Difference between revisions of "Set theory"
([John von Neumann]] developed a definition of an ordinal number as the set of all smaller ordinal numbers, the definition that is commonly accepted today.) |
(Problems, which otherwise seem impossible to overcome, can be more easily solved or managed with a set-theory approach.) |
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| − | '''Set theory''' is a branch of [[mathematics]] dealing with collections of objects, called [[set]]s. It revolutionized mathematics and made possible enormous new insights. The approach of set theory also offers a powerful way to think about life, handle [[anxiety]], escape [[addiction]], and understand the miracles in the [[New Testament]]. | + | '''Set theory''' is a branch of [[mathematics]] dealing with collections of objects, called [[set]]s. It revolutionized mathematics and made possible enormous new insights. The approach of set theory also offers a powerful way to think about life, handle [[anxiety]], escape [[addiction]], and understand the miracles in the [[New Testament]]. Problems, which otherwise seem impossible to overcome, can be more easily solved or managed with a set-theory approach. |
The devoutly [[Christian]] founder of set theory, [[Georg Cantor]], viewed it as bringing freedom to mathematics, and summarized set theory as follows:<ref>http://thinkexist.com/quotes/georg_cantor/</ref> | The devoutly [[Christian]] founder of set theory, [[Georg Cantor]], viewed it as bringing freedom to mathematics, and summarized set theory as follows:<ref>http://thinkexist.com/quotes/georg_cantor/</ref> | ||
Revision as of 04:54, May 30, 2018
Set theory is a branch of mathematics dealing with collections of objects, called sets. It revolutionized mathematics and made possible enormous new insights. The approach of set theory also offers a powerful way to think about life, handle anxiety, escape addiction, and understand the miracles in the New Testament. Problems, which otherwise seem impossible to overcome, can be more easily solved or managed with a set-theory approach.
The devoutly Christian founder of set theory, Georg Cantor, viewed it as bringing freedom to mathematics, and summarized set theory as follows:[1]
| “ | A set is a Many that allows itself to be thought of as a One. | ” |
John von Neumann, considered by many to have been the most brilliant man of the 20th century (and a convert to Catholicism, did his best work in set theory. He developed a definition of an ordinal number as the set of all smaller ordinal numbers, the definition that is commonly accepted today.[2] That approach helps circumvent issues caused by the transfinite numbers of Georg Cantor.
The language of set theory is based on a single fundamental relation, called membership. We say that 
is a member of 
(in symbols 
), or that the set contains as an element.[3] The understanding is that a set is determined by its elements; in other words, two sets are deemed equal if they have exactly the same elements,[4] or, equivalently, if each is a subset of the other.
History of set theory
It was developed in the late 1800s, primarily by the German mathematician Georg Cantor. This initial attempt became known as "naive set theory" because mathematicians found flaws in it. It was replaced by "axiomatic set theory" in the early 1900s. The most commonly used such axiomatization is Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory.
An initial insight of set theory, against intense opposition by established mathematicians, was that some infinities are larger than others. Previously it was thought that infinity had only one size.
One paradox in naive set theory was announced by Bertrand Russell in 1901, and is known as Russell's Paradox.
Like all sufficiently strong mathematical theories, set theory is incomplete, as shown by Kurt Godel. However, set theory is the received axiomatization of mathematics today, with subjects like analysis, algebra, topology, and geometry using set theory and its language for their own foundation.
The Empty Set
The empty set is the set with no members. Because sets are uniquely defined by membership, the empty set is unique. The empty set is usually denoted by {} or ∅.
See also
- Forum explaining the status of set theory in mathematics and philosophy today
- good overview of set theory
References
- ↑ http://thinkexist.com/quotes/georg_cantor/
- ↑ https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-von-Neumann
- ↑ The mathematician Giuseppe Peano created the symbol ∈ in 1889 to mean "is an element of," from the Greek epsilon that is the first letter of εἰμί, which means "I am."
- ↑ http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/set-theory/
