Yugoslavia - Revision history

MAdams: Undid vandalism

2021-01-05T16:02:26Z

Undid vandalism

Show changes

CCPSHILL13 at 15:57, January 5, 2021

2021-01-05T15:57:19Z

Show changes

DavidB4-bot: HTTP --> HTTPS [#1], replaced: http://books.google.com → https://books.google.com (2)

2018-09-26T21:43:13Z

HTTP --> HTTPS [#1], replaced: http://books.google.com → https://books.google.com (2)

1990'sguy at 02:44, February 5, 2018

2018-02-05T02:44:53Z

Gentenaar: Changed category

2017-03-11T08:05:23Z

Changed category

Gentenaar: Changed category

2017-03-11T07:47:25Z

Changed category

DavidB4-bot: /* Ethnic battles */Spelling/Grammar Check, typos fixed: Meanwhile → Meanwhile,

2016-09-16T22:41:02Z

Ethnic battles: Spelling/Grammar Check, typos fixed: Meanwhile → Meanwhile,

DavidB4-bot: /* World War II */correcting previous error, replaced: d'etat → d'état

2016-07-25T16:13:18Z

World War II: correcting previous error, replaced: d'etat → d'état

DavidB4-bot: clean up & uniformity

2016-06-27T05:13:49Z

clean up & uniformity

Stott: Wikilinks.

2012-01-01T17:26:41Z

Wikilinks.

@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 During the war a bitter struggle was waged between two anti-Nazi forces, the Chetniks and the Communsit partisans under Tito. The defeat of the royalist and Serb nationalist forces, known collectively as the Chetniks, resulted from chronic disunity as well as their lacking appeal to non-Serbs. By contrast, their great rivals, Tito's Communists and the partisan movement they led, realized that they had to appear as a broader patriotic movement in order to acquire and retain the support of non-communist followers, all the while focused on establishing communist rule in postwar Yugoslavia. The Chetniks and their nominal leader, Mihailović, had been the first to take up the insurgency against the Axis occupiers. But they never developed either an effective central command structure or an ideological appeal that could transcend the boundaries of nationality, and thereby attract non-Serbs to their cause in significant numbers, even though they enjoyed official legitimacy for much of the war. In some regions there was a high degree of passive and sometimes even active cooperation of Chetnik forces—and others as well—with the Axis occupiers and their regional satrapies, such as "Serbian Residual State."  The facts and
-perception of resistance and collaboration proved decisive not only to the military and diplomatic course of the war but also to the history of postwar Yugoslavia.<ref>Walter R. Roberts, ''Tito, Mihailović, and the allies, 1941-1945‎,'' (1987) [http://books.google.com/books?id=43CbLU8FgFsC&dq=intitle:Mihailovi%C4%87&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0 excerpt and text search]</ref>
+perception of resistance and collaboration proved decisive not only to the military and diplomatic course of the war but also to the history of postwar Yugoslavia.<ref>Walter R. Roberts, ''Tito, Mihailović, and the allies, 1941-1945‎,'' (1987) [https://books.google.com/books?id=43CbLU8FgFsC&dq=intitle:Mihailovi%C4%87&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0 excerpt and text search]</ref>
 All parties assumed—falsely—that sooner or later the Allies would invade.  Many optimistic plans were based on the assumption of Western Allied support, and on its magical power to put everything right. Historians are unsure why there was such universal faith among all parties in Allied invasion or intervention. Was it Nazi disinformation? Faulty intelligence? [[Wishful thinking]]? Or a combination of all three? Meanwhile, there was an exiled royal government in London sponsored by Churchill.
@@ Line 76: / Line 76: @@
 * Gapinski, James H. ''The Economic Structure and Failure of Yugoslavia.'' (1993). 212 pp.
 * Hehn, Paul N. ''The German Struggle Against Yugoslav Guerrillas in World War II: German Counter-Insurgency in Yugoslavia, 1941-1943.'' (1979). 153 pp.
-*  Jelavich, Barbara. ''History of the Balkans: Twentieth century‎'' (1983)  476 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=Hd-or3qtqrsC&dq=intitle:history+intitle:balkans+inauthor:jelavich&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpt and text search]
+*  Jelavich, Barbara. ''History of the Balkans: Twentieth century‎'' (1983)  476 pages [https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd-or3qtqrsC&dq=intitle:history+intitle:balkans+inauthor:jelavich&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpt and text search]
 * Judah, Timothy. ''The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia.'' (1997). 347 pp.
 * Lane, Ann. ''Britain, the Cold War and Yugoslav Unity, 1941-1949.'' (1996). 220 pp.

@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 |currency	=Yugoslav dinar
 }}
 ==Origins==
-The former state of '''Yugoslavia''' (literally "Land of the South Slavs") was created following the [[Paris Peace Conference]] of 1919-1920 as the "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes."  Since these were not the only ethnic groups existing in the country, the name was changed in 1929 to "Kingdom of Yugoslavia."  During the span of its existence it was the largest and most important nation in the [[Balkan peninsula]]. While none of the countries created at the Peace Conference perfectly represented the [[Wilsonian]] ideal of national [[self-determination]], Yugoslavia was more of a repudiation of this idea than probably any other.  Most of its territory had previously been part of the recently destroyed kingdom of [[Serbia]]; the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]]; or prior to [[World War I]], the [[Ottoman Empire]].
+The former state of Yugoslavia was created following the [[Paris Peace Conference]] of 1919–1920 as the "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes."  Since these were not the only ethnic groups existing in the country, the name was changed in 1929 to "Kingdom of Yugoslavia."  During the span of its existence it was the largest and most important nation in the [[Balkan peninsula]]. While none of the countries created at the Peace Conference perfectly represented the [[Wilsonian]] ideal of national [[self-determination]], Yugoslavia was more of a repudiation of this idea than probably any other.  Most of its territory had previously been part of the recently destroyed kingdom of [[Serbia]]; the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]]; or prior to [[World War I]], the [[Ottoman Empire]].
 ==World War II==
 Besides [[Britain]] and [[France]], Yugoslavia was the only [[Europe]]an country to openly defy [[Nazi Germany]] after the [[Munich agreement of 1938]] but before being attacked or annexed.  It earned this distinction as a result of a [[coup d'état]] in April 1941 triggered by [[Benito Mussolini]]'s unsuccessful invasion of neighboring [[Greece]].  The coup overthrew a pro-[[Nazi]] prime minister and led to war with Germany.

@@ Line 92: / Line 92: @@
 [[Category:Former Countries]]
 [[Category:Balkans]]
-[[Category:Communism]]
+[[Category:Communist States]]
 [[Category:World War II]]
 [[Category:Cold War]]

@@ Line 92: / Line 92: @@
 [[Category:Former Countries]]
 [[Category:Balkans]]
-[[Category:Ottoman Empire]]
+[[Category:Communism]]
 [[Category:World War II]]
 [[Category:Cold War]]

@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 perception of resistance and collaboration proved decisive not only to the military and diplomatic course of the war but also to the history of postwar Yugoslavia.<ref>Walter R. Roberts, ''Tito, Mihailović, and the allies, 1941-1945‎,'' (1987) [http://books.google.com/books?id=43CbLU8FgFsC&dq=intitle:Mihailovi%C4%87&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0 excerpt and text search]</ref>
-All parties assumed—falsely—that sooner or later the Allies would invade.  Many optimistic plans were based on the assumption of Western Allied support, and on its magical power to put everything right. Historians are unsure why there was such universal faith among all parties in Allied invasion or intervention. Was it Nazi disinformation? Faulty intelligence? [[Wishful thinking]]? Or a combination of all three? Meanwhile there was an exiled royal government in London sponsored by Churchill.
+All parties assumed—falsely—that sooner or later the Allies would invade.  Many optimistic plans were based on the assumption of Western Allied support, and on its magical power to put everything right. Historians are unsure why there was such universal faith among all parties in Allied invasion or intervention. Was it Nazi disinformation? Faulty intelligence? [[Wishful thinking]]? Or a combination of all three? Meanwhile, there was an exiled royal government in London sponsored by Churchill.
 Besides receiving British aid, Mihailović served as war minister of the royalist government and chief of Supreme Command Staff in the homeland. But the Allies, the exiled government, and even young King Peter II eventually concluded (not without reason) that the Communist partisans were the only ones effectively resisting the Axis and transferred their support to Tito during 1944.

@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 The former state of '''Yugoslavia''' (literally "Land of the South Slavs") was created following the [[Paris Peace Conference]] of 1919-1920 as the "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes."  Since these were not the only ethnic groups existing in the country, the name was changed in 1929 to "Kingdom of Yugoslavia."  During the span of its existence it was the largest and most important nation in the [[Balkan peninsula]]. While none of the countries created at the Peace Conference perfectly represented the [[Wilsonian]] ideal of national [[self-determination]], Yugoslavia was more of a repudiation of this idea than probably any other.  Most of its territory had previously been part of the recently destroyed kingdom of [[Serbia]]; the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]]; or prior to [[World War I]], the [[Ottoman Empire]].
 ==World War II==
-Besides [[Britain]] and [[France]], Yugoslavia was the only [[Europe]]an country to openly defy [[Nazi Germany]] after the [[Munich agreement of 1938]] but before being attacked or annexed.  It earned this distinction as a result of a [[coup d'etat]] in April 1941 triggered by [[Benito Mussolini]]'s unsuccessful invasion of neighboring [[Greece]].  The coup overthrew a pro-[[Nazi]] prime minister and led to war with Germany.
+Besides [[Britain]] and [[France]], Yugoslavia was the only [[Europe]]an country to openly defy [[Nazi Germany]] after the [[Munich agreement of 1938]] but before being attacked or annexed.  It earned this distinction as a result of a [[coup d'état]] in April 1941 triggered by [[Benito Mussolini]]'s unsuccessful invasion of neighboring [[Greece]].  The coup overthrew a pro-[[Nazi]] prime minister and led to war with Germany.
 ===Tito===
 Hitler invaded Yugoslavia in April 1941. The Yugoslavian government fled to [[London]] and joined the Allied governments-in-exile of [[Belgium]], [[Czechoslovakia]], [[Greece]], [[Luxembourg]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Poland]], and the [[French National Committee]].  At the Inter-Allied Meeting held of September 24, 1941 in London, the Yugoslavian government along with the other governments-in-exile and the Soviet Union, pledged their "adherence to the common principles of policy set forth" in the [[Atlantic Charter]], to "respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live."<ref>[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/atlantic/at17.htm The Atlantic Conference : Resolution of September 24, 1941].</ref>  On January 1, 1942, the Yugoslavian government agreed to the [[Declaration by United Nations]], "being convinced that complete victory over their enemies is essential to defend life, liberty, independence and religious freedom, and to preserve human rights and justice in their own lands as well as in other lands, and that they are now engaged in a common struggle against savage and brutal forces seeking to subjugate the world....

@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
 each Government pledges itself to cooperate with the Governments signatory hereto."<ref>[http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/paw/274.html Declaration by United Nations, January 1, 1942], U.S. Department of State Bulletin, vol. VI, p. 3.</ref>
-Within Yugoslavia, Colonel Draja Mikhailovitch, a Serb, organized a Serbian resistance army on behalf of the Yugoslavian government known in the press as the "Chetniks". Yet Mikhailovitch soon found it more important to fight Communism than the occupater and at the end of 1941 started collaborating with Germans. Although both were allied with Berlin, there were still fights between the chetniks and the [[Croatia]]n [[ustashe]] movement.<ref> Matteo J. Milazzo, ''The Chetnik Movement and the Yugoslav Resistance.'' (1975); Jozo Tomasevich, ''The Chetniks: War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945'' (1975) </ref>
+Within Yugoslavia, Colonel Draja Mikhailovitch, a Serb, organized a Serbian resistance army on behalf of the Yugoslavian government known in the press as the "Chetniks". Yet Mikhailovitch soon found it more important to fight Communism than the occupater and at the end of 1941 started collaborating with Germans. Although both were allied with Berlin, there were still fights between the chetniks and the [[Croatia]]n [[ustashe]] movement.<ref>Matteo J. Milazzo, ''The Chetnik Movement and the Yugoslav Resistance.'' (1975); Jozo Tomasevich, ''The Chetniks: War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945'' (1975)</ref>
-[[Tito]], led the communist [[Yugoslav Partisans]].  The Yugoslav government-in-exile in London continued to support Mikhailovitch. [[Franklin Roosevelt|President Roosevelt]] in 1942 paid tribute to Mikhailovitch and his men. But at the 1943 [[Teheran conference]], as part of the policy of appeasing Stalin, British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] abandoned Mikhailovitch completely and agreed to support Tito. The U.S. sent arms to Tito and thus delivered Yugoslavia to communism, but also shortened the war as the Communist partisans were by then a much stronger force against the Nazis than the weak Mikhailovitch forces.<ref> Walter R. Roberts, ''Tito, Mihailovich, and the Allies, 1941-1945'' (1973) [http://www.questia.com/read/97541664?title=Tito%2c%20Mihailoviac%20and%20the%20Allies%2c%201941-1945 online edition]
+[[Tito]], led the communist [[Yugoslav Partisans]].  The Yugoslav government-in-exile in London continued to support Mikhailovitch. [[Franklin Roosevelt|President Roosevelt]] in 1942 paid tribute to Mikhailovitch and his men. But at the 1943 [[Teheran conference]], as part of the policy of appeasing Stalin, British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] abandoned Mikhailovitch completely and agreed to support Tito. The U.S. sent arms to Tito and thus delivered Yugoslavia to communism, but also shortened the war as the Communist partisans were by then a much stronger force against the Nazis than the weak Mikhailovitch forces.<ref>Walter R. Roberts, ''Tito, Mihailovich, and the Allies, 1941-1945'' (1973) [http://www.questia.com/read/97541664?title=Tito%2c%20Mihailoviac%20and%20the%20Allies%2c%201941-1945 online edition]
 </ref>
@@ Line 43: / Line 43: @@
 ===Ethnic battles===
-Following the Axis invasion and partition in 1941, Yugoslavia became the scene of numerous interrelated ethnic and ideological conflicts fought by insurgents, occupiers, and various local bands and militias--in effect, a civil war fought within the wider context of global war. This view, now widely accepted, contrasts with the communists' black-and-white interpretation of  the postwar period, which held that the war in Yugoslavia was merely an extension of a global anti-fascist struggle.
+Following the Axis invasion and partition in 1941, Yugoslavia became the scene of numerous interrelated ethnic and ideological conflicts fought by insurgents, occupiers, and various local bands and militias—in effect, a civil war fought within the wider context of global war. This view, now widely accepted, contrasts with the communists' black-and-white interpretation of  the postwar period, which held that the war in Yugoslavia was merely an extension of a global anti-fascist struggle.
 The Nazis also set up [[Croatia]] as a separate [[puppet state]] run by the fascist [[Ustashe]], providing yet another combatant to the ensuing confusion.
-During the war a bitter struggle was waged between two anti-Nazi forces, the Chetniks and the Communsit partisans under Tito. The defeat of the royalist and Serb nationalist forces, known collectively as the Chetniks, resulted from chronic disunity as well as their lacking appeal to non-Serbs. By contrast, their great rivals, Tito's Communists and the partisan movement they led, realized that they had to appear as a broader patriotic movement in order to acquire and retain the support of non-communist followers, all the while focused on establishing communist rule in postwar Yugoslavia. The Chetniks and their nominal leader, Mihailović, had been the first to take up the insurgency against the Axis occupiers. But they never developed either an effective central command structure or an ideological appeal that could transcend the boundaries of nationality, and thereby attract non-Serbs to their cause in significant numbers, even though they enjoyed official legitimacy for much of the war. In some regions there was a high degree of passive and sometimes even active cooperation of Chetnik forces--and others as well--with the Axis occupiers and their regional satrapies, such as "Serbian Residual State."  The facts and
+During the war a bitter struggle was waged between two anti-Nazi forces, the Chetniks and the Communsit partisans under Tito. The defeat of the royalist and Serb nationalist forces, known collectively as the Chetniks, resulted from chronic disunity as well as their lacking appeal to non-Serbs. By contrast, their great rivals, Tito's Communists and the partisan movement they led, realized that they had to appear as a broader patriotic movement in order to acquire and retain the support of non-communist followers, all the while focused on establishing communist rule in postwar Yugoslavia. The Chetniks and their nominal leader, Mihailović, had been the first to take up the insurgency against the Axis occupiers. But they never developed either an effective central command structure or an ideological appeal that could transcend the boundaries of nationality, and thereby attract non-Serbs to their cause in significant numbers, even though they enjoyed official legitimacy for much of the war. In some regions there was a high degree of passive and sometimes even active cooperation of Chetnik forces—and others as well—with the Axis occupiers and their regional satrapies, such as "Serbian Residual State."  The facts and
-perception of resistance and collaboration proved decisive not only to the military and diplomatic course of the war but also to the history of postwar Yugoslavia.<ref> Walter R. Roberts, ''Tito, Mihailović, and the allies, 1941-1945‎,'' (1987) [http://books.google.com/books?id=43CbLU8FgFsC&dq=intitle:Mihailovi%C4%87&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0 excerpt and text search]</ref>
+perception of resistance and collaboration proved decisive not only to the military and diplomatic course of the war but also to the history of postwar Yugoslavia.<ref>Walter R. Roberts, ''Tito, Mihailović, and the allies, 1941-1945‎,'' (1987) [http://books.google.com/books?id=43CbLU8FgFsC&dq=intitle:Mihailovi%C4%87&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0 excerpt and text search]</ref>
 All parties assumed—falsely—that sooner or later the Allies would invade.  Many optimistic plans were based on the assumption of Western Allied support, and on its magical power to put everything right. Historians are unsure why there was such universal faith among all parties in Allied invasion or intervention. Was it Nazi disinformation? Faulty intelligence? [[Wishful thinking]]? Or a combination of all three? Meanwhile there was an exiled royal government in London sponsored by Churchill.
@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 ==Collapse==
-In 1991-1992 the internal republics comprising the country of '''Yugoslavia''' divided up and became five separate countries: [[Bosnia]] and [[Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]], [[Macedonia]], [[Slovenia]], and [[Yugoslavia]] ([[Serbia]] and [[Montenegro]]). In 2006 [[Montenegro]] became independent and in 2008 even [[Kosovo]], a former province of [[Serbia]], declared its independence.
+In 1991-1992 the internal republics comprising the country of '''Yugoslavia''' divided up and became five separate countries: [[Bosnia]] and [[Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]], [[Macedonia]], [[Slovenia]], and Yugoslavia ([[Serbia]] and [[Montenegro]]). In 2006 [[Montenegro]] became independent and in 2008 even [[Kosovo]], a former province of [[Serbia]], declared its independence.
 It was said at the time that only Tito could have held the fractious nation together, although the monarchy had also managed tolerably well prior to the Nazi invasion.
@@ Line 66: / Line 66: @@
 ==References==
-<small><references/></small>
+{{Reflist}}
 ==Further reading==
@@ Line 94: / Line 94: @@
 [[Category:Ottoman Empire]]
 [[Category:World War II]]
-[[Category:Cold War
+[[Category:Cold War]]