Manchukuo - Revision history

RobSmith at 01:49, July 28, 2021

2021-07-28T01:49:27Z

RobSmith: /* 1945 and after */

2021-07-28T01:44:15Z

1945 and after

Aschlafly: dewikify

2020-08-01T03:39:56Z

dewikify

DavidB4-bot: Spelling, grammar, and general cleanup, typos fixed: 1938-39 → 1938–39 (3)

2020-04-21T05:49:54Z

Spelling, grammar, and general cleanup, typos fixed: 1938-39 → 1938–39 (3)

DavidB4-bot: /* Bibliography */HTTP --> HTTPS #3, replaced: http://www.amazon.com → https://www.amazon.com (2)

2019-04-09T17:07:08Z

Bibliography: HTTP --> HTTPS #3, replaced: http://www.amazon.com → https://www.amazon.com (2)

DavidB4-bot: Spelling/Grammar Check, typos fixed: et al → et al.

2016-07-27T14:01:46Z

Spelling/Grammar Check, typos fixed: et al → et al.

DavidB4-bot: clean up & uniformity

2016-06-27T05:08:46Z

clean up & uniformity

RJJensen: add details and bibliog

2008-11-28T03:34:38Z

add details and bibliog

RobSmith: refs

2007-10-02T02:11:19Z

refs

RobSmith: The Soviet Union recognized Manchukuo and sold Japan the Chinese Eastern Railway in 1935.

2007-10-02T02:10:56Z

The Soviet Union recognized Manchukuo and sold Japan the Chinese Eastern Railway in 1935.

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:49, July 28, 2021
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		+	{{Merge\|Manchuria}}
	[[Image:Nomonhan.JPG\|thumb\|300px\|right\|Japan and the Soviet Union clashes at Nomonhan and Changkufeng 1938–39.]]		[[Image:Nomonhan.JPG\|thumb\|300px\|right\|Japan and the Soviet Union clashes at Nomonhan and Changkufeng 1938–39.]]
−
	'''Manchukuo''' ([[Pinyin]]: ''Manzhouguo'') is the Japanese name of [[Manchuria]] (the region north of China) and refers to Japanese control of the region in the 20th century, especially 1931-45 when a Japanese puppet state called Manchukuo was in operation. The last [[Qing]] emperor of China, Aisin Gioro Puyi (1905–67), who was ousted from power in China by the [[1911 Revolution]] and who had sought sanctuary with the Japanese in 1924, was installed as the 'Chief Executive' of the puppet state, and on 1 March 1934 was declared Emperor of Manchukuo. The state collapsed under the impact of the [[Soviet]] Invasion of August 1945 and the end of the surrender of Japanese forces. The United States rejected Japanese control and it became an issue that led to war between the U.S. and Japan in 1941. In 1946 the region came under the control of China.		'''Manchukuo''' ([[Pinyin]]: ''Manzhouguo'') is the Japanese name of [[Manchuria]] (the region north of China) and refers to Japanese control of the region in the 20th century, especially 1931-45 when a Japanese puppet state called Manchukuo was in operation. The last [[Qing]] emperor of China, Aisin Gioro Puyi (1905–67), who was ousted from power in China by the [[1911 Revolution]] and who had sought sanctuary with the Japanese in 1924, was installed as the 'Chief Executive' of the puppet state, and on 1 March 1934 was declared Emperor of Manchukuo. The state collapsed under the impact of the [[Soviet]] Invasion of August 1945 and the end of the surrender of Japanese forces. The United States rejected Japanese control and it became an issue that led to war between the U.S. and Japan in 1941. In 1946 the region came under the control of China.

@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 The United States never recognized Manchukuo and refused to concede Japanese dominance over the region during the efforts of [[Cordell Hull]] and Nomura Kichisaburo to avoid war in 1941.
 ==1945 and after==
-At [[Yalta Agreement|Yalta]](in February 1945) President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] secretly agreed to give the Soviet Union Japan's sphere of interest in Manchuria in return for Soviet intervention in the war in Asia. The Red Army entered Manchuria in August 1945 and remained there until April 1946. After Soviet forces withdrew, [[Mao Zedong]] and his  People's Liberation Army defeated Chiang Kai-shek's [[Kuomintang]] armies in Manchuria as in the rest of China. An agreement between Mao and [[Joseph Stalin]] in 1950 led to complete Chinese sovereignty in 1955. A separate American policy toward these northeastern provinces of China ceased to exist after 1947, when the administration of [[Harry S. Truman]] rejected Gen. Albert C. Wedemeyer's proposal for a five-power or [[United Nations]] trusteeship for Manchuria. Communist strength in Manchuria proved the base, and "anvil of victory," for their forces against the Nationalists in 1948.<ref>Steven I. Levine, ''Anvil of Victory: The Communist Revolution in Manchuria, 1945–1947'' (1987).</ref> Manchuria was also the Chinese base for intervention in the [[Korean War]] in late 1950 to prevent a UN rollback of Communist North Korea.
+At the [[Yalta Conference]] (in February 1945) President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] secretly agreed to give the Soviet Union Japan's sphere of interest in Manchuria in return for Soviet intervention in the war in Asia. The Red Army entered Manchuria in August 1945 and remained there until April 1946. After Soviet forces withdrew, [[Mao Zedong]] and his  People's Liberation Army defeated Chiang Kai-shek's [[Kuomintang]] armies in Manchuria as in the rest of China. An agreement between Mao and [[Joseph Stalin]] in 1950 led to complete Chinese sovereignty in 1955. A separate American policy toward these northeastern provinces of China ceased to exist after 1947, when the administration of [[Harry S. Truman]] rejected Gen. Albert C. Wedemeyer's proposal for a five-power or [[United Nations]] trusteeship for Manchuria. Communist strength in Manchuria proved the base, and "anvil of victory," for their forces against the Nationalists in 1948.<ref>Steven I. Levine, ''Anvil of Victory: The Communist Revolution in Manchuria, 1945–1947'' (1987).</ref> Manchuria was also the Chinese base for intervention in the [[Korean War]] in late 1950 to prevent a UN rollback of Communist North Korea.
 ==Bibliography==

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:39, August 1, 2020
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	[[Image:Nomonhan.JPG\|thumb\|300px\|right\|Japan and the Soviet Union clashes at Nomonhan and Changkufeng 1938–39.]]		[[Image:Nomonhan.JPG\|thumb\|300px\|right\|Japan and the Soviet Union clashes at Nomonhan and Changkufeng 1938–39.]]

−	'''Manchukuo''' ([[Pinyin]]: ''Manzhouguo'') is the Japanese name of [[Manchuria]] (the region north of China) and refers to Japanese control of the region in the 20th century, especially 1931-45 when a Japanese puppet state called Manchukuo was in operation. The last [[Qing]] emperor of China, Aisin Gioro [[Puyi]] (1905–67), who was ousted from power in China by the [[1911 Revolution]] and who had sought sanctuary with the Japanese in 1924, was installed as the 'Chief Executive' of the puppet state, and on 1 March 1934 was declared Emperor of Manchukuo. The state collapsed under the impact of the [[Soviet]] Invasion of August 1945 and the end of the surrender of Japanese forces. The United States rejected Japanese control and it became an issue that led to war between the U.S. and Japan in 1941. In 1946 the region came under the control of China.	+	'''Manchukuo''' ([[Pinyin]]: ''Manzhouguo'') is the Japanese name of [[Manchuria]] (the region north of China) and refers to Japanese control of the region in the 20th century, especially 1931-45 when a Japanese puppet state called Manchukuo was in operation. The last [[Qing]] emperor of China, Aisin Gioro Puyi (1905–67), who was ousted from power in China by the [[1911 Revolution]] and who had sought sanctuary with the Japanese in 1924, was installed as the 'Chief Executive' of the puppet state, and on 1 March 1934 was declared Emperor of Manchukuo. The state collapsed under the impact of the [[Soviet]] Invasion of August 1945 and the end of the surrender of Japanese forces. The United States rejected Japanese control and it became an issue that led to war between the U.S. and Japan in 1941. In 1946 the region came under the control of China.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[Image:Nomonhan.JPG|thumb|300px|right|Japan and the Soviet Union clashes at Nomonhan and Changkufeng 1938-39.]]
+[[Image:Nomonhan.JPG|thumb|300px|right|Japan and the Soviet Union clashes at Nomonhan and Changkufeng 1938–39.]]
 '''Manchukuo''' ([[Pinyin]]: ''Manzhouguo'') is the Japanese name of [[Manchuria]] (the region north of China) and refers to Japanese control of the region in the 20th century, especially 1931-45 when a Japanese puppet state called Manchukuo was in operation.   The last [[Qing]] emperor of China, Aisin Gioro [[Puyi]] (1905–67), who was ousted from power in China by the [[1911 Revolution]] and who had sought sanctuary with the Japanese in 1924, was installed as the 'Chief Executive' of the puppet state, and on 1 March 1934 was declared Emperor of Manchukuo. The state collapsed under the impact of the [[Soviet]] Invasion of August 1945 and the end of the surrender of Japanese forces. The United States rejected Japanese control and it became an issue that led to war between the U.S. and Japan in 1941. In 1946 the region came under the control of China.
@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 * Coox,  Alvin D. ''Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939'' (1985).
 * Duus, Peter et al., eds. ''The Japanese Wartime Empire, 1931–1945,'' (1996)
-* Gordon, David M.  ''The China-Japan War, 1931–1945.'' ''The Journal of Military History'' v70#1 (2006) 137-182; major historiographical overview of all important books and interpretations; in [[Project Muse]]
+* Gordon, David M.  ''The China-Japan War, 1931–1945.'' ''The Journal of Military History'' v70#1 (2006) 137–182; major historiographical overview of all important books and interpretations; in [[Project Muse]]
 *  Hall, Andrew Reed.  "Constructing a `Manchurian' Identity: Japanese Education in Manchukuo, 1931-1945."  PhD dissertation U. of Pittsburgh 2003. 347 pp.  DAI 2005 65(8): 3119-A. DA3144935  Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]
 * Han, Suk-Jung.  "Puppet Sovereignty: The State Effect of Manchukuo, from 1932 to 1936."  PhD dissertation U. of Chicago 1995. 360 pp.  DAI 1996 56(8): 3339-A. DA9542710  Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]
@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 * Levine, Steven I. ''Anvil of Victory: The Communist Revolution in Manchuria, 1945–1947'' (1987).
 * Morley, James William, ed. ''The China Quagmire: Japan's Expansion on the Asian Continent, 1933–1941,'' (1983)
-* Murnane, John R. "Japan's Monroe Doctrine? Re-framing the Story of Pearl Harbor." ''History Teacher'' 2007 40(4): 503-520. Issn: 0018-2745 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
+* Murnane, John R. "Japan's Monroe Doctrine? Re-framing the Story of Pearl Harbor." ''History Teacher'' 2007 40(4): 503–520. Issn: 0018-2745 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
 * Neu, Charles E. ''Troubled Encounter: The United States and Japan'' (1979)
 * Shao, Dan.  "Ethnicity in Empire and Nation: Manchus, Manzhouguo, and Manchuria (1911-1952)."  PhD dissertation U. of California, Santa Barbara 2002. 285 pp.  DAI 2003 63(9): 3314-A. DA3064768  Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses

@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 ==Bibliography==
-* Cohen, Warren I. ''America's Response to China'' (2000) [http://www.amazon.com/Americas-Response-China-Warren-Cohen/dp/0231119291/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1213754455&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
+* Cohen, Warren I. ''America's Response to China'' (2000) [https://www.amazon.com/Americas-Response-China-Warren-Cohen/dp/0231119291/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1213754455&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
 * Coox, Alvin D. , "The Kwantung Army Dimension," in The Japanese Informal Empire in China, 1895–1937, ed. Peter Duus, Ramon H. Myers, and Mark R. Peattie (1989), 395–428
 * Coox,  Alvin D. ''Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939'' (1985).
@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 *  Iguchi, Haruo.  "Yoshisuke Ayukawa and U.S.-Japan Business and Diplomatic Relations: Nissan, Manchuria, and America, 1937-1952."  PhD dissertation U. of Chicago 1995. 580 pp.  DAI 1996 56(8): 3264-A. DA9542752  Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
 * Iriye,  Akira and Warren Cohen, eds. ''American, Chinese, and Japanese Perspectives on Wartime Asia, 1931–1949,'' (1990)
-* Jowett,  Philip. ''Rays of the Rising Sun, Volume 1: Japan's Asian Allies 1931-45, China and Manchukuo'' (vol 1 2005) [http://www.amazon.com/Rays-Rising-Sun-1931-45-Manchukuo/dp/1874622213/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1213754493&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
+* Jowett,  Philip. ''Rays of the Rising Sun, Volume 1: Japan's Asian Allies 1931-45, China and Manchukuo'' (vol 1 2005) [https://www.amazon.com/Rays-Rising-Sun-1931-45-Manchukuo/dp/1874622213/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1213754493&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
 * Lee, Chong-Sik. ''Revolutionary Struggle in Manchuria: Chinese Communism and Soviet Interest, 1922–1945'' (1983).
 * Levine, Steven I. ''Anvil of Victory: The Communist Revolution in Manchuria, 1945–1947'' (1987).

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[Image:Nomonhan.JPG|thumb|300px|right|Japan and the Soviet Union clashes at Nomonhan and Changkufeng 1938-39.]]
-'''Manchukuo''' ([[Pinyin]]: ''Manzhouguo'') is the Japanese name of [[Manchuria]] (the region north of China) and refers to Japanese control of the region in the 20th century, especially 1931-45 when a Japanese puppet state called Manchukuo was in operation.   The last [[Qing]] emperor of China, Aisin Gioro [[Puyi]] (1905-67), who was ousted from power in China by the [[1911 Revolution]] and who had sought sanctuary with the Japanese in 1924, was installed as the 'Chief Executive' of the puppet state, and on 1 March 1934 was declared Emperor of Manchukuo. The state collapsed under the impact of the [[Soviet]] Invasion of August 1945 and the end of the surrender of Japanese forces. The United States rejected Japanese control and it became an issue that led to war between the U.S. and Japan in 1941. In 1946 the region came under the control of China.
+'''Manchukuo''' ([[Pinyin]]: ''Manzhouguo'') is the Japanese name of [[Manchuria]] (the region north of China) and refers to Japanese control of the region in the 20th century, especially 1931-45 when a Japanese puppet state called Manchukuo was in operation.   The last [[Qing]] emperor of China, Aisin Gioro [[Puyi]] (1905–67), who was ousted from power in China by the [[1911 Revolution]] and who had sought sanctuary with the Japanese in 1924, was installed as the 'Chief Executive' of the puppet state, and on 1 March 1934 was declared Emperor of Manchukuo. The state collapsed under the impact of the [[Soviet]] Invasion of August 1945 and the end of the surrender of Japanese forces. The United States rejected Japanese control and it became an issue that led to war between the U.S. and Japan in 1941. In 1946 the region came under the control of China.
@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 From 1901 to 1903, the administration of [[Theodore Roosevelt]] quarreled with the Russians in an effort to preserve American opportunities in Manchuria. In 1904, the Japanese, considering their interests in Manchuria to be vital, attacked Russian forces there. Japanese successes led to control over southern Manchuria, conceded by the Russians in the [[Treaty of Portsmouth]] (1905). Roosevelt aided negotiation of the settlement and acquiesced in the parceling of spheres of interest in Manchuria. He rejected subsequent Chinese overtures for help in regaining control of the region. Later, the administration of [[William Howard Taft]] challenged both Japan and Russia in Manchuria. As part of their program of "dollar diplomacy," Taft and Secretary of State Philander C. Knox attempted to internationalize the railroads that were the foundation of the Japanese and Russian spheres. The American plan failed, driving Japan and Russia together.
 ==1911-31==
-A note by Secretary of State [[William Jennings Bryan]] in 1915 and the Lansing-Ishii agreement in 1917 appeared to constitute American recognition of the Japanese sphere of interest in southern Manchuria. In neither instance was American intent clear. The four-power consortium agreement of 1920 and the Nine-Power Treaty of 1922 were also ambiguous about Japan's special interests in Manchuria. Without legitimizing Japanese political pretensions in the region, the United States conceded Japanese economic hegemony. The governments of the Republic of China (1911-49) never exercised more than nominal control over the area.
+A note by Secretary of State [[William Jennings Bryan]] in 1915 and the Lansing-Ishii agreement in 1917 appeared to constitute American recognition of the Japanese sphere of interest in southern Manchuria. In neither instance was American intent clear. The four-power consortium agreement of 1920 and the Nine-Power Treaty of 1922 were also ambiguous about Japan's special interests in Manchuria. Without legitimizing Japanese political pretensions in the region, the United States conceded Japanese economic hegemony. The governments of the Republic of China (1911–49) never exercised more than nominal control over the area.
 By the 1920s, control of Manchuria was considered by Japanese leaders to be vital to Japan's economic development and security.
 ==1931-1941==
-Threatened by the growth of Chinese nationalism there, the Japanese army staged an incident on Sept. 18, 1931, occupied all of Manchuria, and, on Feb. 18, 1932, created the puppet state of Manchukuo. Concerned less with who controlled Manchuria than with Japanese violations of the Nine-Power Treaty and the Pact of Paris (1927), the United States, independently and in concert with the League of Nations, exerted pressure on Japan. Foreign protests were ignored by the Japanese military, and the civilian government was unable to restrain the army. With none of the powers willing to impose sanctions, the U.S. Secretary of State [[Henry Stimson]] announced in January 1932 to "Stimson Doctrine"--a refusal to recognize conditions brought about by Japanese treaty violations.
+Threatened by the growth of Chinese nationalism there, the Japanese army staged an incident on Sept. 18, 1931, occupied all of Manchuria, and, on Feb. 18, 1932, created the puppet state of Manchukuo. Concerned less with who controlled Manchuria than with Japanese violations of the Nine-Power Treaty and the Pact of Paris (1927), the United States, independently and in concert with the League of Nations, exerted pressure on Japan. Foreign protests were ignored by the Japanese military, and the civilian government was unable to restrain the army. With none of the powers willing to impose sanctions, the U.S. Secretary of State [[Henry Stimson]] announced in January 1932 to "Stimson Doctrine"—a refusal to recognize conditions brought about by Japanese treaty violations.
 Japanese politicians and intellectuals implemented plans for cultural assimilation and integration of culturally Chinese Manchurians into the Japanese empire through direct propaganda efforts, both print media and film, aimed at the women of Manchukuo. The efforts were reversed after Japan's defeat in 1945.
-Japan and the Soviet Union fought a large-scale border war in Manchukuo in 1939, resulting in a major Soviet victory at Nomonhan, and Japanese reluctance to engage the Soviets any more. Japan thereupon turned south.<ref>Alvin D. Coox, ''Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939'' (1985).  </ref>
+Japan and the Soviet Union fought a large-scale border war in Manchukuo in 1939, resulting in a major Soviet victory at Nomonhan, and Japanese reluctance to engage the Soviets any more. Japan thereupon turned south.<ref>Alvin D. Coox, ''Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939'' (1985).</ref>
 The United States never recognized Manchukuo and refused to concede Japanese dominance over the region during the efforts of [[Cordell Hull]] and Nomura Kichisaburo to avoid war in 1941.
 ==1945 and after==
-At [[Yalta Agreement|Yalta]](in February 1945, President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] secretly agreed to give the Soviet Union Japan's sphere of interest in Manchuria in return for Soviet intervention in the war in Asia. The Red Army entered Manchuria in August 1945 and remained there until April 1946. After Soviet forces withdrew, [[Mao Zedong]] and his  People's Liberation Army defeated Chiang Kai-shek's [[Kuomintang]] armies in Manchuria as in the rest of China. An agreement between Mao and [[Joseph Stalin]] in 1950 led to complete Chinese sovereignty in 1955. A separate American policy toward these northeastern provinces of China ceased to exist after 1947, when the administration of [[Harry S. Truman]] rejected Gen. Albert C. Wedemeyer's proposal for a five-power or [[United Nations]] trusteeship for Manchuria. Communist strength in Manchuria proved the base, and "anvil of victory," for their forces against the Nationalists in 1948.<ref> Steven I. Levine, ''Anvil of Victory: The Communist Revolution in Manchuria, 1945–1947'' (1987). </ref> Manchuria was also the Chinese base for intervention in the [[Korean War]] in late 1950 to prevent a UN rollback of Communist North Korea.
+At [[Yalta Agreement|Yalta]](in February 1945, President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] secretly agreed to give the Soviet Union Japan's sphere of interest in Manchuria in return for Soviet intervention in the war in Asia. The Red Army entered Manchuria in August 1945 and remained there until April 1946. After Soviet forces withdrew, [[Mao Zedong]] and his  People's Liberation Army defeated Chiang Kai-shek's [[Kuomintang]] armies in Manchuria as in the rest of China. An agreement between Mao and [[Joseph Stalin]] in 1950 led to complete Chinese sovereignty in 1955. A separate American policy toward these northeastern provinces of China ceased to exist after 1947, when the administration of [[Harry S. Truman]] rejected Gen. Albert C. Wedemeyer's proposal for a five-power or [[United Nations]] trusteeship for Manchuria. Communist strength in Manchuria proved the base, and "anvil of victory," for their forces against the Nationalists in 1948.<ref>Steven I. Levine, ''Anvil of Victory: The Communist Revolution in Manchuria, 1945–1947'' (1987).</ref> Manchuria was also the Chinese base for intervention in the [[Korean War]] in late 1950 to prevent a UN rollback of Communist North Korea.
 ==Bibliography==
@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 ====notes====
 [[Category:World War II]]
 [[Category:Japan]]
 [[Category:China]]