Paleoscience - Revision history

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2014-12-30T22:47:05Z

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AK: /* Paleoscience, worldview of the scientists, sociological and psychological factors, political pressure */ adding example:

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Paleoscience, worldview of the scientists, sociological and psychological factors, political pressure: adding example:

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    | language = german
 }}</ref> in plural all those [[scientific discipline]]s that deal with historical references. These include past-related topics in the fields of [[archeology]], [[geology]], further on [[paleontology]], [[paleoanthropology]] etc.
-* according to <ref>Benito, G., Gregory, K. J., 2003 [http://books.google.com/books?id=3Mn51P6JBBUC&pg=PA9&dq=%22palaeosciences%22&hl=sk&ei=q2bPTaKdFI_Jswa67cW6Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22palaeosciences%22&f=false Palaeohydrology: understanding global change.] John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, p.397</ref> in plural those branches of the natural environmental [[science]]s that focus on the reconstruction and modeling of the past events rather than direct [[Scientific observation|observation]] and [[experiment]].
+* according to <ref>Benito, G., Gregory, K. J., 2003 [https://books.google.com/books?id=3Mn51P6JBBUC&pg=PA9&dq=%22palaeosciences%22&hl=sk&ei=q2bPTaKdFI_Jswa67cW6Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22palaeosciences%22&f=false Palaeohydrology: understanding global change.] John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, p.397</ref> in plural those branches of the natural environmental [[science]]s that focus on the reconstruction and modeling of the past events rather than direct [[Scientific observation|observation]] and [[experiment]].
 == Paleoscience, worldview of the scientists, sociological and psychological factors, political pressure ==

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 *[[Paleontology]]
 [[Category:Science]]
-[[Category:Scientific disciplines]]
+[[Category:Scientific Disciplines]]
 [[Category:Methodology of Science]]
 [[Category:Political Pressure on Scientists]]

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 == Paleoscience, worldview of the scientists, sociological and psychological factors, political pressure ==
-Since paleosciences do not deal with direct observations of the [[Phenomena#Scientific phenomena|phenomena]] that took place in the unobservable past, but rather with their effects, they are sometimes referred to as [[historical science | historical sciences]].<ref name="Cleland"/> This differentiates them from [[empirical science | empirical science]] that primarily rely on the possibility to repeatedly conduct the [[experiment | experiment]].{{#tag:ref| The term paleoscience also correlates to [[origin science]] and/or [[historical science]]; and [[experimental science]] and/or [[empirical science]] to [[operation science]], respectively. |group=note}} As it is not possible to travel back in time and directly observe the past phenomena, paleosciences are dependent on assumptions that are in principle not absolutely ''verifiable''. Thus, the worldview of scientist,{{#tag:ref|cf.[[Horror of a unique position]]|group=note}} sociological and psychological considerations,  and [[Academician Burdenko syndrome|political pressure]] might play a dominant role in the process of selection of these explanatory assumptions as well as when interpreting the current findings and observed effects of the past [[Phenomena#Scientific phenomena|phenomena]].{{#tag:ref| cf."...many of the factors of involved in scientific community's decision to accept or reject a hypothesis are based upon ''sociological'' and ''psychological'' considerations. ... It is important to keep in mind that nothing that I have said contravenes the tentative nature of the support offered by empirical evidence for a hypothesis, nor challenges the claim that many of the factors that play a ''central role'' in the acceptance of hypothesis are ''psychological'' and ''political''"<ref name="Cleland">{{Cite journal
+Since paleosciences do not deal with direct observations of the [[Phenomena#Scientific phenomena|phenomena]] that took place in the unobservable past, but rather with their effects, they are sometimes referred to as [[historical science]]s.<ref name="Cleland"/> This differentiates them from [[empirical science]] that primarily rely on the possibility to repeatedly conduct the [[experiment]].{{#tag:ref| The term paleoscience also correlates to [[origin science]] and/or [[historical science]]; and [[experimental science]] and/or [[empirical science]] to [[operation science]], respectively. |group=note}} As it is not possible to travel back in time and directly observe the past phenomena, paleosciences are dependent on assumptions that are in principle not absolutely ''verifiable''. Thus, the worldview of scientist,{{#tag:ref|cf.[[Horror of a unique position]]|group=note}} sociological and psychological considerations,  and [[Academician Burdenko syndrome|political pressure]] might play a dominant role in the process of selection of these explanatory assumptions as well as when interpreting the current findings and observed effects of the past [[Phenomena#Scientific phenomena|phenomena]].{{#tag:ref| cf."...many of the factors of involved in scientific community's decision to accept or reject a hypothesis are based upon ''sociological'' and ''psychological'' considerations. ... It is important to keep in mind that nothing that I have said contravenes the tentative nature of the support offered by empirical evidence for a hypothesis, nor challenges the claim that many of the factors that play a ''central role'' in the acceptance of hypothesis are ''psychological'' and ''political''"<ref name="Cleland">{{Cite journal
 | author=Cleland, C.E.
 | title=Methodological and Epistemic Differences between Historical Science and Experimental Science
 | journal=Philosophy of Science
 | volume=69
-| month=September | year=2002 |page=480, 495 | pages=474–496
+| month=September | year=2002 |pages=480, 495 | pages=474–496
 | format=PDF
 | url=http://spot.colorado.edu/~cleland/articles/Cleland.PS.Pdf
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 == References ==
 {{Reflist}}
-==See Also:==
+==See also==
 *[[Empirical science]]
 *[[Experimental science]]

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 *[[Origin science]]
 *[[Paleontology]]
-[[Category:science]]
+[[Category:Science]]
-[[Category:scientific disciplines]]
+[[Category:Scientific disciplines]]
 [[Category:Methodology of Science]]
 [[Category:Political Pressure on Scientists]]

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 {{Reflist}}
 ==See Also:==
 *[[Empirical science]]
 *[[Experimental science]]
@@ Line 37: / Line 34: @@
 *[[Operation science]]
 *[[Origin science]]
-[[category:science]]
+*[[Paleontology]]
-[[category:scientific disciplines]]
+[[Category:science]]
-[[category:Methodology of Science]]
+[[Category:scientific disciplines]]
 [[Category:Political Pressure on Scientists]]

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 | url=http://spot.colorado.edu/~cleland/articles/Cleland.PS.Pdf
 | accessdate = 25.1.2012
-quote=Insofar as they are concerned with identifying particular past causes of current phenomena, historical researches cannot directly test their hypotheses by means of controlled experiments.
+|quote=Insofar as they are concerned with identifying particular past causes of current phenomena, historical researches cannot directly test their hypotheses by means of controlled experiments.
 }}</ref>|group=note}}