:''See also [[Counterexamples to Global Warming|Counterexamples to Contemporary climate change includes both global warming]]and its impacts on Earth''[[File:Global temp charts weather patterns.jpg|thumb|right|Graph showing temperature connections between solar activity and volcanic eruptionsThere have been previous periods of climate change, against a backdrop of historical events.]]'''Anthropogenic global warming''' (AGW) is an unproven theory that insists human activity is causing but the [[Earth]] current changes are distinctly more rapid and not due to warm catastrophicallynatural causes. The theory posits that [[greenhouse gas2]]esInstead, including [[they are caused by the emission of greenhouse gases, mostly carbon dioxide]], (CO2) and methane. Burning fossil fuels for energy use creates most of these emissions. Certain agricultural practices, nitrous oxideindustrial processes, and water vaporforest loss are additional sources.[3] Greenhouse gases are transparent to sunlight, trap solar warmth on allowing it through to heat the planetEarth's surface. Computer models suggest When the Earth emits that industrial and vehicular emissions could lead to catastrophic heat as infrared radiation the gases absorb it, trapping the heat near the Earth's surface. As the planet heats up it causes changes like the loss of sunlight-reflecting snow cover, amplifying global warming. [[Leftist4]]s use this theory as a basis to propose cuts in energy production and consumption and to promote de-industrialization.
The rate of Due to climate change, deserts are expanding, while heat waves and wildfires are becoming more common.[5] Increased warming predicted by AGW is far higher than what in the Arctic has been observed so far. Based on an average of 102 climate modelscontributed to melting permafrost, the UN's Intergovernment Panel of Climate Change (IPCC) predicts that the lower troposphere should be warming at a rate of 3glacial retreat and sea ice loss.1 degrees per century.<ref name="SpencerCSP2">"[https://www.newcriterion.com//cm/images/THE%20CLIMATE%20SURPRISE%20PAMPHLET.pdf The Climate Surprise Pamphlet6]"Higher temperatures are also causing more intense storms, ''The New Criterion''droughts, 2016. Taken from chart "All 3 Global Temperature Dataset Types Disagree with the Climate Model During the Period of Greatest Greenhouse Concentration."</ref> Satellite data shows that the lower troposphere warmed at a rate of 1.4 degrees per century between 1978 and 2021other weather extremes.<ref name="SpencerCSP">"[https://www.newcriterion.com//cm/images/THE%20CLIMATE%20SURPRISE%20PAMPHLET.pdf The Climate Surprise Pamphlet7]"Rapid environmental change in mountains, ''The New Criterion''coral reefs, 2016and the Arctic is forcing many species to relocate or become extinct.</ref><ref name=SpencerUAH>Spencer[8] Climate change threatens people with food and water scarcity, Royincreased flooding, "[https://wwwextreme heat, more disease, and economic loss.drroyspencerHuman migration and conflict can be a result.com/2021/ Archive for 2021[9]", 2019. This is data from The World Health Organization (WHO) calls climate change the University of Alabama greatest threat to global health in Huntsville.</ref> Weather balloon data shows a warming trend of 1.6 degrees per the 21st century between 1958 and 2018.<ref>"[https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ratpac/ratpac-a/ RATPAC-A-annual-levels.txt.zip10]"Even if efforts to minimise future warming are successful, NOAA, National Centers some effects will continue for Environmental Informationcenturies. Based on data for 850-300 mbThese include sea level rise, and warmer, more acidic oceans.</ref>[11]
An analysis Many of weather station data by Uthese impacts are already felt at the current 1.S2 °C (2. climate researcher [[Roy Spencer]] shows no significant 2 °F) level of warming since 1943. Unlike Additional warming will increase these impacts and may trigger tipping points, such as the official weather station record, Spencer's data includes only those stations that recorded temperature at a consistent time melting of daythe Greenland ice sheet.<ref name=[12] Under the 2015 Paris Agreement, nations collectively agreed to keep warming "Spencerwell under 2 °C" /> The heating predicted by AGW but not detected in . However, with pledges made under the temperature record is sometimes said to be accumulating in the oceansAgreement, global warming would still reach about 2.7 °C (4. But a study 9 °F) by the Scripps Institution end of Oceanography found that ocean temperature has risen by only 0.1 degree Celsius in the last fifty yearscentury.<ref>"[https://dailycaller13] Limiting warming to 1.com/2018/01/05/new5 °C will require halving emissions by 2030 and achieving net-study-shows-past-research-on-rising-ocean-temps-built-on-faulty-science/ New Study Shows Past Research On Rising Ocean Temps Built On Faulty Sciencezero emissions by 2050.[14]," ''The Daily Caller'', 01/05/2018.</ref>
The theory that "greenhouse gases" have a greater warming effect than other gases goes back to the 19th century. The idea that carbon dioxide emissions might lead to catastrophic warming was introduced by Carl Sagan Bobcat Fire in the 1960sMonrovia, CA, September 10, 2020Bleached colony of Acropora coralA dry riverbed in California, which is experiencing its worst megadrought in 1,200 years. He was inspired [15]Some effects of climate change, clockwise from top left: Wildfire intensified by research on the atmosphere heat and drought, worsening droughts compromising water supplies, and bleaching of Venuscoral caused by ocean acidification and heating. Around 1978, the environmental movement decided to promote Sagan's theoryMaking deep cuts in emissions will require switching away from burning fossil fuels and towards using electricity generated from low-carbon sources. The movement was already advocating This includes phasing out coal-fired power plants, vastly increasing use of wind, solar, and other types of renewable energy conservation , and renewables as a response taking measures to the "reduce energy crisisuse." That is Electricity will need to sayreplace fossil fuels for powering transportation, heating buildings, and operating industrial facilities.[16][17] Carbon can also be removed from the atmosphere, for instance by increasing forest cover and by farming with methods that capture carbon in soil.[18] While communities may adapt to climate change through efforts like better coastline protection, they cannot avert the risk of severe, widespread, a desired political outcome was agreed upon and then a "scientific" justification was developedpermanent impacts.[19]
Proponents of the global warming theory advocate for conversion to electric vehicles without expanding the electric power grid, which can only be powered by coal-burning power plants, fossil fuel, or nuclear energy. So-called renewable energy sources, solar and wind, cannot provide enough capacity to recharge hundreds of millions of electric vehicles.
==Difficulties with the theory==Contents1 Terminology2 Observed temperature rise*'''Carbon dioxide is insignificant as a greenhouse gas.''' The level of CO<sub>2</sub> in the Earth's atmosphere is only 400 parts per million. Ninety 1 Regional aspects to 95 percent temperature rises3 Drivers of the greenhouse effect is due to water vaporrecent temperature rise3.<ref>Friedenreich and Ramaswamy, "Solar Radiation Absorption by Carbon Dioxide, Overlap with Water, and a Parameterization for General Circulation Models," Journal of Geophysical Research 98 (1993):7255-7264</ref> The IPCC claims that water vapor acts as a "positive feedback," i1 Greenhouse gases3.e. warming creates more humidity, which leads to additional warming. There are humidity measurements going back to 1948, 2 Aerosols and they show no upward trendclouds3.<ref>"[https://wattsupwiththat3 Land surface changes3.com/global-climate/ global climate]," ''Watt's Up with That''</ref> More humidity could lead to more clouds 4 Solar and therefore to cooling and to negative feedbackvolcanic activity3. So why assume positive 5 Climate change feedback? AGW works only if water vapor is a positive feedback, so that is what 4 Future warming and the IPCC must claimcarbon budget5 Impacts5.<br/>Although Obama has denounced elevated carbon dioxide levels as "carbon pollution," greenhouse operators commonly increase the level of CO<sub>2</sub> to 1,000 ppm or more to enhance plant growthEnvironmental effects5.<ref>"[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/12/151210101819.htm Plant growth enhanced by increased carbon dioxide, but food webs give rise to significant variations]", ''Science News'', December 10, 2015.<br/>Harrison H. Schmitt 2 Tipping points and William Happer, "[http://arizonaskywatch.com/article/articles/In%20defense%20of%20carbon%20dioxide.pdf In Defense of Carbon Dioxide]," ''Wall Street Journal'', May 8, 2013.</ref>long-term impacts[[Image:NASA-1024x9335.jpg|thumb|right|A composite map of [[Antarctica]] showing areas of greatest warming in red. The Wilkins Ice Shelf lies off the peninsula in the top left corner, 3 Nature and shows extensive warmingwildlife5. Overall, Antarctica shows little warming, 4 Humans6 Reducing and many areas to the East (right) are almost coolingrecapturing emissions6.<ref>Roberts, Greg (April 18, 2009). [http://www.news.com.au/antarctic-ice-is-growing-not-melting-away/story-0-1225700043191 "Antarctic ice is growing, not melting away."] News.com.au. Retrieved on September 25, 2014.</ref>]]1 Clean energy*'''The Earth has warmed or cooled many times6. Historically, warm periods are associated with favorable climate.''' The [[Roman Warm Period]] (250 BC to 180 AD) featured temperatures comparable to those of modern times. This was followed by the Dark Ages Cold Period (450-950 AD).<ref>"[http://www.co2science.org/subject/d/summaries/dacpeurope.php Dark Ages Cold Period (Europe) - Summary]", ''CO<sub>2</sub> Science'', 1 June 2005Energy conservation6.</ref> The Medieval Warm Period was even warmer than the Roman period 3 Agriculture and lasted from 950 to 1300industry6.<ref>John P. Rafferty, "[https://global.britannica.com/science/medieval-warm-period Medieval warm period (MWP)]", ''Britannica''</ref> From the 14th century 4 Carbon sequestration7 Adapting to the early 19th century, there was a Little Ice Agechanging climate8 Policies and politics8.<ref>John P1 Policy options8. Rafferty, Stephen T2 International climate agreements8. Jackson, "[https://global3 National responses9 Scientific consensus and society9.britannica1 Scientific consensus9.com/science/Little-Ice-Age Little Ice Age (LIA)]", ''Britannica''2 Denial and misinformation9.</ref><ref>3 Public awareness and opinion10 Discovery11 See the graphs at "[http://www.climate4you.com/ Global temperatures]," Climate4you.</ref><ref>Bastasch, Michael, "[https://dailycaller.com/2013/also12 References12/13/study-earth-was-warmer-in-roman-medieval-times/ Study: Earth was warmer in Roman, Medieval times]", ''The Daily Caller''. For a peer-reviewed paper, see Moberg, A., et al. 2005 "[ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/moberg2005/nhtemp-moberg2005.txt 2,000-Year Northern Hemisphere Temperature Reconstruction]", ''World Data Center for Paleoclimatology''. The Moberg data set is charted [https://i0.wp.com/i90.photobucket.com/albums/k247/dhm1353/Moberg-1.png here].</ref>Sources*'''For leftists13 External linksTerminologyBefore the 1980s, the attraction of the theory is that it supports their agendawas unclear whether warming by increased greenhouse gases would dominate aerosol-induced cooling.''' The environmentalist agenda of renewables, solar energy, conservation, and world government was put together in Scientists then often used the 1970s in response term inadvertent climate modification to the energy crisis and refer to the overpopulation scare. At that time, most scientists thought human impact on the Earth was coolingclimate.<ref>"[http://realclimatescience.com/In the-corrupt-history-of-nasa-temperature-history/ The corrupt history of NASA temperature history]"1980s, ''Real Climate Science''.</ref><ref name="Time" /> When AGW came along, it was treated as an additional justification for this agenda.<br/>Steven Schneider, founding father of the AGW movement, was a terms global cooling believer in the early 1970swarming and climate change were popularised. "We have The former refers only to offer up scary scenariosincreased surface warming, make simplified, dramatic statements, and make little mention the latter describes the full effect of any doubts we might have," he explained.<ref>This is from an article Schneider wrote for ''Discover'' magazine in 1989greenhouse gases on the climate.[http://www.creationworldview.org/articles_view.asp?id=6720]</ref> To Schneider, global cooling and global Global warming were just two "scary scenarios." He could offer up whichever one was expedient.*'''Carbon dioxide can be absorbed by promoting plant growth, an angle overlooked by became the mainstream media.''' In fact, the increase most popular term after NASA climate scientist James Hansen used it in carbon dioxide his 1988 testimony in the atmosphere has already resulted in an increase in plant growthU. If that's not enough, iron filings can be dumped at sea to encourage the growth of marine plantsS.<ref>Carrington, Damian, "[https://wwwSenate.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jul/18/iron-sea-carbon Dumping iron at sea can bury carbon for centuries, study shows]" ''The Guardian'', 18 July 2012.</ref> Freeman Dyson, America's top physicist, has suggested genetically engineering trees to absorb more carbon.<ref>"[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BiKfWdXXfIs Freeman Dyson on the Global Warming Hysteria April, 201521]." Dyson recommends ''Cool It'' (2007) by Bjorn Lomborg as In the best summary of the AGW issue.</ref>*'''If the science were in fact settled2000s, we would see less outrage at "deniers" and greater concern for scientific integrity.''' One climate science scandal after another has been exposed. The Climategate emails show hoaxers scurrying to "hide the decline."<ref name=MISH>"[http://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2009/11/hackers-prove-global-warming-is-scam.html#quEdWPhB8b6cs07f.99 Beware The Ice Age Cometh: Hackers Prove Global Warming Is A Scam]", ''MISH'S Global Economic Trend Analysis''</ref> The "hockey stick" view of term climate history, which holds that global temperature was constant for 2,000 years and then surged change increased in the last century, has been repeatedly debunkedpopularity.<ref>Muller, Richard A., "[http://www.technologyreview.com/Energy/13830/ A 22] Global Warming Bombshell]", ''Technology Review'' , Oct. 2004; calls into question famous graph by Michael Mann.</ref> No one's reputation is tarnished by these bloopers, no one pays any price. The first response warming usually refers to human-induced warming of AGW backers is name calling and attempts to shut down the discussion. Argument is a last resort.<ref>Phil PlaitEarth system, columnist for ''Discover'', is a good example. Plait has only contempt for those who express concerns about scientific integrity in whereas climate research: "yawn," "non-event," etc. With no sense of irony, he change can write, "these denialist claims are largely ad hominems." If you fail refer to show "the scientists" enough respect, then you are a "global warming deniernatural or anthropogenic change." This name-calling-as-argument strategy is typical of AGW hacks. (Phil Plait, "[http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2009/11/30/the-global-warming-emails-non-event/#.WHMkC9J97cs The global warming emails non-event23]," ''Discover'', November 30, 2009.)</ref> The logical explanation is that they already know AGW is a hoax, and they don't caretwo terms are often used interchangeably.[24]
== How accurate are weather forecasts Various scientists, politicians and media figures have adopted the terms climate forecasts? ==crisis or climate emergency to talk about climate change, and global heating instead of global warming.[25] The policy editor-in-chief of The Guardian said they included this language in their editorial guidelines "to ensure that we are being scientifically precise, while also communicating clearly with readers on this very important issue".[26] In 2019, Oxford Languages chose climate emergency as its word of the year, defining it as "a situation in which urgent action is required to reduce or halt climate change and avoid potentially irreversible environmental damage resulting from it".[27][28]
In 2013, ''Scientific American'' published an article entitled ''Why Are Weather Forecasts Often Wrong?''<ref>[httpsObserved temperature riseMain articles://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-are-weather-forecasts-often-wrong/ ''Why Are Weather Forecasts Often Wrong?''] By Lee Falin PhD on January 9, 2013Temperature record of the last 2, ''Scientific American''</ref>000 years and Instrumental temperature record
In 2020, Global surface temperature reconstruction over the last 2000 years using proxy data from the National Oceanic tree rings, corals, and Atmospheric Administration suggests a seven-day weather forecast by a ice cores in blue.[29] Directly observed data is in red.[meteorology|meteorologist30]] could accurately predict Multiple independent instrumental datasets show that the weather about 80 percent of the timeclimate system is warming.<ref>[https://www31] The 2011–2020 decade warmed to an average 1.09 °C [0.mprnews95–1.org/story/2020/01/02/forecast20 °C] compared to the pre-models-keep-hinting-at-subzero-air-ahead How accurate industrial baseline (1850–1900).[32] Surface temperatures are forecast models 1 to rising by about 0.2 weeks ahead?°C per decade,[33]</ref><ref>[https://wwwwith 2020 reaching a temperature of 1.wral.com/how2 °C above the pre-accurate-are-weather-forecasts/19645159/#:~:text=Longer%2Drange%20forecasts%20are%20less,90%20percent%20of%20the%20timeindustrial era. How accurate are weather forecasts?[34]Since 1950, WRAL</ref> However, beyond 10 the number of cold daysand nights has decreased, a weather forecast is only right about half and the timenumber of warm days and nights has increased.<ref>[https://www.wral.com/how-accurate-are-weather-forecasts/19645159/#:~:text=Longer%2Drange%20forecasts%20are%20less,90%20percent%20of%20the%20time. How accurate are weather forecasts?35], WRAL</ref>
The accuracy of There was little net warming between the long18th century and the mid-range forecasts of 19th century. Climate information for that period comes from climate scientists' that are 10 years or decades ahead of time are of dubious value (See: proxies, such as trees and ice cores.[36] Thermometer records began to provide global coverage around 1850.[Limitations of science37]]). In additionHistorical patterns of warming and cooling, like the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age, environmentalists have a history of making alarmist statements that do did not come to fruition (see: [https://wwwoccur at the same time across different regions.aei.org/carpe-diem/50-years-Temperatures may have reached as high as those of-failed-doomsday-eco-pocalyptic-predictions-thelate-so-called-experts-are-0-50/ 50 years 20th century in a limited set of failed doomsdayregions.[38] There have been prehistorical episodes of global warming, eco-pocalyptic predictions; such as the so-called ‘experts’ are 0-50Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum.[39]However, American Enterprise Institute)the modern observed rise in temperature and CO2 concentrations has been so rapid that even abrupt geophysical events in Earth's history do not approach current rates.[40]
==History==The greenhouse effect was proposed by [[Joseph Fourier]] in 1827. Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius is sometimes considered the father Evidence of global warming theory because of from air temperature measurements are reinforced with a paper he published in 1896 on the effect wide range of carbon dioxide emissionsother observations. Arrhenius thought of global warming as a positive thing. The idea that carbon dioxide emissions might lead to catastrophe comes from research on the Venusian atmosphere [41][42] There has been an increase in the 1960s by Karl Sagan frequency and other NASA scientists. In the 1970sintensity of heavy precipitation, global cooling theories were more prominent than global warming theoriesmelting of snow and land ice, and increased atmospheric humidity. Even Steven Schneider, later [43] Flora and fauna are also behaving in a promoter of global manner consistent with warming; for instance, published a paper on global coolingplants are flowering earlier in spring. As a result of [44] Another key indicator is the energy crisis cooling of the 1970supper atmosphere, which demonstrates that greenhouse gases are trapping heat near the environmentalist movement adopted an agenda of conservation Earth's surface and renewable energy. With global warming as its flagship theory, the movement could continue promoting its 1970s agenda long after the original justifications for preventing it had disappeared. Schneider offered up "scary scenarios," as he called them, to promote the theoryfrom radiating into space.[45]
===Origin===Regional aspects to temperature risesIn 1827, French scientist Joseph Fourier suggested that although See also: Climate variability and change § Variability between regionsRegions of the atmosphere allowed sunlight to pass through to world warm the Earthat differing rates. The pattern is independent of where greenhouse gases are emitted, it blocked "dark heat" (infrared radiation) from because the Earth and thus prevented energy from being transferred back into spacegases persist long enough to diffuse across the planet.<ref name=Fourier>FourierSince the pre-industrial period, Jean Baptist Joseph, "On the Temperatures of average surface temperature over land regions has increased almost twice as fast as the Terrestrial Sphere in Interplanetary Space", Translated in ''The Warming Papers: The Scientific Foundation for Climate Change Forecast''. The relevant section is pp. 12global-13average surface temperature.</ref> Fourier did make an unfortunate analogy between [46] This is because of the Earth's atmosphere larger heat capacity of oceans, and a space enclosed because oceans lose more heat by glassevaporation. All [47] The thermal energy in the sameglobal climate system has grown with only brief pauses since at least 1970, it may not be fair to blame Fourier for and over 90% of this extra energy has been stored in the greenhouse effect memeocean. He also discussed convection as an alternative explanation and[48][49] The rest has heated the atmosphere, as a good scientistmelted ice, recommended an experiment to resolve and warmed the issuecontinents. [50]
In 1861, Irish scientist John Tyndall measured The Northern Hemisphere and the absorption of radiant energy by various gases in North Pole have warmed much faster than the atmosphereSouth Pole and Southern Hemisphere. He concluded that water vapor was the gas primarily responsibleThe Northern Hemisphere not only has much more land, but also more seasonal snow cover and sea ice. It could therefore be considered As these surfaces flip from reflecting a lot of light to being dark after the ice has melted, they start absorbing more heat.[51] Local black carbon deposits on snow and ice also contribute to Arctic warming agent that Fourier hypothesized. Tyndall suggested that changes [52] Arctic temperatures are increasing at over twice the rate of the rest of the world.[53] Melting of glaciers and ice sheets in humidity could bring about the Arctic disrupts ocean circulation, including a weakened Gulf Stream, further changing the climate change.[54]
The AGW theory was first presented in 1896 in an article by Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius. Arrhenius predicted that a doubling Drivers of CO<sub>2</sub> in the atmosphere due to fossil fuel burning would lead to a recent temperature increase of 3 to 4 °C (about 5 to 7 °F) after 500 years. Arrhenius attributes his misunderstanding of the science to FourierriseMain article: "Fourier maintained that the atmosphere acts like the glass of a hothouse."<ref>Arrhenius, Svante, "On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air on the Temperature on the Ground", ''London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal Attribution of Science,'' April 1896. Reprinted in ''The Warming Papers'', pp. 56-77.</ref>recent climate change
The use Drivers of climate change from 1850–1900 to 2010–2019. There was no significant contribution from internal variability or solar and volcanic drivers.The climate system experiences various cycles on its own which can last for years (such as the Swedish word ''drivbänk'' El Niño–Southern Oscillation (hothouseENSO) ), decades or even centuries.[55] Other changes are caused by Arrhenius and his colleagues an imbalance of energy that is likely "external" to be the origin of climate system, but not always external to the phrase "greenhouse effectEarth." This phrase is first recorded in English in 1907.<ref>"[http://www.easterbrook.ca/steve/2015/08/who-first-coined-56] Examples of external forcings include changes in the-term-concentrations of greenhouse-effect/ Who first coined the term “Greenhouse Effect”?]gases," ''Serendipitysolar luminosity,volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth'' August 2015</ref>s orbit around the Sun.[57]
===The skeptics strike back===Arrhenius ignored water vapor in his calculationsTo determine the human contribution to climate change, leading him known internal climate variability and natural external forcings need to overestimate the effect of CO<sub>2</sub> by 96 percentbe ruled out. A key approach is to determine unique "fingerprints" for all potential causes, as Knut Ångström then compare these fingerprints with observed in 1901patterns of climate change.<ref>"[https://realclimatescience.com/2016/12/climate-scientists-celebrating-115-years-of-debunked-science/ Climate Scientists Celebrating 115 Years Of Debunked Junk Science58]"</ref> More controversiallyFor example, Ångström questioned whether CO<sub>2</sub> could act solar forcing can be ruled out as a greenhouse gas at allmajor cause. He took a tube of carbon dioxideIts fingerprint would be warming in the entire atmosphere. Yet, shined black-body radiation on itonly the lower atmosphere has warmed, and varied the pressure on the consistent with greenhouse gasforcing. Increasing [59] Attribution of recent climate change shows that the pressure led to only a slight increase in absorption. He concluded that radiation absorption by CO<sub>2</sub> main driver is already nearly saturatedelevated greenhouse gases, so the emission of additional gas into the atmosphere would have little with aerosols having a dampening effect. Ångström thus became "the first denier."[60]
Nils EkholmGreenhouse gasesMain articles: Greenhouse gas, an associate of ArrheniusGreenhouse gas emissions, had an answer to Ångström's point about saturation.<ref>EkholmGreenhouse effect, Nils, "On the Variations of the Geological and Historical Past their Causes, ''Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,'' January 1901. DOI: 10.1002/qj.49702711702.</ref> Ångström's tube was saturated because it was at ground level. High enough in the atmosphere, there must be an unsaturated layer of carbon dioxide capable of absorbing radiation. The greater the density of carbon Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the lower this layer would be. A lower layer would retransmit more radiation to the lower atmosphere and would therefore be responsible for greater warming. EkholmEarth's insight was lost on his fellow scientists. It was not rediscovered until the 1960s.<ref>"The Surface budget fallacy," ''The Warming Papers'', pp. 79-80.</ref>atmosphere
As for Ångström's point concerning water vaporCO2 concentrations over the last 800, Arrhenius insisted that CO<sub>2<000 years as measured from ice cores (blue/sub> rose higher green) and directly (black)The Earth absorbs sunlight, then radiates it as heat. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere than water vapor couldabsorb and reemit infrared radiation, so water vapor was not relevant. This argument never caught on. The idea that adding CO<sub>2</sub> would change slowing the climate, "was never widely accepted and was abandoned when rate at which it was found that all can pass through the long-wave radiation atmosphere and escape into space.[that would be61] absorbed by CO<sub>2</sub> is [already] absorbed by water vaporBefore the Industrial Revolution," naturally-occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the American Meteorological Society concluded air near the surface to be about 33 °C warmer than it would have been in 1951their absence.<ref>American Meteorological Society, ''[https://www.questia.com/read/97549786/compendium-of-meteorology 1951 Compendium of Meteorology62]''[63] While water vapour (~50%) and clouds (~25%) are the biggest contributors to the greenhouse effect, p. 1016.</ref> Despite Ångström's debunking they increase as a function of his theory, Arrhenius won the Nobel prize for chemistry in 1903 for unrelated researchtemperature and are therefore feedbacks. The ÅngströmsOn the other hand, meanwhileconcentrations of gases such as CO2 (~20%), tropospheric ozone,[64] CFCs and nitrous oxide are remembered for a miniscule unit of length named after Anders Ångströmnot temperature-dependent, Knut's dadand are therefore external forcings.[65]
===Disproving Human activity since the greenhouse effect===Finally performing the experiment Fourier had recommended a century earlierIndustrial Revolution, Robert Wood showed in 1909 that energy is transferred from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere primarily through convection currents. In Wood's experimentmainly extracting and burning fossil fuels (coal, the temperature in a glass box was compared to that in a box with a top made of halite (rock saltoil, and natural gas). Halite allows sunlight to enter, but blocks infrared. Infrared re-radiation and [66] has increased the amount of greenhouse effect play "a very small part," both gases in the atmosphere and , resulting in literal greenhouses, Wood concludeda radiative imbalance.<ref>WoodIn 2019, Robert, "[http://www.tech-know-group.com/papers/Note_on_the_Theory_of_the_Greenhouse.pdf Note on the Theory concentrations of the Greenhouse]"CO2 and methane had increased by about 48% and 160%, ''Philosphical Magazine''respectively, January—June 1909since 1750.<br/>"[http://hockeyschtick.blogspot.jp/2010/06/greenhouse-theory-disproven-in-1909.html Greenhouse Theory disproven in 1909, 1963, 1966, 1973...but still refuses to die67]," June 28, 2010.<br/>Gerhard Gerlich and Ralf D. Tscheuschner, "[https://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0707/0707.1161v4.pdf Falsification Of The Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> Greenhouse Effects Within The Frame Of Physics]"</ref> A greenhouse is warmer These CO2 levels are higher than they have been at any time during the air outside because the roof limits convection and the walls restrict windlast 2 million years. "The acquired heat is concentrated, because it is not dissipated immediately by renewing Concentrations of methane are far higher than they were over the airlast 800," as Fourier himself explained000 years.<ref name="Fourier" />[68]
From 1909 until the 1960s, only a few additional papers on AGW were published. Research went forward as the lonely project of English scientist Guy Callendar. Callendar collected historical temperature readings and CO<sub>2</sub> measurements and published the results in 1938.<ref>Callendar, G.S. (1938). "The Artificial Production of Carbon Dioxide and Its Influence on Climate." ''Quarterly J. Royal Meteorological Society'' 64: 223-40. Reprinted in ''The Warming Papers'', pp. 261-273.</ref>
===Sagan and Venus===In 1932, Venus was shown The Global Carbon Project shows how additions to CO2 since 1880 have an atmosphere of carbon dioxidebeen caused by different sources ramping up one after another.<ref>"Carbon Dioxide Discovered Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in Atmosphere 2019 were equivalent to 59 billion tonnes of Venus"CO2. Of these emissions, Astronautics75% was CO2, Vol. 218% was methane, No. 21 (1932)4% was nitrous oxide, ppand 2% was fluorinated gases. 6-7. https://dx.doi.org/10.2514/8.11921</ref> This finding prompted astronomer Rupert Wildt [69] CO2 emissions primarily come from burning fossil fuels to propose in 1940 that a greenhouse effect operated on the planetprovide energy for transport, manufacturing, heating, and electricity. Radio telescope observations in 1958 showed that [3] Additional CO2 emissions come from deforestation and industrial processes, which include the temperature of Venus was even higher than Wildt's theory could explain. Astronomer Carl Sagan proposed in 1960 that CO2 released by the planet had a “very efficient greenhouse effectchemical reactions for making cement,” or runaway greenhouse as it later came to be called.<ref>Weartsteel, Spenceraluminum, "and fertiliser.[http://history.aip.org/history/climate/pdf/venus.pdf Venus & Mars70]"Methane emissions come from livestock, June 2011.</ref><ref>Saganmanure, Carlrice cultivation, "[http://science.sciencemag.org/content/133/3456/849 The Planet Venus]"landfills, ''Science''wastewater, 24 March 1961and coal mining, as well as oil and gas extraction.</ref> The Mariner 2 mission in 1962 measured [71] Nitrous oxide emissions largely come from the temperature microbial decomposition of Venus as 500 degrees Celsius. The planet that had been considered "Earth's twin" just a few years earlier was revealed as a sulfurous vision of hellfertiliser.[72]
MarinerDespite the contribution of deforestation to greenhouse gas emissions, the Earth's findings were sensational because they had been predicted by Immanuel Velikovsky in ''Worlds in Collision'' (1950)land surface, which argues that Venus was ejected from Jupiter in mythological timesparticularly its forests, remain a significant carbon sink for CO2. The scientific community had denounced Velikovsky and his theory Land-surface sink processes, such as carbon fixation in the strongest terms, soil and Sagan emerged as its championphotosynthesis, remove about 29% of annual global CO2 emissions. Sagan and Velikovsky faced off at [73] The ocean also serves as a dramatic conference significant carbon sink via a two-step process. First, CO2 dissolves in San Francisco in 1974the surface water.<ref>AAAS Symposium: "VelikovskyAfterwards, the ocean's Challenge to Science" held on February 25overturning circulation distributes it deep into the ocean's interior, 1974where it accumulates over time as part of the carbon cycle. Over the last two decades, the world's oceans have absorbed 20 to 30% of emitted CO2.</ref>[74]
By portraying carbon dioxide as a doomsday chemicalAerosols and cloudsAir pollution, in the form of aerosols, Sagan put not only puts a radically new spin large burden on human health, but also affects the issueclimate on a large scale. Both Arrhenius and Callendar had assumed that greenhouse warming would be beneficial. With Rachel Carson's ''Silent Spring'' (1962)[75] From 1961 to 1990, Paul R. Ehrlich's ''The Population Bomb'' (1968), and a gradual reduction in the Club amount of Romesunlight reaching the Earth's ''The Limits surface was observed, a phenomenon popularly known as global dimming,[76] typically attributed to Growth'' (1972)aerosols from biofuel and fossil fuel burning.[77] Globally, aerosols have been declining since 1990, this was an era when the reading public had an enormous appetite for spurious theories concerning human-initiated global catastrophemeaning that they no longer mask greenhouse gas warming as much.[78]
While Aerosols scatter and absorb solar radiation. They also have indirect effects on the Venus discoveries ignited a burst of interest in AGW, they did nothing to shore up its scientific meritsEarth's radiation budget. In 1971, Russian climatologist Mikhail Budyko gave a speech Sulfate aerosols act as cloud condensation nuclei and lead to a large international conference in Leningrad in which he presented an alarmist AGW scenario. Reaction was strongly negative. It was clear clouds that AGW was very much a minority opinion among scientists at this timehave more and smaller cloud droplets. A quick look at Venus reveals that the atmosphere is opaque due to globe-spanning sulfur dioxide These cloudsreflect solar radiation more efficiently than clouds with fewer and larger droplets. These [79] They also reduce the growth of raindrops, which makes clouds are 30 more reflective to 40 km thick. No incoming sunlight reaches the surface.<ref>NASA's "[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/venusfact.html Venus Fact Sheet80]" gives Indirect effects of aerosols are the planet's diurnal temperature range as zero, i.e. no difference between night and day on the surface.</ref> It follows that the planet has no greenhouse effect whatsoeverlargest uncertainty in radiative forcing.[81]
In a runaway greenhouseWhile aerosols typically limit global warming by reflecting sunlight, the greenhouse effect vaporizes additional water, which black carbon in turn increases the greenhouse effect. This leads soot that falls on snow or ice can contribute to even more water vaporization and so on in a cycle of positive feedbackglobal warming. Venus has very little water Not only does this increase the absorption of any kindsunlight, so Sagan's runaway greenhouse is not possible.<ref name=pierre>*Raymond T. Pierrehumbert, ''[https://books.google.ca/books?id=bO_U8f5pVR8C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Principles of Planetary Climate]'', pp. 14it also increases melting and sea-15level rise.<br />*Anthony Watts explains why Sagan's theory is "beyond absurd" in "[https://wattsupwiththat.com/2010/05/06/hyperventilating-on-venus/ Hyperventilating on Venus82]," May 6, 2010.</ref> Whatever the chemistry of the Venusian atmosphere, water vapor absorbs a wider spectrum of radiation than Limiting new black carbon dioxide does and remains the primary greenhouse gas deposits in the terrestrial atmosphere, as Tyndall showed long agoArctic could reduce global warming by 0.2 °C by 2050.[83]
Venus research proved to be an incubator for AGW showboaters. James “Boiling Oceans” Hansen, who emerged as the public face of AGW in the late 1980s, was a NASA Venus researcher in the 1960s. Overlooking Hansen's history of following one kook theory after another, the mainstream media treated his talk of "runaway greenhouse" and "Venus syndrome" as serious science.<ref>Sullivan, John, "[https://johnosullivan.wordpress.com/2012/05/20/top-scientists-vent-on-nasas-sub-prime-greenhouse-gas-hoaxere-optional/ Top Scientists Vent on NASA’s Sub Prime Greenhouse Gas Hoaxer]", May 20, 2012. "The oceans will begin to boil," Hansen announces in [https://wattsupwiththat.com/2012/01/12/quote-of-the-week-dr-james-hansen-of-nasa-giss-unhinged/ this video]. In his book, ''Storms of my Grandchildren'', Hansen writes: "[I]f we burn all reserves of oil, gas, and coal, there is a substantial chance we will initiate the runaway greenhouse. If we also burn the tar sands and tar shale, I believe the Venus syndrome is a dead certainty."</ref>Land surface changes
Hansen's claim that continued CO<sub>2</sub> emissions will trigger a runaway greenhouse on Earth is unlikely in view The rate of global tree cover loss has approximately doubled since 2001, to an annual loss approaching an area the size of Italy.[84]Humans change the Earth's recovery after the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), a huge natural spike in CO<sub>2</sub> that occurred 55surface mainly to create more agricultural land.5 million years ago.<ref>KunzigToday, Robert, "[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/13/130729-runaway-greenhouse-global-warming-venus-ocean-climate-science/ Will agriculture takes up 34% of Earth's Ocean Boil Away?]"land area, ''National Geographic''while 26% is forests, July and 30% is uninhabitable (glaciers, 2013.</ref> During PETMdeserts, the carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere increased by about 700 ppm over 20,000 years and the planet warmed by 5–8 degrees Celsiusetc.<ref>McInherney, F.A..; Wing, S. (2011). "A perturbation [85] The amount of carbon cycleforested land continues to decrease, climatewhich is the main land use change that causes global warming.[86] Deforestation releases CO2 contained in trees when they are destroyed, and biosphere with implications for plus it prevents those trees from absorbing more CO2 in the future". Annual Review [87] The main causes of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 39deforestation are: 489–516. Bibcode:2011AREPS..39..489M. doi:10.1146/annurevpermanent land-earth-040610-133431</ref> Plant growth accelerated use change from forest to agricultural land producing products such as beef and there was a return to pre-PETM conditions after 200,000 years.<ref>Gabriel J. Bowen & James C. Zachos, "Rapid carbon sequestration at the termination of the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum", ''Nature'' Geoscience 3, 866–869 palm oil (201027%) doi:10.1038/ngeo1014</ref> Although this event is sometimes presented as confirmation of the greenhouse concept, warming preceded the CO<sub>2<logging to produce forestry/sub> spike by about 3forest products (26%),000 years<ref>Sluijs, A.; Brinkhuis, H.; Schouten, S.; Bohaty, S.M.; John, C.M.; Zachos, J.C.; Reichart, G.J.; Sinninghe Damste, J.S.; Crouch, E.M.; Dickens, G.R. short term shifting cultivation (200724%). "Environmental precursors to rapid light carbon injection at the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary". Nature. 450 , and wildfires (717323%): 1218–21. Bibcode:2007Natur.450.1218S. doi:10.1038/nature06400. PMID 18097406.</ref> and may have been initiated by a comet impact.<ref>[https://wattsupwiththat.com/tag/petm/ Study: Extraterrestrial impact preceded ancient global warming event88]", October 13, 2016.<br/>Morgan F. Schaller, Megan K. Fung, James D. Wright, Miriam E. Katz, Dennis V. Kent, "[http://science.sciencemag.org/content/354/6309/225.full Impact ejecta at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary]", ''Science'', 14 Oct 2016:Vol. 354, Issue 6309, pp. 225-229 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf5466.</ref>
===From cooling to warming===Despite Venus-related attention, AGW was overshadowed by Land use changes not only affect greenhouse gas emissions. The type of vegetation in a cooling scare in region affects the 1970slocal temperature. Steven SchneiderIt impacts how much of the sunlight gets reflected back into space (albedo), who later emerged as and how much heat is lost by evaporation. For instance, the change from a key player in AGW politicsdark forest to grassland makes the surface lighter, confidently predicted causing it to reflect more cooling in 1971:{{cquote|[I]t is projected that man's potential to pollute will increase six- to eightfold in the next 50 yearssunlight. If this increased rate of injection of particulate matter in Deforestation can also affect temperatures by modifying the atmosphere should raise the present background opacity by a factor release of 4chemical compounds that influence clouds, our calculations suggest a decrease in global temperature and by as much as 3changing wind patterns.5 ''°K''. Such a large decrease in [89] In tropic and temperate areas the average temperature of Earthnet effect is to produce significant warming, sustained over while at latitudes closer to the poles a period gain of few years, albedo (as forest is '''believed replaced by snow cover) leads to be sufficient to trigger an ice agea cooling effect.''' However[89] Globally, by that time, nuclear power may these effects are estimated to have largely replaced fossil fuels as led to a means of energy production.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rasool SIslight cooling, Schneider SH |title=Atmospheric carbon dioxide and aerosols: effects of large increases on global climate |journal=Science |volume=173 |issue=3992 |pages=138–41 |date=July 1971 |pmid=17739641 |doi=10dominated by an increase in surface albedo.1126/science.173.3992.138 |url= }}</ref>}}[90]
By Solar and volcanic activityFurther information: Solar activity and climatePhysical climate models are unable to reproduce the late 1970s, the cooling scare had tapered off rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and Schneider was actively promoting AGWvolcanic activity. The [91] As the Sun is the Earth's primary energy crisissource, which began changes in 1973incoming sunlight directly affect the climate system.[81] Solar irradiance has been measured directly by satellites, put energy policy [92] and indirect measurements are available from the early 1600s onwards.[81] There has been no upward trend in the center amount of the political debate. In response, Sun's energy reaching the left adopted Earth.[93] Further evidence for greenhouse gases causing global warming comes from measurements that show a platform warming of conservation, renewablesthe lower atmosphere (the troposphere), and solar energycoupled with a cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere). Schneider and others noticed that AGW provided an additional justification [94] If solar variations were responsible for this platformthe observed warming, the troposphere and stratosphere would both warm.[59]
By Explosive volcanic eruptions represent the late 1980s, Schneider and his fellow activists had transformed global warming from a fringe concern to a central political issuelargest natural forcing over the industrial era. He explained how in a 1989 interview:{{cquote|And like most people we’d like to see When the world a better place, which in this context translates into our working to reduce eruption is sufficiently strong (with sulfur dioxide reaching the risk of potentially disastrous climate change. To do that we need to get some broad based supportstratosphere), to capture the public’s imagination. '''That, of course, means getting loads of media coverage. So we have to offer up scary scenarios,''' make simplified, dramatic statements, '''and make little mention of any doubts we might have'''. This “double ethical bind” we frequently find ourselves in cannot sunlight can be solved by any formula. Each partially blocked for a couple of us has to decide what the right balance is between being effective and being honestyears. I hope that means being both.<ref>The quote is from ''Discover'', pptemperature signal lasts about twice as long. 45–48In the industrial era, October 1989volcanic activity has had negligible impacts on global temperature trends. See [https://www95] Present-day volcanic CO2 emissions are equivalent to less than 1% of current anthropogenic CO2 emissions.weeklystandard.com/climategate-part-ii/article/610926 this link[96].</ref>}}
After Schneider abandoned his global cooling hobbyhorse Climate change feedbackMain articles: Climate change feedback and got on the global warming [[argumentum ad populum|bandwagon]], he never looked back. He was all about offering up "scary scenarios" in order to get "loads of media coverage." He had hoped to be honest, but, let's face it, nobody's perfect. Since he presents himself here as the high priest of climate science, it should be noted that Schneider's Ph.D. is in mechanical engineering.Climate sensitivity
According Sea ice reflects 50% to Oxfam, "climate-related disasters has tripled in 70% of incoming solar radiation while the last 30 years"dark ocean surface only reflects 6%, and "more than 20 million people so melting sea ice is a year are forced from their homes"self-reinforcing feedback.<ref>[https://www.oxfam.org/en/5-natural-disasters-beg-climate-action Oxfam97]</ref> ===The IPCC===The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a UN agency that reports on response of the climate science, was founded in 1988system to an initial forcing is modified by feedbacks: increased by self-reinforcing feedbacks and reduced by balancing feedbacks. IPCC reports [98] The main reinforcing feedbacks are often cited as the gold standard of science in this fieldwater-vapour feedback, proof that AGW is "settled science." But few journalists read the report itself. Insteadice–albedo feedback, they rely on the "Executive Summary" or "Summary for Policymakers." This document is written, not by scientists, but by UN bureaucrats under and the supervision net effect of Rajendra Pachauri, the Indian railway economist who heads the IPCCclouds. [99][100] The Climategate II emails reveal that the summary primary balancing mechanism is written first then material is added radiative cooling, as Earth's surface gives off more heat to the various chapters space in response to support itrising temperature.<ref>Hayward, Steven F., "[https://www.weeklystandard.com/climategate-part-ii/article/610926 Climategate (Part II)101]In addition to temperature feedbacks," ''Weekly Standard'', Dec. 12, 2011</ref> This procedure makes a farce of there are feedbacks in the IPCC's stated missioncarbon cycle, which is to review the published literature so such as to determine the scientific consensusfertilizing effect of CO2 on plant growth. [102] Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.[103]
As for the main reportair is warmed by greenhouse gases, this it can hold more moisture. Water vapour is put together carelesslya potent greenhouse gas, according George Filippo: "I feel rather uncomfortable about using not only unpublished but also unreviewed material as so this further heats the backbone of our conclusions (or any conclusions)atmosphere....IPCC is not any [99] If cloud cover increases, more an assessment of published science (which is its proclaimed goal) but production of resultssunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet....I feel that at this point there are very little rules If clouds become higher and almost anything goes." Filippo was a vice chair of the group thinner, they act as an insulator, reflecting heat from 2002 to 2008 below back downwards and has contributed to all five IPCC reportswarming the planet.<ref>"[http://tomnelson.blogspot.jp/2012/01/don-miss-this-devastating-criticism-104] The effect ofclouds is the largest source of feedback uncertainty.html Don't miss this devastating criticism of the IPCC[105]," January 02, 2012</ref>
===Climategate===The AGW industry was exposed as a hoax by Another major feedback is the release reduction of snow cover and sea ice in the "[Arctic, which reduces the reflectivity of the Earth's surface.[Climategate106]]" emails in 2009. The Climate Research Unit More of East Anglia University the Sun's energy is now absorbed in Britain prepared 156 megaybytes these regions, contributing to amplification of email by their researchers for release under the Freedom of Information ActArctic temperature changes. This database was somehow leaked[107] Arctic amplification is also melting permafrost, either prematurely or by a whistleblower after which releases methane and CO2 into the institution had second thoughtsatmosphere.[108] Climate change can also cause methane releases from wetlands, marine systems, and freshwater systems.[109] Overall, climate feedbacks are expected to become increasingly positive.[110]
In the most notorious message, Phil Jones, director Around half of human-caused CO2 emissions have been absorbed by land plants and by the unitoceans.[111] On land, wrote, "I've just completed '''Mike's ''Nature'' trick''' of adding in the real temps to each series for the last 20 years (ie from 1981 onwards) amd from 1961 for Keith's to '''hide the decline'''elevated CO2 and an extended growing season have stimulated plant growth."<ref name=MISH /> This should not be understood to mean Climate change increases droughts and heat waves that real temperature was declininginhibit plant growth, but rather that the researchers were attempting which makes it uncertain whether this carbon sink will continue to cover up flaws grow in their tree-ring based data setthe future. The graph in question was a version [112] Soils contain large quantities of carbon and may release some when they heat up.[113] As more CO2 and heat are absorbed by the famous "hockey stick" that shows global temperature constant for 2ocean,000 yearsit acidifies, followed by a dramatic warming in its circulation changes and phytoplankton takes up less carbon, decreasing the last centuryrate at which the ocean absorbs atmospheric carbon. ''Nature'' is considered one of [114] Overall, at higher CO2 concentrations the most authoritative science journals. So this quote suggests that Earth will absorb a chart prepared for the magazine was faked with the approval reduced fraction of Jones as supervisorour emissions. An email by CRU researcher Tim Osborn clarifies what the ''Nature'' trick was: "Also we have applied a completely artificial adjustment to the data after 1960, so they look closer to observed temperatures than the tree-ring data actually were."<ref>"[http://tomnelson.blogspot.jp/2011/12/in-case-you-missed-it-damning.html In case you missed it, damning ClimateGate emails from Tim Osborne115]", Tom Nelson, Dec. 06, 2011.</ref>
What's wrong with using tree ring data to created a climate record? The CRU researchers assumed that a tree grows faster when it's warmer. But rainfall has a stronger influence on tree growth than temperature does. Temperature is correlated to tree growth only in Future warming and the sense that it tends to rain more in warm eras. Critics call the CRU's approach the "tree-o-meter" theory.<ref>"[httpcarbon budgetFurther information://tomnelson.blogspot.jp/2012/02/email-3826-feb-2001-in-email-copied-to.html Email 3826Carbon budget, Feb 2001]Climate model," Tom Nelson, Feb. 04, 2012. "In one go, they tossed aside dozens of studies which confirmed the existence of the MWE [Medieval Warm Era] and LIA [Little Ice Age] as global events, and all on the basis of tree rings - a proxy which has all the deficiencies I have stated above."</ref>Climate change scenario
In another Climategate emailProjected global surface temperature changes relative to 1850–1900, Jones enthusiastically demands that the IPCC review process be rigged: "I can't see either based on CMIP6 multi-model mean changesA climate model is a representation of these papers being in the next IPCC report. Kevin physical, chemical, and I will keep them out somehow - even if we have biological processes that affect the climate system.[116] Models are used to redefine what calculate the peer-review literature is!" Jones degree of warming future emissions will cause when accounting for the strength of climate feedbacks.[117][118] Models also admitted that the reason he claims include natural processes like changes in the Earth is warming is political: "The scientific community would come down on me 's orbit, historical changes in no uncertain terms if I said the world had cooled from 1998. Okay it has but it is only seven years of data and it isnSun't statistically significant."<ref name=steyn14>Steyns activity, Mark, "[http://wwwand volcanic forcing.steynonline.com/2697/how-[119] In addition to estimating future temperatures, they reproduce and predict the-science-got-settled How circulation of the Science Got Settled]"oceans, December 6, 2014.</ref> Jones is ignoring the fact that 1998 was an unusually warm year due to an El Niño event. All annual cycle of the sameseasons, it's clear that he runs and the CRU to produce made-to-order results rather than as a scientistflows of carbon between the land surface and the atmosphere.[120]
==The temperature record==Global temperatures are tracked physical realism of models is tested by three methods: satellites, weather balloons, and weather stations. All three methods confirm a modest amount of warming in recent decades. Satellite data shows a warming trend of 0.11 K/decade for 1978 examining their ability to 2015simulate contemporary or past climates.<ref>Roy W. Spencer, John R. Christy, and William D. Braswell, "[http://www.drroyspencer.com/wp-content/uploads/Version-61.pdf Version 6.0 121] Past models have underestimated the rate of Arctic shrinkage[122] and underestimated the UAH Temperature Dataset Released]", 28 April 2015.</ref> Weather balloon data shows a warming trend rate of 0precipitation increase.18 K/decade for 1970 to 2015.<ref>The figure given is for RATPAC-A[123] Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, surface to 700 mbbut more recent models agree well with observations. See "[https://wattsupwiththat.com/2015/12/14/gavins124] The 2017 United States-admission-about-the-satellite-record-versus-the-surface-temperature-record/ Gavin’s admission about the satellite record versus the surface temperature record],published National Climate Assessment notes that "climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes" ''Watt's Up With That''. You can find a collection of global climate charts [https://wattsupwiththat.com/global-climate/ here125].</ref>
A reanalysis subset of weather station data for 1943 climate models add societal factors to 2012 by Roy Spencer shows that after a cooler period in the 1960s and 1970s, Usimple physical climate model.S. temperatures returned to their earlier level. Unlike CRUThese models simulate how population, NASAeconomic growth, and NOAA, Spencer corrects for energy use affect – and interact with – the fact that at most stations measurement time of day has changed over the yearsphysical climate.<ref name=Spencer>SpencerWith this information, Roy, "[http://www.drroyspencer.com/2012/08/a-new-analysis-of-u-s-temperature-trends-since-1943/ A New Analysis these models can produce scenarios of Ufuture greenhouse gas emissions.S. Temperature Trends Since 1943]," August 6th, 2012.</ref> So Spencer's analysis implies that the warmest year on record was 1934, the warmest year of the 1930s, not 2016 This is then used as the input for physical climate establishment maintains. Spencer is a prominent skeptic models and a professor at the University carbon cycle models to predict how atmospheric concentrations of Alabama greenhouse gases might change in Huntsville. He maintains the UAH record, one of the two major satellite temperature recordsfuture. As an active researcher at the center of the climate science community, Spencer is a standing rebuke to the claim that AGW represents the scientific consensus.<ref>Spencer, Roy, "[http://www.drroyspencer.com/my-global-warming-skepticism-for-dummies/ My Global Warming Skepticism, for Dummies126][127]"</ref> While the cause is debatable, worldwide, 2016 was the warmest year Depending on record, 2020 was the second-warmest, socioeconomic scenario and 2011–2020 was the warmest decade on record since thermometer-based observations began. Eight of the top 10 warmest years on record for the contiguous 48 states have occurred since 1998mitigation scenario, models produce atmospheric CO2 concentrations that range widely between 380 and 2012 and 2016 were the two warmest years on record1400 ppm.<ref>[https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-us-and-global-temperature US and global temperatures128]</ref>
The temperature records preferred IPCC Sixth Assessment Report projects that global warming is very likely to reach 1.0 °C to 1.8 °C by the climate establishment were built up over many years and include numerous gaps, bugs, incompatible codinglate 21st century under the very low GHG emissions scenario. In an intermediate scenario global warming would reach 2.1 °C to 3.5 °C, and other errors3.3 °C to 5. The problems of 7 °C under the CRU data set very high GHG emissions scenario.[129] These projections are memorably documented based on climate models in the "Harry read me" file, part of the Climategate trovecombination with observations. According to this file, the premier global temperature record contains, "botch after botch after botch."<ref name=Brownlow>Brownlow, Andie, "[https://pjmedia.com/blog/climategates-harry_read_me-txt-we-all-really-should/?singlepage=true Climategate's Harry_Read_Me.txt: We All Really Should130]", Dec. 11, 2009.</ref>
AGW The remaining carbon budget is hardly determined by modelling the carbon cycle and the only explanation that has been proposed for recent warmingclimate sensitivity to greenhouse gases. There are also explanations involving natural cycles such as [131] According to the 11-year-sunspot cycleIPCC, the Pacific decadal oscillation,<ref>Bratcher and Giese, "Tropical Pacific decadal variability and global warming", ''Geophysical Research Letters''can be kept below 1.</ref> and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).<ref>*72 percent of global temperature variation since 1958 reflects the influence of 5 °C with a Pacific Ocean weather cycle called the El Niñotwo-Southern Oscillation (McLean, J. D., C. R. de Freitas, and R. M. Carter--2009-07-23). "Influence thirds chance if emissions after 2018 do not exceed 420 or 570 gigatonnes of the Southern Oscillation on tropospheric temperature"CO2. ''Journal This corresponds to 10 to 13 years of Geophysical Research''<br/>*Spencer, Rcurrent emissions.WThere are high uncertainties about the budget. & BraswellFor instance, Wit may be 100 gigatonnes of CO2 smaller due to methane release from permafrost and wetlands.D., "[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13143-014-0011-z The role of ENSO in global ocean temperature changes during 1955–2011 simulated with a 1D climate model132]"However, Asia-Pacific J Atmos Sci (2014) 50: 229it is clear that fossil fuel resources are too abundant for shortages to be relied on to limit carbon emissions in the 21st century. doi:10.1007/s13143-014-0011-z</ref>[133]
==Summary of arguments against anthropogenic global warming==ImpactsNatural periods of global warming and global cooling are expected to occur regardless of human activity, and not long ago liberals were demanding more government control to combat an alleged cooling in temperatures, with some scientists warning of a possible ice age.<ref name="Time">"ScienceMain article: Another Ice Age?" (June 24, 1974). ''Time'' magazine. Retrieved on September 25, 2014.</ref> [[Global cooling]], a theory that predates global warming, obviously occurs naturally many times throughout [[Earth|Earth's]] geological history.<ref name="dissidents">"After any given warming phase begins, thousands of years later the cyclical [[Milankovitch]] decrease in the sun's heat kicks in. The warming stops, reverses and an [[ice age]] ensues." Cockburn, Alexander (June 9–11, 2007). [http://www.counterpunch.org/cockburn06092007.html "Dissidents against dogma"]. Counterpunch. Retrieved on September 25, 2014.</ref> The ease of refutation of anthropogenic global cooling claims foretells the eventual fate Effects of the current global warming hysteria.climate change
Many political activists use the term "global warming" to refer to [[anthropogenic global warming theory]] (AGW), which asserts The sixth IPCC Assessment Report projects changes in average soil moisture that human activity such as spewing "[[greenhouse gases]]" is causing an increase can disrupt agriculture and ecosystems. A reduction in temperature soil moisture by one standard deviation means that average soil moisture will approximately match the ninth driest year between 1850 and is more significant than natural causes1900 at that location. Environmental effectsThe AGW theory is supported by leftenvironmental effects of climate change are broad and far-leaning political partiesreaching, as well as a majority of sovereign statesaffecting oceans, national agenciesice, and an intergovernmental panel (see [[IPCC]])weather. The reality is that there is no immediate global crisisChanges may occur gradually or rapidly. Evidence for these effects comes from studying climate change in the past, from modelling, and even dire warnings by the UN's from modern observations.[[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change134]] (IPCC) admit that significant effects will not be manifested for at least 100 yearsSince the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency. Predictions made by [[climate model]135]s publicized by Extremely wet or dry events within the IPCC monsoon period have not come to pass increased in recent yearsIndia and East Asia. Many scientists, such [136] The rainfall rate and intensity of hurricanes and typhoons is likely increasing.[137] Frequency of tropical cyclones has not increased as Hal Lewisa result of climate change.[138] However, have decried global warming as a conspiracy for study review article published in 2021 in Nature Geoscience concluded that the purpose geographic range of securing trillions of dollars tropical cyclones will probably expand poleward in grant moneyresponse to climate warming of the Hadley circulation.[139]
In November 2009, emails were disclosed that implicated a wrongful manipulation and concealment of data by scientists who have insisted that there is dangerous man-made global warming. Prior to [[ClimateGate]], both the Republican and Democratic party Platforms in 2008 suggested that global warming is happening, that it is caused by human activity, and that it should be counteracted. For example, in 2007, the Republican presidential candidate Senator [[John McCain]] called global warming "an issue we can no longer afford to ignore".<ref>"Issues" (September 1, 2007). www.JohnMcCain.com [2008 senate campaign website] quoted in [http://www.ontheissues.org/domestic/John_McCain_Environment.htm "John McCain on environment"] OnTheIssues.org. Retrieved on September 25, 2014.</ref> In 2010, an independent analysis cleared the scientists involved of any wrongdoing ''as scientists'', but remarked upon their omissions as data-presenters. Accordingly, the effects of the scandal still linger.<ref>Whiteman, Hilary (July 7, 2010). [https://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/07/07/climategate.email.review/?hpt=Sbin "'Climategate' review clears scientists of dishonesty"]. CNN World. Retrieved on September 26, 2014.</ref>
Former Vice President Historical sea level reconstruction and projections up to 2100 published in 2017 by the U.S. Global Change Research Program[[Al Gore140]] won a [[Nobel Prize]] in 2007 for claiming that there Global sea level is rising as a dangerous man-made global warming that threatens consequence of glacial melt, melt of the worldice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica, and thermal expansion. HoweverBetween 1993 and 2020, it has since been revealed that he convinced many people through inaccurate information in his "documentarythe rise increased over time," iaveraging 3.e3 ± 0.3 mm per year.[141] Over the 21st century, he only won the Nobel Prize IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by lying61–110 cm. [See [[#Al_Gore.27s_Claims|Al Gore's claims142]Increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, risking a large melt of the ice sheet[143] below.] The following facts can help dissuade even and the most illogical possibility of liberals from believing in the flawed theory of anthropogenic global warminga 2-meter sea level rise by 2100 under high emissions.[144]
=== Temperature flat ===The overall temperature Climate change has been flat for about 16 years.<ref name="Rose">Rose, David (October 13, 2012)led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice. [https://www145] While ice-free summers are expected to be rare at 1.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2217286/Global-5 °C degrees of warming-stopped-16-, they are set to occur once every three to ten years-ago-reveals-Met-Office-report-quietly-released--chart-prove-it.html "Global at a warming stopped 16 years ago, reveals Met Office report quietly releasedlevel of 2 °C.[146] Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to changes in ocean chemistry..and here An increase in dissolved CO2 is the chart causing oceans to prove it"acidify.[147]In addition, oxygen levels are decreasing as oxygen is less soluble in warmer water. MailOnline. Retrieved on September 26[148] Dead zones in the ocean, 2014regions with very little oxygen, are expanding too.</ref>[149]
=== Data manipulation ===Tipping points and long-term impactsClimate data stating otherwise has been proven to Greater degrees of global warming increase the risk of passing through ‘tipping points’—thresholds beyond which certain impacts can no longer be manipulatedavoided even if temperatures are reduced.<ref>Multiple references:*KUSI-TV (January 14, 2010). [http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=30000 "NASA caught in climate data manipulation; new revelations headlined on KUSI-TV climate special"150]An example is the collapse of West Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets, where a temperature rise of 1. SpaceRef. Retrieved 5 to 2 °C may commit the ice sheets to melt, although the time scale of melt is uncertain and depends on September 26, 2014future warming.*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jasZcNQqsw "Climategate 2151][152] Some large-US Government involved in data manipulation"] scale changes could occur over a short time period, such as a shutdown of certain ocean currents like the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (January 16, 2010AMOC). YouTube video, 10:00, posted by Bigone5555J[153] Tipping points can also include irreversible damage to ecosystems like the Amazon rainforest and coral reefs. Retrieved on September 26, 2014.</ref>[154]
=== Alternate causation ===Even if global The long-term effects of climate change include further ice melt, ocean warming did actually exist, sea level rise, and ocean acidification.[155] On the overall effect timescale of human activities on global warming are minimalcenturies to millennia, if not nonexistentthe magnitude of climate change will be determined primarily by anthropogenic CO2 emissions.<ref>Byrne, Dennis (August 30, 2011)This is due to CO2's long atmospheric lifetime. [http://articles156] Oceanic CO2 uptake is slow enough that ocean acidification will continue for hundreds to thousands of years.chicagotribune.com/2011-08-30/news/ct-oped-0830-byrne-20110830_1_cosmic-rays-aerosols-magnetic-field "The real science trashers"[157]These emissions are estimated to have prolonged the current interglacial period by at least 100,000 years. ChicagoTribune. Retrieved on September 26[158] Sea level rise will continue over many centuries, 2014with an estimated rise of 2.<3 metres per degree Celsius (4.2 ft/ref>°F) after 2000 years.[159]
==Science Nature and wildlifeMain article: Climate change and ecosystemsRecent warming has driven many terrestrial and freshwater species poleward and towards higher altitudes.[160] Higher atmospheric CO2 levels and an extended growing season have resulted in global greening. However, heatwaves and drought have reduced ecosystem productivity in some regions. The future balance of these opposing effects is unclear.[161] Climate change has contributed to the expansion of drier climate zones, such as the expansion of deserts in the subtropics.[162] The size and speed of global warming=====Presence is making abrupt changes in ecosystems more likely.[163] Overall, it is expected that climate change will result in the extinction of CO<sub>2</sub>===many species.[164]
One of The oceans have heated more slowly than the primary concerns of Global Warming research is the increased presence of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) land, but plants and animals in the atmosphere. Original claims stated that ocean have migrated towards the increase colder poles faster than species on land.[165] Just as on land, heat waves in carbon dioxide—which is a greenhouse gas—were caused primarily through the burning ocean occur more frequently due to climate change, harming a wide range of organisms such as corals, kelp, and seabirds.[166] Ocean acidification makes it harder for organisms such as mussels, barnacles and corals to produce shells and skeletons; and heatwaves have bleached coral reefs.[fossil fuels]167]Harmful algal blooms enhanced by climate change and eutrophication lower oxygen levels, disrupt food webs and that such increases were the foremost cause great loss of global temperatures risingmarine life. Historically, Global temperature changes precede changes in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.<ref>[http://www.skepticalscience.com/co2-lags-temperature.htm "CO2 lags temperature-what does it mean?"168] (2007)Coastal ecosystems are under particular stress. SkepticalScienceAlmost half of global wetlands have disappeared due to climate change and other human impacts. Retrieved on September 26, 2014.</ref>[169]
The most obvious way that this would occur would be through the heating of ocean water. The oceans are the single largest storage unit for carbon dioxide gas Climate change impacts on the planet, containing about 93% environmentUnderwater photograph of the Earth's carbon dioxidebranching coral that is bleached whiteEcological collapse.<ref>[http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Bi-Ca/Carbon-Dioxide-in-Bleaching has damaged the-Ocean-Great Barrier Reef and-Atmospherethreatens reefs worldwide.html "Carbon dioxide in the ocean and atmosphere"] (2007). Water Encyclopedia. Retrieved on September 26, 2014</ref> As the temperature rises, the [[solubility170]] of carbon dioxide in ocean water is reduced,<ref>[https://science.nasa.gov/earth-science/oceanography/ocean-earth-system/ocean-carbon-cycle/ "Carbon cycle"] (2010). NASA Science. Retrieved on September 26, 2014.</ref> causing the dissolved carbon dioxide gas to enter the atmosphere, and begin trapping radiation from the sun. Scientists now believe that this cycle causes a sort of chain effect, where increased temperature causes more carbon dioxide to enter the atmosphere, which in turn causes more temperature rise.
It is also noteworthy to point out that carbon dioxide, while not as abundant Photograph of evening in the atmosphere, has a more significant effect on global warming than water vapor doesvalley settlement. Carbon dioxide cannot form clouds, as water vapor does. When water vapor forms clouds, those clouds actually block some of The skyline in the sun's radiation hills beyond is lit up red from reaching the Earth, causing water vapor to both contribute positively and negatively to global temperature risefires. Carbon dioxide can only act as a greenhouse gas, causing the above-mentioned cyclic effectExtreme weather. According to the IPCC Drought and others, high temperatures worsened the current concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is about 392 ppm, which is the highest it has been 2020 bushfires in at about 800,000 yearsAustralia.<ref>Tans, Pieter and Keeling, Ralph (2010). [http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/mlo.html "Trends in atmospheric carbon dioxide"171]. NOAA/Earth System Research Laboratory Global Monitoring Division. Retrieved on September 26, 2014.</ref>
But other scientists have disputed this claim of modern-day record-high carbon dioxide readings:<ref name="dissidents"/> <blockquote>Take Warsaw-based Professor Zbigniew Jaworowski, famous for his critiques of ice-core data. He’s devastating on The green landscape is interrupted by a huge muddy scar where the IPCC rallying cry that CO<sub>2</sub> is higher now than it ground has ever been over the past 650,000 yearssubsided. In his 1997 paper in the Spring ''21st Century Science Arctic warming. Permafrost thaws undermine infrastructure and Technology''release methane, he demolishes this proposition. In particular, he’s very good on pointing out the enormous inaccuracies in the ice-core data and the ease with which a CO<sub>2</sub> reading from any given year is contaminated by the CO<sub>2</sub> from entirely different eras. He also points out that from 1985 on there’s been some highly suspect editing of the CO<sub>2</sub> data, presumably to reinforce the case for the "unprecedented levels" of modern CO<sub>2</sub>. In fact, in numerous papers prior to 1985, there were plenty of instances of CO<sub>2</sub> levels much higher than current CO<sub>2</sub> measurements, some even six times higher. He also points out that it is highly unscientific to merge ice-core temperature measurements with modern temperature measurementsgreenhouse gas.</blockquote>[108]
===The Modern Warm Period=== According to temperature reconstruction made within an [[Old Earth]] paradigmAn emaciated polar bear stands atop the remains of a melting ice floe.Habitat destruction. Many arctic animals rely on sea ice, there have which has been many cycles of naturally-caused global disappearing in a warming and cooling over many millions of years (see [[climate cycles]])Arctic. Some scientists, including [[Richard Lindzen172]] of [[MIT]], [[Sallie Baliunas]] of [[Harvard]] and [[Fred Singer]] (independent), say that the recent warming could be part of another natural cycle or random fluctuations in the atmosphere.
Recent studies of the Milankovitch Cycles, which predict Earth's climate by studying changes in its orbit and axial tilt, suggest that we are currently 18,000 years into a 150,000 year period between ice ages. This would imply that we should expect the temperature to be rising anyway. A 2002 study by Berger and Loutre suggests 50,000 years of warmer weather before Earth begins to cool again, but that model incorporated anthropogenic forces and concluded: <blockquote>While combinations Photograph of natural forcings produce a gradual warming up to about 1960, none large area of them leads to a warming over the last 30 years (this period containing three major volcanic eruptions)forest. In contrast, simulations incorporating only anthropogenic forcings reproduce the warming over the last three decades at a rate consistent The green trees are interspersed with that observed, but underestimate the early 20th century warming. As a consequence, only the use large patches of both natural damaged or dead trees turning purple-brown and anthropogenic forcings allows to reproduce much of the observed decadal scale variations of the annual mean hemispheric temperature over the last 150 yearslight red.<ref>Bertrand, Cédric, Loutre, Marie-France et alPest propagation. (May 2002). [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1600-0870.2002.00287.x/full "Climate Mild winters allow more pine beetles to survive to kill large swaths of the last millennium: a sensitivity study"]forest. ''Tellus'' [Stockholm173], vol. 54, iss. 3, pp. 221-244. Retrieved from Wiley Online Library on September 26, 2014.</ref></blockquote>
It should be notedHumansMain article: Effects of climate changeFurther information: Effects of climate change on human health, howeverClimate security, that computer simulated Economics of climate models are often tweaked so they agree with the historical temperature record. There is no way to completely simulate all change, and Effects of the Earth's climate with a computer program.change on agriculture
After a major set of temperature readings was found to The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (2021) projects that extreme weather will be an incompatible mix progressively more common as the Earth warms.[174]The effects of older climate change on humans have been observed worldwide. They are mostly due to warming and recent data (shifts in the Climategate II scandal) in 2010precipitation. Impacts can now be observed on all continents and ocean regions, Judith Curry[175] with low-latitude, chair of less developed areas facing the School of Earth greatest risk.[176] Continued warming has potentially “severe, pervasive and Atmospheric Science at America's Georgia Tech university examined new data causing her to state (as quoted by MailOnline):<ref name="Rose"/>irreversible impacts” for people and ecosystems.[177] The risks are unevenly distributed, but are generally greater for disadvantaged people in developing and developed countries.[178]
<blockquote>'Natural variability [the impact of factors such Food and healthThe WHO has classified climate change as long-term temperature cycles the greatest threat to global health in the oceans 21st century.[179] Extreme weather leads to injury and the output loss of the sunlife,[180] has been shown over the past two decades and crop failures to have undernutrition.[181] Various infectious diseases are more easily transmitted in a magnitude that dominates warmer climate, such as dengue fever and malaria.[182] Young children are the greenhouse warming effectmost vulnerable to food shortages.</blockquote> Both children and older people are vulnerable to extreme heat.[183] The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that between 2030 and 2050, climate change would cause around 250,000 additional deaths per year. They assessed deaths from heat exposure in elderly people, increases in diarrhea, malaria, dengue, coastal flooding, and childhood undernutrition.[184] Over 500,000 more adult deaths are projected yearly by 2050 due to reductions in food availability and quality.[185]
<blockquote>'It Climate change is becoming increasingly apparent that our attribution affecting food security. It has caused reduction in global yields of warming since 1980 maize, wheat, and future projections soybeans between 1981 and 2010.[186] Future warming could further reduce global yields of climate change needs major crops.[187] Crop production will probably be negatively affected in low-latitude countries, while effects at northern latitudes may be positive or negative.[188] Up to consider natural internal variability an additional 183 million people worldwide, particularly those with lower incomes, are at risk of hunger as a factor consequence of fundamental importancethese impacts.[189] Climate change also impacts fish populations. Globally, less will be available to be fished.[190] Regions dependent on glacier water, regions that are already dry, and small islands have a higher risk of water stress due to climate change.'</blockquote>[191]
LivelihoodsEconomic damages due to climate change may be severe and there is a chance of disastrous consequences.[192] Climate change has likely already increased global economic inequality, and this trend is projected to continue.[193] Most of the severe impacts are expected in sub-Saharan Africa, where most of the local inhabitants are dependent upon natural and agricultural resources[194], and South-East Asia.[195] The MailOnline article continued:World Bank estimates that climate change could drive over 120 million people into poverty by 2030.[196]
<blockquote>Professor Phil JonesCurrent inequalities based on wealth and social status have worsened due to climate change.[197] Major difficulties in mitigating, director of the Climate Research Unit at the University of East Angliaadapting, and recovering to climate shocks are faced by marginalized people who found himself at the centre of the ‘Climategate’ scandal have less control over leaked emails three years agoresources.[198][194] Indigenous people, would not normally be expected who are subsistent on their land and ecosystems, will face endangerment to agree with her.their wellness and lifestyles due to climate change... Prof Jones also admitted [199] An expert elicitation concluded that the role of climate models were imperfect: ‘We don’t fully understand how to input things like changes change in the oceans, and because we don’t fully understand it you could say that natural variability is now working armed conflict has been small compared to suppress the warming. We don’t know what natural variability is doingfactors such as socio-economic inequality and state capabilities.’</blockquote>[200]
==Polar bears==It was announced on the news that polar bears risk going extinct Low-lying islands and coastal communities are threatened by sea level rise, which makes flooding more common. Sometimes, land is permanently lost to the end of sea.[201] This could lead to statelessness for people in island nations, such as the twentyMaldives and Tuvalu.[202] In some regions, the rise in temperature and humidity may be too severe for humans to adapt to.[203] With worst-first century if case climate change, models project that almost one-third of humanity might live in extremely hot and uninhabitable climates, similar to the current carbon emissions continueclimate found in the Sahara.[204] These factors can drive environmental migration, both within and between countries.[9] More people are expected to be displaced because of sea level rise, extreme weather and conflict from increased competition over natural resources. Climate change may also increase vulnerability, leading to "trapped populations" who are not able to move due to a lack of resources.[205]
===Sunspots===Climate change impacts on peopleSunspot activity is a factor in climate fluctuations, however, little details were known about how much of an impact these fluctuations had on the Earth's climateEnvironmental migration. During the deepest solar minimum ever recorded, from 2005 Sparser rainfall leads to 2010, NASA measured the Earth's energy balance, idesertification that harms agriculture and can displace populations.e. the amount of energy absorbed by the sun subtract the amount of energy lost to radiation into space. They concludedShown:<blockquote>If the Sun were the only climate forcing or the dominant climate forcingTelly, then the planet would gain energy during the solar maxima, but lose energy during solar minima. The fact that Earth gained energy at a rate 0.58 W/m<sup>2</sup> during a deep prolonged solar minimum reveals that there is a strong positive forcing overwhelming the negative forcing by below-average solar irradiance. That result is not a surprise, given knowledge of other forcings, but it provides unequivocal refutation of assertions that the Sun is the dominant climate forcing.<ref>Hansen, James, Sato, Makiko et al. Mali (January 20122008). [http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/hansen_16/ "Earth's energy imbalance"206] nasa.gov/Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Retrieved on September 26, 2014.</ref></blockquote>But heat energy is not the only force of the Sun affecting the EarthEnvironmental migration. The Sun also produces magnetic activity, the effect of which was not measured in this study, Sparser rainfall leads to desertification that harms agriculture and which could affect the Earth's climate in little-understood wayscan displace populations. British astrophysicist Piers CorbynShown: Telly, speaking in May 2017, claimed that low sunspot activity heralds a mini ice age which could last for 20 yearsMali (2008).<ref>https://abruptearthchanges.com/2017/06/14/mini-ice-age-is-here-to-stay-says-astrophysicist/</ref>[206]
==Economics of global warming== While the marriage of anti-capitalists Agricultural changes. Droughts, rising temperatures, and alleged climate science is nothing newextreme weather negatively impact agriculture. Shown: Texas, RepUS (2013). [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]] has introduced legislation as part of her [[Green New Deal]207]Agricultural changes. Droughts, [[reparations]] for minorities, a basic incomerising temperatures, and [[Medicare for All]] as part of her "[[climate justice]]" programextreme weather negatively impact agriculture.<ref>httpsShown://newsTexas, US (2013).grabien.com/story-ocasio-cortezs-green-new-deal-radical-mandate-government-con</ref>[207]
===Unnecessary expansion of government=== The idea of dangerous anthropogenic (manTidal flooding. Sea-made) global warming level rise increases flooding in low-lying coastal regions. Shown: Venice, Italy (AGW2004) is promoted by liberals and socialists seeking greater government control over the production and use of energy, which is a substantial percentage of the economy. In economic terms, they would like to 'internalize' the 'externality,' which is to say that they think that producers of emissions should be directly connected to the consequences of those emissions, leading syndicated columnist [[Charles Krauthammer208]] to warn of an impending "environmental shakedown"Tidal flooding.<ref>KrauthammerSea-level rise increases flooding in low-lying coastal regions. Shown: Venice, Charles Italy (December 11, 20092004). [http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2009/12/11/copenhagen_shakedown.html "The environmental shakedown"208]. Real Clear Politics. Retrieved on September 27, 2014.</ref>
==Public stances on global warming== In 2021 72% of American believed that global warming Storm intensification. Bangladesh after Cyclone Sidr (2007) is real and 14# believed that was not.<ref>[https://climatecommunication.yale.edu/visualizations-data/ycom-us/]</ref> However, the ''Daily Mail'' gives a figure of 63% an example of Americans who believe in climate changecatastrophic flooding from increased rainfall. Another survey in March 2021 conducted in the United States, some 70 percent of the respondents said they believed that global warming was happening. A much smaller share, 15 percent, believed global warming was not happening.<ref>[https://www.statista.com/statistics/663247/belief-of-global-warming-according-to-us-adults/209]</ref> In the UK, according to a ''Daily Mail'' poll, "the public strongly supportsc [Conservative] [[Boris Johnson]]’s bid to curb climate change – but they are not prepared to pay more than £5 extra a week in tax to fund his trillion-pound green energy plans"Storm intensification.<ref>[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-10146089/Daily-Mail-poll-shows-strong-support-PMs-bid-curb-climate-change-public-fears-Cop26-flop.html]></ref> While little Bangladesh after Cyclone Sidr (2007) is known about public opinion in Russia, the Russian government is beginning to take climate change seriously. Vladimir Putin, who was for long a sceptic, said in 2021 that "climate change is one an example of the greatest challenges facing humanitycatastrophic flooding from increased rainfall. He reiterated this in connection with the climate summit in Glasgow in November this year".<ref>[https://sciencenorway.no/climate-policy-russia-society-and-culture/have-russian,-climate-scientists-convinced-vladimir-putin-that-climate-change-is-real/1956249209]</ref>
===Climate change as a cult===The zeal of climate-change advocates and lack of objectivity has led some observers to see it as a core belief in a new eco-theology, using themes of traditional Judeo-Christian beliefs. Columnist Deon Feder warns,<ref>Feder, Don (July 31, 2007). [http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=27579 "The cult of global warming"]. GrassTopsUSA.com. Retrieved from archive at FrontPageMag.com on September 27, 2014.</ref> that following other attempts such as Marxism, overpopulation, ''[[Silent Spring]]'', <blockquote>now we have the Church of Global Warming, under the leadership of Pope Albert I and his college of cardinals (the [[Natural Resources Defense Council]], [[Sierra Club]] and editorial board of ''The New York Times'')Heat wave intensification.</blockquote> <blockquote>Its Office for the Propagation of the Faith works overtime, churning out books, movies (from the fictional “The Day After Tomorrow” to the fictional [[An Inconvenient Truth|“An Inconvenient Truth”]]), textbooks, concerts, congressional hearings, media pleading and inquisitions.</blockquote> Commenting on the tendency to hastily issue dire warnings of Climate Change, seen in the coming [[Ice Age]] scare of the 70's, Maurizio Morabito<ref>Morabito, Maurizio (December 5, 2009). [http://www.spectator.co.uk/features/5592803/the-cias-global-cooling-files/ "The CIA’s ‘global cooling’ file"]. ''The Spectator''. Retrieved from The Spectator website on September 27, 2014.</ref> asked, "Is the problem with the general public, who cannot talk about climate except in doom-laden terms, and for whom the sky is the last animist god?" Mark Steyn writes in ''Macleans'',<ref name="hot">Steyn, Mark (December 24, 2009). [http://www2.macleans.ca/2009/12/24/why-climate-change-is-hot-hot-hot/2/ "Why climate change is hot hot hot"]. Macleans. Retrieved on September 27, 2014.</ref> <blockquote>Forty years ago conventional religious belief was certainly in decline in what we once knew as Christendom, but the hole was not yet ozone-layer sized. Once the sea of faith had receded far from shore, the post-Christian West looked at what remained and found “Gaia.”</blockquote> And while, "When man was made in the image of God, he was fallen but redeemable", among these devotees of [[Gaia]], <blockquote>Anti-humanism is everywhere, not least in the barely concealed admiration for China’s (demographically disastrous) “One Child” policy advanced by everyone from the ''National Post''’s Diane Francis to Sir David Attenborough, the world’s leading telly naturalist but also a BBC exec who once long ago commissioned the great series ''The Ascent of Man''. If Sir David’s any guide, the great thing about man’s ascent is it gives him a higher cliff to nosedive off.</blockquote> ===Politics of global warming and dissent==={{main|Politics of global warming}}[[File:Global carbon emissions.PNG|right|300px|thumb|The [[Peoples Republic of China]] is responsible for 27% of global carbon emissions, more than all other developed nations combined.]]Christine Stewart—Canadian Environment Ministry, "'''No matter if the science is all phony''', there are collateral environmental benefits.... [C]limate change [provides] the greatest chance to bring about justice and equality in the world." <ref>Stewart, Christine (December 14, 1998). ''Calgary Herald''. Reprinted at "Match these quotes" (December 2004). ''Resource Roundup'', p. 8. Reprinted at [http://www.aim.org/wls/use-environmentalism-to-change-the-world/ "Use environmentalism to change the world"]. Accuracy in Media, "What liberals say" series. Retrieved on September 27, 2014.</ref> 'Global Warming Now World's Most Boring Topic' <ref>Sheppard, Noel (July 17, 2007). [http://newsbusters.org/node/14467 "Hysterical satire: 'Global warming now world's most boring topic'"]. MRC NewsBusters. Retrieved on September 27, 2014.</ref> The need to fight "global warming" has become part of the dogma of the liberal conscience.<ref name="cato">Lindzen, Richard (Spring 1992). [http://www.cato.org/regulation/spring-1992 "Global warming: The origin and nature of the alleged scientific consensus"]. ''Regulation'', vol. 15, no. 2. Retrieved from Cato Institute website on September 29, 2014.</ref> Clearly, "global warming" is a tempting issue for many very important groups to exploit. ... dealing with the threat of warming fits in with a great variety of preexisting agendas [Events like] dissatisfaction with industrial society (neopastoralism), ... governmental desires for enhanced revenues (carbon taxes), and bureaucratic desires for enhanced power.<ref name="cato"/> Mark Steyn writes in "Why climate change is hot hot hot",<ref name="hot"/><blockquote>What’s also changed since the seventies is the nature of the UN and the transnational bureaucracies...“Aid” is a discredited word these days and comes with too many strings attached. But eco-credits sluiced through an oil-for-food program on steroids offers splendid new opportunities for bulking up an ambitious dictator’s Swiss bank accounts.</blockquote> The IPCC is desperate to claim the 20th century—the warmest on record. Thus, tying the progress of modern mankind to our supposed planet imbalance problem. Unfortunately for the IPCC, that point is disputed as well. In 2008, it was discovered that tree rings in Finland were more accurate record of the warmest century. The current era was not the warmest period—it was the period between 931 and 1180.<ref>Birdnow, Timothy (June 24, 2008). [http://tbirdnow.mee.nu/archive/2008/6?page=2 "The trees of Finland; temperature readings and historical reconstruction"]. Birdnow's Aviary blog. Retrieved on September 29, 2014. With links to actual data sources.</ref> Assessments of climate science by the [[United Nations]] (see [[IPCC]] — ''Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change'') have claimed that scientists 2019 European heat wave are 90% sure that over 50% of the observed global warming in recent decades is human-caused, and that continued global warming should be expected over at least the next century. Several prominent scientists have pointed out the [[politicized science]] of the UN's assessment methods. The scientific reports are submitted to a panel of representatives appointed by each country in the IPCC. Several scientists whose research demonstrates that climate change is taking place have complained about their work being misrepresented by the U.N. In addition, a number of the participants have testified to the pressures placed on them to emphasize results supportive of the current scenario and to suppress other results. That pressure has frequently been effective, and a survey of participants reveals substantial disagreement with the final report.<ref name="cato" /> Richard Lindzen wrote::Perhaps becoming more important are the pressures being brought to bear on scientists to get the "right" resultscommon. Such pressures are inevitable, given how far out on a limb much of the scientific community has gone. The situation is compounded by the fact that some of the strongest proponents of "global warming" in Congress are also among the major supporters of science (Sen. Gore is notable among those).<ref name="cato"/> [[Christopher Monckton210]] wrote an article entitled "Climate sensitivity reconsidered" which states that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change studies are flawed.<ref>Monckton, Christopher (July 2008). [http://www.aps.org/units/fps/newsletters/200807/monckton.cfm "Climate sensitivity reconsidered"]. ''Physics & Society'' newsletter. Retrieved from American Physical Society/Forum on Physics and Society website on September 29, 2014.</ref> :The present analysis suggests that the failure of the IPCC's models to predict this and many other climatic phenomena arises from defects in its evaluation of the three factors whose product is climate sensitivity: ::Radiative forcing ΔF;::The no-feedbacks climate sensitivity parameter κ; and::The feedback multiplier ƒHeat wave intensification. :Some reasons why Events like the IPCC’s estimates may be excessive and unsafe are explained. More importantly, the conclusion is that, perhaps, there is no “climate crisis”, and that currently-fashionable efforts by governments to reduce anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> emissions are pointless, may be ill-conceived, and could even be harmful. This was published on a forum of the American Physical Society with the following disclaimers: "The article has not undergone any scientific peer review" and "the APS disagrees with the article's conclusions". In fact, the APS disagrees with the article without ever reviewing it. Ryan N. Maue: :A doctoral student at the Department of Meteorology at Florida State University did a study of global tropical cyclone activity. Its conclusions state that global warming might be greatly overblown.<ref>Tribune-Review, The (March 21, 2009). [http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/opinion/s_617111.html# "Global warming? More doubts"]. TribLive [''Pittsburgh Tribune'' website]. Retrieved on September 29, 2014.</ref> Mr. Maue found that tropical cyclone activity worldwide "has completely and utterly collapsed" during the past two to three years with energy levels sinking to those of the late 1970s. Dr. Vincent Gray::A member of the IPCC’s expert reviewers’ panel asserts, "There is no relationship between warming and the level of gases in the atmosphere," and "there is no serious threat to the climate" <ref>Hendrickson, Mark W. (May 25, 2009). [https://townhall.com/columnists/markwhendrickson/2009/05/25/a_closer_look_at_climate_change "A closer look at climate change"]. Townhall.com. Retrieved on September 29, 2014. "The panic over global warming is totally unjustified" says Vice Chair, IPCC.</ref> Joe D’Aleo: Climatologist: :The International Climate and Environmental Change Assessment Project says new data "show that in five of the last seven decades since World War II, including this one, global temperatures have cooled while carbon dioxide has continued to rise," and "'''The data suggest cooling''', not warming, in Earth's future." <ref>[https://www.wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=92557 "Shocker: 'Global warming' simply no longer happening"] (March 22, 2009). WND. Retrieved on September 29, 2014.</ref> Dr. John S. Theon::Retired senior NASA atmospheric [[scientist]], Dr. John S. Theon, the former boss of global warming alarmist James Hansen of [[NASA]], rebukes him declaring “climate models are useless.” “My own belief concerning anthropogenic climate change is that the models do not realistically simulate the climate system because there are many very important sub-grid scale processes that the models either replicate poorly or completely omit,” “Furthermore, some scientists have manipulated the observed data to justify their model results." <ref>Blumer, Tom (January 28, 2009). [http://newsbusters.org/blogs/tom-blumer/2009/01/28/former-boss-rebukes-nasa-global-warming-alarmist-hansen-agw-skeptic "Former boss rebukes NASA global warming alarmist Hansen, is AGW skeptic"]. MRC NewsBusters. Retrieved on September 29, 2014.</ref> Sammy Wilson—Ireland's environment minister :He argues that global weather patterns are naturally cooling, not warming. He calls television ads that promote global warming as "an insidious propaganda campaign" peddling "patent nonsense." <ref>Pogatchnik, Shawn (February 9, 2009). [http://cnsnews.com/news/article/belfast-environment-chief-bans-climate-change-ads "Belfast environment chief bans climate change ads"]. Associated Press. Retrieved from CNSNews.com on September 29, 2014.</ref> After the broadcast of his movie '[[The Great Global Warming Swindle]]', filmmaker Martin Durkin's statements read <ref>Goodenough, Patrick (July 22, 2008). [http://cnsnews.com/news/article/uk-broadcaster-scolded-film-global-warming-swindle "UK broadcaster scolded for film on global warming"]. CNSNews. Retrieved on September 29, 2014.</ref> *“Everywhere you are told that man-made [[climate change]] is proved beyond doubt,” “But you are being told lies.”*“This is a story of how a theory about climate turned into a political [[ideology]] ... it is the story of the distortion of a whole area of [[science]].”*“as the frenzy over man-made global warming grows shriller, many senior scientists say the actual scientific basis for the [[theory]] is crumbling.” In late 2008, the [[AP]] published an article by its Science Writer Seth Borenstein, which is seen by skeptics as another example of one-sided, uncritical reporting on the issue by [[liberal media]]. The report stated that global warming was "a ticking time bomb that President-elect Barack Obama can't avoid", and that "We're out of time", with Al Gore calling the situation "the equivalent of a five-alarm fire that has to be addressed immediately."<ref>Borenstein, Seth (December 14, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20081215162025/https://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=D952LKOO1&show_article=1 "Obama left with little time to curb global warming"]. Associated Press. Reprinted at Breitbart.com. Retrieved from December 15, 2008 archive at Internet Archive on September 29, 2014.</ref> In response, Fox News (December 16, 2008) reported that scientists skeptical of anthropogenic global warming criticized the report as "irrational hysteria," "horrifically bad" and "incredibly biased", containing sweeping scientific errors and being a one-sided portrayal of a complicated issue. Geology professor [[David Deming]] stated, "If the issues weren't so serious and the ramifications so profound, I would have to laugh at it", and accused Borenstein of "writing a polemic and reporting it as fact." Deming noted that "the mean global temperature, at least as measured by satellite, is now the same as it was in the year 1980. In the last couple of years sea level has stopped rising. Hurricane and cyclone activity in the northern hemisphere is at a 24-year low and sea ice globally is also the same as it was in 1980." The AP responded to criticism by stating that, "It’s a news story, based on fact and the clearly expressed views of President-elect Barack Obama and others."<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,468084,00.html "Scientists call AP Report on global warming 'hysteria'"] (December 16, 2008). Fox News website. Retrieved on September 29, 2014.</ref> Also in the discussion of the biased AP report, Michael R. Fox, a retired nuclear scientist and chemistry professor from the University of Idaho stated, "There is little evidence to believe that man-made carbon dioxide is causing temperature fluctuation. Other factors, including sun spots, solar winds, variations in the solar magnetic field and solar irradiation, could all be affecting temperature changes." The year 2008 turned out to be the coolest year since 2000, yet the seventh to tenth warmest year on record, according to the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110725075133/http://news.eoportal.org/research/090127_res3.html "2008 global temperature"] (January 21, 2009). EO [Earth Observation]. Retrieved from July 25, 2011 archive at Internet Archive on September 29, 2014.</ref> According to a preliminary analysis by NOAA's National Climatic Data Center, the average June–August 2009 summer temperature for the contiguous United States was below average—the 34th coolest on record.<ref>[http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2009/20090910_summerstats.html "NOAA: Summer temperature below average for U.S."] (September 10, 2009). NOAA. Retrieved on September 29, 2014.</ref> Richard S. Courtney, a U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) expert reviewer and a U.K.-based climate and atmospheric science consultant says "Rubbish! Global warming is not 'accelerating," and "...that anybody who proclaims that 'Global warming is accelerating' is a liar, a fool, or both."<ref>Brennan, Phil (December 16, 2008). [https://www.newsmax.com/brennan/global-warming-debunked/2009/12/12/id/341719/ "Global warming’s last gasp"]. NewsMax. Retrieved on September 29, 2014.</ref> Don J. Easterbrook, Ph.D., emeritus professor of geology at Western Washington University, asked, "What does it take to ignore 10 years of global cooling....? The answer is really quite simple—just follow the money!"==== Belief in global warming and political and religious views ==== The more religious an individual is, the more likely they are to disbelieve in global warming. In 2014, whereas 80% of American [[Atheism|atheists]] believed in climate change, only 56% of all very religious Americans did.<ref name="randalolson.com">[http://www.randalolson.com/2014/09/13/who-are-the-climate-change-deniers/ Statistics on belief in climate change], Randal S. Olson</ref> In 2014, 86% of [[Democrats]] accepted climate change, whereas half of all [[Republican]]s disbelieve in global warming.<ref name="randalolson.com"/> ===== Evangelicals =====In 2008 86 evangelical pastors, including Rev. Dr.[[Rick Warren]] signed a statement titled "Climate Change: An Evangelical Call to Action", which called on Christians to acknowledge the moral importance of action to counteract man-made climate change. the statement includes specific support for market-based CO<sub>2</sub> reductions such as a cap-and-trade program.<ref>Evangelical Climate Initiative (2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140201232519/http://christiansandclimate.org/statement/ "ECI Statement"]. Climate Change: An Evangelical Call to Action. Retrieved from February 1, 2014 archive at Internet Archive on September 29, 2014.</ref> In contrast, a group of evangelical scholars, comprised of scientists, economists and theologians, contend that the liberal view of pending catastrophe caused by climate change is misleading and/or exaggerated.<ref>Vu, Michelle A. (December 4, 2009). [http://www.christianpost.com/article/20091204/evangelicals-push-back-against-climate-change-hoax/pageall.html "Evangelicals push back against global warming doom"] The Christian Post website. Retrieved on September 29, 2014.</ref> ===The Bill Nye challenge=== In April 2016 science popularizer "[[Bill Nye|Bill Nye the Science Guy]]" took the debate up to the "put your money where your mouth is" level. He issued two bets, of $10,000 each, with Joe Bastardi, a "climate change contrarian" and frequent critic of Nye. One bet was that "2016 will be in the top 10 of hottest years on record", and that "this current decade will be the warmest ever recorded".<ref>[http://time.com/4301258/bill-nye-sarah-palin-climate-change-bet/ The Bill Nye climate change bet].</ref> As of late May Mr. Bastardi has not taken up the offer. ==Inaccuracies of global warming evidence=====Climate "science" fraud==={{main|Climategate}} The [[Climategate#Climategate scandal|Climategate scandal]] revealed how liberal scientists appeared to be deceiving the public with the use of fraudulent data for use as climate science. The [[liberal media]] has attempted to bury the story and discount it as the work of computer hackers illegally stealing data. However, [[FOIA|Freedom of Information]] requests is likely what led to the data being leaked — intentionally.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091212190817/http://www.junkscience.com/ JunkScience.com] (December 12, 2009). Retrieved from December 12, 2009 archive at Internet Archive on September 29, 2014.</ref> Dr. Willie Soon, a [[physicist]], [[astronomer]] and climate researcher at the solar and stellar physics division of the [[Harvard University]]-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, said in an interview, "[The Climatic Research Unit climate scientists] are making scientific progress more difficult now. This is a shameful, dark day for science." Dr. Soon also suggested that there has been systemic suppression of dissenting opinion among scientists in the climate change community, ranging from social snubs to e-mail stalking and even threats of harm.<ref>Koprowski, Gene J. (December 1, 2009). [https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,578368,00.html "Global warming scandal makes scientific progress more difficult, experts say"]. Fox News website. Retrieved on September 30, 2014. See [[Fox News]].</ref> [[Image:GoreFireBreathing.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Al Gore's [[Schlockumentary]] under fire; ''[[An Inconvenient Truth]]'' found to be an inconvenient [[lie]] based on [[junk science]] and digitally enhanced, totally faked scenes of polar icecaps melting.]] ===Liberal claims of "consensus"===Reports of a scientific "consensus" among scientists are similar to their one-sided support of other [[liberal]] policies and beliefs. For example, nearly 100% of political donations from professors are to [[Democrats]] rather than Republicans. Similarly, according to NASA, 97% of climate scientists believe that climate-warming trends over the past century are very likely due to human activities.<ref>NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory-California Institute of Technology Earth Science Communications Team (2013). [http://climate.nasa.gov/scientific-consensus "Consensus"]. NASA website/Global Climate Change. Retrieved on September 30, 2014.</ref> These liberal scientists believe, or say they believe, that the Earth is warming overall, and that this warming, as well as other changes in climate patterns, is largely caused by human activities.<ref>Multiple references:*Anderegg, William R. L., Prall, James W. et al. (July 6, 2010). [http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2010/06/04/1003187107.full.pdf+html "Expert credibility in climate change."] ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'', vol. 107, no. 27, pp. 12107-12109. Retrieved from PNAS.org on September 30, 2014.*[http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/spmsspm-understanding-and.html "Working group I: The physical science basis/Summary for policy makers/Understanding and attributing climate change"] (2007). ''IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007.'' Retrieved from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change website on September 30, 2014.</ref> These allegations do not necessarily make the consensus true, as discussed throughout the referenced citation. Numerous scientists, especially those outside of university faculties, have been critical of anthropogenic global warming. However, according to some researchers, scientists who do not support the anthropogenic global warming theory offer a general lack of comparative credentials; proponents of man-made global warming argue that this has led to agreement that, among authorities in scientific disciplines, there is a "[[scientific consensus]]" supporting the theory for greater government control. Scientists skeptical of the theory question whether there is a financial incentive for supporting research.<ref>Chesser, Paul (October 25, 2007). [http://www.seattlepi.com/local/opinion/article/Be-wary-of-climate-policy-development-1253536.php "Be wary of climate policy development"]. Seattle Post-Intelligencer website. Retrieved on September 30, 2014.</ref> It has also been documented that on most college campuses criticism of the global warming theory is silenced or censored; evidence shows that scientists skeptical of AGW are being suppressed.<ref>Multiple references:*O'Neill, Brendan (October 6, 2006). [http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php?/site/article/1782/ "Global warming: The chilling effect on free speech"]. Sp!ked. Retrieved on September 30, 2014.*Schilling, Chelsea (June 24, 2009). [https://www.wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=102031 "EPA's own research expert 'shut up' on climate change"]. WND. Retrieved on September 30, 2014.</ref> It is well understood that most media companies do not offer balanced reporting. Many politicians have bought into the liberal claim of consensus, for example Barack Obama's views, "Few challenges facing America and the world 2019 European heat wave are becoming more urgent than fighting climate changecommon. The science is beyond dispute and the facts are clear." <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090331121618/http://www.cato.org/special/climatechange/ "Climate change reality"210] (March 2009). Cato Institute website. Retrieved on September 30, 2014.</ref> In fact, many scientists disagree with the "facts," their certainty, and their interpretation. Over 100 of them have signed the statement that appears in the Cato Institute's newspaper ad. Liberals have failed to back up their claims with any scientific facts. [[File:ad.jpg|center]] According to 80 graphs published in 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers in the first five months of 2017 alone, catastrophic anthropogenic global warming does not exist.<ref>Delingpole, James (June 6, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/06/06/delingpole-global-warming-is-myth-58-scientific-papers-2017/ DELINGPOLE: ‘Global Warming’ Is a Myth, Say 58 Scientific Papers in 2017]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved June 7, 2017.</ref> By October 2017, the number of peer-reviewed papers rejecting global warming had increased to 400.<ref>Delingpole, James (October 24, 2017). [https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/10/24/delingpole-now-400-scientific-papers-in-2017-say-global-warming-is-a-myth/ Delingpole: Now 400 Scientific Papers in 2017 Say ‘Global Warming’ Is a Myth]. ''Breitbart News''. Retrieved October 24, 2017.</ref> ===Past speculation=== Speculation and warnings of catastrophic climate change are not unprecedented. In 2001 the ''Guardian'' noted that some 70s headlines shouted, "Brace yourself for another ice age". In 1971 the journal ''Science'' reported that the subsequent cooling effect resulting from a possible eightfold increased from atmospheric aerosol concentrations, "if sustained over a period of several years—is believed to be sufficient to trigger an ice age." <ref>George, Alison (June 28, 2001). [https://www.theguardian.com/science/2001/jun/28/physicalsciences.highereducation "Breaking the ice"]. The Guardian website. Retrieved on September 30, 2014. See [[Guardian (UK)]].</ref> [[Richard Lindzen]] wrote in 1992 on the doubtfulness of man-caused warming on Earth.{{Cquote|Indeed, a recent Gallup poll of climate scientists in the American Meteorological Society and in the American Geophysical Union shows that a vast majority doubts that there has been any identifiable man-caused warming to date (49 percent asserted no, 33 percent did not know, 18 percent thought some has occurred; however, among those actively involved in research and publishing frequently in peer-reviewed research journals, none believes that any man-caused global warming has been identified so far).<ref name="cato"/>}} Oddly enough, even though 82% of US climate scientists refused to support the global warming theory then, [[liberal]] activists were already claiming a scientific consensus for [[anthropogenic global warming]]. (It's hard to understand how 18 percent credence in ''any'' global warming translates into "consensus" support for ''human-caused'' global warming.) The campaign to convince the public (and their elected representatives) that the "science is settled" began in 1988 or 1989.
By the 2008 elections both candidates for the Presidency of the United States were proposing plans to mitigate climate Reducing and recapturing emissionsMain article: Climate change.mitigation
Over 31Scenarios of global greenhouse gas emissions. If all countries achieve their current Paris Agreement pledges,000 American scientists have signed average warming by 2100 would still significantly exceed the petition rejecting maximum 2 °C target set by the Agreement.Climate change can be mitigated by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and by enhancing sinks that absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.[211] In order to limit global warmingto less than 1.5 °C with a high likelihood of success, global greenhouse gas emissions needs to be net-zero by 2050, or by 2070 with a 2 °C target.<ref>[http://www.petitionproject132] This requires far-reaching, systemic changes on an unprecedented scale in energy, land, cities, transport, buildings, and industry.org/ "Global [212] The United Nations Environment Programme estimates that countries need to triple their pledges under the Paris Agreement within the next decade to limit global warming petition project"to 2 °C. An even greater level of reduction is required to meet the 1.5 °C goal.[213] With pledges made under the Agreement as of October 2021, global warming would still have a 66% chance of reaching about 2.7 °C (2008)range: 2. Global Warming Petition Project2–3. Retrieved on September 30, 20142 °C) by the end of the century.</ref>[13]
Although there is no single pathway to limit global warming to 1.5 or 2 °C,[[Image:Teller_Card_100dpi214] most scenarios and strategies see a major increase in the use of renewable energy in combination with increased energy efficiency measures to generate the needed greenhouse gas reductions.jpg|600px|center|thumb| Global Warming Petition[215]To reduce pressures on ecosystems and enhance their carbon sequestration capabilities, changes would also be necessary in agriculture and forestry,[216] such as preventing deforestation and restoring natural ecosystems by reforestation.[217]
In June, 1974, ''[[Time]]'' magazine published its front-page article, ''Science: Another Ice Age?'',<ref name="Time"/> while Other approaches to mitigating climate change have a report by the [[CIA]] in the same year stated higher level of risk. Scenarios that, "The western world's leading climatologists have confirmed recent reports of a detrimental limit global climatic change”, noting such things as that the "world's snow and ice cover had increased by at least 10 warming to 15 percent", and in 1.5 °C typically project the "Canadian area large-scale use of carbon dioxide removal methods over the 21st century.[[Arctic218]] Greenland, below normal temperatures were recorded for 19 consecutive months", which was unique during the last 100 years. A "major climatic shift" was speculated, which would threaten the "the stability of most nations.” It further warned that "Scientists There are confident that unless man is able to effectively modify the climateconcerns, the northern regionsthough, such as Canada" to "major areas in northern Chinaabout over-reliance on these technologies, will again be covered with 100 to 200 feet of ice and snow", within the next 2500 years—or soonerenvironmental impacts.<ref>Central Intelligence Agency [219] Solar radiation management (August 1974SRM). [http://www.climatemonitor.it/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/1974.pdf ''A Study of Climatological Research as it Pertains is also a possible supplement to Intelligence Problems''], ppdeep reductions in emissions. 1However, 5SRM would raise significant ethical and legal issues, 7, 16and the risks are poorly understood. Retrieved from Climatemonitor [Italy220] on September 30, 2014.</ref>
Also in 1974, Nigel Calder, former editor of ''New Scientist'' Clean energyMain articles: Sustainable energy and atmospheric researcher wrote in his book ''The Weather Machine'', "One might argue that there is a virtual certainty of the next ice age starting some time in the next 2000 years. Then the odds are only about 20-to-1 against it beginning in the next 100 years." Sustainable transport
In 1975 the liberal magazine ''[[Newsweek]]'' reported that "Meteorologists disagree about the cause and extent of the cooling trendCoal,...but they are almost unanimous in the view that the trend will reduce agricultural productivity for the rest of the century." These authorities were skeptical that political leaders would take any positive action to compensate for the [[climate change]]oil, and they conceded that natural gas remain the more dramatic solutions, such primary global energy sources even as melting the arctic ice cap, might create worse problems than that which they were designed to solve.<ref>Gwynne, Peter (April 28, 1975)renewables have begun rapidly increasing. [http://denisdutton.com/newsweek_coolingworld.pdf "The cooling world"221]. ''Newsweek''. Retrieved from DenisDutton.com on September 30, 2014. Caution: Copyrighted material; for fair educational use only.</ref>
===Natural variability of the Economic sectors with more greenhouse gas contributions have a greater stake in climate system===change policies.It Renewable energy is virtually universally accepted amongst secular climatologists that the earth has experienced numerous key to limiting climate change.[[Ice Age|ice age]222]Fossil fuels accounted for 80% of the world's over two million yearsenergy in 2018. The remaining share was split between nuclear power and renewables (including hydropower, during which global temperatures fluctuated created glacial bioenergy, wind and inter-glacial periodssolar power and geothermal energy). The frigid temperatures allowed ice sheets [223] That mix is projected to expand southward, covering much of change significantly over the next 30 years.[[Asia215]], Solar panels and onshore wind are now among the cheapest forms of adding new power generation capacity in many locations.[[Europe]224]Renewables represented 75% of all new electricity generation installed in 2019, nearly all solar and wind.[[North America225]]. The cooling associated with ice ages is gradualOther forms of clean energy, while such as nuclear and hydropower, currently have a larger share of the terminations are relatively rapidenergy supply. However, even the rapid terminations of ice ages take centuries to millenniatheir future growth forecasts appear limited in comparison.[226]
===Natural climate change on other planets===To achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, renewable energy would become the dominant form of electricity generation, rising to 85% or more by 2050 in some scenarios. Investment in coal would be eliminated and coal use nearly phased out by 2050.[227][228]
Since Electricity would also need to become the main energy source for heating and transport.[[Viking spacecraft229]] reached [[Mars]] in the 1970s until recent readings were takenIn transport, the average temperature on Mars has risen {{temperature|0.6|1.1}} just as the average temperature on the earth has risen. Since human industrialization is clearly not emissions can be reduced fast by a switch to blame for the change on Mars, other causes are being consideredelectric vehicles. One possibility is that dust storms are changing the albedo of the planet, allowing it to warm, while another possibility is that solar variations from the sun are causing the warming.<ref>Multiple references:*Than, Ker [230] Public transport and active transport (April 4, 2007cycling and walking)also produce less CO2. [http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/070404_gw_mars.html "Dust storms fuel global warming on Mars"231]. Space.com. Retrieved on September 30For shipping and flying, 2014low-carbon fuels can be used to reduce emissions.*Taylor, James M. (November 1, 2005)[230] Heating would be increasingly decarbonised with technologies like heat pumps. [http://www.heartland.org/Article.cfm?artId=17977 "Mars is warming, NASA scientists report"232]. Heartlander Magazine. Retrieved on September 30, 2014.</ref>
Recently, it has also been found that similar There are obstacles to the Earth continued rapid growth of clean energy, including renewables. For wind and Marssolar, [[Neptune]] is also undergoing global warmingthere are environmental and land use concerns for new projects. Measurements taken at the Lowell observatory in [[Arizona233]] have shown an increase in Neptune's brightness Wind and temperature since 1980 following the same pattern seen on Earth solar also produce energy intermittently and Marswith seasonal variability. The researchers who discovered this warming suggest there may be a correlation between the warming Traditionally, hydro dams with reservoirs and solar variationsconventional power plants have been used when variable energy production is low.<ref>HammelGoing forward, H. B. battery storage can be expanded, energy demand and Lockwoodsupply can be matched, G. W. (April 8, 2007)and long-distance transmission can smooth variability of renewable outputs. [http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007222] Bioenergy is often not carbon-neutral and may have negative consequences for food security.../2006GL028764.shtml "Suggestive correlations between the brightness [234] The growth of Neptunenuclear power is constrained by controversy around nuclear waste, solar variabilitynuclear weapon proliferation, and Earth's temperature"]accidents. ''Geophysical Research Letters''. Retrieved from Wiley Online Library on September 30[235][236] Hydropower growth is limited by the fact that the best sites have been developed, 2014and new projects are confronting increased social and environmental concerns.</ref>[237]
Low-carbon energy improves human health by minimising climate change. It also has the near-term benefit of reducing air pollution deaths,[238] which were estimated at 7 million annually in 2016.[Pluto239]] has also been found Meeting the Paris Agreement goals that limit warming to be undergoing a 2 °C increase could save about a million of those lives per year by 2050, whereas limiting global warmingto 1. The overall temperature 5 °C could save millions and simultaneously increase on Pluto has been greater than that on the earthenergy security and reduce poverty.<ref>Britt, Robert Roy (October 9, 2002). [http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/pluto_warming_021009.html "Global warming on Pluto puzzles scientists"240]. Space.com. Retrieved on September 30, 2014.</ref>
On the other hand, [Energy conservationMain articles: Efficient energy use and Energy conservationReducing energy demand is another major aspect of reducing emissions.[Uranus241]] has had no net change in temperature since 1977. A rapid increase in temperature reversed itself. The reasons If less energy is needed, there is more flexibility for this are not understoodclean energy development.<ref>YoungIt also makes it easier to manage the electricity grid, Leslie Aand minimises carbon-intensive infrastructure development.[242] Major increases in energy efficiency investment will be required to achieve climate goals, Bosh, Amanda S. et al. (October 2001)comparable to the level of investment in renewable energy. [http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~layoung/eprint/ur149/Young2001Uranus.pdf "Uranus after solstice: Results from the 1998 November 6 occultation"243]. ''Icarus''Several COVID-19 related changes in energy use patterns, vol. 153energy efficiency investments, issand funding have made forecasts for this decade more difficult and uncertain. 2, pp. 236-247. Retrieved from Southwest Research Institute [Boulder, CO244] website on September 30, 2014.</ref>
Global temperatures change on other planets even when there is no lifeStrategies to reduce energy demand vary by sector. In transport, something which strongly supports the idea that humans are not necessarily the cause of earth's global warmingpassengers and freight can switch to more efficient travel modes, such as buses and trains, or use electric vehicles. Moreover[245] Industrial strategies to reduce energy demand include improving heating systems and motors, designing less energy-intensive products, the temperature on Uranus has fluctuated back and forthincreasing product lifetimes. There [246] In the building sector the focus is no reason that fluctuations cannot occur on earthbetter design of new buildings, tooand higher levels of energy efficiency in retrofitting.[247] The use of technologies like heat pumps can also increase building energy efficiency.[248]
Although measurements have been made Agriculture and industrySee also: Sustainable agriculture and Green industrial policyAgriculture and forestry face a triple challenge of limiting greenhouse gas emissions, preventing the temperatures further conversion of other planets these are by no means thorough or comparable with the measurements used for earthforests to agricultural land, and meeting increases in world food demand. The short space [249] A set of time over which measurements have been taken actions could reduce agriculture and the very limited spatial coverage means that reliable average figures have not been obtained. They have certainly not been taken extensively enough to produce a fiveforestry-year average temperaturebased emissions by two thirds from 2010 levels. These include reducing growth in demand for food and other agricultural products, which is the standard when determining temperature trends on earthincreasing land productivity, protecting and restoring forests, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural production. [250]
However, if accurate measurements could be madeOn the demand side, and their accuracy and reliability a key component of reducing emissions is improving over time, then they may prove useful to climate scienceshifting people towards plant-based diets. Their different atmospheres [251] Eliminating the production of livestock for meat and distances dairy would eliminate about 3/4ths of all emissions from the sun provide natural laboratories to study climatic changes without human influencesagriculture and other land use. Though [252] Livestock also occupy 37% of course they will not be directly comparable due to ice-free land area on Earth and consume feed from the vast differences12% of land area used for crops, driving deforestation and land degradation.[253]
===Al Gore's claims===[[File:Gore GlobalWarming.jpg|right|200px]]The decision by the government to distribute Al Gore's film, ''An Inconvenient Truth'', became the subject Steel and cement production are responsible for about 13% of a legal challenge by [[New Party]] member Stewart Dimmockindustrial CO2 emissions. A school governor from Dover and father of twoIn these industries, Dimmock charged the Government with brainwashing children with propaganda by presenting Gore's scicarbon-fi film intensive materials such as science. In October 2007, Mr Justice Burton of London's High Court found that while the film was "broadly accurate", it contained nine significant errors,“in which statements were made that were not supported by the current mainstream scientific consensus”, some of which had arisen in “the context of alarmism coke and exaggeration”. He also found the Guidance Notes drafted by the Education Secretary's advisers only worked to exacerbate the political propaganda lime play an integral role in the film.<ref>Multiple references:*Sheppardproduction, Marc (July 14, 2009)so that reducing CO2 emissions requires research into alternative chemistries. [https://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2009/07/clearly_its_al_gore_whos_in_de.html "Clearly it's Al Gore who's in denial"254]. American Thinker. Retrieved on October 1, 2014.*Smith, Lewis (October 11, 2007). [https://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/law/article2210175.ece "Al Gore’s inconvenient judgment"]. The Times website. Retrieved on October 1, 2014. Fee required to see article.*Smith, Lewis (October 11, 2007). [http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/matnat/ifi/MNSES9100/h11/undervisningsmateriale/literature/Al%20Gore%E2%80%99s%20inconvenient%20judgement%20times%202007.pdf "Al Gore’s inconvenient judgment"]. The Times website. Retrieved from University of Oslo/Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science website on October 1, 2014. Caution: Copyrighted; for fair educational use only.</ref>
Taken from the official transcript,<ref>Burton, Mr Justice Michael (October 10, 2007). [httpCarbon sequestrationMain articles://noteviljustwrong.com/images/nejw/docs/22161.pdf "Stuart Dimmock Carbon dioxide removal and Secretary of State for Education and Skills"]. United Kingdom of Great Britain's High Court of Justice/Queen's Bench Division/Administrative Court. Retrieved from Not Evil Just Wrong on October 1, 2014.</ref> the nine errors the judge found were:Carbon sequestration
*1. Sea level rise of up to 20 feet Most CO2 emissions have been absorbed by carbon sinks, including plant growth, soil uptake, and ocean uptake (7 metres2020 Global Carbon Budget) will .Natural carbon sinks can be caused by melting enhanced to sequester significantly larger amounts of either West Antarctica or Greenland in the near futureCO2 beyond naturally occurring levels. This is distinctly alarmist, [255] Reforestation and part of Mr Gore's 'waketree planting on non-up call'. It is common ground that if indeed Greenland meltedforest lands are among the most mature sequestration techniques, it would release this amount although the latter raises food security concerns.[256] Farmers can promote sequestration of water, but only aftercarbon in soils through practices such as use of winter cover crops, reducing the intensity and overfrequency of tillage, millennia, so that the Armageddon scenario he predicts, insofar and using compost and manure as it suggests that sea level rises soil amendments.[257] Restoration/recreation of 7 metres might occur in coastal wetlands and seagrass meadows increases the immediate future, uptake of carbon into organic matter (blue carbon).[258] When carbon is not sequestered in line with soils and in organic matter such as trees, there is a risk of the scientific consensuscarbon being re-released into the atmosphere later through changes in land use, fire, or other changes in ecosystems. [259]
*2. Low lying inhabited Pacific atolls are being inundated because of anthropogenic global warming. In scene 20Where energy production or CO2-intensive heavy industries continue to produce waste CO2, Mr Gore states "that's why the citizens gas can be captured and stored instead of these Pacific nations have all had released to evacuate the atmosphere. Although its current use is limited in scale and expensive,[260] carbon capture and storage (CCS) may be able to New Zealand"play a significant role in limiting CO2 emissions by mid-century. There [261] This technique, in combination with bio-energy (BECCS) can result in net negative emissions: CO2 is no evidence of any drawn from the atmosphere.[262] It remains highly uncertain whether carbon dioxide removal techniques, such evacuation having yet happenedas BECCS, will be able to play a large role in limiting warming to 1.5 °C. Policy decisions that rely on carbon dioxide removal increase the risk of global warming rising beyond international goals. [263]
*3. Shutting down Adapting to a changing climateMain article: Climate change adaptationAdaptation is "the process of adjustment to current or expected changes in climate and its effects".[264] Without additional mitigation, adaptation cannot avert the risk of "Ocean Conveyorsevere, widespread and irreversible"impacts. According to the IPCC[265] More severe climate change requires more transformative adaptation, it which can be prohibitively expensive.[264] The capacity and potential for humans to adapt is very unlikely that the Ocean Conveyor (known technically as unevenly distributed across different regions and populations, and developing countries generally have less.[266] The first two decades of the Meridional Overturning Circulation or thermohaline circulation) will shut down 21st century saw an increase in the futureadaptive capacity in most low- and middle-income countries with improved access to basic sanitation and electricity, though it but progress is considered likely that thermohaline circulation may slow down. Many countries have implemented adaptation policies. However, there is a considerable gap between necessary and available finance.[267]
*4. Direct coincidence between Adaptation to sea level rise in CO<sub>2</sub> in the atmosphere and in temperatureconsists of avoiding at-risk areas, by reference learning to two graphslive with increased flooding and protection. If that fails, managed retreat may be needed.[268] There are economic barriers for tackling dangerous heat impact. Avoiding strenuous work or having air conditioning is not possible for everybody. [269] In scenes 8 and 9agriculture, Mr Gore shows two graphs relating to adaptation options include a period of 650switch to more sustainable diets,000 yearsdiversification, one showing rise in CO<sub>2</sub> erosion control and one showing rise in temperature, and asserts (by ridiculing the opposite view) that they show an exact fitgenetic improvements for increased tolerance to a changing climate. Although there is general scientific agreement that there [270] Insurance allows for risk-sharing, but is a connectionoften difficult to get for people on lower incomes.[271] Education, the two graphs do not establish what Mr Gore assertsmigration and early warning systems can reduce climate vulnerability. [272]
*5. The snows of Kilimanjaro. The film asserted that melting snows on Mount Kilimanjaro evidenced global warming. The Government's expert was had Ecosystems adapt to admit climate change, a process that this is not correctcan be supported by human intervention. Mr Gore asserts in scene 7 that the disappearance of snow on Mt Kilimanjaro is expressly attributable By increasing connectivity between ecosystems, species can migrate to global warmingmore favourable climate conditions. It is noteworthy that this is Species can also be introduced to areas acquiring a point that specifically impressed Mr Milliband (see the press release quoted at paragraph 6 above)favorable climate. HoweverProtection and restoration of natural and semi-natural areas helps build resilience, making it is common ground that, easier for ecosystems to adapt. Many of the scientific consensus is actions that it cannot be established that the recession promote adaptation in ecosystems, also help humans adapt via ecosystem-based adaptation. For instance, restoration of snows on Mt Kilimanjaro is mainly attributable to natural fire regimes makes catastrophic fires less likely, and reduces human-induced exposure. Giving rivers more space allows for more water storage in the natural system, reducing flood risk. Restored forest acts as a carbon sink, but planting trees in unsuitable regions can exacerbate climate changeimpacts. [273]
*6There are synergies and trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation. Lake Chad etcAdaptation often offer short-term benefits, whereas mitigation has longer-term benefits. The drying up [274] Increased use of Lake Chad is used as a prime example of a catastrophic result of global warming. However, it is generally accepted that the evidence remains insufficient air conditioning allows people to establish such an attributionbetter cope with heat, but increases energy demand. It is apparently considered Compact urban development may lead to be far more likely to result reduced emissions from other factorstransport and construction. At the same time, such as population it may increase and over-grazingthe urban heat island effect, leading to higher temperatures and increased exposure.[275] Increased food productivity has large benefits for both adaptation and regional climate variabilitymitigation. [276]
*7. Hurricane Katrina. In scene 12 Hurricane Katrina Policies and the consequent devastation in New Orleans is ascribed to global warming. It is common ground that there is insufficient evidence to show that. politicsMain article: Politics of climate change
*8. Death of polar bears. In scene 16, The Climate Change Performance Index ranks countries by reference to a dramatic graphic greenhouse gas emissions (40% of a polar bear desperately swimming through the water looking for icescore), Mr Gore says: "A new scientific study shows renewable energy (20%), energy use (20%), and climate policy (20%). High Medium Low Very LowCountries that for the first time they are finding polar bears that most vulnerable to climate change have actually drowned swimming long distances up typically been responsible for a small share of global emissions. This raises questions about justice and fairness.[277] Climate change is strongly linked to 60 miles sustainable development. Limiting global warming makes it easier to find the iceachieve sustainable development goals, such as eradicating poverty and reducing inequalities. They did not find that before." The only scientific study that either side before me can find connection is one recognised in Sustainable Development Goal 13 which indicates that four polar bears is to "take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts".[278] The goals on food, clean water and ecosystem protection have recently been found drowned because of a stormsynergies with climate mitigation. [279]
*9. Coral reefs. In scene 19, Mr Gore says: "Coral reefs all over the world because The geopolitics of global warming and other factors are bleaching and they end up like thisclimate change is complex. All the fish species that depend on the coral reef are also in jeopardy It has often been framed as a result. Overall specie loss is now occurring at a rate 1000 times greater than the natural background rate." The actual scientific viewfree-rider problem, as recorded in the IPCC report, is that, if the temperature were to rise which all countries benefit from mitigation done by 1-3 degrees Centigradeother countries, there but individual countries would be increased coral bleaching and widespread coral mortality, unless corals could adapt or climatize, but that separating the impacts of climate change-related stresses lose from other stresses, such as overswitching to a low-fishing and polluting, is difficultcarbon economy themselves. Dimmock's lawyer, MrThis framing has been challenged. DownesFor instance, argued that by schools making available such film the benefits of a coal phase-out to its teachers, public health and if teachers then showed such film to their pupils, then this would inevitably result "in local environments exceed the promotion of partisan political views costs in the teaching almost all regions.[280] Furthermore, net importers of any subject in the schoolfossil fuels win economically from switching to clean energy, which is thus not only not being forbidden by the local education authority (and the DES), but being positively facilitated by themcausing net exporters to face stranded assets: fossil fuels they cannot sell." [281]
Mr Justice Barton stressed that the “apocalyptic vision” presented in the film was politically partisan Policy optionsA wide range of policies, regulations, and not an impartial analysis laws are being used to reduce emissions. As of the science 2019, carbon pricing covers about 20% of climate changeglobal greenhouse gas emissions. “It is now common ground that it is not simply [282] Carbon can be priced with carbon taxes and emissions trading systems.[283] Direct global fossil fuel subsidies reached $319 billion in 2017, and $5.2 trillion when indirect costs such as air pollution are priced in.[284] Ending these can cause a science film—although it is clear that it is based substantially on scientific research 28% reduction in global carbon emissions and opinion—but that it is a political film46% reduction in air pollution deaths.[285] Subsidies could be used to support the transition to clean energy instead.[286] More direct methods to reduce greenhouse gases include vehicle efficiency standards, renewable fuel standards, and air pollution regulations on heavy industry.[287] Several countries require utilities to increase the share of renewables in power production.[288]
Justice Barton also stated that, “I conclude that Policy designed through the claimant substantially won this case by virtue lens of my finding thatclimate justice tries to address human rights issues and social inequality. For instance, but wealthy nations responsible for the new guidance note, the film largest share of emissions would have been distributed in breach of sections 406 and 407 of the 1996 Education Actto pay poorer countries to adapt.”<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7037671.stm "Gore climate film's nine 'errors'"289] (October 11As the use of fossil fuels is reduced, 2007)jobs in the sector are being lost. BBC News website. Retrieved on October 1To achieve a just transition, 2014these people would need to be retrained for other jobs.</ref>Communities with many fossil fuel workers would need additional investments.[290]
In order for the film to be shown, the Government must first amend their Guidance Notes to Teachers to make clear that International climate agreementsFurther information: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
*1. The Film is a political work Since 2000, rising CO2 emissions in China and promotes only one side the rest of world have surpassed the argumentoutput of the United States and Europe. [291]
*2Per person, the United States generates CO2 at a far faster rate than other primary regions. If teachers present [291]Nearly all countries in the Film without making world are parties to the 1994 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).[292] The goal of the UNFCCC is to prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system.[293] As stated in the convention, this plain they may be requires that greenhouse gas concentrations are stabilised in breach of section 406 of the Education Act 1996 atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and guilty economic development can be sustained.[294] The UNFCCC does not itself restrict emissions but rather provides a framework for protocols that do. Global emissions have risen since the UNFCCC was signed.[295] Its yearly conferences are the stage of political indoctrinationglobal negotiations. [296]
*3The 1997 Kyoto Protocol extended the UNFCCC and included legally binding commitments for most developed countries to limit their emissions. Nine inaccuracies have [297] During the negotiations, the G77 (representing developing countries) pushed for a mandate requiring developed countries to be specifically drawn "[take] the lead" in reducing their emissions,[298] since developed countries contributed most to the attention accumulation of school childrengreenhouse gases in the atmosphere.<ref>[http://www.newparty.co.uk/articles/inaccuraciesPer-gore.html "Inaccuracies capita emissions were also still relatively low in Al Gore's 'An Inconvenient Truth'"] (October 2007)developing countries and developing countries would need to emit more to meet their development needs. The New Party [U.K.299]. Retrieved on October 1, 2014.</ref>
Science The 2009 Copenhagen Accord has been widely portrayed as disappointing because of its low goals, and Public Policy took issue with was rejected by poorer nations including the response G77.[300] Associated parties aimed to limit the ruling by Al Gore's spokesman and environment adviser, and asserted that his film contains ''35 Inconvenient Truths''global temperature rise to below 2 °C.<ref>Monckton, Christopher (October 19, 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140915002809/http://scienceandpublicpolicy.org/monckton/goreerrors.html "35 inconvenient truths: The errors in Al Gore's movie"301]. The Science Accord set the goal of sending $100 billion per year to developing countries for mitigation and Public Policy Institute websiteadaptation by 2020, and proposed the founding of the Green Climate Fund. Retrieved from September 15[302] As of 2020, 2014 archive at Internet Archive on October 1the fund has failed to reach its expected target, 2014and risks a shrinkage in its funding.</ref>[303]
Regarding his claims that In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the snow cap atop Africa's MtParis Agreement, which aims to keep global warming well below 2. Kilimanjaro is shrinking 0 °C and that global contains an aspirational goal of keeping warming is to blameunder 1.5 °C.[304] The agreement replaced the Kyoto Protocol. Unlike Kyoto, no binding emission targets were set in the November 23Paris Agreement. Instead, 2003, issue a set of ''Nature'' magazine statedprocedures was made binding. Countries have to regularly set ever more ambitious goals and reevaluate these goals every five years.[305] The Paris Agreement restated that developing countries must be financially supported.[306] As of October 2021,194 states and the European Union have signed the treaty and 191 states and the EU have ratified or acceded to the agreement.[307]
:Although it's tempting The 1987 Montreal Protocol, an international agreement to blame the ice loss on global warmingstop emitting ozone-depleting gases, researchers think that deforestation of the mountain's foothills is the may have been more likely culpriteffective at curbing greenhouse gas emissions than the Kyoto Protocol specifically designed to do so. Without [308] The 2016 Kigali Amendment to the forests' humidityMontreal Protocol aims to reduce the emissions of hydrofluorocarbons, previously moisturea group of powerful greenhouse gases which served as a replacement for banned ozone-laden winds blew drydepleting gases. No longer replenished with water, the ice is evaporating in This made the strong equatorial sunshineMontreal Protocol a stronger agreement against climate change."[309]
Many conservatives see Al Gore as an example of National responsesIn 2019, the United Kingdom parliament became the first national government to declare a climate emergency.[310] Other countries and jurisdictions followed suit.[liberals311]That same year, the European Parliament declared a "climate and environmental emergency".[312] using The European Commission presented its European Green Deal with the goal of making the EU carbon-neutral by 2050.[313] Major countries in Asia have made similar pledges: South Korea and Japan have committed to become carbon-neutral by 2050, and China by 2060.[deceit314]In 2021, the European Commission released its “Fit for 55” legislation package, which contains guidelines for the car industry; all new cars on the European market must be zero-emission vehicles from 2035.[315]ful tactics in important debatesWhile India has strong incentives for renewables, in order to make a position seem more solid than it isalso plans a significant expansion of coal in the country.[316]
===Scientists===As of 2021, based on information from 48 national climate plans, which represent 40% of the parties to the Paris Agreement, estimated total greenhouse gas emissions will be 0.5% lower compared to 2010 levels, below the 45% or 25% reduction goals to limit global warming to 1.5 °C or 2 °C, respectively.[317]
[[ImageScientific consensus and societyScientific consensusMain article:Rogerrevelle.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Roger Revelle]]Scientific consensus on climate change
{|| valign="top" width="35%"|* Academic studies of scientific consensus[[Roger Revelle318]]* [[Achim Steiner319]]* [[Fred Singer320]]* reflect that the level of consensus correlates with expertise in climate science.[[Richard Lindzen]321]* [There is a near-complete scientific consensus that the climate is warming and that this is caused by human activities. As of 2019, agreement in recent literature reached over 99%.[Sallie Baliunas322]]* [[Lonnie Thompson319]]| valign="top" width="33%"|* [[James ENo scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view. Hansen]]* [[Michael Mann323]]* Consensus has further developed that some form of action should be taken to protect people against the impacts of climate change. National science academies have called on world leaders to cut global emissions.[[Charles Keeling324]]* [[Edwin A. Hernández-Delgado]]|}
====Hal Lewis====Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed. Scientists assess these every few years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.[[Liberal325]] claims of global warming led to the resignation in October 2010 by Professor Hal Lewis from The American Physical Society because of "the global warming scam, with the (literally) trillions of dollars driving it, 2021 IPCC Assessment Report stated that has corrupted so many scientists, and has carried APS before it like a rogue wave. '''It is the greatest and most successful pseudoscientific fraud I have seen in my long life as a physicist'''."<ref>Lewis, Hal (October 8, 2010)unequivocal" that climate change is caused by humans. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140212001321/http://www.thegwpf.org/hal-lewis-my-resignation-from-the-american-physical-society/ "Hal Lewis: My resignation from the American Physical Society"319]. The Global Warming Policy Foundation website. Retrieved from February 12, 2014 archive at Internet Archive on October 1, 2014.</ref>
===Critique of the "Hockey Stick" reconstruction===
::''See also : [[Climategate#Hockey Stick Graph|Climategate: hockey stick graph]]''
<small>
*Shabecoff, Philip, [https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/26/us/us-data-since-1895-fail-to-show-warming-trend.html U.S. Data Since 1895 Fail To Show Warming Trend]", ''New York Times'', January 26, 1989
*[http://blogs.nature.com/climatefeedback/2007/05/the_decay_of_the_hockey_stick.html The Decay of the Hockey Stick by Von Storch] published on the journal ''Nature'''s blog, May 3, 2007.
*Stephen McIntyre and Ross McKitrick, "[http://climateaudit.files.wordpress.com/2005/09/mcintyre.mckitrick.2003.pdf Corrections To The Mann et. al. (1998) Proxy Data Base And Northern Hemispheric Average Temperature Series], ''Energy & Enviornment'' volume 14, 2003.
*[http://www.technologyreview.com/Energy/13830/ A Global Warming Bombshell] by Richard A. Muller, ''Technology Review'' , Oct. 2004; calls into question famous graph by Michael Mann.
*[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/306/5696/679 Reconstructing Past Climate from Noisy Data] by Hans von Storch, Eduardo Zorita, Julie M. Jones, Yegor Dimitriev, Fidel González-Rouco, Simon F. B. Tett, ''Science'' magazine, 22 October 2004.
*[http://www.image.ucar.edu/~boli/manuscripts/2007-LNA-TeA.pdf The ‘hockey stick’ and the 1990s: a statistical perspective on reconstructing hemispheric temperatures] by Bo Li, Douglas W. Nychka and Casper M. Ammann, ''Institute for Mathmatics Applied to Geosciences''; (Manuscript received 22 March 2007; in final form 28 June 2007).
*[http://www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/2006_articles/IceCoreSprg97.pdf Ice Core Data Show No Carbon Dioxide Increase] by Zbigniew Jaworowski, Ph.D., Spring 1997; this article examines one of the main pillars of the global warming thesis.
*[http://climateaudit.files.wordpress.com/2005/09/mcintyre.ee.2005.pdf The M&M Critique of the MBH98 Northern Hemisphere Climate Index: Update and Implications] (''Energy & Environment'', vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 69–100, January 2005) - Stephen McIntyre, Ross McKitrick
*[http://climateaudit.files.wordpress.com/2005/09/mcintyre.grl.2005.pdf Hockey sticks, principal components, and spurious significance] (''Geophysical Research Letters'', vol. 32, February 2005) - Stephen McIntyre, Ross McKitrick
*Dalmia, Shikha (December 2, 2009)Data has been cherry picked from short periods to falsely assert that global temperatures are not rising. [https://www.forbes.com/2009/12/01/climategateBlue trendlines show short periods that mask longer-scandal-science-obama-opinions-columnists-shikha-dalmia.html "Cringing over Climategate"]. Forbes website. Retrieved on September 25, 2014.*Taylor, James term warming trends (November 23, 2011red trendlines). [https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamestaylor/2011/11/23/climategate-2-0-new-e-mails-rock-Blue dots show theso-called global-warming-debate/ "Climategate 2hiatus.0[326]Denial and misinformationFurther information: New e-mails rock the global Global warming debate"]. Forbes website. Retrieved on September 25controversy, Fossil fuels lobby, 2014.Climate change denial, and Global warming conspiracy theory*BaileyPublic debate about climate change has been strongly affected by climate change denial and misinformation, Ronald (December 26which originated in the United States and has since spread to other countries, 2012)particularly Canada and Australia. [http://reason.com/blog/2012/12/26/34-yearsThe actors behind climate change denial form a well-funded and relatively coordinated coalition of-satellite-temperature-data-s "34 years of satellite temperature data show global warming is on a plateau"]. Hit & Run Blog/Reason.com. Retrieved on September 25fossil fuel companies, 2014.*Coleindustry groups, conservative think tanks, Steve and McCarthy, Leslie (January 12, 2011)contrarian scientists. [https://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/2010-warmest-year.html "NASA research finds 2010 tied for warmest year on record"327]. NASA website. Retrieved on September 25Like the tobacco industry, 2014the main strategy of these groups has been to manufacture doubt about scientific data and results.*Tisdale[328] Many who deny, Bob (August 10dismiss, 2012). [http://wattsupwiththat.com/2012/08/10/not-hot-ocean-sst-around-or hold unwarranted doubt about the-usa-not-anywhere-near-record-levels/ "Not so hot—ocean temperatures around the USA scientific consensus on anthropogenic climate change are not anywhere near record levelslabelled as "climate change skeptics"]. Watts Up with That? Retrieved on September 25, 2014which several scientists have noted is a misnomer.</ref></small>[329]
==Effects There are different variants of global climate denial: some deny that warming=====Beneficial effects takes place at all, some acknowledge warming but attribute it to natural influences, and some minimise the negative impacts of global warming===climate change.[[File330] Manufacturing uncertainty about the science later developed into a manufactured controversy:Autumn foliage.jpg|thumb|Canoing on a Colorful Day, (NY)creating the belief that there is significant uncertainty about climate change within the scientific community in order to delay policy changes.[331]]Some researchers point out that benefits Strategies to promote these ideas include criticism of health global warming have been overlookedscientific institutions, or minimized. As far back as 1996, Thomas Gale Moore, Senior Fellow at Hoover Institution (Stanford University) contended that positive health [332] and amenity effects would be a result questioning the motives of projected increases in temperatureindividual scientists.<ref>Moore, Thomas Gale (May 30, 1996). [http://www.stanford.edu/~moore/health.html "Health 330] An echo chamber of climate-denying blogs and amenity effects media has further fomented misunderstanding of global warming"climate change.[333]. Stanford University/Thomas Gale Moore webpage. Retrieved on October 1, 2014.</ref>
Another source notes,<ref>[httpsPublic awareness and opinionFurther information://web.archive.org/web/20081223011000/http://www.bionomicfuel.com/what-are-the-benefits-Climate communication, Media coverage of-global-warming/ "What are climate change, and Public opinion on climate changeClimate change came to international public attention in the benefits of global warming?"late 1980s.[334] (November 3Due to media coverage in the early 1990s, 2008). Bionomicfuelpeople often confused climate change with other environmental issues like ozone depletion.com. Retrieved from December 21[335] In popular culture, 2008 archive at Internet Archive the climate fiction movie The Day After Tomorrow (2004) and the Al Gore documentary An Inconvenient Truth (2006) focused on October 1, 2014climate change.</ref>[334]
<blockquote>In areas that see extreme cold temperaturesSignificant regional, deaths related to colder weather would drop significantlygender, leading to decreased health care costsage and political differences exist in both public concern for, while areas that already have hot climates will see no increaseand understanding of, climate change. Warmer temperatures would also mean less energy use to heat homes More highly educated people, and buildingsin some countries, helping women and younger people, were more likely to conserve energy see climate change as cooling is much more energy efficienta serious threat. With the changes brought about by global warming more land that is not lost to desert and/or rising sea levels would become available for uses like farming and living. Forests and plants would grow stronger, healthier[336] Partisan gaps also exist in many countries, [337] and more abundant because countries with high CO2 emissions tend to be less concerned.[338] Views on causes of the warmer weatherclimate change vary widely between countries.[339] Concern has increased over time, and this would mean more oxygen being released into [337] to the atmospherepoint where in 2021 a majority of citizens in many countries express a high level of worry about climate change, or view it as a global emergency.[340] Higher levels of worry are associated with stronger public support for policies that address climate change.</blockquote>[341]
===Reported effects of global warming===Climate movementMain articles: Climate movement and Climate change litigation
Reported past or expected/possible future environmental and societal consequences of man-made global warming include global cooling,<ref>72Jag (August 25, 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090827143311/http://www.nowpublic.com/environment/global-warming-causing-global-cooling "Is global warming causing global cooling?"] NowPublic. Retrieved on October 1, 2014.</ref> decreased food production,<ref>Fred Pearce (April 26, 2005). [http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7310-climate-change-warning-over-food-production.html "Climate change warning over food production"] Newscientist website. Retrieved on October 1, 2014.</ref> increased food production,<ref>Booth, William (May 17, 1990). [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1127111.html "Global heating could benefit U.S. farmers; prices seen rising as production falls"]. ''The Washington Post2017 People''. Retrieved from HighBeam Research website on October 1, 2014.</ref> shrinking forest.,<ref>Adam, David (s Climate March 11, 2009). [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/mar/11/amazon-global-warming-trees/print "Amazon could shrink by 85% due to climate change"]. Theguardian [U. K.]. Retrieved on October 1, 2014. See [[The Guardian]].</ref> increased tree foliage,<ref>[http://www.greenfingers.com/articledisplay.asp?id=1734 "Global warming causes greening"] (2008). Greenfingers.com. Retrieved on October 1, 2014.</ref> increased productivity of high-elevation forests,<ref>Oregon State University (Oct. 20, 2009). [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/10/091019163020.htm "Global warming may spur increased growth took place in Pacific northwest forests"]. ScienceDaily. Retrieved on October 1, 2014.</ref> melting glaciers.,<ref>Asian News International (June 6, 2007). [http://www.andhranews.net/Intl/2007/June/6/Global-warming-causing-3633.asp "Global warming causing hundreds of Antarctic Peninsula glaciers to melt"]locations. AndhraNews.net. Retrieved on October 1, 2014.</ref> growing glaciers,<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/global-warming-causing-california-glacier-to-grow-scientists-say-1.749761?ref=rss "Global warming causing California glacier to grow, scientists say"342] (July 9, 2008). CBCnews. Retrieved on October 1, 2014. Located by Sub-Driver of [httpShown://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/2043047/posts?page=51 Free Republic].</ref> increasing landmass in Antarcticathe Washington,<ref>[http://wwwD.worldclimatereportC.com/index.php/2005/05/27/antarctic-ice-a-global-warming-snow-job/ "Antarctic ice: A global warming snow job?"] (May 27march, 2005). World Climate Report. Retrieved on October 2, 2014.</ref> colder winters,<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/climate-change-could-bring-colder-winters-1.363574 "Climate change could bring colder winters"] (March 13, 2003). CBCNews. Retrieved on October 2, 2014.</ref> a new ice age,<ref>McGuire, Bill (November 13, 2003). [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2003/nov/13/comment.research "Will global warming trigger a new ice age?"] The Guardian website. Retrieved on October 2, 2014.</ref> prevention protesting policies of an ice age,<ref>Thompson, Andrea (September 10, 2007). [https://www.foxnews.com/printer_friendly_story/0,3566,296060,00.html "Global warming may cancel next ice age"]. Fox News website. Retrieved on October 2, 2014.</ref> taller mountains.,<ref>Than, Ker (August 4, 2006). [http://www.livescience.com/938then-taller-mountains-blamed-global-warmingU.html "Taller mountains blamed on global warming, too"]S. LiveScience. Retrieved on October 2, 2014.</ref> a lop-sided planet,<ref>Britt, Robert Roy (June 29, 2005)President Trump. [http://www.livescience.com/3884-global-warming-create-lopsided-planet.html "Global warming might create lopsided planet"342]. LiveScience. Retrieved on October 2, 2014.</ref> stronger hurricanes,<ref>Florida State University (Sep. 4, 2008). [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080903134323.htm "Global warming: Warmer seas linked to strengthening hurricanes, according to new research"]. ScienceDaily. Retrieved on October 2, 2014.</ref> weaker hurricanes,<ref>Schmid, Randolph E., AP Science Writer (April 17, 2007). [http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/weather/research/2007-04-17-globalwarming-hurricanes_N.htm "Study: Global warming may diminish Atlantic hurricane activity"]. USA Today. Retrieved on October 2, 2014.</ref> shorter days,<ref>Atkins, William (April 11, 2007). [http://www.itwire.com/science-news/climate/11220-researchers-say-global-warming-should-cause-shorter-days "Researchers say global warming should cause shorter days"]. iTWire. Retrieved on October 2, 2014.</ref> earthquakes and volcanoes, and other geological disasters. Attempts Climate protests demand that political leaders take action to prevent climate change may do . They can take the sameform of public demonstrations,<ref>Fisherfossil fuel divestment, Richard. (September 23, 2009). [http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20327273.800-climate-change-may-trigger-earthquakes-lawsuits and-volcanoesother activities.html "Climate change may trigger earthquakes and volcanoes" [preview]343]. Newscientist website. Preview retrieved on October 2, 2014. Subscription required Prominent demonstrations include the School Strike for full articleClimate.</ref> shrinking brainsIn this initiative,<ref>[http://www.albany.edu/campusnews/releases_286.htm "Study: Global warming could be reversing a trend that led to bigger human brains"] (March 15, 2007). State University of New York at Albany. Retrieved young people across the globe have been protesting since 2018 by skipping school on October 2Fridays, 2014.</ref> shrinking sheep,<ref>Connor, Steve (July 3, 2009)inspired by Swedish teenager Greta Thunberg. [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-global-warming-shrank-st-kildas-sheep-1729609.html "How global warming shrank St Kilda's sheep"344]. The Independent [U. K.] website. Retrieved on October 2, 2014.</ref> tiger attacks.,<ref>Dhar, Sujoy (October 20, 2008). [http://southasia.oneworld.net/news/tiger-attacks-linked-to-global-warming "Tiger attacks linked to global warming"]. Reuters. Retrieved from OneWorld South Asia on October 2, 2014.</ref> shark attacks,<ref>Johnston, Bruce (August 31, 1998). [http://junksciencearchive.com/news3/shark.html "Shark attack on boat 'result of global warming'"]. Electronic Telegraph (U.K.) Retrieved from JunkScienceArchive on October 3, 2014.</ref> walrus stampede deaths,<ref>Associated Press (December 17, 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20141003042107/http://6abc.com/archive/5839622/ "Global warming is blamed for walrus stampede deaths"]. 6abc Action News website. Retrieved from October 3, 2014 archive at Internet Archive on October 3, 2014. Located Mass civil disobedience actions by groups like Extinction Rebellion have protested by digger48 of [http://wwwdisrupting roads and public transport.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1939754/posts Free Republic]</ref> imminent cannibalism,<ref>Baker, Brent (April 2, 2008). [http://newsbusters.org/blogs/brent-baker/2008/04/02/turner-iraqi-insurgents-patriots-inaction-warming-cannibalism "Turner: Global warming will cause mass cannibalism, insurgents are patriots"345]. MRC NewsBusters. Retrieved on October 2, 2014.</ref> the need for a drastic reduction of the earth's population,<ref>[http://thisistheendoftheworldasweknowit.com/archives/one-less-child-environmental-extremists-warn-that-overpopulation-Litigation is-causing-climate-change-and-will-ultimately-destroy-the-earth "One less child? Environmental extremists warn that overpopulation is causing climate change and will ultimately destroy the Earth"] (November 17, 2009). The End of the World. Retrieved on October 2, 2014.</ref> increasingly used as a strong increase in people dying of [[AIDS]],<ref>McLean, Tamara (April 29, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110831093248/http://news.theage.com.au/national/global-warming-set-tool to-fan-the-hiv-fire-20080430-29eh.html "Global warming hoax set to fan the HIV fire"]. Theage.com.au. Retrieved strengthen climate action from August 31, 2011 archive at Internet Archive on October 1, 2014public institutions and companies. Located by[https://web.archive.org/web/20110725075338/http://www.skepticsglobalwarming.com/?p=608 Skeptics Global Warning].</ref> increased risk of civil war in Africa,<ref>[http://news.stanford.edu/news/2009/november23/climate-civil-wars-112309.html "Global warming increases risk of civil war in Africa"] (November 23, 2009). Stanford Report. Retrieved from Stanford News Activists also initiate lawsuits which target governments and demand that they take ambitious action or enforce existing laws on October 1, 2014.</ref> child ''climate cops'',<ref>[https://www.wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=70811 "Beware your children: They might be 'climate cops'"] (July 28, 2008). WND. Retrieved on October 1, 2014.</ref> increase in depression,<ref>Sohn, Emily (December 10, 2009)change. [http://www.google.com/search?q=%22Deadly+heat+waves%2C+home-wrecking+hurricanes%22&hl=en&gbv=2&oq=&gs_l= “Mental health to decline with climate change”346]. Discovery.com News. Retrieved from Google Search on October 1, 2014.</ref> increase in psychiatric illness<ref>Press Trust of India (April 8, 2008). [http://www.sify.com/news/climateLawsuits against fossil-change-leads-to-psychiatric-illness-news-national-jegnGhfjihasi.html "'Climate change leads to psychiatric illness'"]. Sify News. Retrieved on October 1, 2014.</ref> fuel companies generally seek compensation for loss and increased anxiety and loss of sleep among many childrendamage.<ref>Jones, Alan (February 22, 2007). [http://www.scotsman.com/news/uk/children-losing-sleep-over-global-warming-1-683217 "Children losing sleep over global warming"347]. The Scotsman website. Retrieved on September 30, 2014.</ref>
==References==Discovery{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}For broader coverage of this topic, see History of climate change science.
== See also ==Tyndall's ratio spectrophotometer (drawing from 1861) measured how much infrared radiation was absorbed and emitted by various gases filling its central tube.*In the 1820s, Joseph Fourier proposed the greenhouse effect to explain why Earth's temperature was higher than the sun'[[Massachusetts vs energy alone could explain. EPA]]Earth'' *[[Liberal hysteria#Global Warming Derangement Syndrome|Global Warming Derangement Syndrome]]*[[Socialist Environmental Disasters]]*[[Counterexamples s atmosphere is transparent to Global Warming]]*[[Winter sunlight, so sunlight reaches the surface where it is converted to heat. However, the atmosphere is not transparent to heat radiating from the surface, and captures some of 2010]]*that heat which warms the planet.[[Reducing carbon dioxide emissions348]]*[[Essay:Global Warming]]*[[Essay:Parallels between evolution and global In 1856 Eunice Newton Foote demonstrated that the warming]]*[[Exaggeration effect of global warming]]*[[Global warming the sun is greater for air with water vapour than for dry air, and polar bears]]*[[Global climate disruption]]*[[Global warming research]]*[[Global annual average the effect is even greater with carbon dioxide. She concluded that "An atmosphere of that gas would give to our earth a high temperature]]*..."[[Warm period349]]*[[Liberal lies350]]*Starting in 1859,[[War on Science351]]*John Tyndall established that nitrogen and oxygen—together totalling 99% of dry air—are transparent to radiated heat. However, water vapour and some gases (in particular methane and carbon dioxide) absorb radiated heat and re-radiate that heat within the atmosphere. Tyndall proposed that changes in the concentrations of these gases may have caused climatic changes in the past, including ice ages.[[Lysenkoism]352]
==External links==*[http://www.creationworldview.org/articles_view.asp?id=67 Global Warming? Absolutely No Truth To It!]*[http://www.aim.org/wls/category/global-warming/ What Liberals Say - Category: Global Warming]Svante Arrhenius noted that water vapour in air continuously varied, [[Accuracy In Media]]*[http://globalbut the CO2 concentration in air was influenced by long-warmingterm geological processes.accuweather.com/2007/12/attempting_to_stop_global_warm_1.html Attempting to Stop Global Warming is Futile and a Mistake, says letter to At the UN]*[https://www.icr.org/creation-meteorology Clinate Change] by The Institute for Creation Research*[http://environment.guardian.co.uk/climatechange/story/0,,2032821,00.html The appliance end of science] by Mike Hulme.*[http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv15n2/reg15n2g.html Global Warming: The Origin and Nature of the Alleged Scientific Consensus] - [[Richard S. Lindzen]]an ice age, Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Meteorology at warming from increased CO2 levels would increase the [[Massachusetts Institute amount of Technology]]*[http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?issueID=47&articleID=604 "Should We Have Acted Thirty Years Ago to Prevent Climate Change?"water vapour, by Randall Gamplifying warming in a feedback loop. Holcombe].*[http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?issueID=25&articleID=296 "After Kyoto: A Global Scramble for AdvantageIn 1896," by Bruce Yandle].*[http://www.ncpa.org/sub/dpd/index.php?Article_ID=2319 The physical evidence he published the first climate model of earth's unstoppable 1its kind,500-year climate cycle]*[http://www.independent.org/publications/article.asp?id=1714 "Is There a Basis for Global Warming Alarm?", by Richard Lindzen]*[http://www.independent.org/publications/policy_reports/detail.asp?type=full&id=5 "New Perspectives showing that halving of CO2 levels could have produced the drop in Climate Change: What temperature initiating the EPA Isn’t Telling Us"]*[http://wwwice age.heartlandArrhenius calculated the temperature increase expected from doubling CO2 to be around 5–6 °C.org/Article.cfm?artId=17181 Survey Shows Climatologists Are Split on Global Warming[353]*[http://www.magma.ca/~hurleyp/FightingTheHoax.htm Fighting Other scientists were initially sceptical and believed the Hoax]*[http://wwwgreenhouse effect to be saturated so that adding more CO2 would make no difference.globalwarminghoax.com/news.php Refuting the Myth of ManThey thought climate would be self-made Global Warming]*[http://wwwregulating.climateaudit.org Climate Audit], Steve McIntyre's blog*[http://www.realclimate.org Real Climate354]From 1938 onwards Guy Stewart Callendar published evidence that climate was warming and CO2 levels rising, blog by a group of climatologists including Michael Mann*[https://www.americanthinker.com/2009/01/co2_fairytales_in_global_warmi.html "CO<sub>2</sub> Fairytales in Global Warming"355]*[http://wwwbut his calculations met the same objections.numberwatch.co.uk/warmlist.htm A complete list of things caused by global warming]*[http://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2009/11/hackers-prove-global-warming-is-scam.html Hackers Prove Global Warming Is A Scam]*[http://www.frontpagemag.com/fpm/266930/i-dont-believe-science-daniel-greenfield354]
{{liberalism}}{{Climategate scandal}}In the 1950s, Gilbert Plass created a detailed computer model that included different atmospheric layers and the infrared spectrum. This model predicted that increasing CO2 levels would cause warming. Around the same time, Hans Suess found evidence that CO2 levels had been rising, and Roger Revelle showed that the oceans would not absorb the increase. The two scientists subsequently helped Charles Keeling to begin a record of continued increase, which has been termed the "Keeling Curve".[354] Scientists alerted the public,[356] and the dangers were highlighted at James Hansen's 1988 Congressional testimony.[21] The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, set up in 1988 to provide formal advice to the world's governments, spurred interdisciplinary research.[357]
[[Category:Earth Sciences]]See also[[Category:Environmentalism]]icon Climate change portal[[Category:Liberal Bias]]icon Environment portal[[Category:Liberal Falsehoods]]icon Science portal[[Category:Featured articles]] World portal[[Category:Man-Made Disasters]]2020s in environmental historyAnthropocene – proposed new geological time interval in which humans are having significant geological impactGlobal cooling – minority view held by scientists in the 1970s that imminent cooling of the Earth would take place
