Last modified on July 31, 2019, at 21:15

Atheism, women and children

Studies indicate that women in the Western World tend to be more religious than men.[1]

Surveys throughout the world and other data indicate that women are less inclined to be atheists.[2] [3]

In 2016, Atheist Alliance International (AAI) conducted an annually reoccurring atheist census project and found:

“ At the time of writing, the Atheist Census Project recorded that on average worldwide 73.2% of respondents were male. The result is consistent with other research... As such, the focus of many scholarly papers has been on seeking to explain this persistent observation."[4] ”

Atheism and women: Recent studies and other data

See also: Atheism and women and Atheism and white males and Atheism and diversity

Atheism and women: Surveys by country

In November 2010, Discover Magazine published survey results published by the World Values Survey which showed significant differences between the percentage of men and women who are atheists for various countries with men outnumbering women in terms of adopting an atheist worldview.[5]

Atheism and women: United States surveys

In 2015, BloombergView reported concerning the United States: "According to a much-discussed 2012 report from the Pew Research Center on Religion and Public Life, ...women are 52 percent of the U.S. population but only 36 percent of atheists and agnostics.[6]

A 2009 article in LiveScience.com entitled Women More Religious Than Men reported: "A new analysis of survey data finds women pray more often then men, are more likely to believe in God, and are more religious than men in a variety of other ways...The latest findings, released Friday, are no surprise, only confirming what other studies have found for decades.[7] In 2007, the Pew Research Center found that American women were more religious than American men.[7]

Other Atheist Alliance International analysis

Oxford University Press reports about a previous study done by AAI:

“ ...atheism remains a male-dominated affair. Data collected by the Atheist Alliance International (2011) show that in Britain, women account for 21.6% of atheists (as opposed to 77.9% men). In the United States men make up 70% of Americans who identify as atheist. In Poland, 32% of atheists are female, and similarly in Australia it is 31.5%[8] ”

Atheism and misogny

Atheistic China, children and gender imbalance

See also: Asian atheism

With its large population, China has the largest population of atheists.[9] Yang Fenggang of Purdue University, in Indiana, says the Christian church in China has grown by an average of 10% a year since 1980. He reckons that on current trends there will be 250m Christians by around 2030, making China’s Christian population the largest in the world.[10]

China has the largest atheist population in the world.[11] The current atheist population mostly resides in East Asia (particularly China) and in secular Europe/Australia primarily among whites.[12] See: Western atheism and race

Due to sex-selection abortion and female infantcide, there is a gender imbalance within the Chinese population.

According to 2012 figures from the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China, China’s sex ratio at birth (the number of boys born for every 100 girls) was as high as 118, while the sex ratio amongst the total population was about 105.[13] The statistical data from China indicates that the gap between male and female at birth is far larger than the biologically benchmark ratio (a sex ratio at birth of around 105 males per 100 females).[14]

The Washington Post declares in an article entitled Horrors of one-child policy leave deep scars in Chinese society:

“ In 2012, 6.7 million women in China were forced to have abortions under the one-child policy, according to official statistics. Rates in previous decades often topped 10 million a year. As a result, experts say, suicide rates among women in China are significantly higher than among men, in contrast to global norms.

Unimaginable numbers of girls are secretly aborted or killed in infancy every year by parents seeking boys, skewing the sex ratio dramatically.

In the past four decades, hundreds of millions of men and women have been forcibly sterilized or had intrauterine devices inserted, per Chinese family-planning policies.

The vast majority of people are still scared to speak out, but many, including some of the cadres involved in enforcing the policy, say they feel bitter to this day.[15]

”

Atheism, women and sexuality

As a group, atheists have sub-replacement levels of fertility.[16] On July 24, 2013, CNS News reported, "Atheism is in decline worldwide, with the number of atheists falling from 4.5% of the world’s population in 1970 to 2.0% in 2010 and projected to drop to 1.8% by 2020...". See: Global atheism

See also: Atheism and sexuality

Research indicates that religious women (especially evangelical/low church Protestant women) are more sexually satisfied than irreligious women.[17][18][19] See also: Atheism and women

In 2011, The Daily Beast conceded in an article entitled Why Are Christians Having Better Sex Than the Rest of Us?, "The devout are actually having better sex than the rest of us."[18]

In the United States, the Republican Party has a large segment of religious conservatives and they are influential within the party.[20] ABC News reported that "More Republicans Satisfied With Sex Lives Than Democrats".[21]

Atheism and fertility rates

See also: Atheism and fertility rates

According to an international study done by William Bainbridge, atheism is frequent among people whose interpersonal social obligations are weak and is also linked to lower fertility rates in advanced industrial nations (See also: Atheism and social skills).[22]

Atheism and marriage

See: Atheism and marriage

Children, belief in God and children seeing the world as being designed

See also: Atheism and children and Atheism and purpose and Intelligent design

In Japan, researchers found that Japanese children see the world as designed.[23]

Researchers at Oxford University have reported finding children who, when questioned, express their understanding that there is a Creator, without having had any such teaching from parents or teachers about this matter.[24]

According to Dr. Olivera Petrovich who lectures at Oxford University, there is now a “preponderance of scientific evidence” indicating that “children believe in God even when religious teachings are withheld from them”.[25]

In Japan, researchers found that Japanese children see the natural world as designed and purposeful and believe some kind of intelligent being is behind that purpose.[26]

Atheism and its retention rate in individuals

See also: Atheism and its retention rate in individuals

Atheism, abortion and infanticide

Atheistic Denmark and child pornography

Denmark is the third most atheistic country in the world and the website adherents.com reports that 43 - 80% of Danes are agnostics/atheists/non-believers in God.[27]

In 2009, Suzanne Ost reported in her book published by Cambridge University Press, that the child pornography material produced in Denmark (and Holland) still constituted the largest part of child pornography that was currently available, having been transferred into digital format and uploaded onto the internet.[28]

See also: Atheism and child pornography and Atheistic Denmark and child pornography

In 2005, Denmark was ranked the third most atheistic country in the world and the website adherents.com reported that in 2005 43 - 80% of Danes are agnostics/atheists/non-believers in God.[29] Denmark has the highest rate of belief in evolution in the Western World.[30]

The 2003 book entitled Overcoming Violence Against Women and Girls: The International Campaign to Eradicate a Worldwide Problem written by authors Rahel Nardos; Mary K. Radpour; William S. Hatcher and Michael L. Penn, declared:

“ The largest source of commercial child pornography is Denmark. Denmark became the world's leading producer of child pornography when, in 1969, it removed all restrictions on the production and sale of any type of pornographic material. "The result," notes Tim Tate, "was a short-lived explosion in adult pornography, and the birth of commercial child pornography. In his work, Tate links the global spread of child pornography to two men: Willy Strauss, founder of Bambina Sex, the world's first child-pornography magazine, founded in 1971; and Peter Theander, founder of Colour Climax Corporation and the producer of a short, professionally made pornographic film series entitled Lolita. Lolita depicts the sexual abuse of prepubescent boys and girls. Although Danish law at the time rendered the work of Strauss and Theander legal, by 1979 when Denmark finally banned the production and sale of child pornography it had already become such a financial success on the international market that it has proven to be nearly impossible to bring its spread under control.[31] ”

Suzanne Ost, in her 2009 book Child Pornography and Sexual Grooming: Legal and Societal Responses published by Cambridge University Press, wrote about the child pornography created by Denmark/Holland during this period:

“ Taylor and Quayle note that the material produced during this period still constitutes the largest part of child pornography that is currently available, having been transferred into digital format and uploaded onto the internet.[32] ”

Netherlands and child pornography

See also: Netherlands and child pornography

In 2005, the Netherlands was ranked the 13th most atheistic country in the world and the website adherents.com reports that in 2005 39 - 44%% of the Dutch were agnostics/atheists/non-believers in God.[33] The Netherlands also has the 11th highest rate of belief in evolution as far as Western World nations.[34]

In 2011, Almost 200 suspects have already been arrested in a large-scale international child pornography ring centred in the Netherlands.[35]

In 2011, RNW archive (RNW is the former Radio Netherlands Worldwide or Wereldomroep) reported in an article entitled Massive Dutch-run child pornography ring revealed:

“ Almost 200 suspects have already been arrested in a large-scale international child pornography ring centred in the Netherlands.

Speaking from the Hague, Europol Director Rob Wainwright, together with law enforcement representatives from five countries, announced the round-up of the internet ring on Wednesday.

In the largest ever operation of its kind, police in 30 countries have arrested 184 suspects and identified 486 others. Mr Wainwright says more will follow in short order.

Peter Davies, Director of the Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre, says arrests were being made yesterday and today in the UK and more are planned for tomorrow. Meanwhile, five arrests have been made in the United States and 17 in Spain. The investigation, called Operation Rescue, started three years ago.[36]

”

Atheistic Czech Republic and child pornography/molestation

Věra Říhová in her article entitled The Czech Republic as a Paedophile Paradise wrote: "7% of women and 3% of men were sexually abused as children. That's 528,820 Czech citizens.."[37]

See also: Atheistic Czech Republic and child pornography

From a historical perspective, the Czechs have been characterised as "tolerant and even indifferent towards religion".[38] According to the 2011 census, 34.2% of the Czech population declared they had no religion, 10.3% was Roman Catholic and 10.2% followed other forms of religion both denominational and nondenominational. Furthermore, 45.2% of the population did not answer the question about religion.[39] From 1991 to 2001 and further to 2011 the adherence to Roman Catholicism decreased from 39.0% to 26.8% and then subsequently to 10.3%.[40]

Věra Říhová in her article entitled The Czech Republic as a Paedophile Paradise wrote:

“ I would like to dwell on the statistics on rape and sexual abuse of children. The study shows that 6% of women have been raped once, and 5% more than once - most often by their own husband or partner. 7% of women and 3% of men were sexually abused as children. That's 528,820 Czech citizens (I have calculated this using the population statistics). Approximately one in twenty people were sexually abused as children, which is a very high number.

Why is the Czech Republic labelled a "Paedophile's Paradise"? That definitely doesn't mean that all Czechs are paedophiles. I think that the reasons behind it are the poor criminal investigation methods and the very low punishments, or more often offenders going unpunished. In the Czech Republic it is still believed that women are here to serve men, especially the older generation still accept the ownership of women as property. The rights of young children are totally neglected or even disregarded. Children are their parents` property and their rights stay silently on paper. Home Secretary Ivan Langer resolutely denied there are problems with child abuse in the Czech Republic and, with a few exceptions, no one is interested in child cruelty or abuse.[41]

”

In 2007, the Washington Post published the article Czech Bill On Child Porn Faces Resistance

“ When Austrian authorities announced in February that they had uncovered an online child pornography ring, pedophiles around the world suddenly became potential targets of criminal investigations -- but not the ring's 63 customers in the Czech Republic, where downloading and possessing such images is not a crime.

The videos, which show at least one girl who appears to be 5 years old and include on-camera scenes of girls being raped, are characterized by Austrian police as "the most brutal form of sexual abuse."

In all, Austrian police seized 1,132 DVDs, 1,428 computer disks, 213 videocassettes, 31 computers, seven laptops and 23 external hard drives. They passed along the computer details of more than 2,300 suspected clients of the site to law enforcement officials in nearly 80 countries.[42]

”

Irreligious Britain and child pornography

See also: Irreligious Britain and child pornography and Britain and morality

A spokesman for Britain's National Crime Agency delcared: “We cannot confirm any specific numbers. But we have previously said that we believe there are between 50,000 and 60,000 people in Britain who are accessing child abuse images.”[43]

On September 23, 2014, The Telegraph reported:

“ A nationwide investigation into internet paedophiles has caught more than 25,000 people suspected of viewing images of child abuse in this country.

Operation Notarise, which started this year, has led to 660 arrests. However, the National Crime Agency says that it will never be able to pursue all of those caught up in the inquiry, according to the Times.

The agency said that it was also looking at new techniques, including strategies borrowed from counter- terrorism policing, to identify and curb the activities of online offenders.

A spokesman said: “We cannot confirm any specific numbers. But we have previously said that we believe there are between 50,000 and 60,000 people in Britain who are accessing child abuse images.”[44]

”

Reports of Britain's societal decline

See also: Britain and morality

Atheistic Sweden and child pornography

Sweden is the most atheistic country in the world.[45]

See also: Atheistic Sweden and child pornography

Sweden is one of the most atheistic country in the world and the website adherents.com reported that in 2005 46 - 85% of Swedes were agnostics/atheists/non-believers in God.[46] Sweden also has the 3rd highest rate of belief in evolution as far as Western World nations.[47]

In the 1970s, child pornography was legal in Sweden.[48] In 2010, Sweden banned the possession of child pornography, but viewing child pornography on the internet is still legal.[49] In 2012, a Swedish political party proposed making the possession of child pornography legal again.[50]

As a result of their past lax laws and permissive sexual mores, Sweden has had some scandals related to child pornography as can be seen below:

Nontheistic Thailand and child prostitution

Poster against child prostitution in Thailand.

In atheistic Thailand, the nontheistic form of Buddhism, called the Theravada school of Buddhism, is prevalent.

CNN reported "Col. Apichart says online forums are abuzz with talk about Thailand being a child molesters' paradise."[51]

(photo from Flickr, see: license agreement)

See also: Nontheistic Thailand and child prostitution and Atheism, pederasty and NAMBLA

In atheistic Thailand, the nontheistic form of Buddhism called the Theravada school of Buddhism is prevalent.

According to a report compiled by Police Colonel Naras Savestanan, Ph.D., Deputy Director-General, Department of Special Investigation, Ministry of Justice, Thailand:

“ Thailand has been identified as one of the most popular destinations for child sex abusers since 1980s...

In 2007, there were 500,000 sexually alluring web pages and 250 websites showing nude video clips of teenagers in Thailand.[52]

”

Thailand’s Health System Research Institute declared that child prostitutes make up 40% of all prostitutes in Thailand.[53]

CNN reported concerning Thailand:

“ And Col.Apichart is clear the law needs reform.

"There is no specific law about having child pornography in possession," he said. "Thailand should issue the new law about child pornography specifically."

Ronnasit Proeksayajiva is with a small NGO called the Counter Human Trafficking Unit. He works closely with Col. Apichart, often accompanying officers on raids. His assessment is frank -- and bleak.

"Honestly right now I don't think it is getting better, I think it is getting worse, because I don't know, maybe they believe that Thailand is the best place for them to come to have sex with the children."....

Such cases do little to discourage pedophiles from coming to Thailand. Col. Apichart says online forums are abuzz with talk about Thailand being a child molesters' paradise.[54]

”
Many consider atheist Harry Hay to be the founder of the American homosexual movement.

Atheism, pedophilia/pederasty and NAMBLA

The North American Man/Boy Love Association (NAMBLA) was founded in December 1978 and is an activist homosexuality and pedophilia/pederasty coalition group.

See also: Atheism, pedophilia/pederasty and NAMBLA

Some of the well known atheist advocates of the North American Man/Boy Love Association (NAMBLA) are:

1. The atheist and homosexual David Thorstad was a founding member of the North American Man/Boy Love Association (NAMBLA).[55]

2. Harry Hay (1912 - 2002) was a liberal atheist advocate of statutory rape and the widely acknowledged founder and progenitor of the activist homosexual agenda in the United States.[56][57][58] Hay joined the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA) in 1934. [59] He was a vociferous advocate of man/boy love. [60][61] In 1986, Hay marched in a gay parade wearing a shirt emblazoned with the words "NAMBLA walks with me."[62]

3. The writer Samuel R. Delaney is an atheist and a homosexual.[63][64] Delaney said he was a supporter of NAMBLA.[65]

See also: Teenage homosexuality and Homosexuality and pedophilia

Selective outrage on child molestation and so called "gentle pedophiles"

Ben-Peter Terpstra wrote in the Australian Conservative: "In all truth, Britain’s clean-shaven atheists aren’t serious about children’s rights, or they’d be launching venomous attacks against the United Nations, in light of their more recent sex abuse scandals."(photo obtained from Flickr, see license agreement)

See also: Atheism, pederasty and NAMBLA aand Richard Dawkins on child molestation and so called "gentle pedophiles" and Atheist hypocrisy

The Australian Conservative recently published an article by Ben-Peter Terpstra entitled Preparing for Richard Dawkins’ crocodile tears which charges that Richard Dawkins exhibits selective outrage on the issue of child molestation. In the article Terpstra cites Bendan Oneill who wrote:

“ The New Atheist campaign to have Pope Benedict XVI arrested when he visits Britain later this year exposes the deeply disturbing, authoritarian and even Inquisitorial side to today’s campaigning secularism...

In 2006, Dawkins criticised ‘hysteria about paedophilia’ and said that, even though he was the victim of sexual abuse at boarding school, he would defend his abusive former teachers if ‘50 years on they had been hounded by vigilantes or lawyers as no better than child murderers’. Yet now he wants to put abusive priests on a par with genocidaires.[66]

”

Ben-Peter Terpstra writes: "In all truth, Britain’s clean-shaven atheists aren’t serious about children’s rights, or they’d be launching venomous attacks against the United Nations, in light of their more recent sex abuse scandals."

Concerning Richard Dawkins recent selective outrage on child molestation the Christian apologetics website True Free Thinker writes:

“ His reputation has always been the very same and this Pope related publicity stunt is nothing new. Moreover, why would he oppose the Pope considering that what the Pope may be complicit in, surely, relates to some gentle pedophiles.

What! “Gentle pedophiles”!!!

Oh, no, no, no; those are not my words but Richard Dawkins who, indeed, argues that there are gentle pedophiles and that way too much is made of pedophilia at times.

For these reasons and more Robert Fulford’s referring to Richard Dawkins as a clown is very, very offensive—to clowns. Clowns are lovable and funny whilst Richard Dawkins is belligerent, arrogant, belittling and shockingly lacking in knowledge with regards to many of the issues that he takes on (find ample evidence here).[67]

”

Atheists harass an orphanage that refused to agree to accept a donation with a stipulation attached to it

Atheism, children and cannibalism

See also

References

  1. ↑ Multiple references:
  2. ↑ Khan, Razib (November 18, 2010). "Gene expression; Sex differences in global atheism, part N". Discover magazine website.
  3. ↑ Myers, P.Z. (June 29, 2010). "The woman problem". Pharyngula [blog].
  4. ↑ AAI Position Statement - Gender Balance
  5. ↑ Khan, Razib (November 18, 2010). "Gene expression; Sex differences in global atheism, part N". Discover magazine website.
  6. ↑ Carter, Stephen L. (March 27, 2015). "The atheism gap". BloombergView.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Britt, Robert Roy (February 28, 2009). "Women more religious than men". Live Science website.
  8. ↑ Atheism and Feminism, Oxford University Press blog
  9. ↑ "The largest atheist/agnostic populations". Chris & Terri Chapman. Countries with the largest atheist populations.
  10. ↑ Cracks in the atheist edifice, The Economist, November 1, 2014
  11. ↑ *Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics (Zuckerman, 2005)
  12. ↑ Fisher, Max and Dewey, Caitlin (May 23, 2013). "A surprising map of where the world’s atheists live". The Washington Post website.
  13. ↑ National Bureau of Statistics of China, Beijing, China
  14. ↑ Poston, L. D., & Glover, S. K., Too many males: marriage market implications of gender imbalances in China, 2005
  15. ↑ Horrors of one-child policy leave deep scars in Chinese society, Washington Post
  16. ↑
  17. ↑ The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States By Edward O. Laumann, John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael, Stuart Michaels, page 115
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Why Are Christians Having Better Sex Than the Rest of Us? by Tucker Carlson, The Daily Beast, November 11, 25, 2008
  19. ↑ Christian Women Have More Sexual Fun, Relationship Center in Springfield Missouri
  20. ↑ How Many Highly Religious Conservative Republicans Are There?, Gallup Organization statistics
  21. ↑ More Republicans Satisfied With Sex Lives Than Democrats, ABC News
  22. ↑ Bainbridge, William (2005). "Atheism" (PDF). Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion. 1 (Article 2): 1–26.
  23. ↑ Children see the world as designed
  24. ↑ Children as designed.
  25. ↑ Children as designed.
  26. ↑ Children as designed.
  27. ↑ Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)
  28. ↑ Child Pornography and Sexual Grooming: Legal and Societal Responses by Suzanne Ost, Cambridge University Press, page 29, 2009
  29. ↑ Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)
  30. ↑ Photo: Evolution Less Accepted in U.S. Than Other Western Countries, Study Finds
  31. ↑ Overcoming Violence Against Women and Girls: The International Campaign to Eradicate a Worldwide Problem written by authors Rahel Nardos; Mary K. Radpour; William S. Hatcher and Michael L. Penn, page 59, 2003
  32. ↑ Child Pornography and Sexual Grooming: Legal and Societal Responses by Suzanne Ost, Cambridge University Press, page 29, 2009
  33. ↑ Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)
  34. ↑ Photo: Evolution Less Accepted in U.S. Than Other Western Countries, Study Finds
  35. ↑ [http://www.rnw.org/archive/massive-dutch-run-child-pornography-ring-revealed Massive Dutch-run child pornography ring revealed, Published on: Wednesday, March 16, 2011 - 17:39
  36. ↑ [http://www.rnw.org/archive/massive-dutch-run-child-pornography-ring-revealed Massive Dutch-run child pornography ring revealed, Published on: Wednesday, March 16, 2011 - 17:39
  37. ↑ The Czech Republic as a Paedophile Paradise
  38. ↑ Richard Felix Staar, Communist regimes in Eastern Europe, Issue 269, p. 90
  39. ↑ Richard Felix Staar, Communist regimes in Eastern Europe, Issue 269, p. 90
  40. ↑ Population by denomination and sex: as measured by 1921, 1930, 1950, 1991 and 2001 censuses (Czech and English). Czech Statistical Office. Retrieved on 2010-03-09.
  41. ↑ The Czech Republic as a Paedophile Paradise
  42. ↑ Czech Bill On Child Porn Faces Resistance, By Bruce I. Konviser, Special to The Washington Post, Monday, September 3, 2007
  43. ↑ More than 25,000 people caught viewing child porn online
  44. ↑ More than 25,000 people caught viewing child porn online
  45. ↑ Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)
  46. ↑ Top 50 Countries With Highest Proportion of Atheists / Agnostics(Zuckerman, 2005)
  47. ↑ Photo: Evolution Less Accepted in U.S. Than Other Western Countries, Study Finds
  48. ↑
  49. ↑ Looking at child porn soon illegal in Sweden
  50. ↑ Sweden Calls for the Legalization of Child Porn
  51. ↑ Thailand fights to stem tide of child sex tourists By Dan Rivers
  52. ↑ Thailand’s Response to Online Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation: Its Progress and Challenges, Pol.Col.Naras Savestanan, Ph.D. Deputy Director-General, Department of Special Investigation, Ministry of Justice, Thailand, The Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice: 20th CCPCJ, April 12, 2011, Vienna, Austria
  53. ↑ Kathoey Ladyboy: Thailand's Got Talent By Heinz Duthel, page 192
  54. ↑ Thailand fights to stem tide of child sex tourists By Dan Rivers, CNN
  55. ↑ http://www.renewamerica.com/columns/abbott/100822
  56. ↑ http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2010/ss_politics0010_01_07.asp
  57. ↑ The American Spectator Special Report, When Nancy Met Harry, Jeffrey Lord, 10/5/2006.
  58. ↑ http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2010/ss_politics0010_01_07.asp
  59. ↑ The Boston Phoenix, The real Harry Hay, Michael Bronski, October 31 - November 7, 2002.
  60. ↑ The American Spectator Special Report, When Nancy Met Harry, Jeffrey Lord, 10/5/2006.
  61. ↑ http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2010/ss_politics0010_01_07.asp
  62. ↑ http://www.mega.nu/ampp/baldwin_pedophilia_homosexuality.pdf
  63. ↑ Samuel R. Delaney, About writing: seven essays, four letters, and five interviews, page 36
  64. ↑ http://www.enotes.com/contemporary-literary-criticism/delany-samuel-r
  65. ↑ Delany, Samuel R.; Freedman, Carl (2009). Conversations with Samuel R. Delany. Univ. Press of Mississippi, page 143
  66. ↑ http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php/site/article/8526/
  67. ↑ http://www.truefreethinker.com/articles/send-clowns-%E2%80%93-richard-dawkins-obliges