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Institute of Pacific Relations

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The '''Institute of Pacific Relations''' ('''IPR''') was established in 1925 to provide a forum for discussion private association of Asian problems and relations between Asia and ten independent national councils in ten countries concerned with affairs in the WestPacific in the second quarter of the twentieth century. To promote greater knowledge <ref>[http://sandiego.indymedia.org/media/2006/10/119975.pdf ''Tragedy and Hope: A History of the Far EastWorld in Our Time''], the IPR established a large research programCarroll Quigley, which Collier-Macmillan, 1966, pg. 946. ISBN 0-945001-10-X</ref> It was supported financially by grants from identified in a unanimous 1952 report of the [[Rockefeller FoundationSenate Internal Security Subcommittee]](SISS), the [[Carnegie Corporation]]chaired by Democrat Pat McCarran of Nevada, and other major corporations. While the IPR leadership maintained it was as "a nonpartisan bodyvehicle used by Communists to orientate American Far Eastern policy toward Communist objectives."<ref>''Institute of Pacific Relations'', others, including some former members, accused it report of supporting the Communist line with respect to its analysis of political developments in the Far EastSenate Internal Security subcommittee, 1952, p.223-225</ref>
==OWI disinformation==[[Carroll Quigley]]—the lone Georgetown University professor singled out as inspiration by Bill Clinton in his acceptance speech at the 1992 Democratic National Convention<ref>William Jefferson Clinton, [http://www.carrollquigley.net/misc/Clinton-1992-acceptance-speech.htm Democratic Presidential Nomination Acceptance Address], 16th July 1992, New York, NY. Carrollquigley.net</ref>—has said of the IPR and persons associated with it, "Many of these experts which were favored by the Far East 'establishment' in the Institute of Pacific Relations were captured by [[Communist]] ideology. Under its influence, they propagandized, as experts, erroneous ideas and sought to influence policy in mistaken directions.<ref>''Tragedy and Hope'' Quigley, pg. 935.</ref> ...the whole subject is of major importance in understanding the twentieth century."<ref>''Tragedy and Hope'' Quigley, pg. 935.</ref>
When, ==Organization and influence on June 15 1943, [[Owen Lattimore]] instructed Joseph Barnes<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,791284,00.html ''Tongue-Tied''], [[Time magazine]], Feb. 07, 1944.</ref> to replace the non-Communist Chinese of the [[Office of War Information]] (OWI) with Communists, OWI did so. On July 14 [[Thomas A. Bisson]], in the Institute of Pacific Relations publication, ''Far Eastern Survey'', referred to Moaist forces as the "democratic China." The disinformation was widely repeated among journalists public and academics. In July and August 1943, the Chinese Communist forces -- in the midst of the war -- joined with the Japanese armies to inflict a serious defeat on the [[Kuomintang]] troops allied with the United States. <ref>[http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/yaltabet.html ''The Yalta Betrayal''], Felix Wittmer, Caxton Printers, 1953, pg. 36.</ref>policymaking==
==The Institute of Pacific Relations was established in 1925 to provide a forum for discussion of Asian problems and relations between Asia and the West. It was governed by an international body in which each nation interested in the Pacific was represented and had its own national council. The constituent nations were the United States, United Kingdom, the [[Soviet Union]], China, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Netherland-Netherlands East Indies, Philippines and [[France]]. The overall international ruling body was called the Pacific Council. The IPR had two organs of expression. One was a quarterly journal called ''Pacific Affairs'', under the auspices of the International or Pacific Council. The other was ''Far Eastern Survey'', published by the American Council. [[Owen Lattimore]] was the editor of ''Pacific Affairs'' and Lawrence E. Salisbury was the editor of ''Far Eastern Survey''. The executive secretary of the American Council was [[Frederick Vanderbilt Field]], a notorious professional Communist and popularly known as the "agrarian reformersMillionaire Communist."==Field was enlisted for the job by [[Edward C. Carter]] in 1928, when Field became assistant secretary and very soon after executive secretary. He remained a member of the governing executive committee until 1948 and executive secretary until 1940.<ref>''While You Slept : Our Tragedy in Asia and Who Made It'', John T. Flynn, New York : The Devin - Adair Company, 1951, [http://www.mises.org/books/whileyouslept.pdf pg. 116 - 119] pdf.</ref> Edward C. Carter was also member of the board of directors of the [[American Russian Institute]] and a contributor to ''Soviet Russia Today'' in which Carter defended the infamous Moscow [[show trial]]s during the [[Stalinist terror]].<ref>''Soviet Russia Today'', May 1938.</ref> Carter tried to get Field, owner and chairman of the editorial board of ''[[Amerasia]]'' which received stolen classified documents from the [[U.S. Government]], a commission in Army Intelligence.
Columbia University's Nathaniel PefferTo promote greater knowledge of the Far East, Owen Lattimorethe IPR established a large research program, which was supported by grants from the [[Frederick FieldRockefeller Foundation]] and others, in the ''New York Times'' of May 14[[Carnegie Corporation]], 1944, wrote of China's "agrarian reformersand other major corporations." Prof Quigley states there is considerable truth in the contention that the American experts on China were organized into an Vice-President interlocking group of a [[Henry WallaceLeftish]]character. It is also true that this group, celebrated July 4from its control of funds, 1944academic recommendations, and research of publication opportunities, could favor persons who accepted their consensus and could injure, financial or in Chitaprofessional advancement, persons who did not. And this group, Soviet Siberia accompanied by John Hazardits influence on book reviewing in the ''[[New York Times]]'', Lattimorethe ''Herald Tribune'' and the ''Saturday Review'', a few magazines and John Carter Vincentprofessional journals, could advance or hamper any specialist's career. Professor Quigley goes on an official fifty-two-day, twenty-seven-thousand-mile junket to Soviet Asia and China and was state it is true these things were done in the guest United States by the Institute of Sergei Arsenevich Goglidze Pacific Relations, that this organization had been [[infiltrate]]d by Communists and Ivan NikoshovCommunist sympathizers, dreaded masters and that much of this group's influence arose from its access and control over the Soviet Siberian slave-labor campsflow of funds from financial foundations to scholarly activities.<ref>''Yalta BetrayalTragedy and Hope'', Wittmer, 1953Quigley, pg. 58. Retrieved from GELO.com [http://www.ogleo.com/search/ogleo-History_of_CzechoslovakiaHistory of Czechoslovakia] 05/08/07935.</ref>
The [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]] (SISS) described the IPR in 1952 as "a vehicle used by Communists to orientate American Far Eastern ==Instrument of Soviet policy toward Communist objectives." IPR was linked closely with the ''[[Amerasia]]'' publication, sharing writers, offices, propaganda and a general policy view, and appeared to mirror the United States Department of State in matters pertaining Asian policy.military intelligence==
Senator [[Joseph McCarthyMary Van Kleeck]] espoused the official Soviet version in 1938 of Wisconsin repeatedly criticized IPR and its former chairman the [[Philip JessupGreat purge]]in IPR's ''Pacific Affairs''. McCarthy observed Owen Lattimore defended the [[Frederick V. Fieldshow trial]], [[T.A. Bisson]], Owen Lattimore were very active s in IPR and worked to turn American China policy Moscow in favor of the [[Communist Party same publication as "an evidence of China]]democracy. John Carter Vincent"<ref>''Pacific Affairs'', John ServiceSeptember, [[Alger Hiss]], and John Paton Daviesall had links to IPR. Jessup in 1949 was the principal editor of the State Department "white paper" on China that abandoned Chiang Kai-chek and the Nationalist Chinese governmemnt1938.</ref>
==SISS investigation==In July 1938 IPR had a grant of $90,000 from the Rockefeller Foundation to make a study. Carter was managing it. Lattimore wrote to Carter, “I think you were pretty cagey to turn over so much of the China section of the inquiry to Asiaticus, Han-seng and Chi. They will bring out the essential [[radical]] aspects, but can be depended upon to do it with the right touch!” Lattimore went on to say "my hunch is that it will pay to keep behind the official Chinese Communist position, " and "as for the USSR—back their international policy in general, but without using their slogans, and above all without giving them or anybody else the impression of subservience."<ref>United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security Hearings, July 26, 1951.</ref> Carter appointed the three persons named by Lattimore to the study commission and defended his decision to knowingly employ Soviet communists by claiming the Soviet Union was an American ally. A [[U.S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]] questioner needed to point out to Carter that this particular case occurred in 1940, when the Soviet Union, by virtue of the [[Communazi Peace pact]], was not an ally of the United States, but an ally of [[Hitler]].<ref>United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security Hearings, July 25, 1951.</ref>
The 1952 In 1948, ex-Communist [[Senate Internal Security SubcommitteeLouis F. Budenz]] , former managing editor of the Communist Party (SISSCP) reviewed some 20organ ''[[The Daily Worker]]'',000 documents from told Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents that the files CP had "very great influence" in the Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR) and "at times controlled its policy."<ref>FBI report: "Institute of Pacific Relations, including lettersInternal Security - C, memoranda" [http://Ultra-Secret.info/PDFs/IPR04.pdf FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, minutes and reports The finding Section 4], p. 5 (PDF p. 7)</ref> In 1950, General Alexander Barmine, former Soviet chargé d'affaires of the Soviet Legation at Athens, told Bureau agents that prior to Barmine's 1937 defection, General Ian Berzin, head of Soviet Military Intelligence (GRU), told him that IPR was beyond all doubta Soviet intelligence network in China. Barmine also stated that in 1937, General Walter Krivitsky, former head of Soviet Military Intelligence in Western Europe, told him in Paris that the IPR was a vehicle "cover" for proGRU in the United States.<ref>J. Edgar Hoover to James M. McInerney, "Institute of Pacific Relations, Espionage - R," April 10, 1950, [http://Ultra-Secret.info/PDFs/IPR04.pdf FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 4], PDF p. 150</ref> Krivitsky's widow, Anonina Thomas, told FBI agents that she had been told in Moscow that sometime prior to 1937, IPR was cover for GRU agents in the US.<ref>Memorandum: "Institute of Pacific Relations, Espionage - R," Belmont to Ladd, June 26, 1950 [http://education-research.org/PDFs/IPR33.01.pdf FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 33], PDF p. 14</ref> Ex-Communist leverage on Freda Utley, a former researcher at Moscow's Institute of World Economy and Politics (which would become the Soviet Council of the IPR), told Bureau investigators that it was her impression that the IPR was governed by Soviet policies, and that when officials of the American policy Council of IPR visited Moscow in Chinathe 1930s, a strikingly different conclusion than it was to receive orders on IPR policies. She added her opinion that reached the Far Eastern section of the U.S. Department of State was influenced and guided by the Tydings policies and representations of the IPR.<ref>FBI teletype, [http://Ultra-Secret.info/PDFs/IPR05.pdf FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Section 5], PDF p. 6</ref> Former Communist underground courier Elizabeth Bentley testified that her Party superior, veteran NKVD "handler" Jacob Golos, told her to stay away from the IPR because it was "as red as a rose, and you shouldn't touch it with a 10-foot pole."<ref>Senate Internal Security Committee, Hearings on the Institute of Pacific Relations, p.437</ref>
The SISS discovered IPR was run by a circle Lattimore recommended highly ''Challenge of insidersRed China'', Edward Carterwritten by [[Guenther Stein]], Owen Lattimore, Frederick Field, and a few othersmember of the [[Richard Sorge]] Communist spy ring. They were Of [[Israel Epstein]]'s ''Unfinished Revolution in constant communication, discussing lines of policy, materials to appear in newspapers, magazines and books, or China'' Lattimore said: "When he pleads his case the agenda for some impending conferencearguments pile up like a wedge. Connected to this inner cadre " When Lattimore resigned he was a far-flung network of writers, researcherssucceeded by [[Michael Greenberg]], speakers and policy experts, including a substantial number who moved back and forth among Communist Party member. Lattimore then became a member of the editorial board of another IPRorgan, the press corpsnotorious ''[[Amerasia]]'' magazine. In 1944, Lattimore told Dr. [[Karl Wittfogel]] that the academy, emperor of Japan should be removed and that as far as Korea was concerned "the governmentbest solution would be to let Russia take it over. Also revealed in " At a State Department conference later he submitted a ten-point program which included recognizing the investigation was an extremely large number of CommunistsChinese Communist government, turning over Formosa and Hong Kong to them and stating that no aid should be sent Chiang's forces.<ref>United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security Hearings, August 7 and October 1, 1951. </ref>
==Amerasia=={{Main|Amerasia}} Frederick Vanderbilt Field testified that he had discussed with associates in the IPR the project of starting ''Amerasia'' in 1937. Amerasia was established with the full approval of the Institute leaders. This property belonged to Fredrick Field and Philip Jaffe, with Field holding the controlling interest. Field testified that he owned 50 per cent of the stock, while Jaffe owned 49 per cent. A good many of Field's associates in IPR were on the editorial board of ''Amerasia''. Field named Owen Lattimore, Kate Mitchell, Harriet Moore, T. A. Bisson, Benjamin Kizer, a trustee of the Institute, and Philip Jaffe, who also was a member of the Institute and a contributor to its periodical. [[Joseph Milton Bernstein]], a Soviet Military intelligence ([[GRU]]) contact between Soviet agents in the [[Office of Strategic Services]] and the [[Board of Economic Warfare]], was an employee. When Field made his effort to get into Army Intelligence, it was written on the letterhead of ''Amerasia'', showing Field as chairman of the editorial board with Owen Lattimore and William T. Stone as members of the board. There was no change in ownership of this magazine from 1937 to 1943, when Field resigned and Jaffe took over.<ref>United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security Hearings, July 25 and 26, 1951.</ref> There appeared in ''Amerasia'' a long account which was recognized by General [[William Donovan]]'s [[Office of Strategic Services]] (the OSS) as a verbatim reproduction of a top secret government document. On June 6, 1945 the [[FBI]] raided the offices of ''Amerasia''. Six persons, [[Philip Jaffe]], [[Mark Gayn]], [[Kate Mitchell]] and three others who were U.S. government officials, [[Andrew Roth]], [[Emmanuel Larsen]], [[John S. Service]], were arrested on conspiracy and espionage charges related to the possession of over 1,000 stolen classified government documents. Documents from Military Intelligence, [[Naval Intelligence]], [[Bureau of Censorship]], [[British Intelligence]], Office of Strategic Services and the [[U.S. State Department]] were confiscated. Among these documents were military reports giving secret information on the position and disposition of [[Chinese Nationalist]] armies of Gen. [[Chiang Kai-shek]]. ==Sorge ring== Gen. Charles A. Willoughby who was Gen. [[Douglas MacArthur]]'s chief of Intelligence in the Pacific, testified that the IPR Council in Japan was used as a spy ring by the [[Soviet Union]]. [[Hozumi Ozaki]] and [[Kinkazu Saionji]] attended the 1936 conference of the IPR at Yosemite, one as secretary and the other as an officer of the IPR in Japan. Ozaki was a journalist who enjoyed close relations to Japanese cabinet officials.  Saionji was secretary of the Japanese Council of the IPR. Saionji became a consultant of the Japanese Foreign Minister. He had access to the highest official circles and enjoyed a special intimacy with the Prime Minister, [[Prince Konoye]]. He introduced Ozaki into these circles, and both men—Ozaki and Saionji—became members of what Konoye's "breakfast group," an intimate group of high level advisers. Associated with them was Tomohiko Ushiba, Saionji's predecessor as secretary of the Japanese IPR. It should be noted Ozaki Hozumi was a member of [[Richard Sorge]]'s Soviet espionage ring in Tokyo during [[World War II]]. Maj. Gen. Charles A. Willoughby who was Gen. [[Douglas MacArthur]]'s chief of Intelligence in the Pacific, wrote in ''Shanghai Conspiracy'' that Guenther Stein was also a member of this ring, as was the well-known Communist writer [[Agnes Smedley]], also involved in the ''Amerasia Affair''. ==U.S. Office of War Information uses IPR disinformation== When, on June 15, 1943, [[Owen Lattimore]] instructed [[Joseph Barnes]]<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,791284,00.html ''Tongue-Tied''], [[Time magazine]], Feb. 07, 1944.</ref> to replace the non-Communist Chinese of the [[Office of War Information]] (OWI) with Communists, OWI did so. On July 14 [[Thomas A. Bisson]], in the Institute of Pacific Relations publication, ''Far Eastern Survey'', referred to Maoist forces as the "democratic China." The [[disinformation]] was widely repeated among journalists and academics. In July and August 1943, the Chinese Communist forces—in the midst of the war—joined with the Japanese armies to inflict a serious defeat on the [[Kuomintang]] troops allied with the United States.<ref>[http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/yaltabet.html ''The Yalta Betrayal''], Felix Wittmer, Caxton Printers, 1953, pg. 36.</ref>During [[World War II]] an IPR resource packet was adopted by 1300 [[public school]] systems, and the [[War Department]] purchased over three quarters of a million IPR pamphlets for instructing military personnel.<ref>Anthony Kubek, ''How the Far East Was Lost'', Chicago 1963, pgs. 350-351.</ref> ==Chinese revolutionary mass murderers hailed as "agrarian reformers"== Columbia University's Nathaniel Peffer, Owen Lattimore, Frederick Field and others, in the ''New York Times'' of May 14, 1944, wrote of China's "agrarian reformers." Vice-President [[Henry Wallace]], celebrated July 4, 1944, in Chita, Soviet Siberia accompanied by John Hazard, Lattimore, and [[John Carter Vincent]], on an official fifty-two-day, twenty-seven-thousand-mile junket to Soviet Asia and China and was the guest of Sergei Arsenevich Goglidze and Ivan Nikoshov, masters of the Soviet Siberian [[gulag]]s.<ref>''Yalta Betrayal'', Wittmer, 1953, pg. 58. Retrieved from GELO.com [http://www.ogleo.com/search/ogleo-History_of_CzechoslovakiaHistory of Czechoslovakia] 05/08/07.</ref> Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] of Wisconsin repeatedly criticized IPR and its former chairman [[Philip Jessup]]. McCarthy observed Frederick Field, [[T.A. Bisson]], and Owen Lattimore were very active in IPR and worked to turn American China policy in favor of the [[Communist Party of China]]. [[John Carter Vincent]], John Service, [[Alger Hiss]], and John Paton Davies all had links to IPR. Jessup in 1949 was the principal editor of the State Department "white paper" on China that abandoned Chiang Kai-chek and the Nationalist Chinese government. ==Senate investigations== The 1952 [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]] (SISS) reviewed some 20,000 documents from the files of IPR, including letters, memoranda, minutes and reports.<ref>[https://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/senate/chapter-13-judiciary-1947-1968.html#SISS National Archives and Records Administration, Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]</ref> During the Senate hearings on the IPR, 46 persons connected with the IPR were identified as Communist Party members.<ref>U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Report on the Institute of Pacific Relations, Washington 1952, pg. 11.</ref> The finding was beyond all doubt, that the IPR was a vehicle for pro-Communist leverage on American policy in China, a strikingly different conclusion than that reached by the [[Tydings Committee]]. The SISS discovered IPR was run by a circle of insiders, Edward Carter, Owen Lattimore, Frederick Field, and a few others. They were in constant communication, discussing lines of policy, materials to appear in newspapers, magazines and books, or the agenda for some impending conference. Connected to this inner cadre was a far-flung network of writers, researchers, speakers and policy experts, including a substantial number who moved back and forth among the IPR, the press corps, academia, and the government. Also revealed in the investigation was an extremely large number of Communists.<ref>[http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?print=yes&id=455 McCarthyism: Waging the Cold War in America], by M. Stanton Evans, ''Human Events'', 05/30/1997. Updated 05/08/2003.</ref> A list of invited attendees to an IPR conference of 1942, as recommended by Philip Jessup, revealed 30-plus individuals who had been identified under oath as members of the Communist secret apparatus. Committee counsel Robert Morris summarized the situation as follows:
:''"In reply to [a] question about the 10 people who have been identified as part of the Communist organization on that . . . list recommended by Mr. Jessup, I will point out that we have had testimony that Benjamin Kizer was a member of the Communist Party, testimony that [[Lauchlin Currie]] was associated with an espionage ring and gave vital military secrets to the Russian espionage system, the military secret being, in one case, the fact that the United States had broken the Soviet code. . . .
:''"John Carter Vincent has been identified as a member; [[Harry Dexter White]] as a member of an espionage ring; Owen Lattimore as a member of the Communist organization; Len DeCaux as a member of the Communist Party; [[Alger Hiss]] as a member of the Communist Party; [[Joseph Barnes ]] as a member of the Communist Party; Frederick V. Field as a member of the Communist Party; and [[Frank Coe]] as a member of the Communist Party."
In the final report the SISS reportedstated:
:''"The IPR itself was like a specialized political flypaper in its attractive power for Communists. . . . British Communists like [[Michael Greenberg]], Elsie Fairfax-Cholmeley or Anthony Jenkinson; Chinese Communists like Chi Chao-ting, Chen Han-seng, Chu Tong, Y.Y. Hsu; German Communists like Hans Moeller (Asiaticus) or Guenther Stein; Japanese Communists (and espionage agents) like Saionji and Ozaki (Hozumi); United States Communists like James S. Allen, Frederick V. Field, William M. Mandel, Harriet Moore, [[Lawrence Rosinger]], and Alger Hiss.
:''"Indeed, the difficulty with the IPR from the Communist point of view was that it was too stuffed with Communists, too compromised by its Communist connections. [[Elizabeth Bentley]] testified that her superior in the [[CPUSA#Secret_apparatusSecret apparatus|Soviet espionage apparatus]], [[Jacob Golos]], warned her away from the IPR because ‘it was as red as a rose, and you shouldn’t touch it with a 10-foot pole.’ "
:''"The IPR has been considered by the American Communist Party and by Soviet officials as an instrument of Communist policy, propaganda and [[military intelligence]]. The IPR disseminated and sought to popularize false information including information originating from Soviet and Communist sources. . . . Members of the small core of officials and staff members who controlled IPR were either Communist or pro-Communist. . . . Over a period of years, John Carter Vincent was the principal fulcrum of IPR pressure and influence in the State Department. . . . The IPR was a vehicle used by the Communists to orientate American far eastern policies toward Communist objectives. . ."<ref>U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Report on the Institute of Pacific Relations, Washington 1952.</ref>
It should be noted Ozaki Hozumi was a member of [[Richard Sorge]]'s Soviet espionage ring in Tokyo during [[World War II]]. Maj. Gen. Charles A. Willoughby who was Gen. [[Douglas MacArthur]]'s chief of Intelligence in the Pacific, wrote in ''Shanghai Conspiracy'' that Guenther Stein was also a member of this ring, as was the well-known Communist writer [[Agnes Smedley]], also involved in the ''Amerasia Affair''. ==Reece Committee==
The Eighty-third Congress set up in 1953 a Special Reece Committee to investigate Tax-Exempt Foundations. An interesting report showing the [[Left-wing]] associations of interlocking nexus of tax-exempt foundations was issued in 1954 rather quietly.<ref>[http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=References/PDFsml_AD/Dodd_Report_to_the_Reese_Committee_on_Foundations-1954-16pgs-some_pages_missing-POL.sml.pdf&id=158&PHPSESSID=* ''Hearings before 03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 Dodd Report to the Senate subcommittee investigating the Institute of Pacific Relations'' *Reese Committee on Foundations-1954].</ref><ref>Tax Exempt Foundations Hearings-Reece Committee-1953 4-1000 pgs. [http://wwwamericandeception.archivescom/index.govphp?action=downloadpdf&photo=/records_of_congressPDFsml_AD/senate_guideTax_Exempt_Foundations_Hearings-Reece_Committee-1953_4-1000pgs-PART1-GOV.sml.pdf&id=35&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 Part 1].</chapter_13_judiciary_1947_1968ref><ref>Tax Exempt Foundations Hearings-Reece Committee-1953 4-1086 pgs.html#SISS National Archives [http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/Tax_Exempt_Foundations_Hearings-Reece_Committee-1953_4-1086pgs-PART2-GOV.sml.pdf&id=36&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 Part 2].</ref><ref>[http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/Tax_Exempt_Foundations_Hearings-Reece_Committee-1953_4-2086pgs-GOV.sml.pdf&id=34&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 Tax Exempt Foundations Hearings-Reece Committee-1953 4-2086 pgs].</ref> Four years later, the Reece Committee's general counsel, Rene A Wormser, wrote a book on the subject called ''Foundations: Their Power and Records AdministrationInfluence.''<ref>''Tragedy and Hope'', Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]Quigley, pg. 954.</ref>
==References==
<references/>
 
==See also==
*[[Attack on Pearl Harbor]]
*[[Harry Dexter White]]
*[[James Walter Miller]]
==External links==
*[http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?print=yes&id=455 McCarthyism: Waging the Cold War in America], by M. Stanton Evans, ''Human Events'', 05/30/1997. Updated 05/08/2003.
*FBI Silvermaster file, [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster106.pdf Vol. 106, pgs. 10 - 56] pdf, April 8, 1947. 55-page report on Maynard Gertler [http://qnc.queensu.ca/gazette/3da3166a3d136.pdf] a former State Department and [[Office of Strategic Services]] employee said by the [[FBI]] to have "in his possession approximately 1,000 documents, some of which are stamped restricted, confidential and top secret." According to FBI surveillance and background checks, Gertler was a contact of Philip Dunaway, [[Maurice Halperin]], David Wahl, Bowen Smith, and others of their circle. His academic connections included Robert Brady, [[Franz Neumann]], Robert Lynd, and [[Owen Lattimore]].
{{communism}}[[Category:Communism]][[Category:World War II]]
[[Category:Espionage]]
[[Category:United States Political Scandals]]
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