Exodus of Israel - Revision history

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 == Origins ==
-The narration of the exodus out of Israel originates from the [[Book of Exodus]], the second book of the [[Bible]]. The dating for this document is controversial, although the frame in which this book was authored can be narrowed down to the second millennium BC. An analysis on the onomastics in the Book of Exodus revealed that out of the forty or more names that appear throughout the book, two of them specifically, Puah and Hebron, are Egyptian personal names that are only attested to within the second millennium BC,<ref>Hess, Richard. Edited by James K. Hoffmeier, Alan R. Millard, and Gary A. Rendsburg  "Did I Not Bring Israel Out of Egypt? (2016): pp. 37-48.</ref> making authorship of this book during the first millennium BC unlikely, as later scribes in this time period would not be familiar with these names that have had long since gone out of us. This same analysis also failed to find any personal names attested to in the Book of Exodus that are only attested to in the first millennium BC. There are other elements that further indicate authorship in the second millennium BC. For example, in the Book of Exodus, God's strength and power is referred to by His strong and outstretched arm (cf. Exo. 3:19-20; Exo. 13:3; Exo. 32:11, etc.) which is a phrase now known to have originated from the Egyptians themselves and was only used by Egypt.<ref>Hoffmeier, James K. "The Arm of God Versus the Arm of Pharaoh in the Exodus Narratives." Biblica 67.3 (1986): 378-387.</ref> This phrase was widespread and referred to the strong, powerful and outstretched arm of pharaoh by the Egyptians, and was soon adopted by the Hebrews, most likely through their interaction with Egyptian culture during their enslavement in Egypt. This phrase however, significantly declined in usage after the second millennium BC with the start of the Third Intermediate Period,<ref>see reference 2, pg. 383</ref> making an adoption of this term after the second millennium BC unlikely. Thus, it is most probable to conclude that the story of the exodus was already known by the second millennium BC.
+The narration of the exodus out of Israel originates from the [[Book of Exodus]], the second book of the [[Bible]]. The dating for this document is controversial, although the frame in which this book was authored can be narrowed down to the second millennium BC. An analysis on the onomastics in the Book of Exodus revealed that out of the forty or more names that appear throughout the book, two of them specifically, Puah and Hebron, are Egyptian personal names that are only attested to within the second millennium BC,<ref>Hess, Richard. Edited by James K. Hoffmeier, Alan R. Millard, and Gary A. Rendsburg  "Did I Not Bring Israel Out of Egypt? (2016): pp. 37-48.</ref> making authorship of this book during the first millennium BC unlikely, as later [[Scribes (Bible)|scribes]] in this time period would not be familiar with these names that have had long since gone out of us. This same analysis also failed to find any personal names attested to in the Book of Exodus that are only attested to in the first millennium BC. There are other elements that further indicate authorship in the second millennium BC. For example, in the Book of Exodus, God's strength and power is referred to by His strong and outstretched arm (cf. Exo. 3:19-20; Exo. 13:3; Exo. 32:11, etc.) which is a phrase now known to have originated from the Egyptians themselves and was only used by Egypt.<ref>Hoffmeier, James K. "The Arm of God Versus the Arm of Pharaoh in the Exodus Narratives." Biblica 67.3 (1986): 378-387.</ref> This phrase was widespread and referred to the strong, powerful and outstretched arm of pharaoh by the Egyptians, and was soon adopted by the Hebrews, most likely through their interaction with Egyptian culture during their enslavement in Egypt. This phrase however, significantly declined in usage after the second millennium BC with the start of the Third Intermediate Period,<ref>see reference 2, pg. 383</ref> making an adoption of this term after the second millennium BC unlikely. Thus, it is most probable to conclude that the story of the exodus was already known by the second millennium BC.
 == The Biblical Narrative ==

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 === Background ===
-The [[Pharaoh]] who welcomed Joseph into Egypt was likely [[Sesostris I]],<ref name=Timing>Tas Walker, Steve Cardno and Jonathan Sarfati. "[http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/4190 Timing is Everything: A Talk with Field Archaeologist David Down]." ''Creation'' 27(3):30-35, June 2005.</ref> the second ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty,<ref>Author unknown. "[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066895/Sesostris-I Entry for Sesostris I]." ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', 2007. Retrieved June 23, 2007 from Encyclopedia Britannica Online.</ref><ref>Kinnaer, Jacques. "[http://www.ancient-egypt.org/kings/12/1202_sesostris_i/history.html Entry on Sesostris I]." ''The Ancient Egypt Site'', 2007. Retrieved June 23, 2007.</ref><ref>Kjellen, Tore. "[http://lexicorient.com/e.o/sesostris_1.htm Entry for Sesostris I]." ''Encyclopedia of the Orient'' online, 2007. Retrieved June 23, 2007.</ref> Soon, however, two other Pharaohs, who were considerably harder of heart, succeeded to the throne: [[Sesostris III]] and his immediate successor [[Amenemhet III]].<ref name=Jaroncyk>[http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/4812/ Jaroncyk, Ron]. "[http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/4857 Egyptian History and the Biblical Record: A Perfect Match]?" ''[http://www.creationontheweb.com/ Creation Ministries International],'' January 23, 2007. Retrieved June 25, 2007.</ref> These two (or perhaps the latter of the two) set in motion a chain of events that led to the founding of one nation and a near-total disaster for the other.
+The [[Pharaoh]] who welcomed Joseph into Egypt was likely [[Sesostris I]],<ref name=Timing>Tas Walker, Steve Cardno and Jonathan Sarfati. "[http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/4190 Timing is Everything: A Talk with Field Archaeologist David Down]." ''Creation'' 27(3):30-35, June 2005.</ref> the second ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty,<ref>Author unknown. "[https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066895/Sesostris-I Entry for Sesostris I]." ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', 2007. Retrieved June 23, 2007 from Encyclopedia Britannica Online.</ref><ref>Kinnaer, Jacques. "[http://www.ancient-egypt.org/kings/12/1202_sesostris_i/history.html Entry on Sesostris I]." ''The Ancient Egypt Site'', 2007. Retrieved June 23, 2007.</ref><ref>Kjellen, Tore. "[http://lexicorient.com/e.o/sesostris_1.htm Entry for Sesostris I]." ''Encyclopedia of the Orient'' online, 2007. Retrieved June 23, 2007.</ref> Soon, however, two other Pharaohs, who were considerably harder of heart, succeeded to the throne: [[Sesostris III]] and his immediate successor [[Amenemhet III]].<ref name=Jaroncyk>[http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/4812/ Jaroncyk, Ron]. "[http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/4857 Egyptian History and the Biblical Record: A Perfect Match]?" ''[http://www.creationontheweb.com/ Creation Ministries International],'' January 23, 2007. Retrieved June 25, 2007.</ref> These two (or perhaps the latter of the two) set in motion a chain of events that led to the founding of one nation and a near-total disaster for the other.
 === The Mass Infanticide ===

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 {{reflist|2}}
-== External Links ==
+== External links ==
 *[https://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/2015/03/was-there-an-exodus/ Was There An Exodus?]
 *[https://mosaicmagazine.com/response/2015/03/how-to-judge-evidence-for-the-exodus/ How to Judge Evidence for the Exodus]

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 Secondly, Judges 11:26 says that the Israelite's entered the promised land 300 years earlier than the Israel's judge Jephthah. Jephthah is thought to have reigned about 1100 BC,<ref>Rowley, H. H. "The Exodus and the Settlement in Canaan." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 85 (1942): 27-31.</ref> which places the entering of the Israelite's into the promised land at about 1400 BC, and going back 40 years (as the Israelite's wandered in the wilderness for 40 years before entering into the promised land; Numbers 32:13, Joshua 5:6) Judges 11:26 reveals a date for the exodus about 1440 BC, which conforms to the specific dating of 1 Kings 6:1 of the exodus to 1446 BC. Thirdly, 1 Chronicles 6:33-37 lists about 18 generations from the generation of the exodus to the generation of the time of King David. Generations last usually about 25 years, and going back 18 sets of generations, each somewhere around 25 years, the exodus date goes somewhere within the 15th century BC. Bryant G. Wood concludes based on these various passages that the "date of the Biblical Exodus-Conquest is clear. 1 Kgs 6:1 and 1 Chr 6:33–37 converge on a date of 1446 BC for the exodus and the Jubilees data and Judges 11:26 independently converge on a date of 1406 BC for the beginning of the conquest."<ref name="Wood, Bryant G 2007">Wood, Bryant G. "The Biblical date for the exodus is 1446 BC: a response to James Hoffmeier." JOURNAL-EVANGELICAL THEOLOGICAL SOCIETY 50.2 (2007): 249.</ref>
-Some historians and Egyptologists believe the exodus happened during the reign of [[Ramses II]], based on the text of Exodus 1:11.<ref>Hoffmeier, James K. "What is the Biblical date for the exodus? a response to Bryant Wood." JOURNAL-EVANGELICAL THEOLOGICAL SOCIETY 50.2 (2007): 231.</ref> According to Exodus 1:11, the Israelite slaves were instructed by the Egyptians to build two supply, named Pithom and Rameses. The biblical city of Rameses (modern day Tell el-Dab'a) only received the name Rameses after it was reconstructed by the pharaoh Rameses II, and so some historians contend that the date of exodus belongs to the reign of Rameses II in the 13th century BC.
+Some historians and Egyptologists believe the exodus happened during the reign of [[Ramses II]], based on the text of Exodus 1:11.<ref>Hoffmeier, James K. "What is the Biblical date for the exodus? a response to Bryant Wood." JOURNAL-EVANGELICAL THEOLOGICAL SOCIETY 50.2 (2007): 231.</ref> According to Exodus 1:11, the Israelite slaves were instructed by the Egyptians to build two supply cities, named Pithom and Rameses. The biblical city of Rameses (modern day Tell el-Dab'a) only received the name Rameses after it was reconstructed by the pharaoh Rameses II, and so some historians contend that the date of exodus belongs to the reign of Rameses II in the 13th century BC.
 Other egyptologists, such as Peter James, author of ''Centuries of Darkness'' (1991),<ref>https://www.centuries.co.uk/index.htm</ref> and other scholars such as David Rohl, D.A. Courville, and David Down, argue that rather than linear Egyptian chronology, several dynasties existed simultaneously with each other. The revised Egyptian chronology requires a far shorter timespan and fits better with the biblical record. Concerning the Exodus, the revised chronology supports the early date of the Exodus.<ref>McClellan, Matt (August 24, 2011). [https://answersingenesis.org/archaeology/ancient-egypt/ancient-egyptian-chronology-and-the-book-of-genesis/ Ancient Egyptian Chronology and the Book of Genesis]. ''Answers in Genesis''. Retrieved April 8, 2017.</ref><ref name="Mitchell">Mitchell, Elizabeth (July 22, 2010). [https://answersingenesis.org/archaeology/ancient-egypt/doesnt-egyptian-chronology-prove-bible-unreliable/ Chapter 24 -- Doesn’t Egyptian Chronology Prove That the Bible Is Unreliable?]. ''Answers in Genesis''. Retrieved April 8, 2017.</ref> Under the revised chronology, [[Neferhotep I]] likely was the pharaoh during the Exodus.<ref name="Mitchell"/>

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	== Popular Culture ==		== Popular Culture ==
		+	[[File:The-Ten-Commandments-1956-Paramount.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Movie poster of ''The Ten Commandments'']]
	The Exodus has been the subject of many [[motion picture]] and [[television]] projects over the last fifty years, notably including ''The Ten Commandments'', ''Prince of Egypt'' and ''Exodus: Gods and Kings''. Most of these projects contain extra-Biblical interpolations for which no Scriptural warrant and very little archaeological warrant exists. For example, Scripture clearly says that when Moses killed the Egyptian taskmaster, he did so in secret and did not want that fact known—because he was not prepared to face the consequences. (Not every deed of a recognized hero and leader of the Hebrew people was a good or wise deed.) The various motion-picture projects that have treated this story have shown Moses behaving negligently or even recklessly in the killing of the Egyptian, and left out entirely the context in which Moses found out that his deed was no longer secret.		The Exodus has been the subject of many [[motion picture]] and [[television]] projects over the last fifty years, notably including ''The Ten Commandments'', ''Prince of Egypt'' and ''Exodus: Gods and Kings''. Most of these projects contain extra-Biblical interpolations for which no Scriptural warrant and very little archaeological warrant exists. For example, Scripture clearly says that when Moses killed the Egyptian taskmaster, he did so in secret and did not want that fact known—because he was not prepared to face the consequences. (Not every deed of a recognized hero and leader of the Hebrew people was a good or wise deed.) The various motion-picture projects that have treated this story have shown Moses behaving negligently or even recklessly in the killing of the Egyptian, and left out entirely the context in which Moses found out that his deed was no longer secret.

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 == Popular Culture ==
 The Exodus has been the subject of many [[motion picture]] and [[television]] projects over the last fifty years, notably including ''The Ten Commandments'', ''Prince of Egypt'' and ''Exodus: Gods and Kings''. Most of these projects contain extra-Biblical interpolations for which no Scriptural warrant and very little archaeological warrant exists. For example, Scripture clearly says that when Moses killed the Egyptian taskmaster, he did so in secret and did not want that fact known—because he was not prepared to face the consequences. (Not every deed of a recognized hero and leader of the Hebrew people was a good or wise deed.) The various motion-picture projects that have treated this story have shown Moses behaving negligently or even recklessly in the killing of the Egyptian, and left out entirely the context in which Moses found out that his deed was no longer secret.
 == See also ==
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 * [[Anno Mundi]]
 * [[Date of the Exodus]]
 [[Category:Exodus]]
 [[Category:Egypt]]
 [[Category:Ancient History]]

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 === Biblical foreshadowing ===
-From the narrative recorded in [[Genesis]] 15:13-18 it appears that the plan of the [[Exodus]] may have been revealed to [[Abraham]] four generations before [[Moses]].In Genesis 15:13 the narrative records that Abraham's descendants will be a stranger in a land that is not their own. The descendants of Abraham will serve the strangers in that land, and these strangers whom Abraham's descendants serve will "afflict them" for 400 years.<ref>Genesis 15:13</ref> In Genesis 15:14, the narrative records that God will judge the nation holding the descendants of Abraham in [[affliction]], "your seed will leave that nation with material wealth".<ref>Genesis 15:14</ref> Genesis 15:15 records that Abraham will die at an old age, and be buried with his father; but after the 4th generation<ref>Genesis 15:16</ref> the things previously hinted at would occur. In Genesis 15:17 the narrative records that the sun went down, but that Abraham saw a smoking furnace and a burning lamp,picturing the "burning bush" of Moses, or the "burning cloud" which lead the Israelites in the Exodus.<ref>Genesis15:17</ref><ref>Exodus 33:7-11</ref><ref name="middletownbiblechurch.org">http://www.middletownbiblechurch.org/oldtesta/ot02.pdf</ref> Finally, Genesis 15:18 records that the borders of the land that the descendants of Abraham will immigrate to after the period of affliction. The land borders are recorded as everything from the [[Nile]] river to the [[Euphrates]].<ref>Genesis 15:18</ref> It should be noted that this verse has been a hotbed, as anti-semitic and anti-Israel bigots note this as a claim to an [[Israel]]i push for living space in the Middle East.<ref name="middletownbiblechurch.org"/>
+From the narrative recorded in [[Genesis]] 15:13-18 it appears that the plan of the [[Exodus]] may have been revealed to [[Abraham]] four generations before [[Moses]]. In Genesis 15:13 the narrative records that Abraham's descendants will be a stranger in a land that is not their own. The descendants of Abraham will serve the strangers in that land, and these strangers whom Abraham's descendants serve will "afflict them" for 400 years.<ref>Genesis 15:13</ref> In Genesis 15:14, the narrative records that God will judge the nation holding the descendants of Abraham in [[affliction]], "your seed will leave that nation with material wealth".<ref>Genesis 15:14</ref> Genesis 15:15 records that Abraham will die at an old age, and be buried with his father; but after the 4th generation<ref>Genesis 15:16</ref> the things previously hinted at would occur. In Genesis 15:17 the narrative records that the sun went down, but that Abraham saw a smoking furnace and a burning lamp,picturing the "burning bush" of Moses, or the "burning cloud" which lead the Israelites in the Exodus.<ref>Genesis15:17</ref><ref>Exodus 33:7-11</ref><ref name="middletownbiblechurch.org">http://www.middletownbiblechurch.org/oldtesta/ot02.pdf</ref> Finally, Genesis 15:18 records that the borders of the land that the descendants of Abraham will immigrate to after the period of affliction. The land borders are recorded as everything from the [[Nile]] river to the [[Euphrates]].<ref>Genesis 15:18</ref> It should be noted that this verse has been a hotbed, as anti-semitic and anti-Israel bigots note this as a claim to an [[Israel]]i push for living space in the Middle East.<ref name="middletownbiblechurch.org"/>
 == Chronological Placement of the Exodus ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:10, May 3, 2017
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	:[https://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/2015/03/was-there-an-exodus/ Was There An Exodus?]		:[https://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/2015/03/was-there-an-exodus/ Was There An Exodus?]
	:[https://mosaicmagazine.com/response/2015/03/how-to-judge-evidence-for-the-exodus/ How to Judge Evidence for the Exodus]		:[https://mosaicmagazine.com/response/2015/03/how-to-judge-evidence-for-the-exodus/ How to Judge Evidence for the Exodus]
		+	:[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+1 Exodus 1]
		+	:[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jH_aojNJM3E Read Scripture: Exodus Ch. 1 -18]

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	[[Category:Egypt]]		[[Category:Egypt]]
	[[Category:Ancient History]]		[[Category:Ancient History]]
		+
		+	== External Links ==
		+
		+	:[https://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/2015/03/was-there-an-exodus/ Was There An Exodus?]
		+	:[https://mosaicmagazine.com/response/2015/03/how-to-judge-evidence-for-the-exodus/ How to Judge Evidence for the Exodus]

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 The Exodus has been the subject of many [[motion picture]] and [[television]] projects over the last fifty years, notably including ''The Ten Commandments'', ''Prince of Egypt'' and ''Exodus: Gods and Kings''. Most of these projects contain extra-Biblical interpolations for which no Scriptural warrant and very little archaeological warrant exists. For example, Scripture clearly says that when Moses killed the Egyptian taskmaster, he did so in secret and did not want that fact known—because he was not prepared to face the consequences. (Not every deed of a recognized hero and leader of the Hebrew people was a good or wise deed.) The various motion-picture projects that have treated this story have shown Moses behaving negligently or even recklessly in the killing of the Egyptian, and left out entirely the context in which Moses found out that his deed was no longer secret.
-== Related References ==
+== References ==
 {{reflist|2}}