History of Hungary - Revision history

DavidB4-bot: /* Further reading */HTTP --> HTTPS #3, replaced: http://www.amazon.com → https://www.amazon.com (2)

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Further reading: HTTP --> HTTPS #3, replaced: http://www.amazon.com → https://www.amazon.com (2)

1990'sguy: /* Further reading */

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1990'sguy: /* The Fall of Communism */

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The Fall of Communism

1990'sguy: /* 1914 to 1939 */

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1914 to 1939

1990'sguy: /* Communist Control */

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Communist Control

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Communist Control

DavidB4-bot: clean up & uniformity

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clean up & uniformity

JMR10: /* Early modern */

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Early modern

Rovas: /* See also */ ins further reading

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Rovas: /* 1848 */ ins link

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 * Hoensch, Jörg K., and Kim Traynor. ''A History of Modern Hungary, 1867-1994'' (1996) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=27024260 online edition]
 * Hanak, Peter et al. ''A History of Hungary'' (1994)
-* Kontler, Laszlo. ''A History of Hungary'' (2006) [http://www.amazon.com/History-Hungary-Laszlo-Kontler/dp/1403903174/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1240128084&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
+* Kontler, Laszlo. ''A History of Hungary'' (2006) [https://www.amazon.com/History-Hungary-Laszlo-Kontler/dp/1403903174/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1240128084&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
-* Molnár, Miklós, and Anna Magyar. ''A Concise History of Hungary'' (2001) [http://www.amazon.com/Concise-History-Hungary-Cambridge-Histories/dp/0521667364/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1240128084&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
+* Molnár, Miklós, and Anna Magyar. ''A Concise History of Hungary'' (2001) [https://www.amazon.com/Concise-History-Hungary-Cambridge-Histories/dp/0521667364/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1240128084&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
 ====References====

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 [[Category:European History]]
 [[Category:Medieval History]]
 [[Category:Central Europe]]
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Hungary, History}}

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 == The Fall of Communism ==
-Nagy was replaced as leader by János Kádár (1912-1989) who instituted 'Goulash Communism': strict political control coupled with more liberal economic and cultural policies. In the short term this led to improved living standards for the Hungarian people: in material terms they, and the East Germans, were the most prosperous nations in the eastern bloc. It also created a readiness to take advantage of the relaxations of ''[[glasnost]]'' and ''[[perestroika]]'' being advocated in the 1980s Soviet Union. In 1989 the Hungarian government opened its border with Austria. This led to a flood of refugees from [[East Germany]] and thus ultimately to the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]], the reunification of [[Germany]], and the domino-like collapse of Communist regimes across the Soviet bloc. Democratic elections were first held in 1990.
+Nagy was replaced as leader by János Kádár (1912–1989) who instituted 'Goulash Communism': strict political control coupled with more liberal economic and cultural policies. In the short term this led to improved living standards for the Hungarian people: in material terms they, and the East Germans, were the most prosperous nations in the eastern bloc. It also created a readiness to take advantage of the relaxations of ''[[glasnost]]'' and ''[[perestroika]]'' being advocated in the 1980s Soviet Union. In 1989 the Hungarian government opened its border with Austria. This led to a flood of refugees from [[East Germany]] and thus ultimately to the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]], the reunification of [[Germany]], and the domino-like collapse of Communist regimes across the Soviet bloc. Democratic elections were first held in 1990.
-Hungary joined [[NATO]] in 1999 and the [[European Union]] in 2004. It has been hard-hit by the world-wide [[Recession of 2008]].
+Hungary joined [[NATO]] in 1999 and the [[European Union]] in 2004. It has been hard-hit by the worldwide [[Recession of 2008]].
 == See also ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:56, February 5, 2018
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	==1914 to 1939==		==1914 to 1939==
		+	[[File:Hungary, Treaty of Trianon.png\|thumb\|225px\|Hungary before and after the [[Treaty of Trianon]]]]
		+	[[File:Hungary 1941-44 Administrative Map.png\|thumb\|225px\|Hungary regained some of its lost territories under Horthy]]
		+	After the conclusion of the First World War, Hungary was in turmoil, having lost over two-thirds of its territory and undergoing internal instability. The country briefly was controlled by a communist government. Conservatives, led by [[Miklós Horthy]] retook control over the country. For practical reasons, Horthy aligned Hungary with [[Nazi Germany]], something which allowed the country to regain some of its lands.

	== World War II ==		== World War II ==

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 == Communist Control ==
-[[File:Statue of Ságvári Endre Hungary.JPG|thumb|250px|Statue of Endre Ságvári, Hungarian communist activist in Makó.]]
+[[File:Statue of Ságvári Endre Hungary.JPG|thumb|225px|Statue of Endre Ságvári, Hungarian communist activist in Makó.]]
 Under Soviet protection, the Hungarian communists, led by Mátyás Rákosi (1892-1971) were able to seize control of the state by 'salami tactics' (picking off adversaries one by one). Once in power, Rákosi was a fierce Stalinist, even by the standards of the Soviet bloc; he was removed from office and exiled to the Soviet Union under Soviet pressure following the denouncing of Stalin by [[Nikita Khrushchev]] in 1956.

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 ==19th century==
 [[File:Budapest Parliament Hungary.jpg|thumb|220px|left|Parliament, Budapest.]]
-Hungary's parliamentary oligarchy of noble landowners consisted of the magnates, with life memberships in the Upper House, and the gentry, whose more affluent minority dominated the Lower House and, after 1830, parliamentary life. The tension between "crown" (the German-speaking [[Habsburgs]] in Vienna) and "country" remained a constant political fixture as the Compromise of 1867 enabled the Magyar nobility to run the country but left the Emperor with much leverage in maintaining governments. A complex interaction or conflict between magnates and gentry appeared regarding agricultural protection against cheap imports (1870s), the Church-state problem (1890s), and the "constitutional crisis" (1900s). Though gentry politicians exerted leadership during much of the period, they gradually lost their footing in the counties and derived power increasingly from office-holding rather than landownership. Leaning on the state apparatus for support, they came to depend on the dualist status quo.<Ref> László Péter, "The Aristocracy, the Gentry and their Parliamentary Tradition in Nineteenth-Century Hungary." ''Slavonic and East European Review'' 1992 70(1): 77-110. </Ref>
+Hungary's parliamentary oligarchy of noble landowners consisted of the magnates, with life memberships in the Upper House, and the gentry, whose more affluent minority dominated the Lower House and, after 1830, parliamentary life. The tension between "crown" (the German-speaking [[Habsburgs]] in Vienna) and "country" remained a constant political fixture as the Compromise of 1867 enabled the Magyar nobility to run the country but left the Emperor with much leverage in maintaining governments. A complex interaction or conflict between magnates and gentry appeared regarding agricultural protection against cheap imports (1870s), the Church-state problem (1890s), and the "constitutional crisis" (1900s). Though gentry politicians exerted leadership during much of the period, they gradually lost their footing in the counties and derived power increasingly from office-holding rather than landownership. Leaning on the state apparatus for support, they came to depend on the dualist status quo.<ref>László Péter, "The Aristocracy, the Gentry and their Parliamentary Tradition in Nineteenth-Century Hungary." ''Slavonic and East European Review'' 1992 70(1): 77-110.</ref>
 The need for education in the Magyar language united Catholic and Protestant Hungarians against continued instruction in Latin. In the 1832-36 Diet the conflict between Catholic laymen and clergy sharpened considerably and a mixed commission was established, the findings of which offered the Protestants certain limited concessions. The basic issue of this religious and educational struggle was how to promote the Magyar tongue and Magyar mationalism and independence from Austria.
 ===1848===
-The failed revolution of 1848 was an uprising against the Habsburgs.  It failed because of the intervention of the [[History_of_Russia|Russian Tzar Nicholas I]]. In the end the Habsburgs easily restored their domination in East Central Europe.
+The failed revolution of 1848 was an uprising against the Habsburgs.  It failed because of the intervention of the [[History of Russia|Russian Tzar Nicholas I]]. In the end the Habsburgs easily restored their domination in East Central Europe.
 ==1914 to 1939==
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 <references/>
-[[category:European History]]
+[[Category:European History]]
-[[category:Medieval History]]
+[[Category:Medieval History]]
-[[category:Central Europe]]
+[[Category:Central Europe]]
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Hungary, History}}

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 [[File:Entry into Jerusalem Hajdudorog.jpg|thumb|Greek Catholic icon depicting scene of Jesus' entry into [[Jerusalem]], that is celebrated on [[Palm Sunday]]. The icon was painted in the end of the 18th century as part of the iconostasis of the Greek Catholic Cathedral of Hajdúdorog.]]
 The [[Counter Reformation]] brought limited toleration of non-Catholic religions in 1681, accompanied by intensive re-Catholicization, and attempts to reunite the Christian churches under Catholic leadership.  Lutheran church communities in the kingdom of Hungary, which included Slovakia, had to seek foreign authorities, in the form of German universities, to deal with frequent internal conflicts. The growth of Protestantism ended and Catholicism became the dominant religion.
 ==19th century==

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:59, July 7, 2011
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	*[[Magyar]]		*[[Magyar]]
		+	*[[Szekely-Hungarian Rovas]]
		+	*[[Carpathian Basin Rovas]]

	==Further reading==		==Further reading==