Codex Vaticanus - Revision history

Aschlafly: /* Verses not found in Vaticanus */

2025-05-28T20:22:25Z

Verses not found in Vaticanus

Aschlafly: improved

2025-05-28T20:18:31Z

improved

Aschlafly: improved

2025-05-16T05:27:14Z

improved

Aschlafly at 05:23, May 16, 2025

2025-05-16T05:23:54Z

Aschlafly: improved intro

2025-05-16T05:22:50Z

improved intro

Aschlafly at 05:15, May 16, 2025

2025-05-16T05:15:38Z

Aschlafly at 05:13, May 16, 2025

2025-05-16T05:13:31Z

Cazle: objectivity

2024-03-10T20:17:11Z

objectivity

LT at 17:30, June 10, 2023

2023-06-10T17:30:49Z

LT at 17:29, June 10, 2023

2023-06-10T17:29:34Z

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 ==Verses not found in Vaticanus==
-Omitted, and speculated by some as not authentic, are about 30 short passages or verses included in the [[KJV]] before the discovery of the Codex Vaticanus and other early manuscripts, including the following:
+Notably omitted, probably due to their lack of authenticity, are about 30 short passages or verses included in the [[KJV]] before the discovery of the Codex Vaticanus and other early manuscripts, including the following:
 *{{bibleref|Matthew|12|47|version=KJV}} (a repetitive verse in the [[KJV]]; omitted from the [[ESV]])
 *{{bibleref|Matthew|16|2b–3}} ([[ESV]] denotes with a footnote as sometimes omitted)
@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 *{{bibleref|Mark|11:26|version=KJV}} - "But if ye do not forgive, neither will your Father which is in heaven forgive your trespasses." (omitted by ESV)
 *{{bibleref|Mark|15:28|version=KJV}} - "And the scripture was fulfilled ...." (omitted by ESV)
-*{{bibleref|Mark|16:9–20}}
+*{{bibleref|Mark|16:9–20}} - ''see'' [[Mark ending]]
 *{{bibleref|Luke|17:36|version=KJV}} - "Two men shall be in the field; the one shall be taken, and the other left." (repetitive, omitted by ESV)
 *{{bibleref|Luke|22:43–44|version=KJV}} - (included by ESV with a note about its absence from early manuscripts) "43 And there appeared an angel unto him from heaven, strengthening him. 44 And being in an agony he prayed more earnestly: and his sweat was as it were great drops of blood falling down to the ground."

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[File:Vaticanus.jpg|thumb|right|A page from Codex Vaticanus]]
-'''Codex Vaticanus''' (Codex B) is the earliest near-complete [[Greek]] manuscript of the [[Bible]] that exists today. It was created in the first half of the fourth century (early AD 300s), and may have been produced in Egypt. It first appeared in the catalog of the Vatican Library in Rome in 1475. The codex is written in [[great uncial codices|uncial]] text on 759 leaves of vellum. The complete text was published in 1857, and a facsimile was published in 1889–90.<ref>"Bible (texts)," ''New Catholic Encyclopedia'' (2003)</ref> Vaticanus is the single most influential Biblical manuscript today, and this combined with the [[Codex Sinaiticus]] forms the basis for all modern translations.
+'''Codex Vaticanus''' (Codex B) is the earliest near-complete [[Greek]] manuscript of the [[Bible]] that exists today. It was created in the first half of the fourth century (early AD 300s), probably in [[Egypt]]. It first appeared in a Vatican Library catalog in Rome in 1475. This codex is written in [[great uncial codices|uncial]] text on 759 leaves of vellum. The complete text was published in 1857, and a facsimile was published in 1889–90.<ref>"Bible (texts)," ''New Catholic Encyclopedia'' (2003)</ref> Vaticanus is the single most influential Biblical manuscript today, and this combined with the [[Codex Sinaiticus]] forms the basis for all modern translations.
 In 1881, Cambridge scholars B. F Westcott and F. J. A. Hort, two prominent antibiblical occultists,<ref>Bruggeman, James. [http://pdf.amazingdiscoveries.org/References/TO/213/TO213_S131-The_Political_and_Occult_Connections_of_Westcott_and_Hort.pdf The Political & Occult Connections of Westcott & Hort Fathers of Modern Bible Versions Were Also Among Fathers of the New Age Movement Also Linked to the Powerful Family Behind the British Monarchy]. ''Amazing Discoveries''. Retrieved June 10, 2023.</ref> used Vaticanus as a basis for a Greek text of the New Testament, now called the Westcott–Hort or Alexandrian text. Some parts of Vaticanus are missing or damaged. Hebrews ends at 9:14 and the Pastorals, Philemon, and Revelation are missing.<ref>Substantial missing passages include (see also the section below on specific verses): Genesis 1:1-46; Genesis 28; Psalms 106-38; Matthew 16:2-3; the [[Mark ending]] ({{bibleref|Mark|16:9-20}}); both 1 & 2 Timothy; Titus; the final chapter and a half of Hebrews (Hebrews 9:14-13:25); and the entirety of Revelation.</ref> Westcott and Hort used [[Codex Sinaiticus]], an uncial manuscript nearly as old as Vaticanus, to fill in these gaps. Revelation was taken from [[Codex Alexandrinus]], a fifth-century uncial. In more recent times, the Biblical quotations used by the church fathers have been cataloged and papyrus scrolls of various New Testament books have been found. Both of these sources are older than the uncial manuscripts. Yet they tend to confirm the validity of the Westcott–Hort text.

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 In 1881, Cambridge scholars B. F Westcott and F. J. A. Hort, two prominent antibiblical occultists,<ref>Bruggeman, James. [http://pdf.amazingdiscoveries.org/References/TO/213/TO213_S131-The_Political_and_Occult_Connections_of_Westcott_and_Hort.pdf The Political & Occult Connections of Westcott & Hort Fathers of Modern Bible Versions Were Also Among Fathers of the New Age Movement Also Linked to the Powerful Family Behind the British Monarchy]. ''Amazing Discoveries''. Retrieved June 10, 2023.</ref> used Vaticanus as a basis for a Greek text of the New Testament, now called the Westcott–Hort or Alexandrian text. Some parts of Vaticanus are missing or damaged. Hebrews ends at 9:14 and the Pastorals, Philemon, and Revelation are missing.<ref>Substantial missing passages include (see also the section below on specific verses): Genesis 1:1-46; Genesis 28; Psalms 106-38; Matthew 16:2-3; the [[Mark ending]] ({{bibleref|Mark|16:9-20}}); both 1 & 2 Timothy; Titus; the final chapter and a half of Hebrews (Hebrews 9:14-13:25); and the entirety of Revelation.</ref> Westcott and Hort used [[Codex Sinaiticus]], an uncial manuscript nearly as old as Vaticanus, to fill in these gaps. Revelation was taken from [[Codex Alexandrinus]], a fifth-century uncial. In more recent times, the Biblical quotations used by the church fathers have been cataloged and papyrus scrolls of various New Testament books have been found. Both of these sources are older than the uncial manuscripts. Yet they tend to confirm the validity of the Westcott–Hort text.
-Codex Vaticanus, used along with Codex Sinaiticus, as the basis for modern translations gloated by Roman Catholics as an "exoneration" of Jesuit Bibles from early Protestant critics, apparently omits the Pastoral Epistles for directly refuting beliefs held by [[Origen]] which were adopted by the Catholic Church; [https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/1-Timothy-2-5/ 1 Timothy 2:5] asserts only a single mediator, Jesus Christ, between God and men, contradicting Roman Catholicism's teaching that individuals must confess their sins before a priest in addition to praying to Mary and the saints.
+Some argue that Codex Vaticanus is an "exoneration" of Jesuit Bibles against early Protestant critics, while others argue that the omission of the Pastoral Epistles was intentional because they refute beliefs held by [[Origen]] that the Catholic Church adopted; [https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/1-Timothy-2-5/ 1 Timothy 2:5] asserts only a single mediator, Jesus Christ, between God and men, which some argue undermines Roman Catholicism's teaching that individuals must confess their sins before a priest in addition to praying to Mary and the saints.
 ==Verses not found in Vaticanus==

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 [[File:Vaticanus.jpg|thumb|right|A page from Codex Vaticanus]]
-'''Codex Vaticanus''' (Codex B) is the earliest near-complete [[Greek]] manuscript of the [[Bible]] that exists today. It was created in the first half of the fourth century (early AD 300s), and may have been produced in Egypt. It first appeared in the catalog of the Vatican Library in Rome in 1475. The codex is written in [[great uncial codices|uncial]] text on 759 leaves of vellum. Vaticanus is the single most influential Biblical manuscript. The complete text was published in 1857 and a facsimile was published in 1889–90.<ref>"Bible (texts)," ''New Catholic Encyclopedia'' (2003)</ref> This combined with the [[Codex Sinaiticus]] forms the basis for all modern translations.
+'''Codex Vaticanus''' (Codex B) is the earliest near-complete [[Greek]] manuscript of the [[Bible]] that exists today. It was created in the first half of the fourth century (early AD 300s), and may have been produced in Egypt. It first appeared in the catalog of the Vatican Library in Rome in 1475. The codex is written in [[great uncial codices|uncial]] text on 759 leaves of vellum. The complete text was published in 1857, and a facsimile was published in 1889–90.<ref>"Bible (texts)," ''New Catholic Encyclopedia'' (2003)</ref> Vaticanus is the single most influential Biblical manuscript today, and this combined with the [[Codex Sinaiticus]] forms the basis for all modern translations.
 In 1881, Cambridge scholars B. F Westcott and F. J. A. Hort, two prominent antibiblical occultists,<ref>Bruggeman, James. [http://pdf.amazingdiscoveries.org/References/TO/213/TO213_S131-The_Political_and_Occult_Connections_of_Westcott_and_Hort.pdf The Political & Occult Connections of Westcott & Hort Fathers of Modern Bible Versions Were Also Among Fathers of the New Age Movement Also Linked to the Powerful Family Behind the British Monarchy]. ''Amazing Discoveries''. Retrieved June 10, 2023.</ref> used Vaticanus as a basis for a Greek text of the New Testament, now called the Westcott–Hort or Alexandrian text. Some parts of Vaticanus are missing or damaged. Hebrews ends at 9:14 and the Pastorals, Philemon, and Revelation are missing.<ref>Substantial missing passages include (see also the section below on specific verses): Genesis 1:1-46; Genesis 28; Psalms 106-38; Matthew 16:2-3; the [[Mark ending]] ({{bibleref|Mark|16:9-20}}); both 1 & 2 Timothy; Titus; the final chapter and a half of Hebrews (Hebrews 9:14-13:25); and the entirety of Revelation.</ref> Westcott and Hort used [[Codex Sinaiticus]], an uncial manuscript nearly as old as Vaticanus, to fill in these gaps. Revelation was taken from [[Codex Alexandrinus]], a fifth-century uncial. In more recent times, the Biblical quotations used by the church fathers have been cataloged and papyrus scrolls of various New Testament books have been found. Both of these sources are older than the uncial manuscripts. Yet they tend to confirm the validity of the Westcott–Hort text.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[File:Vaticanus.jpg|thumb|right|A page from Codex Vaticanus]]
-'''Codex Vaticanus''' (Codex B) is a [[Greek]] manuscript of the [[Bible]] the earliest out of those still in existence today. It was created in the first half of the fourth century (early AD 300s), and may have been produced in Egypt. It first appeared in the catalog of the Vatican Library in Rome in 1475. The codex is written in [[great uncial codices|uncial]] text on 759 leaves of vellum. Vaticanus is the single most influential Biblical manuscript. The complete text was published in 1857 and a facsimile was published in 1889–90.<ref>"Bible (texts)," ''New Catholic Encyclopedia'' (2003)</ref> This combined with the [[Codex Sinaiticus]] forms the basis for all modern translations.
+'''Codex Vaticanus''' (Codex B) is the earliest near-complete [[Greek]] manuscript of the [[Bible]] that exists today. It was created in the first half of the fourth century (early AD 300s), and may have been produced in Egypt. It first appeared in the catalog of the Vatican Library in Rome in 1475. The codex is written in [[great uncial codices|uncial]] text on 759 leaves of vellum. Vaticanus is the single most influential Biblical manuscript. The complete text was published in 1857 and a facsimile was published in 1889–90.<ref>"Bible (texts)," ''New Catholic Encyclopedia'' (2003)</ref> This combined with the [[Codex Sinaiticus]] forms the basis for all modern translations.
 In 1881, Cambridge scholars B. F Westcott and F. J. A. Hort, two prominent antibiblical occultists,<ref>Bruggeman, James. [http://pdf.amazingdiscoveries.org/References/TO/213/TO213_S131-The_Political_and_Occult_Connections_of_Westcott_and_Hort.pdf The Political & Occult Connections of Westcott & Hort Fathers of Modern Bible Versions Were Also Among Fathers of the New Age Movement Also Linked to the Powerful Family Behind the British Monarchy]. ''Amazing Discoveries''. Retrieved June 10, 2023.</ref> used Vaticanus as a basis for a Greek text of the New Testament, now called the Westcott–Hort or Alexandrian text. Some parts of Vaticanus are missing or damaged. Hebrews ends at 9:14 and the Pastorals, Philemon, and Revelation are missing.<ref>Substantial missing passages include (see also the section below on specific verses): Genesis 1:1-46; Genesis 28; Psalms 106-38; Matthew 16:2-3; the [[Mark ending]] ({{bibleref|Mark|16:9-20}}); both 1 & 2 Timothy; Titus; the final chapter and a half of Hebrews (Hebrews 9:14-13:25); and the entirety of Revelation.</ref> Westcott and Hort used [[Codex Sinaiticus]], an uncial manuscript nearly as old as Vaticanus, to fill in these gaps. Revelation was taken from [[Codex Alexandrinus]], a fifth-century uncial. In more recent times, the Biblical quotations used by the church fathers have been cataloged and papyrus scrolls of various New Testament books have been found. Both of these sources are older than the uncial manuscripts. Yet they tend to confirm the validity of the Westcott–Hort text.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[File:Vaticanus.jpg|thumb|right|A page from Codex Vaticanus]]
-'''Codex Vaticanus''' (Codex B) is a [[Greek]] manuscript of the [[Bible]] the earliest out of those still in existence today. It was created in the first half of the fourth century (early AD 300s), and may have been produced in Egypt. It first appears in the catalog of the Vatican Library in Rome in 1475. The codex is written in [[great uncial codices|uncial]] text on 759 leaves of vellum. Vaticanus is the single most influential Biblical manuscript. The complete text was published in 1857 and a facsimile was published in 1889–90.<ref>"Bible (texts)," ''New Catholic Encyclopedia'' (2003)</ref>
+'''Codex Vaticanus''' (Codex B) is a [[Greek]] manuscript of the [[Bible]] the earliest out of those still in existence today. It was created in the first half of the fourth century (early AD 300s), and may have been produced in Egypt. It first appears in the catalog of the Vatican Library in Rome in 1475. The codex is written in [[great uncial codices|uncial]] text on 759 leaves of vellum. Vaticanus is the single most influential Biblical manuscript.{{citation needed}} The complete text was published in 1857 and a facsimile was published in 1889–90.<ref>"Bible (texts)," ''New Catholic Encyclopedia'' (2003)</ref>
 In 1881, Cambridge scholars B. F Westcott and F. J. A. Hort, two prominent antibiblical occultists,<ref>Bruggeman, James. [http://pdf.amazingdiscoveries.org/References/TO/213/TO213_S131-The_Political_and_Occult_Connections_of_Westcott_and_Hort.pdf The Political & Occult Connections of Westcott & Hort Fathers of Modern Bible Versions Were Also Among Fathers of the New Age Movement Also Linked to the Powerful Family Behind the British Monarchy]. ''Amazing Discoveries''. Retrieved June 10, 2023.</ref> used Vaticanus as a basis for a Greek text of the New Testament, now called the Westcott–Hort or Alexandrian text. Some parts of Vaticanus are missing or damaged. Hebrews ends at 9:14 and the Pastorals, Philemon, and Revelation are missing. Westcott and Hort used [[Codex Sinaiticus]], an uncial manuscript nearly as old as Vaticanus, to fill in these gaps. Revelation was taken from [[Codex Alexandrinus]], a fifth century uncial. In more recent times, the Biblical quotations used by the church fathers have been cataloged and papyrus scrolls of various New Testament books have been found. Both of these sources are older than the uncial manuscripts. Yet they tend to confirm the validity of the Westcott–Hort text.{{fact}}
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 ==Verses not found in Vaticanus==
 Omitted, and speculated by some as not authentic, are about 30 short passages or verses included in the [[KJV]] before the discovery of the Codex Vaticanus and other early manuscripts, including the following:
-*{{bibleref|Matthew|12|47|version=KJV}} (a repetitive verse in the [[KJV]]; omitted from the precise, more recent [[ESV]])
+*{{bibleref|Matthew|12|47|version=KJV}} (a repetitive verse in the [[KJV]]; omitted from the [[ESV]])
 *{{bibleref|Matthew|16|2b–3}} ([[ESV]] denotes with a footnote as sometimes omitted)
-*{{bibleref|Matthew|17|21|version=KJV}} (an awkward phrase in the [[KJV]]; omitted from the precise, more recent [[ESV]])
+*{{bibleref|Matthew|17|21|version=KJV}} (an awkward phrase in the [[KJV]]; omitted from the [[ESV]])
-*{{bibleref|Matthew|18|11|version=KJV}} - "For the Son of man is come to save that which was lost." (KJV) (doubtful theologically also)
+*{{bibleref|Matthew|18|11|version=KJV}} - "For the Son of man is come to save that which was lost." (KJV)
 *{{bibleref|Matthew|23|14|version=KJV}} - omitted by multiple modern translations; inserted in brackets in others.
-*{{bibleref|Mark|7:16|version=KJV}} - an odd, unworthy phrase: "If any man have ears to hear, let him hear."
+*{{bibleref|Mark|7:16|version=KJV}} - an odd phrase: "If any man have ears to hear, let him hear."
-*{{bibleref|Mark|9:44|version=KJV}} - overly repetitious phrase
+*{{bibleref|Mark|9:44|version=KJV}} - repetitious phrase
-*{{bibleref|Mark|9:46|version=KJV}} - copy of 9:44, plainly should be omitted
+*{{bibleref|Mark|9:46|version=KJV}} - copy of 9:44
 *{{bibleref|Mark|11:26|version=KJV}} - "But if ye do not forgive, neither will your Father which is in heaven forgive your trespasses." (omitted by ESV)
-*{{bibleref|Mark|15:28|version=KJV}} - "And the scripture was fulfilled ...." - fulfilling scripture was not a focus of [[Mark]] (omitted by ESV)
+*{{bibleref|Mark|15:28|version=KJV}} - "And the scripture was fulfilled ...." (omitted by ESV)
 *{{bibleref|Mark|16:9–20}}
-*{{bibleref|Luke|17:36|version=KJV}} - "Two men shall be in the field; the one shall be taken, and the other left." (repetitive, and omitted by ESV)
+*{{bibleref|Luke|17:36|version=KJV}} - "Two men shall be in the field; the one shall be taken, and the other left." (repetitive, omitted by ESV)
-*{{bibleref|Luke|22:43–44|version=KJV}} - (included by ESV with a note about its absence from early manuscripts) "43 And there appeared an angel unto him from heaven, strengthening him. 44 And being in an agony he prayed more earnestly: and his sweat was as it were great drops of blood falling down to the ground." - seems biologically questionable too
+*{{bibleref|Luke|22:43–44|version=KJV}} - (included by ESV with a note about its absence from early manuscripts) "43 And there appeared an angel unto him from heaven, strengthening him. 44 And being in an agony he prayed more earnestly: and his sweat was as it were great drops of blood falling down to the ground."
-*{{bibleref|Luke|23|34|version=KJV}} - "Then said Jesus, Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do." - but they did know the evil they were doing, and they did not ask for forgiveness.
+*{{bibleref|Luke|23|34|version=KJV}} - "Then said Jesus, Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do." - but it is likely they knew what they were doing, and did not ask for forgiveness.
-*{{bibleref|John|5:4|version=KJV}} - "For an angel went down at a certain season into the pool, and troubled the water: whosoever then first after the troubling of the water stepped in was made whole of whatsoever disease he had." - such regular visits by angels, acting not as messengers, is unheard of (ESV omits)
+*{{bibleref|John|5:4|version=KJV}} - "For an angel went down at a certain season into the pool, and troubled the water: whosoever then first after the troubling of the water stepped in was made whole of whatsoever disease he had." - such regular visits by angels, acting not as messengers, is uncommon (ESV omits)
 *{{bibleref|John|7:53-8:12}} ([[Essay:Adulteress Story|Adulteress Story]] - [[ESV]] states "The earliest manuscripts do not include 7:53–8:11")
 *{{bibleref|Acts|8:37|version=KJV}} - "And Philip said, If thou believest with all thine heart, thou mayest. And he answered and said, I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God." (omitted by ESV)
 *{{bibleref|Acts|15:34|version=KJV}} - "Notwithstanding it pleased Silas to abide there still." (omitted by ESV)
-*{{bibleref|Acts|24:7|version=KJV}} - "But the chief captain Lysias came upon us, and with great violence took him away out of our hands" (a confusing verse that seems likely in error, and omitted by ESV)
+*{{bibleref|Acts|24:7|version=KJV}} - "But the chief captain Lysias came upon us, and with great violence took him away out of our hands" (a confusing verse that seems likely in error, omitted by ESV)
-*{{bibleref|Acts|28:29|version=KJV}} - "And when he had said these words, the Jews departed, and had great reasoning among themselves." (verse ends oddly, and is entirely omitted by ESV)
+*{{bibleref|Acts|28:29|version=KJV}} - "And when he had said these words, the Jews departed, and had great reasoning among themselves." (verse ends oddly, omitted by ESV)
-*{{bibleref|Romans|16:24|version=KJV}} - "The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen." - a premature ending obviously in error (omitted by ESV)
+*{{bibleref|Romans|16:24|version=KJV}} - "The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen." - a possible premature ending (omitted by ESV)
 ==See also==