Changes

The '''Institute of Pacific Relations''' ('''IPR''') was a private association of ten independent national councils in ten countries concerned with affairs in the Pacific in the second quarter of the twentieth century. <ref>[http://sandiego.indymedia.org/media/2006/10/119975.pdf ''Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time''], Carroll Quigley, Collier-Macmillan, 1966, pg. 946. ISBN 0-945001-10-X</ref> Professor It was identified in a unanimous 1952 report of the [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]] (SISS), chaired by Democrat Pat McCarran of Nevada, as "a vehicle used by Communists to orientate American Far Eastern policy toward Communist objectives."<ref>''Institute of Pacific Relations'', report of the Senate Internal Security subcommittee, 1952, p. 223-225</ref> [[Carroll Quigley]] has —the lone Georgetown University professor singled out as inspiration by Bill Clinton in his acceptance speech at the 1992 Democratic National Convention<ref>William Jefferson Clinton, [http://www.carrollquigley.net/misc/Clinton-1992-acceptance-speech.htm Democratic Presidential Nomination Acceptance Address], 16th July 1992, New York, NY. Carrollquigley.net</ref>—has said of the IPR and persons associated with it, "Many of these experts which were favored by the Far East "'establishment" ' in the Institute of Pacific Relations were captured by [[Communist]] ideology. Under its influence, they propagandized, as experts, erroneous ideas and sought to influence policy in mistaken directions.<ref>''Tragedy and Hope'' Quigley, pg. 935.</ref> ...the whole subject is of major importance in understanding the twentieth century." <ref>''Tragedy and Hope'' Quigley, pg. 935.</ref>

In July of 1938 IPR had a grant of $90,000 from the Rockefeller Foundation to make a study. Carter was managing it. Lattimore wrote to Carter, “I think you were pretty cagey to turn over so much of the China section of the inquiry to Asiaticus, Han-seng and Chi. They will bring out the essential [[radical]] aspects, but can be depended upon to do it with the right touch!” Lattimore went on to say "my hunch is that it will pay to keep behind the official Chinese Communist position, " and "as for the USSR—back their international policy in general, but without using their slogans, and above all without giving them or anybody else the impression of subservience." <ref>United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security Hearings, July 26, 1951.</ref> Carter appointed the three persons named by Lattimore to the study commission and defended his decision to knowingly employ Soviet communists by claiming the Soviet Union was an American ally. A [[U.S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]] questioner needed to point out to Carter that this particular case occurred in 1940, when the Soviet Union, by virtue of the [[Communazi Peace pact]], was not an ally of the United States, but an ally of [[Hitler]].<ref>United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security Hearings, July 25, 1951.</ref> In 1948, ex-Communist [[Louis F. Budenz]], former managing editor of the Communist Party (CP) organ ''[[The Daily Worker]]'', told Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents that the CP had "very great influence" in the Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR) and "at times controlled its policy."<ref>FBI report: "Institute of Pacific Relations, Internal Security - C," [http://Ultra-Secret.info/PDFs/IPR04.pdf FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 4], p. 5 (PDF p. 7)</ref> In 1950, General Alexander Barmine, former Soviet chargé d'affaires of the Soviet Legation at Athens, told Bureau agents that prior to Barmine's 1937 defection, General Ian Berzin, head of Soviet Military Intelligence (GRU), told him that IPR was a Soviet intelligence network in China. Barmine also stated that in 1937, General Walter Krivitsky, former head of Soviet Military Intelligence in Western Europe, told him in Paris that the IPR was a "cover" for GRU in the United States.<ref>J. Edgar Hoover to James M. McInerney, "Institute of Pacific Relations, Espionage - R," April 10, 1950, [http://Ultra-Secret.info/PDFs/IPR04.pdf FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 4], PDF p. 150</ref> Krivitsky's widow, Anonina Thomas, told FBI agents that she had been told in Moscow that sometime prior to 1937, IPR was cover for GRU agents in the US.<ref>Memorandum: "Institute of Pacific Relations, Espionage - R," Belmont to Ladd, June 26, 1950 [http://education-research.org/PDFs/IPR33.01.pdf FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 33], PDF p. 14</ref> Ex-Communist Freda Utley, a former researcher at Moscow's Institute of World Economy and Politics (which would become the Soviet Council of the IPR), told Bureau investigators that it was her impression that the IPR was governed by Soviet policies, and that when officials of the American Council of IPR visited Moscow in the 1930s, it was to receive orders on IPR policies. She added her opinion that the Far Eastern section of the U.S. Department of State was influenced and guided by the policies and representations of the IPR.<ref>FBI teletype, [http://Ultra-Secret.info/PDFs/IPR05.pdf FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 5], PDF p. 6</ref> Former Communist underground courier Elizabeth Bentley testified that her Party superior, veteran NKVD "handler" Jacob Golos, told her to stay away from the IPR because it was "as red as a rose, and you shouldn't touch it with a 10-foot pole."<ref>Senate Internal Security Committee, Hearings on the Institute of Pacific Relations, p. 437</ref> Lattimore recommended highly ''Challenge of Red China'', written by [[Guenther Stein]], a member of the [[Richard Sorge]] Communist spy ring. Of [[Israel Epstein]]'s ''Unfinished Revolution in China'' Lattimore said: "When he pleads his case the arguments pile up like a wedge." When Lattimore resigned he was succeeded by [[Michael Greenberg]], a Communist Party member. Lattimore then became a member of the editorial board of another IPR organ, the notorious ''[[Amerasia]]'' magazine. In 1944, Lattimore told Dr. [[Karl Wittfogel]] that the emperor of Japan should be removed and that as far as Korea was concerned "the best solution would be to let Russia take it over." At a State Department conference later he submitted a ten-point program which included recognizing the Chinese Communist government, turning over Formosa and Hong Kong to them and stating that no aid should be sent Chiang's forces.<ref>United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security Hearings, August 7 and October 1, 1951.</ref>

:''{{Main article: [[|Amerasia]]''}}

There appeared in ''Amerasia'' a long account which was recognized by General [[William Donovan]]'s [[Office of Strategic Services]] (the OSS) as a verbatim reproduction of a top secret government document. On June 6, 1945 the [[FBI]] raided the offices of ''Amerasia''. Six persons, [[Philip Jaffe]], [[Mark Gayn]], [[Kate Mitchell]] and three others who were U.S. government officials, [[Andrew Roth]], [[Emmanuel Larsen]], [[John S. Service]], were arrested on conspiracy and espionage charges related to the possession of over 1,000 stolen classified government documents. Documents from Military Intelligence, [[Naval Intelligence]], [[Bureau of Censorship]], [[British Intelligence]], Office of Strategic Services and the [[U.S. State Department]] were confiscated. Among these documents were military reports giving secret information on the position and disposition of [[Chinese Nationalist]] armies of Gen. [[Chiang Kai-shek]].

Saionji was secretary of the Japanese Council of the IPR. Saionji became a consultant of the Japanese Foreign Minister. He had access to the highest official circles and enjoyed a special intimacy with the Prime Minister, [[Prince Konoye]]. He introduced Ozaki into these circles, and both men—Ozaki and Saionji—became members of what Konoye's "breakfast group," an intimate group of high level advisers. Associated with them was Tomohiko Ushiba, Saionji's predecessor as secretary of the Japanese IPR.

When, on June 15 , 1943, [[Owen Lattimore]] instructed [[Joseph Barnes]]<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,791284,00.html ''Tongue-Tied''], [[Time magazine]], Feb. 07, 1944.</ref> to replace the non-Communist Chinese of the [[Office of War Information]] (OWI) with Communists, OWI did so. On July 14 [[Thomas A. Bisson]], in the Institute of Pacific Relations publication, ''Far Eastern Survey'', referred to Maoist forces as the "democratic China." The [[disinformation ]] was widely repeated among journalists and academics. In July and August 1943, the Chinese Communist forces -- in forces—in the midst of the war -- joined war—joined with the Japanese armies to inflict a serious defeat on the [[Kuomintang]] troops allied with the United States. <ref>[http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/yaltabet.html ''The Yalta Betrayal''], Felix Wittmer, Caxton Printers, 1953, pg. 36.</ref>During [[World War II]] an IPR resource packet was adopted by 1300 [[public school]] systems, and the [[War Department]] purchased over three quarters of a million IPR pamphlets for instructing military personnel. <ref>Anthony Kubek, ''How the Far East Was Lost'', Chicago 1963, pgs. 350-351.</ref>

The 1952 [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]] (SISS) reviewed some 20,000 documents from the files of IPR, including letters, memoranda, minutes and reports. <ref>[httphttps://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/senate/chapter-13-judiciary-1947-1968.html#SISS National Archives and Records Administration, Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]</ref> During the Senate hearings on the IPR, 46 persons connected with the IPR were identified as Communist Party members. <ref>U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Report on the Institute of Pacific Relations, Washington 1952, pg. 11.</ref> The finding was beyond all doubt, that the IPR was a vehicle for pro-Communist leverage on American policy in China, a strikingly different conclusion than that reached by the [[Tydings Committee]].

The SISS discovered IPR was run by a circle of insiders, Edward Carter, Owen Lattimore, Frederick Field, and a few others. They were in constant communication, discussing lines of policy, materials to appear in newspapers, magazines and books, or the agenda for some impending conference. Connected to this inner cadre was a far-flung network of writers, researchers, speakers and policy experts, including a substantial number who moved back and forth among the IPR, the press corps, academia, and the government. Also revealed in the investigation was an extremely large number of Communists. <ref>[http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?print=yes&id=455 McCarthyism: Waging the Cold War in America], by M. Stanton Evans, ''Human Events'', 05/30/1997. Updated 05/08/2003.</ref>

:''"Indeed, the difficulty with the IPR from the Communist point of view was that it was too stuffed with Communists, too compromised by its Communist connections. [[Elizabeth Bentley]] testified that her superior in the [[CPUSA#Secret_apparatusSecret apparatus|Soviet espionage apparatus]], [[Jacob Golos]], warned her away from the IPR because ‘it was as red as a rose, and you shouldn’t touch it with a 10-foot pole.’ "

:''"The IPR has been considered by the American Communist Party and by Soviet officials as an instrument of Communist policy, propaganda and [[military intelligence]]. The IPR disseminated and sought to popularize false information including information originating from Soviet and Communist sources. . . . Members of the small core of officials and staff members who controlled IPR were either Communist or pro-Communist. . . . Over a period of years, John Carter Vincent was the principal fulcrum of IPR pressure and influence in the State Department. . . . The IPR was a vehicle used by the Communists to orientate American far eastern policies toward Communist objectives. . ." <ref>U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Report on the Institute of Pacific Relations, Washington 1952.</ref>

The Eighty-third Congress set up in 1953 a Special Reece Committee to investigate Tax-Exempt Foundations. An interesting report showing the [[Left-wing]] associations of interlocking nexus of tax-exempt foundations was issued in 1954 rather quietly.<ref>[http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/Dodd_Report_to_the_Reese_Committee_on_Foundations-1954-16pgs-some_pages_missing-POL.sml.pdf&id=158&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 Dodd Report to the Reese Committee on Foundations-1954].</ref><ref>Tax Exempt Foundations Hearings-Reece Committee-1953 4-1000 pgs. [http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/Tax_Exempt_Foundations_Hearings-Reece_Committee-1953_4-1000pgs-PART1-GOV.sml.pdf&id=35&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 Part 1].</ref><ref>Tax Exempt Foundations Hearings-Reece Committee-1953 4-1086 pgs. [http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/Tax_Exempt_Foundations_Hearings-Reece_Committee-1953_4-1086pgs-PART2-GOV.sml.pdf&id=36&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 Part 2].</ref><ref>[http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/Tax_Exempt_Foundations_Hearings-Reece_Committee-1953_4-2086pgs-GOV.sml.pdf&id=34&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 Tax Exempt Foundations Hearings-Reece Committee-1953 4-2086 pgs].</ref> Four years later, the Reece Committee's general counsel, Rene A Wormser, wrote a book on the subject called ''Foundations: Their Power and Influence.'' <ref>''Tragedy and Hope'', Quigley, pg. 954.</ref> ==References==<references/>