Difference between revisions of "Frankfurt School"
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| − | [[Image:AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png|thumb|200px|right|Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, and Jürgen Habermas]] | + | [[Image:AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png|thumb|200px|right|Max Horkheimer, [[Theodor Adorno]], and Jürgen Habermas]] |
| − | '''Frankfurt School''' | + | The '''Frankfurt School''' is a [[Marxist]] [[Interest group|splinter group]] of [[leftist]] pseudo-intellectuals, many of them [[Jewish]] [[atheist|atheists]],<ref name="FIORAZO2012"/> trying, mainly by means of so-called ''"[[the long march through the institutions]]"'', to corrupt traditional [[Christian]] values of [[Western culture]] with pseudo-values included in the umbrella term of [[Cultural Marxism]]. Their ultimate goal has been to take-over countries not with guns and weapons, but with pseudo-values and ideas that would change the way that people think.<ref name="FIORAZO2012"/><ref name="OriginalIntent"/> The basic trait of the Frankfurt School is the merger of the [[Marxist philosophy]] with the [[Freud]]ian [[psychoanalysis]] in effort to achieve for societal changes made in line with communist directives: |
*destroying free-enterprise capitalism by undermining its economic engine, the Middle Class | *destroying free-enterprise capitalism by undermining its economic engine, the Middle Class | ||
*[[destroying the family|the destruction of the basic building block of society: the Family Unit]], and | *[[destroying the family|the destruction of the basic building block of society: the Family Unit]], and | ||
| − | * | + | *destroying the [[Judeo-Christian]] values. |
The result of ideas spread by Frankfurt School is that the society wanders down a road towards insolvency, immorality, and [[totalitarianism]]. The revolutionary propaganda is disguised under the fig leaf of '[[Scientism|science]]'. | The result of ideas spread by Frankfurt School is that the society wanders down a road towards insolvency, immorality, and [[totalitarianism]]. The revolutionary propaganda is disguised under the fig leaf of '[[Scientism|science]]'. | ||
Among the theoretical derivates of Frankfurt School are so-called ''[[Critical theory]]'' and professors of this school were the source of the ideas that fueled what is now known as Student's protests of 1968.<ref name="Kuby2015"/><ref>{{cite web |title= Columbia University 1968: Personal recollections of the 1968 student uprising at Columbia University. |author=Frank da Cruz |date=April 1998 |url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/1968/ |accessdate=5 Jan 2017 |quote=Throughout the mid-to-late 60s there was all sorts of political activity on campus – teach-ins on Pentagon economics, Sundial rallies against the war, demonstrations against class rank reporting, confrontations with military recruiters, etc. It was an era of bullhorns. ...}}</ref> | Among the theoretical derivates of Frankfurt School are so-called ''[[Critical theory]]'' and professors of this school were the source of the ideas that fueled what is now known as Student's protests of 1968.<ref name="Kuby2015"/><ref>{{cite web |title= Columbia University 1968: Personal recollections of the 1968 student uprising at Columbia University. |author=Frank da Cruz |date=April 1998 |url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/1968/ |accessdate=5 Jan 2017 |quote=Throughout the mid-to-late 60s there was all sorts of political activity on campus – teach-ins on Pentagon economics, Sundial rallies against the war, demonstrations against class rank reporting, confrontations with military recruiters, etc. It was an era of bullhorns. ...}}</ref> | ||
==Brief History== | ==Brief History== | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | == Notable representatives and associates== | + | In 1923, members and sympathizers of the [[Marxist]] [[communist party]] Friedrich Pollock, Max Horkheimer, and Carl Grünberg set up an institute at Frankfurt University in [[Weimar]] [[Germany]]. This institute was named ''‘the Institute for social research''’ (In German: ''Institut für Sozialforschung''). Later it would become known simply as the Frankfurt school. These new Marxists under the direction of '''Max Horkheimer''' had seen the old [[Lenin]] Marxists fail in their attempt to win the so called ''“[[working class]]”'' in the [[Western civilization|West]]: The workers of the world did not unite in [[WW I]]. Further, these new Marxists believed the reason has been found by their comrade [[Antonio Gramsci]], who wrote in his ''Prison notebooks,'' a blueprint to de-Christianize the west, that Marxism could only flourish after ''a long march through the cultural institutions'', i.e. institutions like academies, seminaries, newspapers, magazines, radio, film, and what is now known as TV and mass media. |
| + | |||
| + | The new mantra of Marxists would be: change the western culture and then the workers would unite. Willi Munzenberg stated explicitly that its goal was to "organise the intellectuals and use them to make [[Western civilization]] stink. Only then, after they have corrupted all its values and made life impossible, can we impose the [[dictatorship of the proletariat]]."<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/JordanPeterson/comments/fc6mqf/if_you_dont_know_what_the_the_frankfurt_school_is/</ref> Thus, after Marx there were a group of Marxists who wilily decided that you could bring the [[Nimrodian aspirations|collectivists society]] to nation through culture as well by introducing certain pseudo-values and concepts that would, for example, [[Destroying the family|break down the family]]. If family unit is no longer self-sustaining and no longer valued in the society, then its individual members, who formerly could turn to the family for support in times of need, would now be cut loose. They would be without the place to go hence forced to turn to the [[government]] and its institutions shaped by the aforementioned "long march" i.e. by sort of [[gleichschaltung]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | But just as the ''march through institutions'' was about to begin, an anti-marxist and anti-semitic [[Adolf Hitler]] ascended to power and shortly before the [[WW II]] began, the [[Nazi]]s closed the ''Institute for social research'' in 1933. Thus, the leading representatives of the Frankfurt school packed up its ideology and themselves and fled into [[USA|America]] where they settled down mainly at the [[Columbia University]].<ref name="FIORAZO2012">{{cite book |author=David Fiorazo |title=ERADICATE: Blotting Out God in America |publisher=Life Sentence Publishing |place=Abbotsford, WA |year=2012 |chapter=10 |pages=246 |isbn=978-1-62245-026-8 |url=http://davidfiorazo.com/2013/02/introduction-to-eradicate-blotting-out-god-in-america/ |quote=Frankfurt School ... the primary goal of the Frankfurt School was to translate Marxism from economic terms into cultural terms. It would provide the ideas on which to base a new political theory of Cultural Revolution.}}</ref><ref name="OriginalIntent">{{cite web |title=Original Intent: How the Democratic and Republican Parties Are Destroying the American Dream |author=James Jaeger |publisher=James Jaeger Film |pages=16min:50sec |url=http://www.originalintent.us/html/ |accessdate=30 Jan 2016}}</ref> In addition, the [[American Jewish Committee]] had tasked them to find anything that might give the origin points to fascism to ensure a repeat of Nazi Germany doesn't happen, and hired them, in particular Adorno, largely because he was present in Nazi Germany during the war and thus had first-hand witness to the events.<ref>http://www.frontpagemag.com/fpm/267543/big-liar-dinesh-dsouza</ref> Here Adorno et al. began to perform 'scientific' research of 'authoritarian personality' that in their theory was supposed to be a product of 'authoritarian family' that is 'potentially [[fascist]]'. This 'theory' legitimized effort to deconstruct the family.<ref name="Kuby2015">{{cite book |title=The Global Sexual Revolution: Destruction of Freedom in the Name of Freedom |author=Gabriele Kuby |translator=James Patrick Kirchner |publisher=Angelico Press |year=2015 |isbne=9781621381556 |pages=61–4 |quote=page reference is from Slovak translation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-8C1jgEACAAJ}}</ref> | ||
| + | [[File:Marcuse Angela Davis.png|right|300px|thumb|[[Herbert Marcuse]] with his student [[Angela Davis]].]] | ||
| + | In 1965, the [[Columbia University]] served as host for the first-ever-launched '[[gay]]' student group that was later developed into the [[Gay Liberation Front]], the [[Gay Activists Alliance]], and other vanguard organizations that emerged in connection with the [[Stonewall riots]]. This new generation of self-identified "lesbians and gay men" pioneered the protest tactics labeled as "[[zapping the shrinks]]," which later [[ACT-UP]] continued to employ infamously in the 1980s.<ref name="EISENBACH2006">{{cite book |title=Gay Power: An American Revolution |author=David Eisenbach |publisher=Carroll & Graf |place=New York |year=2006 |pages=231 |isbn=978-07867-16333 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0NeGAAAAIAAJ |quote=Gay Power, " chronicles the tumultuous first wave of the modern gay rights movement. From the first-ever gay student group launched at [[Columbia University]] in 1965 to the [[Gay Liberation Front]], the [[Gay Activists Alliance]], and other vanguard organizations that emerged from the [[Stonewall riots]], David Eisenbach draws on archival material and numerous firsthand accounts from the individuals who built the movement. Unlike their predecessors, this new generation of lesbians and gay men spoke as a community, established political clout, appeared openly on television and in the press, demanded equal rights with heterosexuals, and pioneered protest tactics like the "zap," which later [[ACT-UP]] employed famously in the 1980s.}}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Many radical activists were influenced by [[Herbert Marcuse]], such as Norman O. Brown,<ref>{{cite book |author=Dufresne, Todd |title=Tales from the Freudian Crypt: The Death Drive in Text and Context |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford |year=2000 |page=112 |isbn=978-0-8047-3885-9 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> [[Angela Davis]],<ref name="Ebony-July1971">{{cite news | ||
| + | | title = Rhetoric Vs. Reality: Angela Davis tells why black people should not be deceived by words | ||
| + | | first = Angela | ||
| + | | last = Davis | ||
| + | | authorlink = Angela Davis | ||
| + | | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5tsDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false | ||
| + | | newspaper = [[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]] | ||
| + | | publisher = Johnson Publishing Company | ||
| + | | location = [[Chicago]] | ||
| + | | volume = 26 | ||
| + | | issue = 9 | ||
| + | | date = July 1971 | ||
| + | | pages = 115–120 | ||
| + | }}</ref> Charles J. Moore, [[Abbie Hoffman]], [[Rudi Dutschke]], and Robert M. Young. Marcuse invented the concept of “partisan tolerance,” that is, tolerance for leftist ideas and intolerance of all others. Marcuse later expressed his radical ideas through three pieces of writing. He wrote ''An Essay on Liberation'' in 1969, in which he celebrated so-called "[[national liberation movement]]s" such as that of the [[Viet Cong]], which inspired many radicals. In 1972 he wrote ''Counterrevolution and Revolt'', which argues that the hopes of the 1960s were facing a counterrevolution from the right. He published his final work ''The Aesthetic Dimension'' in 1979 on the role of art in the process of what he termed "emancipation" from "[[bourgeois]]" society. | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Notable representatives and associates<ref name="Matthews2008">{{cite web |title=FRANKFURTSKÁ ŠKOLA A JEJÍ IDEOVÍ SOUDRUZI (Frankfurt school and its ideological comrades) |author=Timothy Matthews |translator=Mikuláš Spurný |url=http://www.tedeum.cz/4_2014/frankfurtskola_0414.htm |publisher=Te Deum (originally: The Wanderer) |date=11 Nov 2008 (originally)|language=Czech |quote=Mezi představitele školy lze započítat i gurua nové levice z šedesátých let minulého století Herberta Marcuse (jmenovitě odsouzeného Pavlem VI. za jeho teorii osvobození, která „pod pláštíkem svobody otevírá cestu bezmezné svévoli“[1]), který spolu s Maxem Horkheimerem, Theodorem Adornem, populárním Erichem Frommem, Leem Löwenthalem a Jürgenem Habermasem patří k jejím nejvlivnějším myslitelům.}}</ref>== | ||
*[[Theodor Adorno]] | *[[Theodor Adorno]] | ||
*Walter Benjamin<ref>{{cite web |title=The New Dark Age: The Frankfurt School and 'Political Corectness' |author=Michael Minnicino |publisher=FIDELIO Magazine |date=1992 |url=http://www.schillerinstitute.org/fid_91-96/921_frankfurt.html |quote=Benjamin has actually been called the heir of Leibniz and of Wilhelm von Humboldt, the philologist collaborator of Schiller whose educational reforms engendered the tremendous development of Germany in the nineteenth century. |accessdate= 31 Jan 2016}}</ref> | *Walter Benjamin<ref>{{cite web |title=The New Dark Age: The Frankfurt School and 'Political Corectness' |author=Michael Minnicino |publisher=FIDELIO Magazine |date=1992 |url=http://www.schillerinstitute.org/fid_91-96/921_frankfurt.html |quote=Benjamin has actually been called the heir of Leibniz and of Wilhelm von Humboldt, the philologist collaborator of Schiller whose educational reforms engendered the tremendous development of Germany in the nineteenth century. |accessdate= 31 Jan 2016}}</ref> | ||
| − | *Erich Fromm | + | *[[Erich Fromm]] |
| − | *Jürgen Habermas | + | *[[Jürgen Habermas]] |
*Axel Honneth | *Axel Honneth | ||
| − | *Max Horkheimer | + | *[[Max Horkheimer]] |
*Richard Krautheimer | *Richard Krautheimer | ||
*[[Siegfried Kracauer]] | *[[Siegfried Kracauer]] | ||
*Leo Löwenthal | *Leo Löwenthal | ||
| + | *[[Georg Lukacs]] | ||
*[[Herbert Marcuse]] | *[[Herbert Marcuse]] | ||
*[[Paul Massing]] | *[[Paul Massing]] | ||
| Line 29: | Line 51: | ||
*[[Karl August Wittfogel]] | *[[Karl August Wittfogel]] | ||
| − | == See | + | == See also == |
*[[Anthropological Revolution]] | *[[Anthropological Revolution]] | ||
| + | *[[Columbia University]] | ||
| + | *[[Critical theory]] | ||
| + | *[[Cultural Marxism]] | ||
| + | *[[Destroying the family]] | ||
*[[Gleichschaltung]] | *[[Gleichschaltung]] | ||
*[[Franz Leopold Neumann]] | *[[Franz Leopold Neumann]] | ||
*[[Nimrodian aspirations]] | *[[Nimrodian aspirations]] | ||
| + | *[[Social experiment]] | ||
*[[Nineteen Eighty-Four|1984]] | *[[Nineteen Eighty-Four|1984]] | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
| − | {{ | + | {{Reflist|colwidth=35em}} |
| − | [[Category:Marxism]] [[Category:Sociology]] | + | ==External links== |
| + | *[https://www.theepochtimes.com/c-how-the-specter-of-communism-is-ruling-our-world How the Specter of Communism Is Ruling Our World]. ''The Epoch Times''. | ||
| + | *[https://www.theepochtimes.com/frankfurt-school-weaponized-u-s-education-against-civilization_3137064.html Frankfurt School Weaponized US Education Against Civilization], Alex Newman, ''Epoch Times'', November 5, 2019 Updated: March 10, 2020. | ||
| + | *[https://www.marxists.org/subject/frankfurt-school/index.htm The Frankfurt School and “Critical Theory”], Marxist Internet Archive. | ||
| + | {{communism}} | ||
| + | [[Category:Marxism]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Sociology]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Marxist Terminology]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Anti-American]][[Category:Blame America Crowd]][[Category:Anti-Constitutionalists]] | ||
Revision as of 02:17, December 4, 2020
Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, and Jürgen Habermas
The Frankfurt School is a Marxist splinter group of leftist pseudo-intellectuals, many of them Jewish atheists,[1] trying, mainly by means of so-called "the long march through the institutions", to corrupt traditional Christian values of Western culture with pseudo-values included in the umbrella term of Cultural Marxism. Their ultimate goal has been to take-over countries not with guns and weapons, but with pseudo-values and ideas that would change the way that people think.[1][2] The basic trait of the Frankfurt School is the merger of the Marxist philosophy with the Freudian psychoanalysis in effort to achieve for societal changes made in line with communist directives:
- destroying free-enterprise capitalism by undermining its economic engine, the Middle Class
- the destruction of the basic building block of society: the Family Unit, and
- destroying the Judeo-Christian values.
The result of ideas spread by Frankfurt School is that the society wanders down a road towards insolvency, immorality, and totalitarianism. The revolutionary propaganda is disguised under the fig leaf of 'science'. Among the theoretical derivates of Frankfurt School are so-called Critical theory and professors of this school were the source of the ideas that fueled what is now known as Student's protests of 1968.[3][4]
Contents
Brief History
In 1923, members and sympathizers of the Marxist communist party Friedrich Pollock, Max Horkheimer, and Carl Grünberg set up an institute at Frankfurt University in Weimar Germany. This institute was named ‘the Institute for social research’ (In German: Institut für Sozialforschung). Later it would become known simply as the Frankfurt school. These new Marxists under the direction of Max Horkheimer had seen the old Lenin Marxists fail in their attempt to win the so called “working class” in the West: The workers of the world did not unite in WW I. Further, these new Marxists believed the reason has been found by their comrade Antonio Gramsci, who wrote in his Prison notebooks, a blueprint to de-Christianize the west, that Marxism could only flourish after a long march through the cultural institutions, i.e. institutions like academies, seminaries, newspapers, magazines, radio, film, and what is now known as TV and mass media.
The new mantra of Marxists would be: change the western culture and then the workers would unite. Willi Munzenberg stated explicitly that its goal was to "organise the intellectuals and use them to make Western civilization stink. Only then, after they have corrupted all its values and made life impossible, can we impose the dictatorship of the proletariat."[5] Thus, after Marx there were a group of Marxists who wilily decided that you could bring the collectivists society to nation through culture as well by introducing certain pseudo-values and concepts that would, for example, break down the family. If family unit is no longer self-sustaining and no longer valued in the society, then its individual members, who formerly could turn to the family for support in times of need, would now be cut loose. They would be without the place to go hence forced to turn to the government and its institutions shaped by the aforementioned "long march" i.e. by sort of gleichschaltung.
But just as the march through institutions was about to begin, an anti-marxist and anti-semitic Adolf Hitler ascended to power and shortly before the WW II began, the Nazis closed the Institute for social research in 1933. Thus, the leading representatives of the Frankfurt school packed up its ideology and themselves and fled into America where they settled down mainly at the Columbia University.[1][2] In addition, the American Jewish Committee had tasked them to find anything that might give the origin points to fascism to ensure a repeat of Nazi Germany doesn't happen, and hired them, in particular Adorno, largely because he was present in Nazi Germany during the war and thus had first-hand witness to the events.[6] Here Adorno et al. began to perform 'scientific' research of 'authoritarian personality' that in their theory was supposed to be a product of 'authoritarian family' that is 'potentially fascist'. This 'theory' legitimized effort to deconstruct the family.[3]
In 1965, the Columbia University served as host for the first-ever-launched 'gay' student group that was later developed into the Gay Liberation Front, the Gay Activists Alliance, and other vanguard organizations that emerged in connection with the Stonewall riots. This new generation of self-identified "lesbians and gay men" pioneered the protest tactics labeled as "zapping the shrinks," which later ACT-UP continued to employ infamously in the 1980s.[7]
Many radical activists were influenced by Herbert Marcuse, such as Norman O. Brown,[8] Angela Davis,[9] Charles J. Moore, Abbie Hoffman, Rudi Dutschke, and Robert M. Young. Marcuse invented the concept of “partisan tolerance,” that is, tolerance for leftist ideas and intolerance of all others. Marcuse later expressed his radical ideas through three pieces of writing. He wrote An Essay on Liberation in 1969, in which he celebrated so-called "national liberation movements" such as that of the Viet Cong, which inspired many radicals. In 1972 he wrote Counterrevolution and Revolt, which argues that the hopes of the 1960s were facing a counterrevolution from the right. He published his final work The Aesthetic Dimension in 1979 on the role of art in the process of what he termed "emancipation" from "bourgeois" society.
Notable representatives and associates[10]
- Theodor Adorno
- Walter Benjamin[11]
- Erich Fromm
- Jürgen Habermas
- Axel Honneth
- Max Horkheimer
- Richard Krautheimer
- Siegfried Kracauer
- Leo Löwenthal
- Georg Lukacs
- Herbert Marcuse
- Paul Massing
- Friedrich Pollock
- Meyer Schapiro
- Alfred Schmidt
- Felix Weil
- Karl August Wittfogel
See also
- Anthropological Revolution
- Columbia University
- Critical theory
- Cultural Marxism
- Destroying the family
- Gleichschaltung
- Franz Leopold Neumann
- Nimrodian aspirations
- Social experiment
- 1984
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 David Fiorazo (2012). "10", ERADICATE: Blotting Out God in America. Life Sentence Publishing, 246. ISBN 978-1-62245-026-8. “Frankfurt School ... the primary goal of the Frankfurt School was to translate Marxism from economic terms into cultural terms. It would provide the ideas on which to base a new political theory of Cultural Revolution.”
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 James Jaeger. Original Intent: How the Democratic and Republican Parties Are Destroying the American Dream 16min:50sec. James Jaeger Film. Retrieved on 30 Jan 2016.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Gabriele Kuby (2015). The Global Sexual Revolution: Destruction of Freedom in the Name of Freedom. Angelico Press, 61–4. “page reference is from Slovak translation”
- ↑ Frank da Cruz (April 1998). Columbia University 1968: Personal recollections of the 1968 student uprising at Columbia University.. Retrieved on 5 Jan 2017. “Throughout the mid-to-late 60s there was all sorts of political activity on campus – teach-ins on Pentagon economics, Sundial rallies against the war, demonstrations against class rank reporting, confrontations with military recruiters, etc. It was an era of bullhorns. ...”
- ↑ https://www.reddit.com/r/JordanPeterson/comments/fc6mqf/if_you_dont_know_what_the_the_frankfurt_school_is/
- ↑ http://www.frontpagemag.com/fpm/267543/big-liar-dinesh-dsouza
- ↑ David Eisenbach (2006). Gay Power: An American Revolution. Carroll & Graf, 231. ISBN 978-07867-16333. “Gay Power, " chronicles the tumultuous first wave of the modern gay rights movement. From the first-ever gay student group launched at Columbia University in 1965 to the Gay Liberation Front, the Gay Activists Alliance, and other vanguard organizations that emerged from the Stonewall riots, David Eisenbach draws on archival material and numerous firsthand accounts from the individuals who built the movement. Unlike their predecessors, this new generation of lesbians and gay men spoke as a community, established political clout, appeared openly on television and in the press, demanded equal rights with heterosexuals, and pioneered protest tactics like the "zap," which later ACT-UP employed famously in the 1980s.”
- ↑ Dufresne, Todd (2000). Tales from the Freudian Crypt: The Death Drive in Text and Context. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3885-9.
- ↑ Davis, Angela. "Rhetoric Vs. Reality: Angela Davis tells why black people should not be deceived by words", Johnson Publishing Company, July 1971, pp. 115–120.
- ↑ Timothy Matthews (11 Nov 2008 (originally)). FRANKFURTSKÁ ŠKOLA A JEJÍ IDEOVÍ SOUDRUZI (Frankfurt school and its ideological comrades) (Czech). Te Deum (originally: The Wanderer). “Mezi představitele školy lze započítat i gurua nové levice z šedesátých let minulého století Herberta Marcuse (jmenovitě odsouzeného Pavlem VI. za jeho teorii osvobození, která „pod pláštíkem svobody otevírá cestu bezmezné svévoli“[1]), který spolu s Maxem Horkheimerem, Theodorem Adornem, populárním Erichem Frommem, Leem Löwenthalem a Jürgenem Habermasem patří k jejím nejvlivnějším myslitelům.”
- ↑ Michael Minnicino (1992). The New Dark Age: The Frankfurt School and 'Political Corectness'. FIDELIO Magazine. Retrieved on 31 Jan 2016. “Benjamin has actually been called the heir of Leibniz and of Wilhelm von Humboldt, the philologist collaborator of Schiller whose educational reforms engendered the tremendous development of Germany in the nineteenth century.”
External links
- How the Specter of Communism Is Ruling Our World. The Epoch Times.
- Frankfurt School Weaponized US Education Against Civilization, Alex Newman, Epoch Times, November 5, 2019 Updated: March 10, 2020.
- The Frankfurt School and “Critical Theory”, Marxist Internet Archive.
