Legacy of Alger Hiss

From Conservapedia
This is an old revision of this page, as edited by FOIA (Talk | contribs) at 20:55, June 4, 2009. It may differ significantly from current revision.

(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search

Few serious scholars still regard the matter of Hiss' guilt as unresolved. As the Britannica Online Encyclopedia states, Venona "provided strong evidence of Hiss's guilt."[1] Oxford University Press' U.S. Military Dictionary dubs this evidence "compelling."[2] TruTV's Crime Library concludes, "the bulk of evidence points to Hiss's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt."[3] Writing in American History magazine, James T. Gay of West Georgia College agrees, "the preponderance of evidence does weigh heavily against Hiss."[4] Stephen Koch writes, "I for one have been brought close to certainty, on the basis of archival information, that Chambers was telling the truth."[5]

In American Heritage magazine, Geoffrey C. Ward writes, "I believe the most dispassionate, step-by-step account of [the Hiss case] is still Allen Weinstein’s Perjury."[6] Weinstein, a former Archivist of the United States,[7] had the cooperation of Hiss and access to his attorneys' files in his research.[8] He set out "intending to prove Hiss' innocence. But he was an honest man and the facts he found convinced him (as they do any reader of his book) that Hiss was guilty," writes the former chief of Soviet bloc counterintelligence at the CIA.[9] Weinstein concluded:

“ "the body of available evidence proves that Hiss perjured himself when describing his secret dealings with Chambers, so that the jury in his second trial made no mistake in finding Alger Hiss guilty as charged."[10] ”

Twenty years after Weinstein's book was published, the bipartisan Moynihan commission (which had access to previously-classified Venona decrypts unavailable to Weinstein) went further—not just on perjury, but on espionage—the commission's unanimous Final Report concluding, "The complicity of Alger Hiss of the State Department seems settled."[11]

University of Virginia Law School Professor G. Edward White, a son-in-law of Hiss' attorney John F. Davis,[12] writes, "recently released evidence in U.S. and Soviet archives, taken together with some previously available testimony of persons connected with Soviet intelligence in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s, supports Chambers's charges against Hiss."[13] "Numerous KGB/NKVD documents... contain extensive references to Hiss," writes Mark Kramer, director of Cold War studies at Harvard University, "either by name or through the codename Ales, which seems to fit only Hiss."[14] "In August 1948, Alger Hiss lied before HUAC," writes Ryan Ervin of Eastern Illinois University. "His testimony before HUAC proves this beyond any doubt. Intercepted Soviet cables during the Cold War, released in 1996, further prove Hiss’s Communist ties."[15] "Alger Hiss and Harry Dexter White are among those whose long-suspected involvement in such [Soviet espionage] seems to be confirmed by the Venona cables," writes Hamilton College history professor Maurice Isserman.[16] Jonathan Brent, editorial director of Yale University Press (and—ironically—holder of the "Alger Hiss" chair at Bard College), says, "We're 99 percent certain that Hiss was a spy."[17] "Part of Hiss's KGB file has come out that proves the obvious point he was guilty as charged," says Christopher Andrew of Cambridge University.[18] Andrew and former KGB agent Vasili Mitrokhin conclude that "corroborative evidence now available puts that identification beyond reasonable doubt."[19] Oxford Professor[20] Vernon Bogdanor agrees that "the material we now have from the Soviet Union shows that [Hiss] was indeed a Soviet agent."[21] "The broad sweep of Chambers' allegations are now beyond doubt," writes David McKnight of the University of New South Wales.[22] "We now know," writes Nigel West, "that Alger Hiss was a spy..."[23] In light of recent scholarship, notes Hayden Peake, curator of the CIA’s Historical Intelligence Collection, "it is hard to see how even the most frequently made counterargument—that there was no Communist involvement in espionage—can be sustained…. The same is true when it comes to specific cases, but supporters of Alger Hiss … will no doubt persist."[24]

Even on the left, few authorities disagree. "My own sense of things was that Hiss had been a [Communist] party member in the Thirties and did give Soviet agents documents," wrote the late Harvard professor and Kennedy administration official Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.,[25] who concluded of Hiss, "I believe him to be guilty."[26] Thomas Reed, Secretary of the Air Force in the Carter administration, writes, "The Venona transcripts, released in 1997 and identifying Hiss via his code name Ales, and the postwar testimony of defecting Soviet code clerk Igor Gouzenko, remove any doubt about Hiss’s guilt."[27] Berkeley professor J. Bradford DeLong, a former Clinton administration official and professed "social democrat,"[28] writes, "Was Alger Hiss at some time a spy for the Soviet Union? Probably."[29] Another Clinton official, National Security Advisor Anthony Lake (a member of Barack Obama's "Senior Working Group on National Security"),[30] actually went so far as to retract[31] a statement—made in the wake of Hiss' death—suggesting that the evidence against Hiss was less than conclusive.[32] Professed atheist[33] Obama supporter[34] Susan Jacoby writes, "I believe Hiss was guilty of both perjury and spying."[35] Yeshiva University Professor Ellen Schrecker defends American Communist spies as demurring from "traditional forms of patriotism"[36] (though critics object that their patriotism was entirely traditional—to the Soviet Union);[37] but even she concedes, "There is now too much evidence from too many different sources for anyone but the most die-hard loyalists to argue convincingly for the innocence of Hiss…."[38]

Even at The Nation, the self-advertised "flagship of the Left,"[39] ("pretty much the last general-interest magazine in America that remains committed to the idea of Hiss' innocence")[40] the ardor for Hiss would appear to be cooling. Kai Bird, a contributing editor at The Nation and his coauthor, Svetlana Chervonnaya of the Russian Academy of Sciences, write—in an article defending Hiss—"We do not propose to address the larger question of whether Hiss was guilty or innocent of espionage."[41] Another recent defense of Hiss "deliberately takes no position," explains Nation contributor[42] Robert L. Weinberg, on the issue of whether "Alger Hiss was in fact guilty of spying."[43] Nation columnist Eric Alterman likewise writes, "I take no position on guilt or innocence."[44] "Vociferously atheistic," self-styled "radical" Christopher Hitchens, long-time columnist for The Nation,[45] writes that, in his biography of Whittaker Chambers, Sam Tanenhaus, now editor of the New York Times Book Review, "simply makes the assumption, increasingly common among American intellectuals, that Hiss was lying and Chambers was telling the truth."[46] In "[t]his excellent book," writes Hitchens (labeled by Forbes one of the "25 most influential liberals in the U.S. media"),[47] "Sam Tanenhaus has closed the case of Whittaker Chambers and Alger Hiss, and thus put to rest one of the most persistent (and repelling) myths of the fellow-traveling Left."[48] Even long-time Nation publisher Victor Navasky, "instead of forcefully arguing that Hiss wasn't guilty as he once did ... now acknowledges that Hiss wasn't telling the truth when he testified that he didn't know Whittaker Chambers."[49] Navasky, now chairman of the Columbia Journalism Review,[50] says that in reference to the activities of people "in US left circles.... many of whom were Marxists, some of whom were Communists, some of whom were critical of US government policy," during this era, the word "espionage" is "out of context." He prefers to call it "exchanges of information" that happened to be in "violation of the law."[51] (As critics have noted, such "exchanges" only went one way.)[52] Regarding Hiss, Isserman, probably the best regarded of the left-wing scholars of Communism, concludes: "Let's face it, the debate just ended."[53]

Scholarly Consensus

Today, reports Oxford University's Oxonian Review, "the Hiss case is one issue upon which consensus transcends ideological divides."[54] "Soviet files made public in 1995 convinced most observers that he had been guilty," says The Columbia Encyclopedia.[55] By 2006, "most historians had come to the conclusion that Hiss was probably guilty," said Richard Aldrich of Britain's Nottingham University.[56] "Those who have studied the Hiss case by and large believe that he was guilty of perjury and quite likely also guilty of espionage, that is, of passing government documents to the Soviets," write Gilbert Geis and Leigh B. Bienen.[57] David Oshinsky says "the vast majority of modern American historians today .... see evidence pointing overwhelmingly to Hiss being guilty as charged.”[58] "'ALES' is assumed by most scholars to be Alger Hiss," observes Douglas O. Linder of the University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law.[59] "For the majority of scholars, the critical ALES transmission puts to rest any doubt about Hiss’s complicity in the Soviet underground," agrees R. Bruce Craig.[60] Columbia University historian David Greenberg refers to "the dwindling band of those who believe in Hiss."[61] Thomas Powers writes that "no serious scholar of the subject any longer dismisses" the "voluminous and explicit claims by Whittaker Chambers and Elizabeth Bentley."[62] Even Obama supporter[63] Charles Fried, a professor at Hiss' alma mater, Harvard Law School (and former Justice of the court that granted Hiss' petition for readmittance to the Massachusetts Bar), writes, "it is now clear to all but the most obdurate that Alger Hiss was a Soviet agent..."[64]

"In the end, the publication of the Venona intercepts... settled the matter—to all but the truest of believers, 'Ales' could only be Alger Hiss," writes Stanley Kutler of the University of Wisconsin Law School.[65] "The basic question—whether Alger Hiss was a spy for the Soviet Union during the 1930s and 1940s—was finally settled during the 1990s.... Today, only a small band of true believers, headed by Hiss’s son, still tries to argue his innocence,"[66] writes John Ehrman. "Hiss’ defenders stubbornly tried to rebut each revelation, but eventually they were overwhelmed," recounts Ehrman, concluding that Navasky is "now virtually alone in his rejection of the case against Hiss."[67] "Outside the ranks of Nation readers and a dwindling coterie of academic leftists, there are few people still willing to claim that Alger Hiss and Harry Dexter White were not Soviet agents," agrees Harvey Klehr, Andrew Mellon professor of politics and history at Emory University.[68] Ronald Radosh, emeritus professor of history at the City College of New York, concurs, "Except for a dwindling group—mostly Nation magazine readers and editors …. the consensus has solidified: Hiss was undoubtedly a Soviet spy."[69] Nation contributor Athan Theoharis concedes that the "conventional assessment" is that Hiss was "an unreconstructed Soviet spy."[70] Even Bird and Chervonnaya admit, "Most historians have conceded the argument to Weinstein."[71] Speaking of the thesis that Hiss was guilty, Navasky himself concedes that “for the last 10 years, that has been the consensus.”[72]

Hiss in the Mass Media

So broad is this academic consensus that it has begun to penetrate even the popular press. By 1991, the New York Times was reporting that "a handful of Hiss supporters continues to doubt his guilt, but for most historians it is all but certain."[73] Two years later, the paper reported "a growing consensus that Hiss, indeed, had most likely been a Soviet agent."[74] In 2004, the Times' former executive editor, Pulitzer-prize winner Max Frankel, wrote that "most historians" now "accept Hiss's guilt."[75] The following year, the paper reported that "no serious cold war historian now questions ... that Hiss lied."[76] “[M]ost students of the Hiss case, including many erstwhile defenders, consider him guilty,” agrees the Washington Post, which adds that "the scholarly consensus" is "that Hiss was almost certainly guilty of both perjury and espionage."[77] Time magazine concurs that Hiss' supporters are "dwindling" as "the weight of historical evidence indicates that Hiss was... a Soviet spy."[78] "For... Alger Hiss," Newsweek reports, "a richly detailed new book, Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America by historians John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr.... provides irrefutable confirmation of guilt."[79] U.S. News and World Report says, "Most scholars considered the case against Hiss firmly established by Allen Weinstein's Perjury, published in 1978."[80]

"The sum and substance of this growing body of material is that.... Alger Hiss, a darling of the establishment, was guilty," wrote liberal[81] columnist Nicholas Von Hoffman,[82] who even Navasky admits is "anything but a right-winger."[83] The left-leaning[84] New York Review of Books concludes, "The evidence now... is simply overwhelming.... Hiss was one of a number of... converts to communism hurrying about Washington in the 1930s recruiting others to serve 'real, existing Socialism' in the Soviet Union...."[85] The left-of-center[86] Washington Monthly calls the evidence against Hiss "quite devastating," dubbing the Venona decrypts "damning" and "rock-hard evidence" of Hiss' guilt.[87] The Guardian, Britain's leading left-wing newspaper[88] reports that "the general view" is "that Hiss was guilty."[89] Jacob Heilbrunn (a columnist at the "pugnatiously liberal"[90] Huffington Post), writing at Truthdig.com ("A Progressive Journal of News and Opinion"), admits, "the evidence that Hiss was innocent of serving as a Soviet spy is sparse. It requires contortions to suggest that he was not and to explain away the evidence suggesting that he was."[91] The left-liberal[92] Salon.com says "Hiss' defenders have dwindled to a small handful of true believers."[93] Slate.com (where more than 98 percent of staff and contributors supported Barack Obama)[94] admits that "Today, most people who think about Hiss at all, even on the left, tend to think that Hiss was guilty."[95] Elsewhere, it reports, "even many on the left—including younger historians such as Rick Perlstein" have become convinced "that Hiss was guilty, although old-school loyalists like Navasky remained skeptical,"[96] and adds, "Heads up: Alger Hiss was guilty,"[97] concluding, "if we paleo-libs continue in our ancient rancors, we'll start looking like those troglodytes who still plump for Alger Hiss' innocence."[98]
  1. ↑ "Alger Hiss," Britannica Online Encyclopedia (2006)
  2. ↑ US Military Dictionary: The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002)
  3. ↑ Denise Noe, “The Hiss-Nixon Seesaw,” The Alger Hiss Case, TruTV Crime Library
  4. ↑ James T. Gay, "The Alger Hiss Spy Case," American History, June 1998
  5. ↑ Stephen Koch, Double Lives: Stalin, Willi Munzenberg and the Seduction of the Intellectuals (New York: Free Press, 1994) ISBN 0-02-918730-3, p. 326
  6. ↑ Geoffrey C. Ward, “Unregretfully, Alger Hiss,” American Heritage Magazine, Vol. 39, Issue 7 (November 1988)
  7. ↑ Biography of Dr. Allen Weinstein, Ninth Archivist of the United States, The National Archives
  8. ↑ "A Verdict: 'Hiss Has Been Lying'," Time, March 29, 1976
  9. ↑ Tennent H. Bagley, Spy Wars: Moles, Mysteries, and Deadly Games (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007) ISBN 0300121989, p. 273
  10. ↑ Allen Weinstein, Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997), ISBN 0394495462, p. 513
  11. ↑ "Report of the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy, Appendix A (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1997), p. A-37 (PDF p. 39)
  12. ↑ John Ehrman, "Alger Hiss’s Looking-Glass Wars: Intelligence in Recent Public Literature," Studies in Intelligence, Volume 48, Number 4
  13. ↑ White, G. Edward, "Hiss and Holmes," Ohio Northern University Law Review, May 2002
  14. ↑ Mark Kramer, "Hiss & History," History News Network, April 17, 2007
  15. ↑ Ryan Ervin, "The Hiss-Chambers Case: Three Acts of Espionage Theater," Historia (History Department, Eastern Illinois University and Epsilon Mu Chapter, Phi Alpha Theta), Vol. 14 (2005), p. 14 (PDF p. 7)
  16. ↑ Maurice Isserman, "They Led Two Lives, The New York Times, May 9, 1999
  17. ↑ John J. Miller, "The Annals of Jonathan Brent: One Man and a Great Publishing Project, National Review, May 22, 2006
  18. ↑ David Smith, "Top Cold War spy 'innocent'," The Guardian, April 8, 2007
  19. ↑ Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West (London: Gardners Books, 2000) ISBN 0-14-028487-7, p. 792, note 81
  20. ↑ Professor Vernon Bogdanor MA (Oxon) FBA: Staff Directory, University of Oxford
  21. ↑ Vernon Bogdanor, "Harry Truman, President 1945-1953" Roosevelt to Bush—The American Presidency: Transformation and Change
  22. ↑ David McKnight and Richard J. Aldrich, Espionage and the Roots of the Cold War: The Conspiratorial Heritage (Oxford: Routledge, 2002) ISBN 071465163X, p. 128
  23. ↑ Nigel West, "Venona and Cold War Counterintelligence Methodology," in Loch K. Johnson, Strategic Intelligence (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007) ISBN 0275989437, p. 15
  24. ↑ Hayden B. Peake, "The VENONA Progeny," Naval War College Review, Summer 2000
  25. ↑ Schlesinger was an "unabashedly liberal partisan" (Douglas Martin, "Arthur Schlesinger, Historian of Power, Dies at 89," The New York Times, March 1, 2007) who wrote in 1946 that "the faults and injustices in our present system" in the U.S. "make even freedom-loving Americans look wistfully at Russia." (Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., "The United States Communist Party—Small But Tightly Disciplined, It Strives with Fanatic Zeal to Promote the Aims of Russia," Life, July 29, 1946, reprinted as Exhibit No. 404 in Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, United States Congress, Scope of Soviet Activity in the United States, Part 43 [Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1957], p. 3022 [PDF p. 26]) Fifty-four years later, Schlesinger, it was written, "equates capitalism with sexism and racism." (Lance Morrow, "A Rich Circularity," Time, November 5, 2000)
  26. ↑ Arthur Schlesinger, A Life in the Twentieth Century: Innocent Beginnings, 1917-1950 (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000) ISBN 0618219250, pp. 497-498
  27. ↑ Thomas Reed, At the Abyss: An Insider's History of the Cold War (New York: Random House, Inc., 2005) ISBN 0891418377, pp. 9-10
  28. ↑ Brad DeLong, Alger Hiss, Diplomatic History Discussion Logs (Humanities and Social Sciences Net Online), July 28, 2003
  29. ↑ J. Bradford DeLong, "Kai Bird Thinks That Alger Hiss Wasn't the 'Ales' Mentioned in VENONA," Grasping Reality with Both Hands: Economist Brad DeLong's Fair, Balanced, and Reality-Based Semi-Daily Journal, April 9, 2007. DeLong elaborates: "I think that Hiss was guilty.... I think Hiss is more likely than not to be guilty of espionage. I even think that there is clear and convincing evidence that Hiss was guilty..." (Brad DeLong, "Marking My Beliefs to Market: Soviet Espionage in America: Alger Hiss," Semi-Daily Journal, The Semi-Daily Journal of Economist Brad DeLong: Fair and Balanced Almost Every Day, July 23, 2003)
  30. ↑ Caren Bohan, "Obama names foreign policy panel," Reuters, June 18, 2008
  31. ↑ "Nomination on Hold," PBS NewsHour, February 27, 1997
  32. ↑ "The Dossier on Anthony Lake," The New York Times, January 17, 1997
  33. ↑ Susan Jacoby, No Atheists (Still) Need Apply, On Faith (newsweek.washingtonpost.com)
  34. ↑ Susan Jacoby, Hope Is Not A "Cult of Personality", On Faith (newsweek.washingtonpost.com)
  35. ↑ Susan Jacoby, Alger Hiss and the Battle for History (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2009) ISBN 0300121334, pp. 20-21. Jacoby continues that she is "only 98 or 99 percent convinced of Hiss's guilt." Her residual one to two percent doubt, suggests Whittaker Chambers' grandson, may be due to her refusal to read the new book, Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America. "According to Spies co-author Harvey Klehr," writes Chambers, "Yale's editor Jonathan Brent offered her access to the book's new findings. Apparently, Ms. Jacoby took a pass." (David Chambers, "Equally erring about Hiss," The Washington Times, May 22, 2009) As Jacoby admits, "It has always been difficult for liberals to look objectively at evidence pointing to Hiss' guilt..." (Susan Jacoby, "Alger Hiss -- a case for our time," The Los Angeles Times, March 22, 2009)
  36. ↑ Ellen Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America (Boston: Little, Brown, 1998), p. 188; Jacob Weisberg, "Cold War Without End," The New York Times, November 28, 1999; John Earl Haynes, Response by John Earl Haynes, "The Cold War Debate Continues: A Traditionalist View of Historical Writing on Domestic Communism and Anti-Communism," Journal of Cold War Studies, Volume 2, Number 1 (Winter 2000)
  37. ↑ The Rosenbergs, for example, were "loyal unto death to the Soviet Union." Glenn Garvin, "Fools for Communism: Still apologists after all these years," Reason, April 2004
  38. ↑ Article Commentary: Schrecker on Haynes John Earl Haynes, “The Cold War Debate Continues: A Traditionalist View of Historical Writing on Domestic Communism and Anti-Communism,” Journal of Cold War Studies, Volume 2, Issue 1 (Winter 2000), pp. 76-115
  39. ↑ The Nation: Product Description
  40. ↑ Timothy Noah, "Alger Hiss Innocent, Anticommunists Declare!" Slate.com, March 22, 2001; The Nation was also tagged by the late Eric Breindel "America's leading forum for Alger Hiss apologia." (Eric Breindel, "Goodies from the Venona files: Hiss’ Guilt," The New Republic, April 15, 1996, reprinted in The Congressional Record Vol. 142, No. 50 [April 18, 1996], p. H3645)
  41. ↑ Kai Bird and Svetlana Chervonnaya, "The Mystery of Ales," The American Scholar, Summer, 2007. Bird and Chervonnaya argue that "Ales" was not Hiss, but his colleague Wilder Foote—despite the fact that Foote spent the 1930s toiling in obscurity as a newspaper editor in the wilds of Vermont, when "Ales" was working with Harold Glasser in Whittaker Chambers' GRU group. (Alexander Vassiliev’s notes on a cipher telegram from Vadim [Anatoly Gorsky], 5 March 1945, cited in John Earl Haynes, "Ales: Hiss, Foote, Stettinius?"; Eduard Mark, “Who was ‘Venona’s’ ‘Ales’? Cryptanalysis and the Hiss Case,” Intelligence and National Security, 18 [Autumn 2003], pp. 54–55, 57–88, 62, 64; John Ehrman, "Once Again, the Alger Hiss Case," Studies in Intelligence, Vol. 51, No. 4, December 2007; John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, "Hiss Was Guilty," History News Network (George Mason University), April 16, 2007
  42. ↑ Robert L. Weinberg: Author Bios, The Nation
  43. ↑ Rather than deny that Hiss was a spy, Weinberg argues technicalities, such as "whether Hiss would have been 'not guilty' of the perjury charge in the indictment as a matter of law, even if he were found to have been a Soviet agent." Robert L. Weinberg, "Not Guilty As Charged: A Revised Verdict for Alger Hiss," The Champion (National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers), May/June 2008, Page 18, n. 5.
  44. ↑ Eric Alterman, "I Spy With One Little Eye," The Nation, April 29, 1996
  45. ↑ Christopher Hitchens, Columnist, Author Bios, The Nation
  46. ↑ Christopher Hitchens, Unacknowledged Legislation: Writers in the Public Sphere (Verso, 2000), ISBN 1859847862, p. 104
  47. ↑ Tunku Varadarajan, Elisabeth Eaves and Hana R. Alberts, eds., "The 25 Most Influential Liberals In The U.S. Media," Forbes January 22, 2009
  48. ↑ Ronald Radosh, "Criticizes new NYU center on cold war scholarship," The New Republic, March 12, 2007, reprinted on History News Network (George Mason University), March 13, 2007. "Militant atheist" (Paul Vitello, "A ‘Marine’ for Catholics Sees a Time of Battle," The New York Times, May 14, 2009) Hitchens writes of once quipping to the hostess of a dinner party he attended with Alger Hiss, "Why don't we secure the doors and say: 'Look, Alger, it's just us. Come on. You're among friends. Tell us why you really did it.'" (Christopher Hitchens, Unacknowledged Legislation: Writers in the Public Sphere (London: Verso, 2000) ISBN 1859847862, pp. 105-106) Hitchens (who says he is considering writing a book called Guilty as Hell: A Short History of the American Left) suggests that the answer is, "because he thought he was onto a winner." (Peter Robinson with Anne Applebaum and Christopher Hitchens, "Is the New Left History? The Past, Present, and Future of the Left," Hoover Institution [Stanford University], July 15, 2004)
  49. ↑ Jacob Weisberg, "Cold War Without End," The New York Times, November 28, 1999
  50. ↑ Columbia Journalism Review: About Us: Masthead
  51. ↑ Victor Navasky, "Cold War Ghosts," The Nation, July 16, 2001
  52. ↑ Glenn Garvin, "Fools for Communism: Still apologists after all these years," Reason, April 2004
  53. ↑ Jacob Weisberg, "Cold War Without End," The New York Times, November 28, 1999
  54. ↑ Daniel Hemel, "Who Killed Alger Hiss?" The Oxonian Review (Balliol College, Oxford), Issue 9.4 (May 18, 2009)
  55. ↑ The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2001-07.
  56. ↑ David Smith, "Top Cold War spy 'innocent'," The Guardian, April 8, 2007
  57. ↑ Gilbert Geis and Leigh B. Bienen, Crimes of the Century: From Leopold and Loeb to O.J. Simpson (Lebanon, N.H.: UPNE, 1998), ISBN 1555533604, pp. 130-131
  58. ↑ David Oshinsky, Inaugural Conference, Center for the United States and the Cold War Alger Hiss and History (New York University), April 5, 2007
  59. ↑ Douglas O. Linder, "The VENONA Files and the Alger Hiss Case," Famous Trials: The Trials of Alger Hiss (University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law)
  60. ↑ R. Bruce Craig, "Introduction to the Collection," Alger Hiss Papers from the Tamiment Library Collections (Woodbridge, Conn.: Thomson Gale, 2006) ISBN 1-57803-346-2, p. xx
  61. ↑ James Barron, "Online, the Hiss Defense Doesn't Rest," The New York Times, August 16, 2001
  62. ↑ Thomas Powers, "The Plot Thickens," The New York Review of Books, Vol. 47, No. 8 (May 11, 2000)
  63. ↑ Cass R. Sunstein, "Reagan Appointee and (Recent) McCain Adviser Charles Fried Supports Obama," The New Republic October 24, 2008
  64. ↑ Geoffrey Stone, Patricia M. Wald, Charles Fried, and Kim Lane Scheppele, "Constitutions Under Stress: International and Historical Perspectives," Bulletin (American Academy of Arts and Sciences), Vol. LIX, No. 2 (Winter 2006), p. 39
  65. ↑ Stanley I. Kutler, "Rethinking the Story of Alger Hiss," FindLaw, August 6, 2004
  66. ↑ John Ehrman, "Alger Hiss’s Looking-Glass Wars: Intelligence in Recent Public Literature," Studies in Intelligence, Volume 48, Number 4
  67. ↑ John Ehrman, "A Half-Century of Controversy: The Alger Hiss Case," Studies in Intelligence, Winter-Spring 2001
  68. ↑ Harvey Klehr, "Books: Jerrold and Leona Schecter's Sacred Secrets: How Soviet Intelligence Operations Changed American History," The Weekly Standard, July 1, 2002
  69. ↑ Ronald Radosh, "To the Bitter End," National Review, March 22, 2004
  70. ↑ Athan Theoharis, "The View from Alger's Window," The Journal of American History, Vol. 87, No. 1 (June 2000), pp. 292-293
  71. ↑ Kai Bird and Svetlana Chervonnaya, "The Mystery of Ales," The American Scholar, Summer, 2007. Chervonnaya has since suggested that this consensus amounts to an orthodoxy, writing of her "hope of dethroning the autocracy of cold war historical scholarship on the matter of Alger Hiss," describing her motive as "to overthrow the regime." (Svetlana Chervonnaya, "Correspondence: Boo, Hiss," TNR Online, July 26, 2007)
  72. ↑ Victor Navasky, Alger Hiss and History, Inaugural Conference, Center for the United States and the Cold War (New York University), April 5, 2007
  73. ↑ Ann Douglas, "Family Ties," The New York Times, June 27, 1999
  74. ↑ James Barron, "Online, the Hiss Defense Doesn't Rest," The New York Times, August 16, 2001
  75. ↑ Max Frankel, "Reading Alger Hiss's Mind," The New York Times, February 29, 2004
  76. ↑ Thomas Powers, "'A Matter of Opinion': The Fate of The Nation," The New York Times, May 29, 2005
  77. ↑ David Greenberg, "The Cold War Duel That Never Dies," The Washington Post, May 31, 2009
  78. ↑ John Elson, "Gentleman and a Spy?" Time, November 25, 1996. Elsewhere, Time reports, "Added to the earlier accumulation of evidence, the Venona message [1822] seems to remove reasonable doubt about Alger Hiss's guilt." Lance Morrow, "Alger, 'Ales' And Joe," Time, June 6, 1999
  79. ↑ David J. Garrow, "From Russia, With Love," Newsweek, May 25, 2009
  80. ↑ Michael Barone, "Hiss and History," U.S. News and World Report, November 25, 1996
  81. ↑ Nicholas von Hoffman, The Internet Movie Database
  82. ↑ Nicholas Von Hoffman, "Was McCarthy right about the left?" The Washington Post, April 14, 1996, p. C1
  83. ↑ Victor Navasky, "Cold War Ghosts," The Nation, July 16, 2001
  84. ↑ "...The New York Review of Books, the left-leaning publication that is to gravitas what the Beagle was to Darwin..." Nicholas Dawidoff, "The Civil Heretic," The New York Times Magazine, March 29, 2009
  85. ↑ Thomas Powers, "The Plot Thickens," The New York Review of Books, May 11, 2000 (Volume 47, Number 8)
  86. ↑ "The Washington Monthly is a moderately left-of-center, independent magazine...." Browse Washington Monthly by Date, The Free Library
  87. ↑ David Ignatius, "A Father and a Spy: A son's memoir and Soviet cable decrypts provide different perspectives on Alger Hiss," The Washington Monthly, Vol. 31 Issue 7, July/August 1999
  88. ↑ "The Guardian, Britain's leading left-wing newspaper, has—naturally!—a policy of 'diversity' in hiring newsroom staff," National Review, August 8, 2005. Guardian readers are often stereotyped as politically correct charactures.
  89. ↑ Michael Ellison, "US judge prises lid off secret spy case papers," The Guardian, May 15, 1999
  90. ↑ Howard Kurtz, "A Blog That Made It Big: The Huffington Post, Trending Up and Left," The Washington Post, July 9, 2007, p. C01
  91. ↑ Jacob Heilbrunn, "Jacob Heilbrunn on Alger Hiss," Truthdig.com, March 20, 2009
  92. ↑ "Salon professed to represent a combination of left-liberal politics and iconoclastic cultural attitudes, characteristic of the middle-class radical milieu that developed in the 1960s, most strongly centered in the San Francisco Bay Area." (Patrick Martin, Salon and the decay of American liberal journalism, World Socialist Web Site [International Committee of the Fourth International], June 29, 2001)
  93. ↑ Dan Kennedy, "What if they gave a funeral for a cold-war icon — and no one came?" Salon.com, November 19, 1996
  94. ↑ David Plotz, "Obama Carries the Great State of Slate," Slate.com, October 28, 2008
  95. ↑ Timothy Noah, "Alger Hiss Innocent, Anticommunists Declare!," Slate.com, March 22, 2001
  96. ↑ Ron Rosenbaum, "Alger Hiss Rides Again," Slate.com, July 16, 2007
  97. ↑ Timothy Noah, "The Uncabinet," Slate.com, November 5, 2008
  98. ↑ Louis Bayard, "Why Ronald Reagan didn't completely suck," Slate.com, May 13, 2008
Retrieved from "https://conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Legacy_of_Alger_Hiss&oldid=670436"