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| draft=10 long cubits (5.24 m, est.)<ref>The height of this vessel when in "drydock" was 30 long cubits.</ref> | | draft=10 long cubits (5.24 m, est.)<ref>The height of this vessel when in "drydock" was 30 long cubits.</ref> | ||
| crew=8 | | crew=8 | ||
| − | }} | + | }} |
| − | + | '''Noah's Ark''' was a large vessel described in the sixth chapter of the [[Bible|Biblical]] [[Genesis|book of Genesis]], built specifically to save a remnant of mankind and animals from the [[Great Flood|flood]]. [[Noah]] was chosen by God and warned of the impending disaster, being given a command to build the Ark to save himself and his family, consisting of eight people, and the land animals from the flood (Gen 6:14-16). At the end of the flood, it ran aground in the "mountains Ararat" (Gen 8:4), where sightings are disputed to this day. | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | Three massive replicas of Noah's Ark exist today, partly or fully constructed: one in the Netherlands,<ref>http://www.pbase.com/paulthedane/noahs_ark</ref> one in Kentucky, and one near Miami, Florida. | |
| − | + | ||
| − | == | + | ==Description== |
| − | + | {{cquote|'''Genesis 6:14-16''' ''Make thee an ark of gopher wood; rooms shalt thou make in the ark, and shalt pitch it within and without with pitch. And this is the fashion which thou shalt make it of: The length of the ark shall be three hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty cubits, and the height of it thirty cubits. A window shalt thou make to the ark, and in a cubit shalt thou finish it above; and the door of the ark shalt thou set in the side thereof; with lower, second, and third stories shalt thou make it.''}} | |
| − | {{cquote|''' | + | The Ark was large; in fact, until the launch of the British ship ''Great Eastern'' in 1858 the Ark was the largest moving object built by man. The Hebrew cubit was a unit of measurement spanning the distance from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger, or about 18 inches<ref>http://worldwideflood.com/ark/noahs_cubit/cubit.htm</ref>, and based on this measurement the Ark was 450 feet long, 75 feet wide, and 45 feet tall. However, Moses, the writer of ''Genesis'', was educated in the court of Egypt and was familiar with the royal cubit, which was 20.6 inches long<ref>http://worldwideflood.com/ark/noahs_cubit/cubit.htm</ref>, giving the Ark a maximum size of 618 x 103 x 61 feet<ref>https://creation.com/images/pdfs/tj/j20_3/j20_3_71-77.pdf</ref>. |
| − | + | The Ark's construction consisted of "gopher wood", a material that is the subject of conjecture today. Scholars have posited a number of possibilities for what gopher wood represents, including [[mahogany]], [[zebra wood]], [[cambriatic wood]], [[cypress]], and [[ebony]]<ref>[http://www.christiananswers.net/q-eden/gopherwood.html What is “Gopher Wood”? ChristianAnswers.net]</ref>. Strong's states that it is an unused root word (גֹּפֶר ''gôpher'') possibly related to either building something from wood, to house in, or a type of tree, leaning toward the cypress. It may also be related to ''kâphar'' (כָּפַר), which in the ''Genesis'' account (ch. 6:14) specifies "pitch", leading scholars to speculate that the wood involved was from a resinous tree. | |
| − | + | ||
| − | === Construction time === | + | The "pitch" itself was bitumen<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bitumen</ref>, used extensively by the ancients as both a binder and a waterproofing agent. Commonly called asphalt or tar, the material is first heated up to make it more viscous before being applied; Arabic reed boats called ''kufas'' have lasted for years after being pitched<ref>https://www.thoughtco.com/bitumen-history-of-black-goo-170085</ref>, and on a similar note it has been recorded that Native Americans also used the pitch obtained from the [[Rancho La Brea|La Brea tar pits]] in California to waterproof baskets<ref>https://nativeamericannetroots.net/diary/2605</ref>. |
| + | |||
| + | There were three decks within the Ark, which were themselves divided into multiple rooms for the housing of Noah and his family, the animals, and food storage. According to Gen. 6:16, the Ark was finished to within a cubit at the top ("''...in a cubit shalt thou finish it above''"), apparently giving the vessel a cubit-wide opening spanning much of the length of the ship; this may have been the "window" that is mentioned in the King James Version, and translated as an opening for light in other versions. This opening would allow for fresh air to circulate throughout the interior as well as for the collection of drinkable rainwater; it would also be used by Noah near the end of the flood, when he released a dove to see if the waters had abated<ref>Gen. 8:6-12</ref>. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Construction time=== | ||
[[Image:Ark construction.jpg|thumb|300px|Ark construction: Photo of a scaled model at the [[Creation Museum]]. This was taken by Conservapedia user [[User:TerryH|TerryH]].]] | [[Image:Ark construction.jpg|thumb|300px|Ark construction: Photo of a scaled model at the [[Creation Museum]]. This was taken by Conservapedia user [[User:TerryH|TerryH]].]] | ||
The Bible does not really tell us an exact number of years for the amount of time it took to construct this monstrous vessel. However, the first mention of Noah in Genesis 5:32 says, "Noah was five hundred years old," and then in 7:6 it says, "Now Noah was six hundred years old when the flood of water came upon the earth." But concerning God's relationship with man, the Bible says this:{{Bible quote|Then the LORD said, "My Spirit shall not strive with man forever, because he also is flesh; nevertheless his days shall be one hundred and twenty years."|book=Genesis|chap=6|verses=3|version=NASB}} | The Bible does not really tell us an exact number of years for the amount of time it took to construct this monstrous vessel. However, the first mention of Noah in Genesis 5:32 says, "Noah was five hundred years old," and then in 7:6 it says, "Now Noah was six hundred years old when the flood of water came upon the earth." But concerning God's relationship with man, the Bible says this:{{Bible quote|Then the LORD said, "My Spirit shall not strive with man forever, because he also is flesh; nevertheless his days shall be one hundred and twenty years."|book=Genesis|chap=6|verses=3|version=NASB}} | ||
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Though some suggest that this was a reference to [[human longevity|human life expectancy]] post-Flood, others point out that the life expectancy of man did not decline abruptly, but gradually, over at least fifteen generations. So the 120 years might also refer to a prophetic warning given 120 years in advance of the [[Great Flood]]. So it can really only be said that it took a maximum of 120 years to construct the ark, from the time God had given him the command to when he actually finished and was in the ship. | Though some suggest that this was a reference to [[human longevity|human life expectancy]] post-Flood, others point out that the life expectancy of man did not decline abruptly, but gradually, over at least fifteen generations. So the 120 years might also refer to a prophetic warning given 120 years in advance of the [[Great Flood]]. So it can really only be said that it took a maximum of 120 years to construct the ark, from the time God had given him the command to when he actually finished and was in the ship. | ||
| − | We are told later that Noah was a "preacher of righteousness", so presumably did not work full time on the construction of the ark, but also spent time preaching. | + | We are told later that Noah was a "preacher of righteousness", so presumably did not work full-time on the construction of the ark, but also spent time preaching. |
| − | We also don't know whether or not he employed hired | + | We also don't know whether or not he employed hired labor in its construction. |
| − | + | ||
| − | === Seaworthiness === | + | ===Seaworthiness=== |
{{cquote|To endure several months in the open sea, the wooden hull of Noah's ark must have a certain minimum strength. Factors such as uneven cargo distribution, increased length or a more "block shaped" hull (block coefficient) accentuate the need for a strong hull. Another factor is the severity of the sea state.<ref>[http://www.worldwideflood.com/ark/hull_calcs/wave_bm1.htm WWF: Wave Bending Moment]</ref>}} | {{cquote|To endure several months in the open sea, the wooden hull of Noah's ark must have a certain minimum strength. Factors such as uneven cargo distribution, increased length or a more "block shaped" hull (block coefficient) accentuate the need for a strong hull. Another factor is the severity of the sea state.<ref>[http://www.worldwideflood.com/ark/hull_calcs/wave_bm1.htm WWF: Wave Bending Moment]</ref>}} | ||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
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== Searching for the Ark == | == Searching for the Ark == | ||
| + | If the Mount Ararat in present-day Turkey is indeed the Mount Ararat on which the ark came to rest, then the ark must have been covered, rotted away, moved or disassembled since then because it is not visible on the surface.<ref>http://maps.google.com/maps?q=mount+ararat&hl=en&ll=39.733594,44.288635&spn=0.63788,1.352692&sll=39.97712,39.770508&sspn=20.306998,43.286133&vpsrc=6&t=h&z=10</ref> | ||
| + | |||
=== Durupinar site === | === Durupinar site === | ||
In 1977, Ron Wyatt promoted a site on the lower slopes of Mount Ararat which he claimed was the remnants of Noah's Ark.<ref>http://www.wyattmuseum.com/noahs-ark-04.htm</ref> However, his findings have since been discredited by a variety of sources including mainstream archaeologists and other Young Earth Creationists<ref>Snelling, Andrew, [http://creationontheweb.com/content/view/1945/ Special report: Amazing ‘Ark’ exposé], ''Creation'' 14(4):26–38 | In 1977, Ron Wyatt promoted a site on the lower slopes of Mount Ararat which he claimed was the remnants of Noah's Ark.<ref>http://www.wyattmuseum.com/noahs-ark-04.htm</ref> However, his findings have since been discredited by a variety of sources including mainstream archaeologists and other Young Earth Creationists<ref>Snelling, Andrew, [http://creationontheweb.com/content/view/1945/ Special report: Amazing ‘Ark’ exposé], ''Creation'' 14(4):26–38 | ||
| Line 61: | Line 63: | ||
==Ark story "hidden" in Chinese characters== | ==Ark story "hidden" in Chinese characters== | ||
| − | It has been noted by several researchers<ref> | + | It has been noted by several researchers<ref>https://creation.com/images/pdfs/tj/j19_2/j19_2_96-108.pdf</ref><ref>''The Discovery of Genesis: How the Truths of Genesis Were Found Hidden in the Chinese Language'', C. H. Kang and Ethel R. Nelson, Concordia College (publisher), 1979</ref> that the Chinese character for a "large ship/boat/vessel"<ref>http://www.chinalanguage.com/dictionaries/ccdict/?action=view&query=8239&encoding=text&mode=english</ref> is a combination of the characters for "boat,"<ref>http://www.chinalanguage.com/dictionaries/ccdict/?action=view&query=821F&encoding=text&mode=english</ref> "eight"<ref>http://www.chinalanguage.com/dictionaries/ccdict/?action=view&query=516B&encoding=text&mode=english</ref> and "mouth/person."<ref>http://www.chinalanguage.com/dictionaries/ccdict/?action=view&query=53E3&encoding=text&mode=english</ref> Noah, his wife, his three sons and their wives totaled eight mouths/people. |
== Criticisms == | == Criticisms == | ||
| − | Supporters of Noah's ark contend that such a craft was entirely possible for ancients to build and would have been very seaworthy whereas the [[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'s ark was not seaworthy. <ref>http://www.worldwideflood.com/objections/ancients_incapable.htm</ref><ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/faq/noah.asp</ref><ref>http://www.users.bigpond.com/rdoolan/arksize.html</ref><ref>http://christian-thinktank.com/bigark.html</ref> The nautical engineering firm Shearer and Associates wrote regarding the ark that it would have been structurally sound and would have had sufficient stability and buoyancy for the cargo carried. <ref>http:// | + | Supporters of Noah's ark contend that such a craft was entirely possible for ancients to build and would have been very seaworthy whereas the [[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'s ark was not seaworthy.<ref>http://www.worldwideflood.com/objections/ancients_incapable.htm</ref><ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/faq/noah.asp</ref><ref>http://www.users.bigpond.com/rdoolan/arksize.html</ref><ref>http://christian-thinktank.com/bigark.html</ref> The nautical engineering firm Shearer and Associates wrote regarding the ark that it would have been structurally sound and would have had sufficient stability and buoyancy for the cargo carried.<ref>[http://asknoah.org/essay/the-past-of-our-future-secrets-of-noahs-ark The Past of Our Future: Secrets of Noah’s Ark]</ref> |
Objections to Noah's Ark include the following: | Objections to Noah's Ark include the following: | ||
* a lack of room for all the animals, usually on the basis of the biblical reference to ''kinds'' being the same as ''species''. Supporters of the account reject that ''kinds'' is to be equated with ''species'', so use a much lower number. | * a lack of room for all the animals, usually on the basis of the biblical reference to ''kinds'' being the same as ''species''. Supporters of the account reject that ''kinds'' is to be equated with ''species'', so use a much lower number. | ||
* The difficulty of the eight humans on board to care for all the creatures on board. | * The difficulty of the eight humans on board to care for all the creatures on board. | ||
| − | * The difficulty some animals would have getting unaided to or from the ark, especially those adapted to a specific habitat | + | * The difficulty some animals would have getting unaided to or from the ark, especially those adapted to a specific habitat. |
| + | * The difficulties surviving in the post-flood environment | ||
Young Earth Creationists have written a number of responses to such criticisms, such as John Woodmorappe's ''Noah's Ark: A Feasibility Study''<ref>http://www.rae.org/noah.html</ref> which argues that ''kinds'' is not to be equated with ''species'', and that there would therefore be a much smaller number of creatures on the ark, and that there are ways that the humans on board could have cared for all the creatures on board. Creationary geologists have also pointed out that much of the Earth's geology is sedimentary (water-laid) rocks, as one would expect from a global flood. | Young Earth Creationists have written a number of responses to such criticisms, such as John Woodmorappe's ''Noah's Ark: A Feasibility Study''<ref>http://www.rae.org/noah.html</ref> which argues that ''kinds'' is not to be equated with ''species'', and that there would therefore be a much smaller number of creatures on the ark, and that there are ways that the humans on board could have cared for all the creatures on board. Creationary geologists have also pointed out that much of the Earth's geology is sedimentary (water-laid) rocks, as one would expect from a global flood. | ||
| + | |||
| + | A study by University of Leicester physicists proves that the Ark is large enough for all the animals it had to carry.<ref>http://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/press-releases/2014/april/hurrah-the-animals-could-have-floated-two-by-two-according-to-physicists</ref> | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
Revision as of 18:21, April 9, 2019
| Noah's Ark | |
|---|---|
 The replica of Noah's ark shown above is 1/75 scale. For comparison purposes, both the railroad stockcar and model of the sailing ship Pinta (one of Columbus' ships) are also at the same 1/75 scale model size.[1] | |
| Career | |
| Owner | Noah |
| Type | Barge, livestock |
| Authorized | 1 Eitanim 1536 AM (4 October 2469 BC) |
| Keel laid | 1 Abib 1536 AM (30 March 2468 BC) |
| Launched | 17 Bul 1656 AM (12 November 2349 BC) |
| Commissioned | 10 Bul 1656 AM (5 November 2349 BC) |
| Status | Grounded; sightings disputed |
| Characteristics | |
| Displacement | 21,600 metric tons (est.)[2] |
| Length | 300 long cubits (157.2 m) |
| Beam | 50 long cubits (26.2 m) |
| Draft | 10 long cubits (5.24 m, est.)[3] |
| Crew | 8 |
Noah's Ark was a large vessel described in the sixth chapter of the Biblical book of Genesis, built specifically to save a remnant of mankind and animals from the flood. Noah was chosen by God and warned of the impending disaster, being given a command to build the Ark to save himself and his family, consisting of eight people, and the land animals from the flood (Gen 6:14-16). At the end of the flood, it ran aground in the "mountains Ararat" (Gen 8:4), where sightings are disputed to this day.
Three massive replicas of Noah's Ark exist today, partly or fully constructed: one in the Netherlands,[4] one in Kentucky, and one near Miami, Florida.
Contents
Description
| “ | Genesis 6:14-16 Make thee an ark of gopher wood; rooms shalt thou make in the ark, and shalt pitch it within and without with pitch. And this is the fashion which thou shalt make it of: The length of the ark shall be three hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty cubits, and the height of it thirty cubits. A window shalt thou make to the ark, and in a cubit shalt thou finish it above; and the door of the ark shalt thou set in the side thereof; with lower, second, and third stories shalt thou make it. | ” |
The Ark was large; in fact, until the launch of the British ship Great Eastern in 1858 the Ark was the largest moving object built by man. The Hebrew cubit was a unit of measurement spanning the distance from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger, or about 18 inches[5], and based on this measurement the Ark was 450 feet long, 75 feet wide, and 45 feet tall. However, Moses, the writer of Genesis, was educated in the court of Egypt and was familiar with the royal cubit, which was 20.6 inches long[6], giving the Ark a maximum size of 618 x 103 x 61 feet[7].
The Ark's construction consisted of "gopher wood", a material that is the subject of conjecture today. Scholars have posited a number of possibilities for what gopher wood represents, including mahogany, zebra wood, cambriatic wood, cypress, and ebony[8]. Strong's states that it is an unused root word (גֹּפֶר gôpher) possibly related to either building something from wood, to house in, or a type of tree, leaning toward the cypress. It may also be related to kâphar (כָּפַר), which in the Genesis account (ch. 6:14) specifies "pitch", leading scholars to speculate that the wood involved was from a resinous tree.
The "pitch" itself was bitumen[9], used extensively by the ancients as both a binder and a waterproofing agent. Commonly called asphalt or tar, the material is first heated up to make it more viscous before being applied; Arabic reed boats called kufas have lasted for years after being pitched[10], and on a similar note it has been recorded that Native Americans also used the pitch obtained from the La Brea tar pits in California to waterproof baskets[11].
There were three decks within the Ark, which were themselves divided into multiple rooms for the housing of Noah and his family, the animals, and food storage. According to Gen. 6:16, the Ark was finished to within a cubit at the top ("...in a cubit shalt thou finish it above"), apparently giving the vessel a cubit-wide opening spanning much of the length of the ship; this may have been the "window" that is mentioned in the King James Version, and translated as an opening for light in other versions. This opening would allow for fresh air to circulate throughout the interior as well as for the collection of drinkable rainwater; it would also be used by Noah near the end of the flood, when he released a dove to see if the waters had abated[12].
Construction time
Then the LORD said, "My Spirit shall not strive with man forever, because he also is flesh; nevertheless his days shall be one hundred and twenty years." Genesis 6:3 (NASB)
Though some suggest that this was a reference to human life expectancy post-Flood, others point out that the life expectancy of man did not decline abruptly, but gradually, over at least fifteen generations. So the 120 years might also refer to a prophetic warning given 120 years in advance of the Great Flood. So it can really only be said that it took a maximum of 120 years to construct the ark, from the time God had given him the command to when he actually finished and was in the ship.
We are told later that Noah was a "preacher of righteousness", so presumably did not work full-time on the construction of the ark, but also spent time preaching. We also don't know whether or not he employed hired labor in its construction.
Seaworthiness
| “ | To endure several months in the open sea, the wooden hull of Noah's ark must have a certain minimum strength. Factors such as uneven cargo distribution, increased length or a more "block shaped" hull (block coefficient) accentuate the need for a strong hull. Another factor is the severity of the sea state.[13] | ” |
Hogging
Sagging
Research by staff members of the Korea Research Institute of Ships and Engineering, Taejon, showed that the ark "could have navigated sea conditions with waves higher than 30 metres".[14]
Occupants
Noah was instructed, by God, to take aboard the Ark his wife, his three sons and their wives, male and female pairs of all the "unclean" kinds of creatures, seven (or seven pairs) each of the "clean" kinds, and enough food and supplies for everyone (Gen. 6:18-7:3; 7:6, 11).
Maiden Voyage
The ark was afloat for about a year, and finally came to rest somewhere in the mountains of Ararat. This is believed by many to be the mountains in modern Turkey which bear that name (Gen. 8:4).
Searching for the Ark
If the Mount Ararat in present-day Turkey is indeed the Mount Ararat on which the ark came to rest, then the ark must have been covered, rotted away, moved or disassembled since then because it is not visible on the surface.[15]
Durupinar site
In 1977, Ron Wyatt promoted a site on the lower slopes of Mount Ararat which he claimed was the remnants of Noah's Ark.[16] However, his findings have since been discredited by a variety of sources including mainstream archaeologists and other Young Earth Creationists[17] prompting Creation Ministries International and Answers in Genesis, two of the world's largest creationist ministries, to make a general statement that Young Earth Creationists should not use Wyatt's claims since they are at best highly dubious.[18][19][20]
It has been noted by several researchers[21][22] that the Chinese character for a "large ship/boat/vessel"[23] is a combination of the characters for "boat,"[24] "eight"[25] and "mouth/person."[26] Noah, his wife, his three sons and their wives totaled eight mouths/people.
Criticisms
Supporters of Noah's ark contend that such a craft was entirely possible for ancients to build and would have been very seaworthy whereas the Epic of Gilgamesh's ark was not seaworthy.[27][28][29][30] The nautical engineering firm Shearer and Associates wrote regarding the ark that it would have been structurally sound and would have had sufficient stability and buoyancy for the cargo carried.[31]
Objections to Noah's Ark include the following:
- a lack of room for all the animals, usually on the basis of the biblical reference to kinds being the same as species. Supporters of the account reject that kinds is to be equated with species, so use a much lower number.
- The difficulty of the eight humans on board to care for all the creatures on board.
- The difficulty some animals would have getting unaided to or from the ark, especially those adapted to a specific habitat.
- The difficulties surviving in the post-flood environment
Young Earth Creationists have written a number of responses to such criticisms, such as John Woodmorappe's Noah's Ark: A Feasibility Study[32] which argues that kinds is not to be equated with species, and that there would therefore be a much smaller number of creatures on the ark, and that there are ways that the humans on board could have cared for all the creatures on board. Creationary geologists have also pointed out that much of the Earth's geology is sedimentary (water-laid) rocks, as one would expect from a global flood.
A study by University of Leicester physicists proves that the Ark is large enough for all the animals it had to carry.[33]
See also
External links
- Modeling the size of Noah’s Ark Creation 21(1):6, December 1998.
References
- ↑ Scale model replica of Noah's ark - Biblestudy.org
- ↑ Calculated from length, beam, and estimated draft.
- ↑ The height of this vessel when in "drydock" was 30 long cubits.
- ↑ http://www.pbase.com/paulthedane/noahs_ark
- ↑ http://worldwideflood.com/ark/noahs_cubit/cubit.htm
- ↑ http://worldwideflood.com/ark/noahs_cubit/cubit.htm
- ↑ https://creation.com/images/pdfs/tj/j20_3/j20_3_71-77.pdf
- ↑ What is “Gopher Wood”? ChristianAnswers.net
- ↑ https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bitumen
- ↑ https://www.thoughtco.com/bitumen-history-of-black-goo-170085
- ↑ https://nativeamericannetroots.net/diary/2605
- ↑ Gen. 8:6-12
- ↑ WWF: Wave Bending Moment
- ↑ Hong, S.W., Na, S.S., Hyun, B.S., Hong, S.Y., Gong, D.S., Kang, K.J., Suh, S.H., Lee, K.H., and Je, Y.G., Safety investigation of Noah’s Ark in a seaway, Journal of Creation 8(1):26–36, April 1994.
- ↑ http://maps.google.com/maps?q=mount+ararat&hl=en&ll=39.733594,44.288635&spn=0.63788,1.352692&sll=39.97712,39.770508&sspn=20.306998,43.286133&vpsrc=6&t=h&z=10
- ↑ http://www.wyattmuseum.com/noahs-ark-04.htm
- ↑ Snelling, Andrew, Special report: Amazing ‘Ark’ exposé, Creation 14(4):26–38 September 1992.
- ↑ http://www2.andrews.edu/~merling/
- ↑ Arguments we think creationists should NOT use (Creation Ministries International)
- ↑ http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/faq/dont_use.asp
- ↑ https://creation.com/images/pdfs/tj/j19_2/j19_2_96-108.pdf
- ↑ The Discovery of Genesis: How the Truths of Genesis Were Found Hidden in the Chinese Language, C. H. Kang and Ethel R. Nelson, Concordia College (publisher), 1979
- ↑ http://www.chinalanguage.com/dictionaries/ccdict/?action=view&query=8239&encoding=text&mode=english
- ↑ http://www.chinalanguage.com/dictionaries/ccdict/?action=view&query=821F&encoding=text&mode=english
- ↑ http://www.chinalanguage.com/dictionaries/ccdict/?action=view&query=516B&encoding=text&mode=english
- ↑ http://www.chinalanguage.com/dictionaries/ccdict/?action=view&query=53E3&encoding=text&mode=english
- ↑ http://www.worldwideflood.com/objections/ancients_incapable.htm
- ↑ http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/faq/noah.asp
- ↑ http://www.users.bigpond.com/rdoolan/arksize.html
- ↑ http://christian-thinktank.com/bigark.html
- ↑ The Past of Our Future: Secrets of Noah’s Ark
- ↑ http://www.rae.org/noah.html
- ↑ http://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/press-releases/2014/april/hurrah-the-animals-could-have-floated-two-by-two-according-to-physicists
