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{{merge|Embryonic stem cells}}'''Embryonic stem cell ''' research is the utilization of [[stem cells|stem cells]] from embyros [[embryo]]s which can then be grown in a laboratory culture and produce specialized cells supposedly to treat diseases [[disease]]s or used for research purposes. A The most common source of such cells is discarded embryos at [[fertility clinicsclinic]]s - the process of [[IVF]] typically produces two or three 'leftover' embryos for each treatment, which are usually discarded. The use of embryonic stem cells in medicine has met with some controversy, particularly from the [[pro-life ]] movement that is concerned about the destruction of embryos that they believe constitute human liveslife.[http<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/29/AR2005072900158.html] </ref>

'''Adult stem cell ''' research is similar except it does not use or destroyed embryos, and instead is based on stem cells that can be taken from adults. These cells so far have proven are less potent versatile than those harvested from discarded embryos, but they do not raise the associated [[ethics|ethical dillemas]] dilemmas.[http://www.isscr.org/Unfortunately, adult embryonic stem cells are of little value to science/faqas a whole.htm]

== Arguments The primary reason for and Against Embryonic Stem Cell Research ==wanting to use embryonic stem cells is that they are capable of producing any type of tissue in the body. Thus, theoretically, embryonic stem cell treatments offer far greater potential than adult cells - while both are capable of repairing some damage, embryonic cells could go so far as to replace entire organs. Conversely though, the greater flexibility of embryonic cells also makes them more difficult to control. A major obstacle to their use in humans is a tendency to form tumors.{{fact}} Much research is being carried out to better understand the cellular processes which cause this.

A variety *President Bush's refusal of arguments are used both [[federal funding]] for and against new embryonic stem cell research. Some proponents argue that lines didn't halt major stem-cell advances, any more than the embryos do not constitute prohibition against life-threatening research on human lives or that even if they do since subjects, such as the embryos would be destroyed anyways and thus it makes sense to use infamous Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the embryosNegro Male, stopped the advance of medical treatments.[http://www.spinneypressopinionjournal.com.au/178_book_desc.html]. These arguments have been accepted by some Christian groups and by many Jewish groups, even Orthodox ones.[http:federation/feature/www.jlaw.com/Articles/stemcellres.html?id=110010915 Trading Places]. - Will the secular left soon attack the religious right for being pro-science? - Joseph Bottum

Opponents to such research have argued that such embryos are human lives with the full rights of humans and that even if they are not human lives the slippery slope is too great. Furthermore*On March 9, they argue that the sanctity of human life is so great that even the destruction of such embryos 2007 Barack Obama repealed President Bush's ban on federal funding for research is not permissible even when they would be destroyed anyways. Opponents have also argued that the potential of embryonic stem cells have been exaggerated and that more cell research must be done with cord and adult stem cells.[http<ref>https://www.americancatholiconenewsnow.orgcom/NewsCulture/StemCellDefault.aspx?id=441206</] [http://wwwref> This was a campaign promise and leads to the expectation that he will be one of the most pro-choice Presidents in U.foxnewsS.com/story/0,2933,31748,00history.html] [<ref>http://www.breitbartprochoiceamerica.comorg/newschoice-action-center/2006us-gov/07congressional-record-on-choice/18/D8IUKSRO0illinois.html].</ref>

An alternative approach would be to use parthenogenesis, the term that's applied to an egg that activates spontaneously on its own. This is relatively common in women. Eggs activate ==Expectation and often form cysts or benign tumors in the ovary. Those activated eggs begin to divide, and they look like embryos at the early stages. They form blastocysts with stem cells inside. A young woman with Type 1 diabetes could donate her eggs, which could be activated artificially in the laboratory without being fertilized. When the eggs develop to the blastocyst stage, her own stem cells could be used to treat her Type 1 diabetes.Potential ==

Stem cells developed from an unfertilized monkey egg that went through parthenogenesis are being used to treat ParkinsonJeremy Pearce of the 's disease in monkeys'New York Times'' wrote:*Dr. This line has proven [[Ira B. Black]], chairman of the neurosciences and cell biology department of the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, described the potential of all stem-cell research as threefold. He said the expectation in the laboratory was for such cells to revive damaged and dead cells; to be act as robust as stem vehicle cells from in introducing [[gene therapy]]; and, finally, to rally and harness the [[human eggsbody]]'s own existing stem cells.

One of *The end goal would be to replace [[brain cells]] lost to [[Alzheimer's]], repair injured nerve cells causing [[paralysis]] and treat [[cancers]], malfunctioning [[organs]] and other now-irreparable conditions. *To Dr. Black, the reasons this line use of research has not been pursued is that in embryonic cells ''fundamentally constitutes the Dickey Amendment that was put gold standard'' in place by Congress in 1996, parthenogenesis was specifically included with the rest of embryo medical research, so scientists cannot get federal funding to do work even on unfertilized human eggsbecause of their purity and versatility. But he cautioned: ''This is a very young field. Our areas of ignorance are far greater than our areas of knowledge.'' [http://wwwquery.pbsnytimes.orgcom/wgbhgst/nova/sciencenow/3209/04-alternativefullpage.html?res=9500E3DD1739F93BA25752C0A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print] ==Inducible Pluripotent Stem Cells== Research in 2006 has facilitated the conversion of human adult somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells, namely possessing an ability to differentiate into many types of tissue. (Unlike embryonic stem cells from blastocysts, however, IPSCs are not totipotent.) By forcing the expression of certain genes, via the activation of many transcription factors (such as tetramer and hexamer TFs), using a particular medium (e.g. HIF and LIF), pluripotent stem cells can be generated. This research has great potential on account of its ability to resolve the dilemma surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells. == References ==<references/> [[Category:Biology]][[Category:Political Terms]]