Difference between revisions of "Cold War"

Revision as of 16:52, April 17, 2009

The Cold War was political, economic and psychological conflict, together with regional hot wars, between the United States,NATO and other allies, and the USSR, China and their allies between 1947 and 1989.

Although there was no direct fighting between the superpowers, each country was involved in a number of proxy conflicts, most notably in Vietnam, Korea and Afghanistan. The most tense moment between the two main powers came in 1962 during the Cuban Missile Crisis, which ended without escalation into warfare.

The Cold War was marked by a nuclear arms race between the two super-powers, and the unchecked proliferation of nuclear weapons was a cause for concern in many quarters. The Cold War also was marked by high levels of espionage.

The root of the Cold War lies in Soviet expansionism and subversion of so-called "bourgeois regimes".

The tension during the war fluctuated, with the super powers going through periods of heightened conflict and also periods of improved relations. It ended on November 11, 1989, with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet overseas empire. History closed the books on the Soviet Union itself on December 25, 1991. It was replaced by 15 smaller countries, especially Russia, which all rejected Communism and the Cold War.

Causes

Following the Russian Revolution in the closing days of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson refused to recognized the communist government of Russia and contributed troops in support of the White Russians. Not until 1933 did the US recognize the Soviet government, and relations did not truly warm until Hitler's invasion of Russia.

While the US and the UK cooperated with Russia throughout World War II, tensions began to deteriorate soon after the end of the conflict, notably over the division of Germany and the occupation status of Europe. In 1946, George Kennan, a Department of State diplomat stationed in Moscow, wrote the Long Telegram, in which argued for the necessity of containing the Soviet Union. His cable resonated with President Harry Truman's administration, and the 1947 invasion of North Korea seemed to confirm Kennan's views^{[Citation Needed]}.

Conflicts

Early Fronts

November 18, 1945, General Secretary of the Communist Party USA William Z. Foster told delegates to the National Convention that "on the international scale the key task is to stop American intervention in China." On December 4, 1945, the Communists staged a "Get Out of China Rally," while communist dominated labor unions put on work stoppages with the same slogan. Conditions inviting the North Korean attack were created by the United Nations which issued a resolution for withdrawal of both Soviet and American troops. Troops began withdrawing September 15, 1948, leaving only about 7500 Americans lightly armed. This left in South Korea 16,000 Koreans and 7500 Americans, both groups lightly armed, against 150,000 fully armed North Korean Communists. General Roberts, head of the U. S. Military Mission said the South Koreans were not permitted to arm adequately.

August 31, 1946, Harold J. Noble wrote an article in the Saturday Evening Post entitled, "Our Most Dangerous Boundary." The author pointed out that the Soviet Union had garrisoned North Korea with a larger force than the Americans possessed in Japan and Manchuria. The Communists were disposed to invade at a moment's notice. Where the U.S. had a squad near the border commanded by a corporal, the Soviet Union had a battalion, commanded by an officer, equipped with motor transport, ninety per cent of which came from America. The Soviet Union had established a police state in North Korea and suppressed every political organization except the Communist Party.

In 1947, General Albert Wedemeyer made his report on China and Korea. The Korean part was suppressed. Wedemeyer said:

"American and Soviet forces . . . are approximately equal, less than 50,000 troops each, [but] the Soviet-equipped and trained North Korean People's (Communist) Army of approximately 125,000 is vastly superior to the United States-organized constabulary of 16,000 Koreans equipped with Japanese small arms. The North Korean People's Army constitutes a potential military threat to South Korea, since there is strong possibility that the Soviets will withdraw their occupation forces and thus induce our own withdrawal."^[1]

Wedemeyer warned that this would take place as soon as "they can be sure that the North Korean puppet government and its armed forces . . . are strong enough . . . to be relied upon to carry out Soviet objectives without the actual presence of Soviet troops." General Lyman L. Lemnitzer said that before June 1950, when the attack occurred, no aid had been sent but a few hundred dollars worth of bailing wire.^[2]

Owen Lattimore in the leftist New York Compass said that the U.S. should give Korea a "parting grant" of $150,000,000 and "let South Korea fall but not to let it look as though we pushed it."^[3]

Chiang Kai-shek was caught between two wars—a war on China by Japan and a war on China by the Soviet Union. American leaders refused to see this and insisted on acting in the illusion that China was fighting the Japanese only and that Soviet Union was an ally. Then came the startling realization that the United States, too, like China, were engaged in two wars in Asia, one against a common enemy, Japan; the other against a common enemy, the Soviet Union. The United States, with its ally China, fought the Japanese. But all the time the Soviet Union, with its satellite Comintern army in China, was fighting both China and the United States. The iron curtain that, with the Yalta agreement, was rung down over American allies in Europe—Poland and Czechoslovakia and other little countries—now fell on China.

Major Cold War Fronts

In the Americas

• Cuban Revolution / Cuban Missile Crisis
• Nicaraguan Revolution, Contras
• Salvadorian Civil War

In Asia

• Korean War (1950-53)
• Vietnam War (1965-75)
• Afghanistan War, (1978-92)

In Africa

• Angolan Civil War

In Europe

• Berlin Wall

The Shootdown of Korean Airlines Flight 007

Considered by many as the second or third most critical single incident of the Cold War, after the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 and Able Archer 83, the shooting down of Korean Airlines Flight 007 on Sept. 1, 1983 would signal a change in the relations between the U.S. and the Soviet Union prompted by the subsequent deployment of Pershing and cruise missiles in West Germany just 6 minutes from launch to Moscow. This precipitated the era of confrontation of 1983 and 1984 between the two nations. The world would once again witness what it saw as the blatent barbarity of what President Reagan had termed the "Evil Empire". Though the world had accepted that KAL 007 had exploded and crashed with no survivors of the 269 passengers and crew, there has most recently surfaced evidence to the contrary [1]. Democratic congressman from Georgia Larry McDonald, a passenger aboard KAL 007, was the only member of Congress to have been reported killed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

Breakup of the Soviet Union and American Victory

The Western democracies, under the leadership of the United States under President Ronald Reagan won the Cold War. An important element of this victory was Reagan's decision to commit to increased military spending, such as the "Star Wars" program. Reagan's decisions to intervene in Afghanistan while pursuing an arms race exacerbated structural weaknesses in the Soviet economy and pushed the USSR into an early decline.

In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev become General Secretary of the Communist Party.^[4] Recognizing the systemic problems faced by Soviet society, he attempted the twin reform programs of Glasnost (openness) and Perestroika (restructuring). Combined with the disaster at Chernobyl and losses in the war in Afghanistan, the effects of Gorbachev's reforms quickly spun out of control. Glasnost allowed media attention to focus on problems which had long been buried by the state's propaganda regime, causing widespread dissatisfaction among Soviet citizens. In 1989, a wave of constituent republics began to seek autonomy from the Soviet Union. Most attempts at succession (with the exception of Lithuania) were met with no Soviet resistance.

A failed coup attempting to halt the USSR's decline brought Boris Yeltsin to power. Yeltsin oversaw further economic reforms, though he was heavily criticized for his reliance on "shock therapy", which caused severe economic disruption to ordinary Russians while allowing oligarchs to gain control of state industries. The Cold War is well documented by political scientists and historians. Following are selected major scholarly books and articles in English, and some major memoirs.

Bibliography

• Bacevich, Andrew J., ed. The Long War: A New History of U.S. National Security Policy Since World War II (2007) excerpt and text search
• Ball, S. J. The Cold War: An International History, 1947–1991 (1998), British perspective; short summary; online edition
• Boyle Peter G. American-Soviet Relations: From the Russian Revolution to the Fall of Communism. 1993.
• Brzezinski, Zbigniew. The Grand Failure: The Birth and Death of Communism in the Twentieth Century (1989)
• Crockatt Richard. The Fifty Years War: The United States and the Soviet Union in World Politics, 1941-1991. 1995. excerpt and text search
• Friedman, Norman. The Fifty Year War: Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War. (2000) excerpt and text search
• Gaddis, John Lewis, The Cold War. A New History, 2005. excerpt and text search
• Gaddis, John Lewis. Russia, the Soviet Union and the United States. An Interpretative History 2nd ed. (1990)
• Gaddis, John Lewis. Long Peace: Inquiries into the History of the Cold War (1987) online edition
• Kegley Jr., Charles W. ed., The Long Postwar Peace. 1991
• Kort, Michael. The Columbia Guide to the Cold War (1998) excerpt and text search
• LaFeber, Walter. America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945–1992 9th ed. (2002) excerpt and text search
• Leffler, Melvyn P. For the Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Cold War (2007) excerpt and text search
• Lundestad, Geir. East, West, North, South: Major Developments in International Politics since 1945 (1999). excerpt and text search
• Paterson, Thomas G. On Every Front: The Making and Unmaking of the Cold War. 1992. online edition; excerpt and text search
• Powaski, Ronald E. The Cold War: The United States and the Soviet Union, 1917–1991 (1998) online edition
• Sivachev, Nikolai and Nikolai Yakolev, Russia and the United States (1979), by Soviet historians
• Westad, Odd Arne The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of our Times (2006) excerpt and text search
• Zubok, Vladislav M. A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev (2007)
• Zubok, Vladislav M. Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War (1996) 20% excerpt and online search

National perspectives

Soviet

• Edmonds, Robin. Soviet Foreign Policy: The Brezhnev Years (1983)
• Goncharov, Sergei, John Lewis and Litai Xue, Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao and the Korean War (1993) excerpt and text search
• Gorlizki, Yoram, and Oleg Khlevniuk. Cold Peace: Stalin and the Soviet Ruling Circle, 1945-1953 (2004) online edition
• Mastny, Vojtech. Russia's Road to the Cold War: Diplomacy, Warfare, and the Politics of Communism, 1941–1945 (1979)
• Mastny, Vojtech. The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity: The Stalin Years (1998) excerpt and text search; online complete edition
• Nation, R. Craig. Black Earth, Red Star: A History of Soviet Security Policy, 1917-1991 (1992)
• Sivachev, Nikolai and Nikolai Yakolev, Russia and the United States (1979), by Soviet historians
• Taubman, William. Khrushchev: The Man and His Era (2004), Pulitzer Prize; excerpt and text search
• Ulam, Adam B. Expansion and Coexistence: Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917–1973, 2nd ed. (1974)
• Zubok, Vladislav M. Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War (1996) 20% excerpt and online search
• Zubok, Vladislav M. A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev (2007)

American

• Gaddis, John Lewis. Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy (1982) online edition; also excerpt and text search
• Hogan, Michael J. America in the World: The Historiography of US Foreign Relations since 1941 (1996), scholarly articles reprinted from the journal Diplomatic History excerpt and text search
• Leffler, Melvyn P. For the Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Cold War (2007)
• Lewis, Adrian R. The American Culture of War: The History of U.S. Military Force from World War II to Operation Iraqi Freedom (2006) excerpt and text search
• Paterson, Thomas G. Meeting the Communist Threat: Truman to Reagan (1988)

British

• Anderson Terry H. The United States, Great Britain, and the Cold War, 1944-1947. (1981)
• Bullock, Alan. Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary, 1945-1951. 1983, on British policy
• Clarke, Bob. Four Minute Warning: Britain's Cold War (2005)
• Deighton Anne. "The 'Frozen Front': The Labour Government, the Division of Germany and the Origins of the Cold War, 1945-1947," International Affairs 65, 1987: 449-465.
• Young, John W. Winston Churchill's Last Campaign: Britain and the Cold War, 1951-5 Clarendon Press, 1996 online edition

China

• Goncharov, Sergei, John Lewis and Litai Xue, Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao and the Korean War (1993) excerpt and text search
• Jian, Chen. Mao's China and the Cold War (2001)
• Jian, Chen. China's Road to the Korean War: Making of the Sino-American Confrontation (2004)
• Roberts, Priscilla. Behind the Bamboo Curtain: China, Vietnam, and the Cold War (2006)
• Ross, Robert S. Negotiating Cooperation: The United States and China, 1969-1989, Stanford University Press, 1995 online edition
• Zhai, Qiang. China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950-1975 (2000) excerpt and text search

Europe

• Allen, Debra J. The Oder-Neisse Line: The United States, Poland, and Germany in the Cold War (2003) 309 pp. excerpt and text search
• Borhi, László. Hungary in the Cold War, 1945-1956 (2004) 352 pages
• Clemens, Clay. Reluctant Realists: The Christian Democrats and West German Ostpolitik, Duke University Press, 1989 online edition
• Crace, Sylvia E. and John O. Crane. Czechoslovakia: Anvil of the Cold War, 1991
• Judt, Tony. Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945, (2005) excerpt and text search
• Naimark, Norman, and Leonid Gibianskii. Establishment of Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe, 1944-1949 (1998) excerpt and text search
• Ninkovich, Frank. Germany and the United States: The Transformation of the German Question since 1945 (1988)
• Sarrotte, M.E. Dealing with the Devil: East Germany, Detente & Ostpolitik, 1969-73 The University of North Carolina Press, (2001) online edition
• Turner, Henry Ashby. Germany from Partition to Reunification (1992) excerpt and text search

Origins: to 1950

• Anderson Terry H. The United States, Great Britain, and the Cold War, 1944-1947. (1981)
• Beisner, Robert L. Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War (2007) excerpt and text search
• Bullock, Alan. Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary, 1945-1951. 1983, on British policy
• Chen, Jian, China's Road to the Korean War: Making of the Sino-American Confrontation (2004)
• Clemens, Diane Shaver. Yalta. 1970.
• Cumings, Bruce The Origins of the Korean War (2 vols., 1981–90), friendly to North Korea and hostile to US
• Gaddis, John Lewis. The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941–1947 (1972) online edition online at ACLS e-books
• Goncharov, Sergei, John Lewis and Xue Litai , Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao and the Korean War (1993)
• Isaacson Walter, and Even Thomas. The Wise Men. Six Friends and the World They Made. Acheson, Bohlen, Harriman, Kennan, Lovett, McCloy. 1986.
• Leffler, Melvyn. A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration and the Cold War (1992). online at ACLS e-books
• Levering, Ralph, Vladamir Pechatnov, Verena Botzenhart-Viehe, and C. Earl Edmondson. Debating the Origins of the Cold War (2001)
• Yonosuke Nagai and Akira Iriye, eds., The Origins of the Cold War in Asia. 1977
• Trachtenberg, Marc. A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945–1963 (1999)
• Whitcomb, Roger S. The Cold War in Retrospect: The Formative Years Praeger Publishers, 1998 online edition

1950s and 1960s

• Beschloss, Michael. Kennedy v. Khrushchev: The Crisis Years, 1960–63 (1991)
• Beschloss Michael. Mayday: Eisenhower, Kennedy and the U-2 Affair 1986.
• Brands, H. W. Cold Warriors. Eisenhower's Generation and American Foreign Policy (1988).
• Brands, H. W. The Wages of Globalism: Lyndon Johnson and the Limits of American Power (1997)
• Brzezinski, Zbigniew. Soviet Bloc: Unity and Conflict, New York: Praeger (1961)
• Divine, Robert A. Eisenhower and the Cold War (1981)
• Divine, Robert A. ed., The Cuban Missile Crisis 2nd ed. (1988)
• Duiker William J. U.S. Containment Policy and the Conflict in Indochina. 1994.
• Freedman, Lawrence. Kennedy's Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam (2000)
• Fursenko, Aleksandr and Timothy Naftali. One Hell of a Gamble: Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958–1964 (1997)
• Jian, Chen. Mao's China and the Cold War (2001)
• Kunz, Diane B. The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade: American Foreign Relations during the 1960s (1994)
• Navratil, Jaromir. The Prague Spring 68´ (1998)
• Mastny, Vojtech. The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity: The Stalin Years (1998)
• Melanson, Richard A. and David Mayers, eds., Reevaluating Eisenhower. American Foreign Policy in the 1950s (1986)
• Paterson, Thomas G. ed., Kennedy's Quest for Victory: American Foreign Policy, 1961–1963 (1989).
• Reynolds, David, ed. The Origins of the Cold War in Europe: International Perspectives (1994)
• Williams, Kirrian. The Prague Spring and its Aftermath : Czechoslovak Politics, 1968–1970 (1997)

Korean War

• Brune, Lester H. ed. The Korean War: Handbook of the Literature and Research (1996) online edition
• Jian, Chen. China's Road to the Korean War: The Making of the Sino-American Confrontation (1994) online edition
• Stueck, Jr. William W. The Korean War: An International History (1995)
• Stueck, Jr. William. Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History (2002) online edition
• Tucker, Spencer, ed. Encyclopedia of the Korean War (2002)

Vietnam

• Anderson, David L. Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War (2004).
• Berman, Larry. Lyndon Johnson's War: The Road to Stalemate (1991). online edition
• Freedman, Lawrence. Kennedy's Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam (2000)
• Herring, George C. America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975 (4th ed 2001), most widely used short history.
• Kahin, George McTurnan. Intervention: how America became involved in Vietnam (1986) online at ACLS e-books
• Karnow, Stanley. Vietnam: A History (1983), popular history by journalist; strong on Saigon's plans.
• Kutler, Stanley ed. Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War (1996). essays by experts
• Lewy, Guenter. America in Vietnam (1978), defends U.S. actions.
• McMahon, Robert J. Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War: Documents and Essays (1995) textbook.
• Schulzinger, Robert D. Time for War: The United States and Vietnam, 1941-1975. (1997) online edition
• Tucker, Spencer. ed. Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War (1998) 3 vol. reference set; also one-volume abridgement (2001).
• Tucker, Spencer. Vietnam. (1999) 226pp. online edition
• Vandiver, Frank E. Shadows of Vietnam: Lyndon Johnson's Wars (1997)
• The Pentagon Papers (Gravel ed. 5 vol 1971); combination of narrative and secret documents compiled by Pentagon. excerpts

Détente: 1969–1979

• Ash, Timothy Garton. In Europe's Name: Germany and the Divided Continent (1993)
• Clemens, Clay. Reluctant Realists: The Christian Democrats and West German Ostpolitik, Duke University Press, 1989 online edition
• Dallek, Robert. Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power (2007) excerpt and text search
• Edmonds, Robin. Soviet Foreign Policy: The Brezhnev Years (1983)
• Garthoff, Raymond. Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan 2nd ed (1994), detailed narrative online edition; also excerpt and text search
• Hanhimäki, Jussi. The Flawed Architect: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy, (2004) online edition
• Isaacson, Walter. Kissinger (1992); excerpt and text search
• Litwak, Robert S. Détente and the Nixon Doctrine: American Foreign Policy and the Pursuit of Stability, 1969-1976 (1986)
• Nelson, Keith L. The Making of Détente: Soviet-American Relations in the Shadow of Vietnam (1995)
• Ross, Robert S. Negotiating Cooperation: The United States and China, 1969-1989, Stanford University Press, 1995 online edition
• Sarrotte, M.E. Dealing with the Devil: East Germany, Detente & Ostpolitik, 1969-73 The University of North Carolina Press, (2001) online edition
• Suri, Jeremi. Henry Kissinger and the American Century (2007)
• Suri, Jeremi. Power and Protest: Global Revolution and the Rise of Detente. (2003), focus on student revolts of 1968 excerpt and text search
• Ulam, Adam B. Dangerous Relations. The Soviet Union in World Politics, 1970–1982 (1983)

Primary sources and memoirs

• Arbatov, Georgi. The System: An Insider's Life in Soviet Politics (1993)
• Kissinger, Henry. White House Years (1979); Years of Upheaval (1982); Years of Renewal (1999) excerpt and text search
• Nixon, Richard. RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (1981) excerpt and text search

Second Cold War: 1979–1986

The nation feared it was losing its world power, as this magazine cover shows, Nov. 1978

• Brzezinski, Zbigniew. Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977–1981 (1983);
• Edmonds, Robin. Soviet Foreign Policy: The Brezhnev Years (1983)
• Mower, A. Glenn Jr. Human Rights and American Foreign Policy: The Carter and Reagan Experiences ( 1987),
• Smith, Gaddis. Morality, Reason and Power:American Diplomacy in the Carter Years (1986).
• Westad, O. A., The Fall of Detente: Soviet-American Relations During the Carter Years (1997)

End of Cold War: 1986–1991

• Beschloss, Michael, and Strobe Talbott. At the Highest Levels:The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War (1993)
• Bialer, Seweryn and Michael Mandelbaum, eds. Gorbachev's Russia and American Foreign Policy (1988).
• Gaddis, John Lewis. The United States and the End of the Cold War: Implications, Reconsiderations, Provocations (1992) excerpt and text search
• Garthoff, Raymond. The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War (1994), detailed narrative excerpt and text search
• Hogan, Michael ed. The End of the Cold War. Its Meaning and Implications (1992) articles from Diplomatic History online at JSTOR; excerpt and text search
• Kyvig, David ed. Reagan and the World (1990), essays by scholars; excerpt and text search
• Matlock, Jack F. Autopsy of an Empire (1995) by US ambassador to Moscow
• Matlock, Jack F. "The End of the Cold War," Harvard International Review, Vol. 23, 2001 online edition
• Matlock, Jack F. Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended (2004) excerpt and text search
• Shultz, George P. Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (1993)
• Pons, S., Romero, F., Reinterpreting the End of the Cold War: Issues, Interpretations, Periodizations, (2005)
• Wallander, Celeste A. "Western Policy and the Demise of the Soviet Union," Journal of Cold War Studies 5.4 (2003) 137-177 in Project Muse
• Zubok, Vladislav M. A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev (2007) excerpt and text search

Intelligence

• Aldrich, Richard J. The Hidden Hand: Britain, America and Cold War Secret Intelligence (2002).
• Ambrose, Stephen E. Ike's Spies: Eisenhower and the Intelligence Establishment (1981).
• Andrew, Christopher and Vasili Mitrokhin. The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB (1999)
  • Mitrokhin. Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin. The Mitrokhin Archive (1999). vol 1, on KGB
• Andrew, Christopher, and Oleg Gordievsky. KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev (1990).
• Bogle, Lori, ed. Cold War Espionage and Spying (2001), essays
• Dorril, Stephen. MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service (2000).
• Garthoff, Raymond L. "Foreign Intelligence and the Historiography of the Cold War." Journal of Cold War Studies 2004 6(2): 21-56. Issn: 1520-3972 Fulltext: Project Muse and Ebsco
• Gates, Robert M. From The Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story Of Five Presidents And How They Won The Cold War (1997)
• Haynes, John Earl, and Harvey Klehr. Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America (1999).
• Helms, Richard. A Look over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency (2003)
• Koehler, John O. Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police (1999)
• Murphy, David E., Sergei A. Kondrashev, and George Bailey. Battleground Berlin: CIA vs. KGB in the Cold War (1997).
• Prados, John. Presidents' Secret Wars: CIA and Pentagon Covert Operations Since World War II (1996)
• Richelson, Jeffrey T. Spying on the Bomb: American Nuclear Intelligence from Nazi Germany to Iran and North Korea. (2006). 702 pp.
• Rositzke, Harry. The CIA's Secret Operations: Espionage, Counterespionage, and Covert Action (1988)
• Trahair, Richard C. S. Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies and Secret Operations (2004), by an Australian scholar; contains historiographical introduction online edition
• Weinstein, Allen, and Alexander Vassiliev. The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America—The Stalin Era (1999).

Economics and social Factors

• Engerman, David C. "The Romance of Economic Development and New Histories of the Cold War.: Diplomatic History 2004 28(1): 23-54. Issn: 0145-2096 Fulltext: Ebsco
• Heiss, Mary Ann. "The Economic Cold War: America, Britain, and East-West Trade, 1948–63" The Historian, Vol. 65, (2003)
• Hogan, Michael J. The Marshall Plan: America, Britain and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947–1952 (1989)
• Keohane, Robert O. and Joseph S. Nye. Power and Interdependence (3rd Edition) (2000)
• Kunz, Diane B. Butter and Guns: America's Cold War Economic Diplomacy (1997)
• May, Ernest R. American Cold War Strategy: Interpreting NSC 68. (1993)
• Morgan, Patrick M. and Keith L. Nelson (eds); Re-Viewing the Cold War: Domestic Factors and Foreign Policy in the East-West Confrontation (1997)

Arms Race, nuclear strategies, weapons systems

• Arnold, Lorna, with Pyne, Katherine. Britain and the H-Bomb. Palgrave, 2001. 273 pp.
• Atkins, Stephen E. Historical Encyclopedia of Atomic Energy. Greenwood, 2000. 491 pp.
• Ball, Desmond. Politics and Force Levels: The Strategic Missile Program of the Kennedy Administration (1980)
• Baylis, John. Ambiguity and Deterrence: British Nuclear Strategy, 1945-1964. Oxford U. Press, 1996. 495 pp.
• Betts, Richard K. Nuclear Blackmail and Nuclear Balance (Brookings Institution, 1987).
• Bird, Kai, and Martin J. Sherwin American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer (2006) Pulitzer Prize
• Bukharin, Oleg et al. Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. MIT Press, 2001. 693 pp.
• Bundy, McGeorge. Danger and Survival: Choices About the Bomb in the First Fifty Years (1988).
• Craig, Campbell. Destroying the Village: Eisenhower and Thermonuclear War. Columbia University Press. 1998. 216pp.
• Carlisle, Rodney P., ed. Encyclopedia of the Atomic Age. Facts on File, 2001. 400 pp. numerous inaccuracies
• DeGroot, Gerard J. The Bomb: A Life (2006), focus on 1950s
• Freedman, Lawrence. The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy (1983)
• Gaddis, John Lewis, ed. Cold War Statesmen Confront the Bomb: Nuclear Diplomacy Since 1945 Oxford U. Press, 1999. 398 pp.
• Goldfischer, David. The Best Defense: Policy Alternatives for U.S. Nuclear Security from the 1950s to the 1990s. Cornell U. Press, 1993. 283 pp.
• Goodchild, Peter. Edward Teller: The Real Dr. Strangelove. Harvard U. Press, 2004. 469 pp
• Heuser, Beatrice. NATO, Britain, France and the FRG: Nuclear Strategies and Forces for Europe, 1949-2000. St. Martin's, 1997. 256 pp.
• Heuser, Beatrice. "The Development of Nato's Nuclear Strategy." Contemporary European History" 1995 4(1): 37-66. Issn: 0960-7773
• Hewlett, Richard, and Jack Holl. Atoms for Peace and War 3 vol; official history of Atomic Energy Commission (which built all the American bombs) 1953-61 volume online
• Holloway, David . Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1959–1956 (1994)
• Jervis, Robert. The Meaning of the Nuclear Revolution: Statecraft and the Prospect of Armageddon (Cornell University Press, 1989).
• Levine, Alan J. The Missile and Space Race. Praeger, 1994. 247 pp.
• Lebow, Richard Ned and Stein, Janice Gross. "Deterrence and the Cold War." Political Science Quarterly 1995 110(2): 157-181. Issn: 0032-3195 Fulltext: Jstor and Ebsco
• Mathers, Jennifer G. The Russian Nuclear Shield from Stalin to Yeltsin. St. Martin's, 2000. 227 pp.
• May, Ernest R. American Cold War Strategy: Interpreting NSC 68. (1993)
• Miller, Jerry. Nuclear Weapons and Aircraft Carriers: How the Bomb Saved Naval Aviation. Smithsonian Inst. Press, 2001. 296 pp.
• Peden, G. C. Arms, Economics, and British Strategy: From Dreadnoughts to Hydrogen Bombs (2007); 398 pp.
• Powaski, Ronald E. Return to Armageddon: The United States and the Nuclear Arms Race, 1981-1999. Oxford U. Press, (2000). 294 pp.
• Preble, Christopher A. John F. Kennedy and the Missile Gap. Northern Illinois U. Press, 2004. 244 pp.
• Rhodes, Richard. The Making of the Atomic Bomb, Pulitzer Prize
• Snead, David L. The Gaither Committee, Eisenhower, and the Cold War. Ohio State U. Press, 1999. 286 pp.
• Spinardi, Graham. From Polaris to Trident: The Development of U.S. Fleet Ballistic Missile Technology. Cambridge U. Press, 1994. 253 pp.
• Stumpf, David K. Titan II: A History of a Cold War Missile Program. U. of Arkansas Press, 2000. 320 pp.
• Terriff, Terry. The Nixon Administration and the Making of U.S. Nuclear Strategy. Cornell U. Press, 1995. 252 pp.
• Williamson, Samuel R., Jr. and Reardon, Steven L. The Origins of U.S. Nuclear Strategy, 1945-1953. St. Martin's, 1993. 224 pp.

Space Race

• Cadbury, Deborah. Space Race: The Epic Battle between America and the Soviet Union for Dominion of Space (2006)
• Futrell, Robert Frank. Ideas, Concepts, Doctrine: Basic thinking in the United States Air Force: 1907-1960 (1989)
• Logsdon, John M.. Robert William Smith, Roger D. Launius, Reconsidering Sputnik: Forty Years Since the Soviet Satellite (2000)
• McDougall, Walter A. The Heavens And the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age (ebooks 2001)
• Reeves, Robert. The Superpower Space Race: An Explosive Rivalry through the Solar System. 1994. 437 pp.

Rhetoric, popular culture

• Boyer, Paul S. By the Bomb's Early Light: American Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age (1994)
• Carpenter, Charles A. Dramatists and the Bomb: American and British Playwrights Confront the Nuclear Age, 1945-1964. Greenwood, 1999. 183 pp.
• Gery, John. Nuclear Annihilation and Contemporary American Poetry: Ways of Nothingness. U. Press of Florida, 1996. 235 pp.
• Henriksen, Margot A. Dr. Strangelove's America: Society and Culture in the Atomic Age. U. of California Press, 1997. 451 pp.
• Kirby, Dianne ed. Religion and the Cold War (2003) 272 pp.
• Major, Patrick. "Future Perfect?: Communist Science Fiction in the Cold War." Cold War History 2003 4(1): 71-96. Issn: 1468-2745 Fulltext: in Ebsco
• Marsh, Rosalind J. Soviet Fiction Since Stalin: science, politics and literature (1986)
• McConachie, Bruce. American Theatre and the Culture of the Cold War: Producing and Contesting Containment, 1947-1962. University of Iowa Press, 2003; 364pp
• Medhurst, Martin J. Cold War Rhetoric: Strategy, Metaphor, and Ideology Michigan State University Press, 1997 online edition
• Miller, D. Quentin. John Updike and the Cold War: Drawing the Iron Curtain (2001) online edition
• Mitter, Patrick Major Rana. Across the Blocs. Exploring Comparative Cold War Cultural and Social History (2004) 150pp; The%20Iron%20Curtain%22&filter=all&start=1&t=jNpLfQ3aF3p-fYWfbfSXHg&sq=The%20Iron%20Curtain%22 10% excerpt and text search
• Mulvihill, Jason. "James Bond's Cold War Part I" Journal of Instructional Media, Vol. 28, (2001)
• Parker, Stephen R., Rhys W. Williams, Colin Riordan. German Writers and the Cold War, 1945-61 (1992) 250pp
• Resch, John P., et al. Americans at War: Society, Culture and the Homefront (2005), vol 4: 1946 to Present
• Schwartz, Richard Alan. Cold War Culture: Media and the Arts, 1945–1990 (2000)
• Seed, David. American Science Fiction and the Cold War (2002)
• Shapiro Jerome F. Atomic Bomb Cinema: The Apocalyptic Imagination on Film (2001)
• Stone, Albert E. Literary Aftershocks: American Writers, Readers, and the Bomb. (1994).
• Ventresca, Robert A. "The Virgin and the Bear: Religion, Society and the Cold War in Italy." Journal of Social History. Volume: 37#2 (2003) pp 439+. online edition
• Whitfield, Stephen J. The Culture of the Cold War (1996)
• Winkler, Allan M. Life under a Cloud: American Anxiety about the Atom. (1993). 290 pp.
• Wittner, Lawrence S. The Struggle against the Bomb. 3 vol (1993-2003). antiwar movements in US and Europe
• Zeman, Scott C. "I Was a Cold War Monster: Horror Films, Eroticism and the Cold War Imagination," Journal of Popular Culture, August, 2004

Primary sources: Documents and memoirs

• Acheson, Dean . Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (1992). excerpt and text search
• Baruch, Bernard . The Public Years (1960).
• Brzezinski, Zbigniew. Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977–1981 (1983);
• Charles Bohlen . Witness to History, 1929-1969. 1973
• Eden, Anthony . The Memoirs of Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon. Vol. 2: The Reckoning. London: 1965.
• Eisenhower, Dwight D. The White House Years: Mandate for Change, 1953-1956. (1963) online edition; The White House Years: Waging Peace, 1957-1961. (1965).
• Etzold, Thomas and John Lewis Gaddis, eds., Containment: Documents on American Policy and Strategy, 1945–1950 (1978)
• Chang, Laurence and Peter Kornbluh, eds., The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1952 (1985)
• Kennan George F. Memoirs, 1925-1950. (1957) [ excerpt and text search]
• Djilas, Milovan . Conversations with Stalin. 1962, Yugoslav diplomat excerpt and text search
• Hanhimaki, Jussi M. and Odd Arne Westad, eds. The Cold War: A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts (2004)
• Khrushchev, Nikita. Khrushchev Remembers ed. Strobe Talbott (1991); Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament ed. Strobe Talbott (1987); Khrushchev Remembers: The Glasnost Tapes ed. Jerrold Schechter (1989)
• Khrushchev, Sergei. Khrushchev on Khrushchev: An Inside Account of the Man and His Era, (1990)
• Kissinger, Henry, vol 1 White House Years (1979); vol 2 Years of Upheaval (1982); vol 3 Years of Renewal 1974–1976 (1999) excerpt and text search vol 3
• Nixon, Richard . RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (1981) excerpt and text search
• Shultz, George P. Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (1993)

Historiography

• Ferrell, Robert H. Harry S. Truman and the Cold War Revisionists. (2006). 142 pp. excerpt and text search
• Fitzpatrick, Sheila. "Russia's Twentieth Century in History and Historiography," The Australian Journal of Politics and History, Vol. 46, 2000
• Gaddis, John Lewis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History, (1998) excerpt and text search; also online edition * Gaddis, John Lewis. "The Emerging Post-Revisionist Synthesis on the Origins of the Cold War," Diplomatic History, Summer 1983: 171-190.
• Gaddis, John Lewis. Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy. (1982). online edition
• Garthoff, Raymond L. "Foreign Intelligence and the Historiography of the Cold War." Journal of Cold War Studies 2004 6(2): 21-56. Issn: 1520-3972 Fulltext: Project Muse
• Kaplan, Lawrence S. American Historians and the Atlantic Alliance, (1991) online edition
• Kort, Michael. The Columbia Guide to the Cold War (1998)
• Matlock, Jack E. "The End of the Cold War" Harvard International Review, Vol. 23 (2001)
• Olesen, Thorsten B. Ed. The Cold War and the Nordic Countries: Historiography at a Crossroads. Odense: U Southern Denmark Press, 2004. Pp. 194. online review
• Suri, Jeremi. "Explaining the End of the Cold War: A New Historical Consensus?" Journal of Cold War Studies - Volume 4, Number 4, Fall 2002, pp. 60-92 in Project Muse
• Trachtenberg, Marc. "The Marshall Plan as Tragedy." Journal of Cold War Studies 2005 7(1): 135-140. Issn: 1520-3972 Fulltext: in Project Muse
• Walker, J. Samuel. "Historians and Cold War Origins: The New Consensus", in Gerald K. Haines and J. Samuel Walker, eds., American Foreign Relations: A Historiographical Review (1981), 207–236.
• Westad, Arne Odd. "The New International History of the Cold War: Three (Possible) Paradigms," Diplomatic History, 2000, Vol. 24 in EBSCO
• Westad, Arne Odd, ed. Reviewing the Cold War: Approaches, Interpretations, Theory (2000) essays by scholars
• White, Timothy J. "Cold War Historiography: New Evidence Behind Traditional Typographies" International Social Science Review, (2000)
• William, William Appleman. The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (1958) (1988 edition)
  • Berger, Henry W. ed. A William Appleman Williams Reader (1992)
  • Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams. Lloyd C. Gardner (ed.) (1986)
• Westad, Odd Arne, ed. Reviewing the Cold War: Approaches, Interpretations, Theory (2000) excerpt and text search
• Xia, Yafeng. "The Study of Cold War International History in China: A Review of the Last Twenty Years," Journal of Cold War Studies10#1 Winter 2008, pp. 81-115 in Project Muse

References

External Links

• Berlin 1969 - midpoint of the Cold War

See Also

• Joseph McCarthy
• Iron Curtain
• Berlin Wall