Neutrality Act - Revision history

RobSmith: /* Cash and Carry law */

2025-11-22T02:01:52Z

Cash and Carry law

RobSmith: /* Cash and Carry law */

2025-02-25T23:24:25Z

Cash and Carry law

RobSmith: /* Cash and Carry law */ wiki

2024-10-14T22:10:22Z

Cash and Carry law: wiki

RobSmith: /* Background */

2024-07-05T22:44:16Z

Background

RobSmith: /* References */

2024-07-05T22:43:40Z

References

RobSmith: /* References */

2024-07-05T22:43:06Z

References

RobSmith at 03:33, June 8, 2024

2024-06-08T03:33:53Z

RobSmith: /* Background */

2018-04-07T23:57:47Z

Background

RobSmith: /* Background */

2018-04-07T23:56:34Z

Background

DavidB4-bot: /* Far Eastern trade */Spelling/Grammar Check, typos fixed: Hongkong → Hong Kong (2)

2016-07-29T13:55:30Z

Far Eastern trade: Spelling/Grammar Check, typos fixed: Hongkong → Hong Kong (2)

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 The public debt in 1932 when FDR took office was $22 billion and largely was a heritage of [[World War I]].<ref>''The Roosevelt Myth'', John T. Flynn, Fox and Wilkes, 1948, [http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/The_Roosevelt_Myth-John_T_Flynn-1948-444pgs-POL.sml.pdf&id=276&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 pg. 129] pdf.</ref> Widespread public disillusionment felt that a handful of arms producers had benefited from the war while the nation had been left with a [[public debt]] in the form of credits which had been extended to foreign purchasers of arms. [[Bernard Baruch]] described how the law functioned: "We will sell to any belligerent anything except lethal weapons, but the terms are 'cash on the barrel-head and come and get it."
-The original Neutrality Act was extended to expire on May 1, 1936. It was renewed with a "cash and carry" provision for two years.<ref>[https://youtu.be/boOPyGBLfv4 Fort Knox & Secret WW2 British Gold], Mark Felton Productions, Feb 25, 2025. [[YouTube]].</ref> The basic feature, a prohibition on loans to belligerent governments remained intact. The new act required that, if the president proclaimed the existence of a state of war between others nations, or a civil war that endangered the peace of the United States, the shipment of arms, ammunition, and implements of war, excluding raw materials, would be embargoed.
+The original Neutrality Act was extended to expire on May 1, 1936. It was renewed with a "cash and carry" provision for two years.<ref>[https://youtu.be/boOPyGBLfv4 Fort Knox & Secret WW2 British Gold], [[Mark Felton]] Productions, Feb 25, 2025. [[YouTube]].</ref> The basic feature, a prohibition on loans to belligerent governments remained intact. The new act required that, if the president proclaimed the existence of a state of war between others nations, or a civil war that endangered the peace of the United States, the shipment of arms, ammunition, and implements of war, excluding raw materials, would be embargoed.
 On July 7, 1937 Japanese troops stationed in North China, under terms of the [[Boxer Protocol of 1900]], clashed with elements of the [[Kuomintang]] army near the Marco Polo Bridge, ten miles west of Beijing. An all-out Japanese invasion of China followed. By the end of the month, Beijing was occupied and the following month Shanghai was attacked. The Neutrality Act required the president to implement its provisions when a state of war existed, but Roosevelt did not invoke the act. Twenty-five members of the House signed a statement demanding the immediate application of the arms embargo in order to "stop the feeding of the war which means destruction of thousands of lives in the Orient and of war to all the world". FDR permitted American munitions to reach China via British ships destined for Hong Kong. ''[[Time magazine]]'' speculated, "though in the long run Japan might need U. S. supplies more than China, the immediate effect of an embargo would be to the advantage of Japan, whose ships could still presumably conduct a "cash and carry" trade with the U. S."<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,930929-1,00.html Manslaughter in Shanghai], ''Time'' magazine, Aug. 30, 1937.</ref>

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 The public debt in 1932 when FDR took office was $22 billion and largely was a heritage of [[World War I]].<ref>''The Roosevelt Myth'', John T. Flynn, Fox and Wilkes, 1948, [http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/The_Roosevelt_Myth-John_T_Flynn-1948-444pgs-POL.sml.pdf&id=276&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 pg. 129] pdf.</ref> Widespread public disillusionment felt that a handful of arms producers had benefited from the war while the nation had been left with a [[public debt]] in the form of credits which had been extended to foreign purchasers of arms. [[Bernard Baruch]] described how the law functioned: "We will sell to any belligerent anything except lethal weapons, but the terms are 'cash on the barrel-head and come and get it."
-The original Neutrality Act was extended to expire on May 1, 1936. It was renewed with a "cash and carry" provision for two years. The basic feature, a prohibition on loans to belligerent governments remained intact. The new act required that, if the president proclaimed the existence of a state of war between others nations, or a civil war that endangered the peace of the United States, the shipment of arms, ammunition, and implements of war, excluding raw materials, would be embargoed.
+The original Neutrality Act was extended to expire on May 1, 1936. It was renewed with a "cash and carry" provision for two years.<ref>[https://youtu.be/boOPyGBLfv4 Fort Knox & Secret WW2 British Gold], Mark Felton Productions, Feb 25, 2025. [[YouTube]].</ref> The basic feature, a prohibition on loans to belligerent governments remained intact. The new act required that, if the president proclaimed the existence of a state of war between others nations, or a civil war that endangered the peace of the United States, the shipment of arms, ammunition, and implements of war, excluding raw materials, would be embargoed.
 On July 7, 1937 Japanese troops stationed in North China, under terms of the [[Boxer Protocol of 1900]], clashed with elements of the [[Kuomintang]] army near the Marco Polo Bridge, ten miles west of Beijing. An all-out Japanese invasion of China followed. By the end of the month, Beijing was occupied and the following month Shanghai was attacked. The Neutrality Act required the president to implement its provisions when a state of war existed, but Roosevelt did not invoke the act. Twenty-five members of the House signed a statement demanding the immediate application of the arms embargo in order to "stop the feeding of the war which means destruction of thousands of lives in the Orient and of war to all the world". FDR permitted American munitions to reach China via British ships destined for Hong Kong. ''[[Time magazine]]'' speculated, "though in the long run Japan might need U. S. supplies more than China, the immediate effect of an embargo would be to the advantage of Japan, whose ships could still presumably conduct a "cash and carry" trade with the U. S."<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,930929-1,00.html Manslaughter in Shanghai], ''Time'' magazine, Aug. 30, 1937.</ref>

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 {{Cquote|Oil - rivers of oil - will soon be flowing to the Japanese … To sell China to her enemies for the thirty blood-stained coins of gold will not only weaken our national policy in Europe as well as in the Far East, but will dim the bright lustre of America's world leadership… On this day, Mr. President, the whole country looks to you to save America's power as well as her sacred honor….<ref>[http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/comatph.html Communism at Pearl Harbor], How the Communists Helped to Bring on Pearl Harbor and Open up Asia to Communinization, Dr. Anthony Kubek, Dallas Texas, Teaching Publishing Company, 1959. pg. 12. Dr. Anthony Kubek was the Editor of the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, [[Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]], Report on the ''Morgenthau Diaries''. In 1965, the SISS issued a two volume committee print entitled ''Morgenthau Diary'' (China), Edited by Dr. Anthony Kubek, containing entries from the records at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library selected to illustrate the implementation of Roosevelt administration policy in China. According to Dr. Kubek, the subcommittee wanted to produce a documentary history on the subject and "also indicate the serious problem of unauthorized, uncontrolled and often dangerous power exercised by non-elected officials," specifically Harry Dexter White.</ref>}}
-The Soviet Union stood to gain vitally from U.S.- Japanese war. On the 25th of November, U.S. Secretary of War [[Henry Stimson]] had stated the problem as one of "how we should maneuver them into the position of firing the first shot."<ref>As Stimson explained: "In spite of the risk involved... in letting the Japanese fire the first shot, we realized that in order to have the full support of the American people, it was desirable to make sure that the Japanese be the ones to do this so that there should remain no doubt in anyone's mind as to who were the aggressors." Stimson's Testimony quoted in Basil Rauch, ''Roosevelt from Munich to Pearl Harbor'' (New York: Creative Age, 1950), p. 473. In his testimony before the Congressional Committee investigating the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], General George C. Marshall said that if the 90-day truce which was the substance of the Kanoe-Roosevelt proposal had been effected, the United States might never have become involved in the [[World War II]] at all; that a delay by the Japanese from December, 1941 into January, 1942 might have resulted in a change of Japanese opinion as to the wisdom of the attack because of the collapse of the German front before Moscow in December, 1941. Pearl Harbor Attack. Part 39, p. 502; Part 2, p. 5177; Part 3, p. 1149.</ref> It is significant that in the ten-point ultimatum sent to Japan on November 26, 1941, eight of the drastic demands were written by Harry Dexter White. The harsh, demanding language only strengthened the position of the war party in Tokyo. Ambassador Nomura found it impossible to reach an agreement because White's demands were extreme.<ref>[http://sandiego.indymedia.org/media/2006/10/119975.pdf ''Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time''], Carroll Quigley, Collier-Macmillan, 1966, pg. 741. ISBN 0-945001-10-X</ref> In other words, Harry Dexter White, an agent of the Soviet Union, helped in a decisive way to draft the ultimatum that provoked war between Japan and the United States. This was the primary aim of Soviet [[foreign policy]] to advance the interests of the [[Comintern]] and the Soviet Union in the Far East<ref>Communism at Pearl Harbor, Dr. Anthony Kubek, pg. 19. Kubek writing in 1959 during the interwar period between the [[Korean War]] and the [[Vietnam War]], two "hot wars" in the "[[Cold War]]," concluded: "The United States destroyed the one power that was able to check the flow of that Red tide in the Far East. ...The present Soviet military might, which threatens our national security, is the direct product of billions of [[lend-lease]] aid, coddling of Communists in high places in the American Government and failure to understand the basic drives of world [[Communism]]. ...Never before in our history was Presidential leadership so devoid of vision and never before had the mistakes of our Chief Executive been so fraught with peril to our nation."</ref>
+The Soviet Union stood to gain vitally from U.S.- Japanese war. On the 25th of November, U.S. Secretary of War [[Henry Stimson]] had stated the problem as one of "how we should maneuver them into the position of firing the first shot."<ref>As Stimson explained: "In spite of the risk involved... in letting the Japanese fire the first shot, we realized that in order to have the full support of the American people, it was desirable to make sure that the Japanese be the ones to do this so that there should remain no doubt in anyone's mind as to who were the aggressors." Stimson's Testimony quoted in Basil Rauch, ''Roosevelt from Munich to Pearl Harbor'' (New York: Creative Age, 1950), p. 473. In his testimony before the Congressional Committee investigating the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], General George C. Marshall said that if the 90-day truce which was the substance of the Kanoe-Roosevelt proposal had been effected, the United States might never have become involved in the [[World War II]] at all; that a delay by the Japanese from December, 1941 into January, 1942 might have resulted in a change of Japanese opinion as to the wisdom of the attack because of the collapse of the German front before Moscow in December, 1941. Pearl Harbor Attack. Part 39, p. 502; Part 2, p. 5177; Part 3, p. 1149.</ref> It is significant that in the ten-point ultimatum sent to Japan on November 26, 1941, eight of the drastic demands were written by Harry Dexter White. The harsh, demanding language only strengthened the position of the war party in Tokyo. Ambassador Nomura found it impossible to reach an agreement because White's demands were extreme.<ref>[http://sandiego.indymedia.org/media/2006/10/119975.pdf ''Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time''], [[Carroll Quigley]], Collier-Macmillan, 1966, pg. 741. ISBN 0-945001-10-X</ref> In other words, Harry Dexter White, an agent of the Soviet Union, helped in a decisive way to draft the ultimatum that provoked war between Japan and the United States. This was the primary aim of Soviet [[foreign policy]] to advance the interests of the [[Comintern]] and the Soviet Union in the Far East<ref>Communism at Pearl Harbor, Dr. Anthony Kubek, pg. 19. Kubek writing in 1959 during the interwar period between the [[Korean War]] and the [[Vietnam War]], two "hot wars" in the "[[Cold War]]," concluded: "The United States destroyed the one power that was able to check the flow of that Red tide in the Far East. ...The present Soviet military might, which threatens our national security, is the direct product of billions of [[lend-lease]] aid, coddling of Communists in high places in the American Government and failure to understand the basic drives of world [[Communism]]. ...Never before in our history was Presidential leadership so devoid of vision and never before had the mistakes of our Chief Executive been so fraught with peril to our nation."</ref>
 KGB agent [[Frederick V . Field]]<ref>In the final report the [[SISS]] stated: "The IPR itself was like a specialized political flypaper in its attractive power for Communists. . . . British Communists like [[Michael Greenberg]]...Chinese Communists like Chi Chao-ting, Chen Han-seng, Chu Tong, Y.Y. Hsu;...Japanese Communists (and espionage agents) like Saionji and Ozaki (Hozumi); United States Communists like James S. Allen, Frederick V. Field, William M. Mandel, Harriet Moore, Lawrence Rosinger, and [[Alger Hiss]]....The IPR has been considered by the [[American Communist Party]] and by Soviet officials as an instrument of Communist policy, propaganda and [[military intelligence]]. The IPR disseminated and sought to popularize false information including information originating from Soviet and Communist sources. . . . The IPR was a vehicle used by the Communists to orientate American far eastern policies toward Communist objectives. . ." U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Report on the Institute of Pacific Relations, Washington 1952.</ref> in the [[IPR]]'s ''Far Eastern Survey: America's Stake in the Far East'', Porter Sargent observed "gives the cost of our foreign service in Eastern Asia as $905,754 and adds to this detailed figures totaling approximately $300,000 for State and [[United States Department of Commerce|Commerce Department]]s, and a proportion of the cost of our Army and Navy running to hundreds of millions annually . To this might be added subsidies for our Pacific merchant marine. This great relief to the British Treasury could not have been continued had it not been skillfully concealed from the American people."<ref>''Prodding Japan Into War'', Porter Sargent, Bulletin #95, December 30, 1940, pg. 527, quoted in the ''North American Review'', Winter, 1938-39.</ref> Roosevelt biographer Robert Sherwood quoted the ''[[Daily Worker]]'' about Commerce Secretary [[Harry Hopkins]], "The secret diplomacy involved in the Hopkins appointment can put the American people on the alert-in insisting that no further aid be given British imperialism, since such aid brings the shadow of war closer and closer to our homes."<ref>''Roosevelt and Hopkins : An Intimate History'', Robert E. Sherwood, New York Harper and Brothers, 1948, [http://americandeception.com/index.php?action=downloadpdf&photo=/PDFsml_AD/Roosevelt_and_Hopkins-An_Intimate_History-Robert_E_Sherwood-1948-1034pgs-GOV-POL.sml.pdf&id=252&PHPSESSID=03d3557b41f249f71349e6d730cc8498 pg. 233] pdf.</ref>

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 At the White House on March 20, 1935, President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] told members of the [[Nye Committee]] that an Act should be prepared which would guarantee, in the event of a European war, the absolute neutrality of the American people.<ref>[http://www.rooseveltmyth.com/book/hbzfrm.htm ''The Roosevelt Myth''], [[John T. Flynn]], Fox and Wilkes, 1948, Book 2, Ch. 6.</ref> The Neutrality Act was introduced in the Senate and House and passed by very large majorities. It had a time limit of two years and at the expiration of the time limit it was passed again by enormous majorities in both houses.
-President Roosevelt promptly applied the law when Italian Premier [[Benito Mussolini]] invaded Ethiopia in October 1935. When the [[Spanish Civil War]] broke out in July 1936 Roosevelt discovered the Neutrality Act did not apply to [[civil wars]], but only to wars between countries. Roosevelt requested of Congress to have the law amended immediately to apply to civil war, which Congress did and Roosevelt promptly declared the Neutrality Act in force as to Spain.
+President Roosevelt promptly applied the law when Italian Premier [[Benito Mussolini]] invaded Ethiopia in October 1935. When the [[Spanish Civil War]] broke out in July 1936 Roosevelt discovered the Neutrality Act did not apply to [[civil war]]s, but only to wars between countries. Roosevelt requested of Congress to have the law amended immediately to apply to civil war, which Congress did and Roosevelt promptly declared the Neutrality Act in force as to Spain.
 During the [[Presidential Election of 1936]] Roosevelt said "We shun political commitments which might entangle us in future wars; we avoid connection with the political activities of the League of Nations... the effective maintenance of American neutrality depends today as in the past on the wisdom and determination of whoever at the moment occupies the office of President of the United States and Secretary of State."<ref>Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Volume 5, pps. 285-292. (Random House).</ref> And he warned that in the event of war abroad the [[United States]] would have to be on guard against arms manufacturers seeking "[[Fools gold|fool's gold]]," or war profits from arms trafficking, those who would find it hard to look beyond, "to realize the inevitable penalties, the inevitable day of reckoning that comes from a false prosperity." America could keep out of war, "if those who watch and desire have a sufficiently detailed understanding of international affairs to make certain that the small decisions of today do not lead toward war and if at the same time they possess the courage to say no to those who selfishly or unwisely would lead us into war." This is what was called [[isolationism]].

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 ==References==
-<references/>
+{{reflist|2}}
 [[Category:New Deal]]
 [[Category:World War II]]
 [[Category:International Relations]]

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 ==Background==
-At the White House on March 20, 1935, President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] told members of the [[Nye Committee]] that an Act should be prepared which would guarantee, in the event of a European war, the absolute neutrality of the American people.<ref>[http://www.rooseveltmyth.com/book/hbzfrm.htm ''The Roosevelt Myth''], John T. Flynn, Fox and Wilkes, 1948, Book 2, Ch. 6.</ref> The Neutrality Act was introduced in the Senate and House and passed by very large majorities. It had a time limit of two years and at the expiration of the time limit it was passed again by enormous majorities in both houses.
+At the White House on March 20, 1935, President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] told members of the [[Nye Committee]] that an Act should be prepared which would guarantee, in the event of a European war, the absolute neutrality of the American people.<ref>[http://www.rooseveltmyth.com/book/hbzfrm.htm ''The Roosevelt Myth''], [[John T. Flynn]], Fox and Wilkes, 1948, Book 2, Ch. 6.</ref> The Neutrality Act was introduced in the Senate and House and passed by very large majorities. It had a time limit of two years and at the expiration of the time limit it was passed again by enormous majorities in both houses.
 President Roosevelt promptly applied the law when Italian Premier [[Benito Mussolini]] invaded Ethiopia in October 1935. When the [[Spanish Civil War]] broke out in July 1936 Roosevelt discovered the Neutrality Act did not apply to [[civil wars]], but only to wars between countries. Roosevelt requested of Congress to have the law amended immediately to apply to civil war, which Congress did and Roosevelt promptly declared the Neutrality Act in force as to Spain.

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:57, April 7, 2018
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	During the [[Presidential Election of 1936]] Roosevelt said "We shun political commitments which might entangle us in future wars; we avoid connection with the political activities of the League of Nations... the effective maintenance of American neutrality depends today as in the past on the wisdom and determination of whoever at the moment occupies the office of President of the United States and Secretary of State."<ref>Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Volume 5, pps. 285-292. (Random House).</ref> And he warned that in the event of war abroad the [[United States]] would have to be on guard against arms manufacturers seeking "[[Fools gold\|fool's gold]]," or war profits from arms trafficking, those who would find it hard to look beyond, "to realize the inevitable penalties, the inevitable day of reckoning that comes from a false prosperity." America could keep out of war, "if those who watch and desire have a sufficiently detailed understanding of international affairs to make certain that the small decisions of today do not lead toward war and if at the same time they possess the courage to say no to those who selfishly or unwisely would lead us into war." This is what was called [[isolationism]].		During the [[Presidential Election of 1936]] Roosevelt said "We shun political commitments which might entangle us in future wars; we avoid connection with the political activities of the League of Nations... the effective maintenance of American neutrality depends today as in the past on the wisdom and determination of whoever at the moment occupies the office of President of the United States and Secretary of State."<ref>Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Volume 5, pps. 285-292. (Random House).</ref> And he warned that in the event of war abroad the [[United States]] would have to be on guard against arms manufacturers seeking "[[Fools gold\|fool's gold]]," or war profits from arms trafficking, those who would find it hard to look beyond, "to realize the inevitable penalties, the inevitable day of reckoning that comes from a false prosperity." America could keep out of war, "if those who watch and desire have a sufficiently detailed understanding of international affairs to make certain that the small decisions of today do not lead toward war and if at the same time they possess the courage to say no to those who selfishly or unwisely would lead us into war." This is what was called [[isolationism]].
−
−	The '''Neutrality Act''' was an Act of Congress providing for the prohibition of the export of arms, ammunition, and implements of war to belligerent countries; the prohibition of the transportation of arms, ammunition, and implements of war by vessels of the United States for the use of belligerent states; for the registration and licensing of persons engaged in the business of manufacturing, exporting, or importing arms, ammunition, or implements of war; and restricting travel by American citizens on belligerent ships during war.<ref>[http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/interwar/neutralityact.htm "Neutrality Act" of August 31, 1935], 49 stat. 1081; 22 U.S.C. 441 note, U.S. Department of State, Publication 1983, ''Peace and War: United States Foreign Policy, 1931-1941'' (Washington, D.C.: U.S., Government Printing Office, 1943, pp. 265-271).</ref>

	==Cash and Carry law==		==Cash and Carry law==

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:56, April 7, 2018
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	The '''Neutrality Act''' was an Act of Congress providing for the prohibition of the export of arms, ammunition, and implements of war to belligerent countries; the prohibition of the transportation of arms, ammunition, and implements of war by vessels of the United States for the use of belligerent states; for the registration and licensing of persons engaged in the business of manufacturing, exporting, or importing arms, ammunition, or implements of war; and restricting travel by American citizens on belligerent ships during war.<ref>[http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/interwar/neutralityact.htm "Neutrality Act" of August 31, 1935], 49 stat. 1081; 22 U.S.C. 441 note, U.S. Department of State, Publication 1983, ''Peace and War: United States Foreign Policy, 1931-1941'' (Washington, D.C.: U.S., Government Printing Office, 1943, pp. 265-271).</ref>		The '''Neutrality Act''' was an Act of Congress providing for the prohibition of the export of arms, ammunition, and implements of war to belligerent countries; the prohibition of the transportation of arms, ammunition, and implements of war by vessels of the United States for the use of belligerent states; for the registration and licensing of persons engaged in the business of manufacturing, exporting, or importing arms, ammunition, or implements of war; and restricting travel by American citizens on belligerent ships during war.<ref>[http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/interwar/neutralityact.htm "Neutrality Act" of August 31, 1935], 49 stat. 1081; 22 U.S.C. 441 note, U.S. Department of State, Publication 1983, ''Peace and War: United States Foreign Policy, 1931-1941'' (Washington, D.C.: U.S., Government Printing Office, 1943, pp. 265-271).</ref>
−
−	~~==Background==~~
−	At the White House on March 20, 1935, President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] told members of the [[Nye Committee]] that an Act should be prepared which would guarantee, in the event of a European war, the absolute neutrality of the American people.<ref>[http://www.rooseveltmyth.com/book/hbzfrm.htm ''The Roosevelt Myth''], John T. Flynn, Fox and Wilkes, 1948, Book 2, Ch. 6.</ref> The Neutrality Act was introduced in the Senate and House and passed by very large majorities. It had a time limit of two years and at the expiration of the time limit it was passed again by enormous majorities in both houses.
−
−	President Roosevelt promptly applied the law when Italian Premier [[Benito Mussolini]] invaded Ethiopia in October 1935. When the [[Spanish Civil War]] broke out in July 1936 Roosevelt discovered the Neutrality Act did not apply to [[civil wars]], but only to wars between countries. Roosevelt requested of Congress to have the law amended immediately to apply to civil war, which Congress did and Roosevelt promptly declared the Neutrality Act in force as to Spain.
−
−	During the [[Presidential Election of 1936]] Roosevelt said "We shun political commitments which might entangle us in future wars; we avoid connection with the political activities of the League of Nations... the effective maintenance of American neutrality depends today as in the past on the wisdom and determination of whoever at the moment occupies the office of President of the United States and Secretary of State."<ref>Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Volume 5, pps. 285-292. (Random House).</ref> And he warned that in the event of war abroad the [[United States]] would have to be on guard against arms manufacturers seeking "fool's gold," or war profits from arms trafficking, those who would find it hard to look beyond, "to realize the inevitable penalties, the inevitable day of reckoning that comes from a false prosperity." America could keep out of war, "if those who watch and desire have a sufficiently detailed understanding of international affairs to make certain that the small decisions of today do not lead toward war and if at the same time they possess the courage to say no to those who selfishly or unwisely would lead us into war." This is what was called [[isolationism]].

	==Cash and Carry law==		==Cash and Carry law==

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 ===Far Eastern trade===
-Of American trade with the Far East, Japan's share had been double, and at times nearly triple, that of China for the previous forty years to World War II.<ref>Whitney Griswold in ''Our Policy in the Far East'', Harper's, August, 1940, quote in Porter Sargent, ''Prodding Japan into War'', Bulletin #95, December 30, 1940, pg. 535 - 535, fn. 1.</ref> From 1931 to 1935, an annual average of 19% of the total foreign trade of the U.S. was with the Far East. Of this sum, in 1935, 43% represented American trade with Japan, 24% with the Dutch Empire, India, British Malaya and French Indo-China, 18% with the Philippines, and 14% with China and Hongkong (3% of total U.S. foreign trade). Thus, approximately 8.17% of U.S. total foreign trade, or about $312,000,000, was with Japan and 3.42%, or $130,410,000, constituted American trade with China and Hongkong.<ref>Griswold, ''The Far Eastern Policy of the U.S.'', p 468.</ref>
+Of American trade with the Far East, Japan's share had been double, and at times nearly triple, that of China for the previous forty years to World War II.<ref>Whitney Griswold in ''Our Policy in the Far East'', Harper's, August, 1940, quote in Porter Sargent, ''Prodding Japan into War'', Bulletin #95, December 30, 1940, pg. 535 - 535, fn. 1.</ref> From 1931 to 1935, an annual average of 19% of the total foreign trade of the U.S. was with the Far East. Of this sum, in 1935, 43% represented American trade with Japan, 24% with the Dutch Empire, India, British Malaya and French Indo-China, 18% with the Philippines, and 14% with China and Hong Kong (3% of total U.S. foreign trade). Thus, approximately 8.17% of U.S. total foreign trade, or about $312,000,000, was with Japan and 3.42%, or $130,410,000, constituted American trade with China and Hong Kong.<ref>Griswold, ''The Far Eastern Policy of the U.S.'', p 468.</ref>
 ==Second Sino-Japanese War==