar name known today. ==Evolutionary claims=Species===*Genus ''Triceratops'':''Triceratops horridus'':''Triceratops prorsus'' Paleontologists once believed there were several species of Triceratops, judging from the large number of [[fossil]] remains, but it is now thought that there were just two, ''T. horridus'' and the larger ''T. prorsus''; the remaining eight animals considered as subspecies or dubious due to being incomplete.
[[File:Cerotopsiansfig037a.jpg|left|200px|thumb|comparison of ''Triceratops'' and ''Torosaurus'' skulls.]]
Paleontologists once believed there were several species of Triceratops, judging from the large number of [[fossil]] remains, but it is now thought that there were just two, File:Fdt566e4.jpg|left|200px|thumb|American Museum specimen of ''T. horridus'' and ; possible metaplastic bone can be clearly seen in the larger frill.]]There has been a recent claim that ''T. prorsusTriceratops''; the remaining eight animals considered as subspecies or dubious due to being incompletemay not have existed at all. According to evolutionthe ''Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology'', they are descended from <ref>https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-501465_162-20012471-501465.html</ref><ref>http://www.vertpaleo.org/publications/index.cfm</ref> ''PsittacosaurusTriceratops'' may have been an animal known as ''[[Torosaurus]]'', but at a small bipedal ornithopod whose remains were found in central Asia, and from there the ceratopsian line migrated to North Americamuch younger growth stage. Scientists theorize that ''Triceratops'' has been considered - like all reptiles - continued to grow with age; this growth included changes to the last of frill which - according to the line, existing just before theory - changed from the end deeply-curved solid bone of ''Tricertops'' into the [[Cretaceous]] period.<ref>"straight-backed" frill of ''The Complete Book Torosaurus'', a change of Dinosaurswhich also involved a ''loss'' of bone (the ''fenestræ'', by Dougal Dixonor "windows" in the frill) as a result. According to Dr. Jack Horner, Anness Publishingthis process involved "metaplastic" bone which caused a change in the shape of the skull as the animal aged, 2006i.e. the backward pointing horns of a baby ''Triceratops'' turning into the forward pointing horns of an adult.<ref>https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/10/091031002314.htm</ref>
There has been a recent claim that ''Triceratops'' may not have existed at all. ==Evolutionary claims==According to the ''Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology''<ref>http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-501465_162-20012471-501465.html</ref><ref>http://www.vertpaleo.org/publications/index.cfm</ref>evolution, they are descended from ''TriceratopsPsittacosaurus'' may have been an animal known as [[Torosaurus|''Torosaurus'']], but at a much younger growth stagesmall bipedal ornithopod whose remains were found in central Asia, and from there the ceratopsian line migrated to North America. Scientists theorize that ''Triceratops'' - like all reptiles - continued to grow with age; this growth included changes to has been considered the frill which - according to last of the theory - changed from line, existing just before the deeply-curved solid bone end of ''Tricertops'' into the "straight-backed" frill of [[Cretaceous]] period.<ref>''Torosaurus'', a change The Complete Book of which also involved a ''loss'' of bone (the ''fenestræDinosaurs'', or "windows" in the frill) as a result. According to Dr. Jack Hornerby Dougal Dixon, this process involved "metaplastic" bone which caused a change in the shape of the skull as the animal agedAnness Publishing, i.e the backward pointing horns of a baby ''Triceratops'' turning into the forward pointing horns of an adult.<ref>http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/10/091031002314.htm2006</ref>
Creationists hold that ''Triceratops'', along with other [[dinosaurs]], were created during the sixth day of [[creation week]], and did not survive the post-flood world. In support of the [[great flood]] catastrophe, all known ''Triceratops'' fossils - including their trackways - were found in sedimentary (water-laid) rock.
 
===Armitage controversy===
Mark H. Armitage and Kevin Anderson had written a peer-reviewed paper which was published in the July, 2013 scientific journal ''Acta Histochemica''<ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065128113000020</ref> about their discovery of a ''Triceratops'' horn in the Hell Creek formation of Montana, and specifically soft tissue within the horn which was found after using an electron microscope. Never explained within the publication was the suggestion that the soft tissue came from an animal which died far less than the 65 million years alluded by evolution; in fact, when a minor question was made to a student - Armitage worked at California State University, Northridge as a microscope technician - Armitage was promptly fired due to "his creationist beliefs".<ref>http://www.worldmag.com/2014/07/university_fires_scientist_after_dinosaur_discovery_offers_young_earth_evidence</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOh8apxzIU0</ref> Armitage has since filed a religious/wrongful termination lawsuit against the university.
Triceratops is the official state dinosaur of [[Wyoming]].<ref>http://wyoming.gov/general.aspx</ref>
==References==
<small><references/></small>{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Dinosaurs]]
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