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New Mexico

2016-01-08T14:54:06Z

YashidaSatoru:

{{USState
|name=New Mexico
|flag=New_Mexico_State_Flag.gif
|motto=Crescit eundo (It grows as it goes)
|nick=The Land of Enchantment
|capital=[[Santa Fe]]
|language=English, Spanish
|governor=Susana Martinez
|gparty=Republican
|senator1=Jeff Bingaman
|s1party=Democrat
|s1phone=(202) 224-5521
|s1email=mailto:senator_bingaman@bingaman.senate.gov Contact
|senator2=Tom Udall
|s2party=Democrat
|s2phone=(202) 224-6621
|s2email=http://tomudall.senate.gov/contact/contact.cfm Contact
|population=
|date=January 6, 1912 (47th)
}}
'''New Mexico''', the colony and territory of '''Santa Fe de Nuevo México''' from 1598-1912 was a Mexican territory from 1821-1848 and an American territory from 1848-1912, became the 47th state to join the union on January 6, 1912. It is the fifth largest of the [[United States]], with a total land area of 121,412 square miles.<ref> http://www.newmexico.gov/</ref> New Mexico has the largest [[Hispanic]] population, and second largest [[Native American]] population, percentage-wise, of any US State. The State has a bold history and colorful culture, the official state question is "red or green?" in reference to the State's unique [[Chile (Capsicum)|chile pepper]]. Politically the State is very much as Independent swing state that usually votes for incumbents and, much like West Texas, the state also leans towards [[Libertarian]] political stances especially in Central and Western New Mexico. The capital of the state is [[Santa Fe]], and its largest city is [[Albuquerque]].

Despite popular opinion, New Mexico's name originates from long before it was a territory of Mexico or the United States. New Mexico was named by Spanish explorers who mistook the advanced Pueblo natives as being related to the Mexica ([[Aztecs]]). The full name of the colony, as well as the Mexican and American territories, was Santa Fe de Nuevo México (Holy Faith of New Mexico).

The state is bordered by [[Colorado]], [[Arizona]], [[Utah]], [[Oklahoma]] and [[Texas]]. It also borders [[Mexico]].

The current governor of New Mexico is [[conservative]] [[Republican]] [[Susana Martinez]].

==History==
===Native Americans===
The Native American groups of New Mexico are the Pueblo, and the Athabaskan groups of the Apache and Navajo. The Navajo Nation also is present in Arizona and Utah. Prior to these modern peoples, the current area of New Mexico was the home of the Mogollon, Hohokam, and the ancestors to the modern Pueblo peoples called the Ancient Pueblo, commonly known as the [[Anasazi]].
====Ancient Pueblo====
The Ancient Puebloans (commonly known by the Navajo name Anasazi), were great builders that built monolithic cities throughout the American Southwest, they were primarily centered around the current area of New Mexico. Some of the monolithic cities have stood the test of time, such as Sky City at the Acoma Pueblo and the ancient structures at Taos Pueblo; both of these Pueblos are widely believed to be longest continuously inhabited places in the United States. Some of their cities have long been abandoned, such as the ruins at Chaco Culture National Historical Park and Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument. The government of the Pueblos was extremely similar to the Greek [[city-state]]s, and they continue to run as city-states.
===Santa Fe de Nuevo México (1598-1912)===
The Spanish colony of Santa Fe de Nuevo México was started by Juan de Oñate in 1598, who initially believed that, similar to the Aztecs, the town dwelling Pueblo natives to be rich in Gold. He attempted to make the colony into a vice-royalty, but was unable to convince the leaders back in Europe. Instead the Spanish leadership from Europe made increasingly brutal laws against the Spanish colonists and the Pueblo natives. They banned Pueblo religious practices, and punished poorer colonists and Pueblos with forced labor and taxes.
====Pueblo Revolt (1680)====
The Pueblo first attempted to request more religious liberty, as the Pueblo religion was largely peaceful in nature, but Pueblo leaders that attempted the request were publicly executed. Popé, a Pueblo man from Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo near Santa Fe, became a charismatic leader of the Pueblo groups. He lead the Pueblos in a unified revolt against the Spanish, this was the first successful revolt of Americans against oppressive European rule.<ref>[http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/encyclopedia/history/ New Mexico History] on the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]]</ref> The Pueblos allowed the Spanish colonists to flee to [[El Paso]].
====Return of the colonists (1692)====
The Pueblo continued to use and maintain the facilities in Santa Fe, the Palace of the Governors became a small place of government for the Pueblos, but since the Pueblos continued to be city-states nothing more came of it. The Pueblo also converted numerous Catholic churches into Pueblo kivas. Diego de Vargas lead the colonists back to New Mexico in 1692, in what was called the Bloodless Reconquest. The Spanish gave clemency to the Pueblos, and the Pueblo people agreed to peace under the agreement of greater representation and better religious freedoms. The Pueblo and Spanish still had several contentions, but relations between them was much better this time around, especially since forced labor and taxes were no longer enforced. They would often work together to stave off attacks from the Apache, Navajo, and Comanche. Eventually peace was also made with the Apache, Navajo, and Comanche.
====Mexican territory (1821)====
Mexico declared independence in 1821. Mexico's policies worsened relations with the Native Americans, and again caused the resurgence in raids upon Spanish and Pueblo towns. This was the beginning of the Wild West, which lasted through the Mexican and American territorial phases, New Mexico was a major part of the Wild West supplying major Western icons such as the cowboy, the Sheriff, [[Billy the Kid]], old Spanish town squares, and the settings of deserts, prairies, and mountains. Troubles from the neighbors to the east also became an issue, [[Texas]] declared its own Independence from Mexico, and attempted to annex everything east of the Rio Grande. All the while, Mexico was taking land from the original settlers of New Mexico as well as American land-grantees.
====American territory (1848)====
The Mexican-American war resulted in New Mexico becoming an American territory, mostly due to the promise of the American government again repairing relations with the Apache, Navajo, and Comanche. U.S. Presidents [[Zachary Taylor]] and [[Abraham Lincoln]] both called for the immediate statehood of New Mexico, in order to side-step the impending [[Civil War]], since New Mexico's law had already prohibited slavery since the Pueblo Revolt. Unfortunately, statehood did not come to New Mexico until 1912. The New Mexico Campaign during the Civil War was an important battlefield, the Confederacy attempted to capture Albuquerque but was only temporarily successful. This instead bolstered the American soldiers, consisting mostly of descendants of New Mexican Spanish and Pueblo, to chase the Texan Confederate soldiers to the largest Civil War battle in the American West at Glorieta Pass.
===The State of New Mexico (1912)===
New Mexico became the 47th State of the Union in 1912. The Daughters of the American Revolution pushed for a State flag in 1920, and that call was answered in 1925 by Dr. Harry P. Mera. The flag consists of the Zia Pueblo sun symbol in Spanish red on a field of Spanish yellow, this design has won the North American Vexillological Association's best flag design for U.S. states, territories, or Canadian provinces numerous times.

:I salute the flag of the state of New Mexico, the Zia symbol of perfect friendship among united cultures.
::from the New Mexico Statutes and Court Rules, Section 12-3-3, to be said after the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America.

During [[World War II]], New Mexico played a pivotal role as not only the namesake of the [[New Mexico-class battleship]], but also as the birthplace of the Navajo Code Talkers who created the only uncracked code of WWII which saved countless lives in the Pacific Theatre, and more importantly as the primary place of research and technology at Los Alamos which housed some of the smartest men in the country including [[Albert Einstein]], and the White Sands Military Testing Facility for testing the Nuclear bomb.

New Mexico has continued to be at the forefront of science, including Sandia Labs and the Los Alamos Laboratories. Technology by Ed Roberts' MITS, with their Altair computer kits, attracted both [[Paul Allen]] and [[Bill Gates]] to start [[Microsoft]] in [[Albuquerque]]; [[Intel]] has continued this trend by having a fabricating facility in Rio Rancho, near Albuquerque, where they build [[Central processing unit|CPU]]s. Innovate ABQ, a free-market concept in Albuquerque, is currently under development as a "start-up for start-ups" that is set to encourage entrepreneurship and innovation, in order to continue New Mexico's scientific and technological progress.

==Elected Officials==

===Federal===
*Sen. [[Martin Heinrich]] (D)
*Sen. [[Tom Udall]] (D)
*Rep. [[Michelle Lujan Grisham]] [D, NM-01]
*Rep. [[Steve Pearce]] [R, NM-02]
*Rep. [[Ben Ray Luján]] [D, NM-03]

===Statewide===
*Governor [[Susana Martinez]] (R)
*Lt. Governor [[John Sanchez]] (R)
*Attorney General [[Gary King]] (D)
*Secretary of State [[Dianna Duran]] (R)
*State Auditor [[Hector Balderas]] (D)
*State Treasurer [[James Lewis]] (D)
*Land Commissioner [[Ray Powell]] (D)

== Population ==
The total population of 2,085,572 includes a high number of peoples of Hispanic origin and of [[Native American]] (Indian) descent.<ref>http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/35000.htm </ref> The most populous group of Hispanic origin peoples are the descendants of the original settlers, those prior to the 1848 American territorial phase, they are referred to as [[Nuevomexicano]]s or Hispanos. The largest groups of Native American descent are the [[Pueblo]], [[Navajo]], and [[Apache]].

The cities with the largest populations are:
=== Metropolitan ===
*[[Albuquerque]], 545,852 (887,077 in its metropolitan area including; [[Belen]], [[Jemez Pueblo]], [[Rio Rancho]], [[Sandia Pueblo]], [[Santa Ana Pueblo]], [[Moriarty]], and [[Zia Pueblo]])
*[[Las Cruces]], 97,618 (209,233 in its metropolitan area including; [[Hatch]], [[Mesilla]], and [[Sunland Park]])
*[[Santa Fe]], 67,947 (144,170 in its metropolitan area including; [[Edgewood]], [[Española]], [[Nambé Pueblo]], and [[San Ildefonso Pueblo]])
*[[Farmington]], 45,877 (130,004 in its metropolitan area including; [[Aztec, New Mexico|Aztec]], [[Bloomfield]], and [[Shiprock]])
*[[Clovis, New Mexico|Clovis]]-[[Portales]] Combined Statistical Area, 63,224 (including [[Cannon Air Force Base]], [[Elida]], [[Texico]], [[Grady]], and [[Melrose]])

===Micropolitan===
The top five micropolitan areas, by population, are:
*[[Gallup, New Mexico|Gallup]], 21,678 (71,492 in its micropolitan area including [[Zuni Pueblo]])
*[[Roswell]], 48,411 (65,645 in its micropolitan area including; [[Dexter, New Mexico|Dexter]], [[Hagerman]], and [[Lake Arthur]])
*[[Hobbs]], 34,122 (64,727 in its micropolitan area including; [[Eunice]], [[Jal]], and [[Lovington]])
*[[Alamogordo]], 30,403 (63,797 in its micropolitan area including; [[Cloudcroft]] and [[Tularosa]])
*[[Carlsbad]]-[[Artesia]], 45,877 (53,829 in its micropolitan area including; [[Hope, New Mexico|Hope]] and [[Loving, New Mexico|Loving]])

Other non-metropolitan population centers are; [[Silver City]], [[Las Vegas, New Mexico|Las Vegas]], [[Taos]], [[Grants, New Mexico|Grants]], [[Deming]], [[Ruidoso]], [[Los Alamos]], and [[Tucumcari]].

== Language ==
New Mexico is often falsely assumed to be a bilingual state, however, it is officially known as an English Plus state. [[American English]] is considered the de-facto language, with [[New Mexican English]] being the dominant dialect. Citizens are encouraged to be multi-lingual, and/or to interact and familiarize themselves with other languages. According to the "English Plus Declaration" the reasoning was for the "economic and cultural benefit of our state and the nation." It could also be surmised that is was also for the preservation of [[New Mexican Spanish]] and the Native American languages of Jemez, Jicarilla, Keresan, Mescalero-Chiricahua, Navajo, Picuris, Southern, Tiwa, Taos, Tewa, and Zuni; as the resolution was urged by the New Mexico State Task Force on Modern and Classical Languages.

There was initially a movement to push for the state declaration of English as the official language of the state. This, instead, produced a counter-trend based on the "position of English in the United States needs no official legislation to support it." The state also recognized "the national interest since it promotes the concept that all members of our society have full access to opportunities to effectively learn English plus develop proficiency in a second or multiple languages." This decision proved beneficial to the United States during World War II, as the Navajo Code Talkers, by simply speaking Navajo, created the most effective code of the war which saved numerous allied troops.

== Culture ==
The culture of New Mexico was nearly lost to history, during the Mexican and American territorial phases, liberalism took hold throughout the major city centers within the state. Suppression and shunning of the native cultures almost left the state without an identity. Once Route 66 ran through the central cities of Albuquerque and Santa Fe, travelers began to look for authentic New Mexican culture, which was nowhere to be found within the newer "downtown" areas; Native Americans, [[Nuevomexicano]]s, descendants of the Wild West including cowboys and buffalo soldiers, and the impoverished railroad working Asian Americans had moved to poorer parts of town referred to as "old towns". Travelers and tourists began visiting these old town areas looking for authentic New Mexican cuisine and culture. Thanks to the free market, these groups became wealthy enough to reinvigorate the old town areas, and expanded into buying land in the downtown areas. The culture of New Mexico again came under fire during the [[Californication]] of the American West during the 1970s.

Much to the chagrin of those wishing to suppress the American culture of New Mexico; the New Mexican culture eventually became so pervasive within the state that the folk [[New Mexico music]] became a local popular music, and the [[New Mexican cuisine]] staple [[Chile (Capsicum)|chile pepper]] being found in everything from traditional New Mexican stews, enchiladas, and tamales to popular American foods such as french fries, hamburgers, and ranch dressing.

== Climate ==

New Mexico's weather is usually sunny and dry, with little rainfall all year. This is especially true in the south, however in the northern and central parts of the state, especially in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and along the Rio Grande, there is more moderate precipitation and usually snow during the winter.<ref> http://weather.nmsu.edu/News/climate-in-NM.htm </ref>

[[Image:nmexico.jpg|200px|right]]
== Geography ==

The land was most prominently featured in Wild West films; [[desert]]s, [[prairie]]s, [[forest]], and several [[mountain]]ous regions, being at the southern-most end of the [[Rocky Mountains]] including the [[Sangre de Cristo]] mountain range, the [[Jemez Mountains]],<ref>http://www.americansouthwest.net/new_mexico/jemez_mountains/</ref> and the Sandia Mountains. One of the most prominent rivers west of the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]], the [[Rio Grande]], runs through the center of the State from north to south.

The highest point in New Mexico is [[Wheeler Peak]] at 13,161 feet above sea level, and the lowest point is at [[Red Bluff Reservoir]], 2,842 feet above sea level. <ref> http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/nm_geography.htm </ref>

== Agriculture and Mining ==

Agriculture is important to New Mexico, but the lack of irrigation hinders using much of the land for farming. Much of the land is used for [[ranching|grazing]] [[livestock]], especially [[sheep]]. More than two-thirds of New Mexico's farm income comes from livestock products. Including dairy, honey, and meat; New Mexico's desert honey is offers a unique flavor profile, and in Tucumcari there is a cheese factory that specializes in New Mexican artisan cheeses.

Much of the farmed land is located around the three major rivers which flow through the state: the [[Rio Grande]], [[Pecos River]], and [[San Juan River]]. Most of the cash crops grown in New Mexico are grown in The Mesilla Valley, on the Rio Grande, around the town of [[Hatch, New Mexico|Hatch]], which is well-known for its peppers, particularly the New Mexico [[Chile (Capsicum)|chile pepper]] which has numerous varieties, such as Big Jim, Joe E. Parker, and Roy Naky; other places grow their own varieties of said chile pepper such as the Albuquerque metropolitan area in Corrales down south into Isleta, and each of the Pueblos and old Spanish towns have their own varieties of the chile as well.<ref> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ugoCk5fv2zg </ref> Other crops grown in the State include; beans (pinto, black, anasazi, mitla, garpanzo, fava, etc), pecans, squash, melons, watermelons, pistachios, radishes, lettuce, tomatoes, potatoes, sunflowers, peanuts, and pistachios.<ref> http://www.dreamingnewmexico.org/food/ff-crops/50-crops </ref> New Mexico has the oldest wine growing market in the country, as monks were growing wine grapes as early as the 1500s.

Another large industry in the state is mining, particularly [[copper]], [[silver]], and [[uranium]]. <ref> http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108250.html </ref>

==Transportation ==

Interstate [[Highway]]s 10, 25 and 40 traverse the state. New Mexico's largest commercial airport is Albuquerque's [[Albuquerque International Sunport|International Sunport]]. <ref> http://nmshtd.state.nm.us/ </ref>

== Places of Interest ==
[[File:The Rio Grande River running through Albuquerque, New Mexico.jpg|thumb|The Rio Grande River running through Albuquerque.]]
*[[Carlsbad Caverns National Park]]
*Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monuments
*[[Bandelier National Monument]]
*Elephant Butte Reservoir
*Inscription Rock at [[El Morro National Monument]]
*[[White Sands National Monument]]

== Notable people associated with New Mexico ==
[[Image:O'Keefe Belladonna.jpg|frame|right|Bella Donna by [[Georgia O'Keeffe]], 1939.]]

*[[Ralph Bunche]] (Nobel Peace Prize winner)
*[[John Denver]] (singer)
*Holly Holm (UFC fighter)
*Henry McCarty ([[Billy the Kid]])
*[[Demi Moore]] (actress)
*[[Georgia O'Keeffe]] (painter)
*[[Mario J. Lucero]] and [[Isabel Ruiz Lucero]] (co-founders of [[Heaven Sent Gaming]])
*[[Susana Martinez]] (Governor)
*Juan de Oñate (founder of New Mexico)
*Porfirio Podres (folk hero San Popo)
*Popé (leader during the Pueblo Revolt)
*[[Bill Richardson]] (former Governor)
*Johnny Tapia (champion boxer)
*Albert Sanchez (musician [[Al Hurricane]])
*Al Unser and Bobby Unser (auto racers)
*Diego de Vargas (leader during the Bloodless Reconquest)

==References==
<references/>

{{USstates}}
[[Category:States of the United States]]
[[Category:New Mexico]]
[[category:Latinos]]
[[Category:Western United States]]
[[Category:Manhattan Project]]

New Mexico

2016-01-08T14:52:48Z

YashidaSatoru:

{{USState
|name=New Mexico
|flag=New_Mexico_State_Flag.gif
|motto=Crescit eundo (It grows as it goes)
|nick=The Land of Enchantment
|capital=[[Santa Fe]]
|language=English, Spanish
|governor=Susana Martinez
|gparty=Republican
|senator1=Jeff Bingaman
|s1party=Democrat
|s1phone=(202) 224-5521
|s1email=mailto:senator_bingaman@bingaman.senate.gov Contact
|senator2=Tom Udall
|s2party=Democrat
|s2phone=(202) 224-6621
|s2email=http://tomudall.senate.gov/contact/contact.cfm Contact
|population=
|date=January 6, 1912 (47th)
}}
'''New Mexico''', the colony and territory of '''Santa Fe de Nuevo México''' from 1598-1912 was a Mexican territory from 1821-1848 and an American territory from 1848-1912, became the 47th state to join the union on January 6, 1912. It is the fifth largest of the [[United States]], with a total land area of 121,412 square miles.<ref> http://www.newmexico.gov/</ref> New Mexico has the largest [[Hispanic]] population, and second largest [[Native American]] population, percentage-wise, of any US State. The State has a bold history and colorful culture, the official state question is "red or green?" in reference to the State's unique [[Chile (Capsicum)|chile pepper]]. Politically the State is very much as Independent swing state that usually votes for incumbents and, much like West Texas, the state also leans towards [[Libertarian]] political stances especially in Central and Western New Mexico. The capital of the state is [[Santa Fe]], and its largest city is [[Albuquerque]].

Despite popular opinion, New Mexico's name originates from long before it was a territory of Mexico or the United States. New Mexico was named by Spanish explorers who mistook the advanced Pueblo natives as being related to the Mexica ([[Aztecs]]). The full name of the colony, as well as the Mexican and American territories, was Santa Fe de Nuevo México (Holy Faith of New Mexico).

The state is bordered by [[Colorado]], [[Arizona]], [[Utah]], [[Oklahoma]] and [[Texas]]. It also borders [[Mexico]].

The current governor of New Mexico is [[conservative]] [[Republican]] [[Susana Martinez]].

==History==
===Native Americans===
The Native American groups of New Mexico are the Pueblo, and the Athabaskan groups of the Apache and Navajo. The Navajo Nation also is present in Arizona and Utah. Prior to these modern peoples, the current area of New Mexico was the home of the Mogollon, Hohokam, and the ancestors to the modern Pueblo peoples called the Ancient Pueblo, commonly known as the [[Anasazi]].
====Ancient Pueblo====
The Ancient Puebloans (commonly known by the Navajo name Anasazi), were great builders that built monolithic cities throughout the American Southwest, they were primarily centered around the current area of New Mexico. Some of the monolithic cities have stood the test of time, such as Sky City at the Acoma Pueblo and the ancient structures at Taos Pueblo; both of these Pueblos are widely believed to be longest continuously inhabited places in the United States. Some of their cities have long been abandoned, such as the ruins at Chaco Culture National Historical Park and Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument. The government of the Pueblos was extremely similar to the Greek [[city-state]]s, and they continue to run as city-states.
===Santa Fe de Nuevo México (1598-1912)===
The Spanish colony of Santa Fe de Nuevo México was started by Juan de Oñate in 1598, who initially believed that, similar to the Aztecs, the town dwelling Pueblo natives to be rich in Gold. He attempted to make the colony into a vice-royalty, but was unable to convince the leaders back in Europe. Instead the Spanish leadership from Europe made increasingly brutal laws against the Spanish colonists and the Pueblo natives. They banned Pueblo religious practices, and punished poorer colonists and Pueblos with forced labor and taxes.
====Pueblo Revolt (1680)====
The Pueblo first attempted to request more religious liberty, as the Pueblo religion was largely peaceful in nature, but Pueblo leaders that attempted the request were publicly executed. Popé, a Pueblo man from Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo near Santa Fe, became a charismatic leader of the Pueblo groups. He lead the Pueblos in a unified revolt against the Spanish, this was the first successful revolt of Americans against oppressive European rule.<ref>[http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/encyclopedia/history/ New Mexico History] on the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]]</ref> The Pueblos allowed the Spanish colonists to flee to [[El Paso]].
====Return of the colonists (1692)====
The Pueblo continued to use and maintain the facilities in Santa Fe, the Palace of the Governors became a small place of government for the Pueblos, but since the Pueblos continued to be city-states nothing more came of it. The Pueblo also converted numerous Catholic churches into Pueblo kivas. Diego de Vargas lead the colonists back to New Mexico in 1692, in what was called the Bloodless Reconquest. The Spanish gave clemency to the Pueblos, and the Pueblo people agreed to peace under the agreement of greater representation and better religious freedoms. The Pueblo and Spanish still had several contentions, but relations between them was much better this time around, especially since forced labor and taxes were no longer enforced. They would often work together to stave off attacks from the Apache, Navajo, and Comanche. Eventually peace was also made with the Apache, Navajo, and Comanche.
====Mexican territory (1821)====
Mexico declared independence in 1821. Mexico's policies worsened relations with the Native Americans, and again caused the resurgence in raids upon Spanish and Pueblo towns. This was the beginning of the Wild West, which lasted through the Mexican and American territorial phases, New Mexico was a major part of the Wild West supplying major Western icons such as the cowboy, the Sheriff, [[Billy the Kid]], old Spanish town squares, and the settings of deserts, prairies, and mountains. Troubles from the neighbors to the east also became an issue, [[Texas]] declared its own Independence from Mexico, and attempted to annex everything east of the Rio Grande. All the while, Mexico was taking land from the original settlers of New Mexico as well as American land-grantees.
====American territory (1848)====
The Mexican-American war resulted in New Mexico becoming an American territory, mostly due to the promise of the American government again repairing relations with the Apache, Navajo, and Comanche. U.S. Presidents [[Zachary Taylor]] and [[Abraham Lincoln]] both called for the immediate statehood of New Mexico, in order to side-step the impending [[Civil War]], since New Mexico's law had already prohibited slavery since the Pueblo Revolt. Unfortunately, statehood did not come to New Mexico until 1912. The New Mexico Campaign during the Civil War was an important battlefield, the Confederacy attempted to capture Albuquerque but was only temporarily successful. This instead bolstered the American soldiers, consisting mostly of descendants of New Mexican Spanish and Pueblo, to chase the Texan Confederate soldiers to the largest Civil War battle in the American West at Glorieta Pass.
===The State of New Mexico (1912)===
New Mexico became the 47th State of the Union in 1912. The Daughters of the American Revolution pushed for a State flag in 1920, and that call was answered in 1925 by Dr. Harry P. Mera. The flag consists of the Zia Pueblo sun symbol in Spanish red on a field of Spanish yellow, this design has won the North American Vexillological Association's best flag design for U.S. states, territories, or Canadian provinces numerous times.

:I salute the flag of the state of New Mexico, the Zia symbol of perfect friendship among united cultures.
::from the New Mexico Statutes and Court Rules, Section 12-3-3, to be said after the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America.

During [[World War II]], New Mexico played a pivotal role as not only the namesake of the [[New Mexico-class battleship]], but also as the birthplace of the Navajo Code Talkers who created the only uncracked code of WWII which saved countless lives in the Pacific Theatre, and more importantly as the primary place of research and technology at Los Alamos which housed some of the smartest men in the country including [[Albert Einstein]], and the White Sands Military Testing Facility for testing the Nuclear bomb.

New Mexico has continued to be at the forefront of science, including Sandia Labs and the Los Alamos Laboratories. Technology by Ed Roberts' MITS, with their Altair computer kits, attracted both [[Paul Allen]] and [[Bill Gates]] to start [[Microsoft]] in [[Albuquerque]]; [[Intel]] has continued this trend by having a fabricating facility in Rio Rancho, near Albuquerque, where they build [[Central processing unit|CPU]]s. Innovate ABQ, a free-market concept in Albuquerque, is currently under development as a "start-up for start-ups" that is set to encourage entrepreneurship and innovation, in order to continue New Mexico's scientific and technological progress.

==Elected Officials==

===Federal===
*Sen. [[Martin Heinrich]] (D)
*Sen. [[Tom Udall]] (D)
*Rep. [[Michelle Lujan Grisham]] [D, NM-01]
*Rep. [[Steve Pearce]] [R, NM-02]
*Rep. [[Ben Ray Luján]] [D, NM-03]

===Statewide===
*Governor [[Susana Martinez]] (R)
*Lt. Governor [[John Sanchez]] (R)
*Attorney General [[Gary King]] (D)
*Secretary of State [[Dianna Duran]] (R)
*State Auditor [[Hector Balderas]] (D)
*State Treasurer [[James Lewis]] (D)
*Land Commissioner [[Ray Powell]] (D)

== Population ==
The total population of 2,085,572 includes a high number of peoples of Hispanic origin and of [[Native American]] (Indian) descent.<ref>http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/35000.htm </ref> The most populous group of Hispanic origin peoples are the descendants of the original settlers, those prior to the 1848 American territorial phase, they are referred to as [[Nuevomexicano]]s or Hispanos. The largest groups of Native American descent are the [[Pueblo]], [[Navajo]], and [[Apache]].

The cities with the largest populations are:
=== Metropolitan ===
*[[Albuquerque]], 545,852 (887,077 in its metropolitan area including; [[Belen]], [[Jemez Pueblo]], [[Rio Rancho]], [[Sandia Pueblo]], [[Santa Ana Pueblo]], [[Moriarty]], and [[Zia Pueblo]])
*[[Las Cruces]], 97,618 (209,233 in its metropolitan area including; [[Hatch]], [[Mesilla]], and [[Sunland Park]])
*[[Santa Fe]], 67,947 (144,170 in its metropolitan area including; [[Edgewood]], [[Española]], [[Nambé Pueblo]], and [[San Ildefonso Pueblo]])
*[[Farmington]], 45,877 (130,004 in its metropolitan area including; [[Aztec, New Mexico|Aztec]], [[Bloomfield]], and [[Shiprock]])
*[[Clovis, New Mexico|Clovis]]-[[Portales]] Combined Statistical Area, 63,224 (including [[Cannon Air Force Base]], [[Elida]], [[Texico]], [[Grady]], and [[Melrose]])

===Micropolitan===
The top five micropolitan areas, by population, are:
*[[Gallup, New Mexico|Gallup]], 21,678 (71,492 in its micropolitan area including [[Zuni Pueblo]])
*[[Roswell]], 48,411 (65,645 in its micropolitan area including; [[Dexter, New Mexico|Dexter]], [[Hagerman]], and [[Lake Arthur]])
*[[Hobbs]], 34,122 (64,727 in its micropolitan area including; [[Eunice]], [[Jal]], and [[Lovington]])
*[[Alamogordo]], 30,403 (63,797 in its micropolitan area including; [[Cloudcroft]] and [[Tularosa]])
*[[Carlsbad]]-[[Artesia]], 45,877 (53,829 in its micropolitan area including; [[Hope, New Mexico|Hope]] and [[Loving, New Mexico|Loving]])

Other non-metropolitan population centers are; [[Silver City]], [[Las Vegas, New Mexico|Las Vegas]], [[Taos]], [[Grants, New Mexico|Grants]], [[Deming]], [[Ruidoso]], [[Los Alamos]], and [[Tucumcari]].

== Language ==
New Mexico is often falsely assumed to be a bilingual state, however, it is officially known as an English Plus state. [[American English]] is considered the de-facto language, with [[New Mexican English]] being the dominant dialect. Citizens are encouraged to be multi-lingual, and/or to interact and familiarize themselves with other languages. According to the "English Plus Declaration" the reasoning was for the "economic and cultural benefit of our state and the nation." It could also be surmised that is was also for the preservation of [[New Mexican Spanish]] and the Native American languages of Jemez, Jicarilla, Keresan, Mescalero-Chiricahua, Navajo, Picuris, Southern, Tiwa, Taos, Tewa, and Zuni; as the resolution was urged by the New Mexico State Task Force on Modern and Classical Languages.

There was initially a movement to push for the state declaration of English as the official language of the state. This, instead, produced a counter-trend based on the "position of English in the United States needs no official legislation to support it." The state also recognized "the national interest since it promotes the concept that all members of our society have full access to opportunities to effectively learn English plus develop proficiency in a second or multiple languages." This decision proved beneficial to the United States during World War II, as the Navajo Code Talkers, by simply speaking Navajo, created the most effective code of the war which saved numerous allied troops.

== Culture ==
The culture of New Mexico was nearly lost to history, during the Mexican and American territorial phases, liberalism took hold throughout the major city centers within the state. Suppression and shunning of the native cultures almost left the state without an identity. Once Route 66 ran through the central cities of Albuquerque and Santa Fe, travelers began to look for authentic New Mexican culture, which was nowhere to be found within the newer "downtown" areas; Native Americans, [[Nuevomexicano]]s, descendants of the Wild West including cowboys and buffalo soldiers, and the impoverished railroad working Asian Americans had moved to poorer parts of town referred to as "old towns". Travelers and tourists began visiting these old town areas looking for authentic New Mexican cuisine and culture. Thanks to the free market, these groups became wealthy enough to reinvigorate the old town areas, and expanded into buying land in the downtown areas. The culture of New Mexico again came under fire during the [[Californication]] of the American West during the 1970s.

Much to the chagrin of those wishing to suppress the American culture of New Mexico; the New Mexican culture eventually became so pervasive within the state that the folk [[New Mexico music]] became a local popular music, and the [[New Mexican cuisine]] staple [[Chile (Capsicum)|chile pepper]] being found in everything from traditional New Mexican stews, enchiladas, and tamales to popular American foods such as french fries, hamburgers, and ranch dressing.

== Climate ==

New Mexico's weather is usually sunny and dry, with little rainfall all year. This is especially true in the south, however in the northern and central parts of the state, especially in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and along the Rio Grande, there is more moderate precipitation and usually snow during the winter.<ref> http://weather.nmsu.edu/News/climate-in-NM.htm </ref>

[[Image:nmexico.jpg|200px|right]]
== Geography ==

The land was most prominently featured in Wild West films; [[desert]]s, [[prairie]]s, [[forest]], and several [[mountain]]ous regions, being at the southern-most end of the [[Rocky Mountains]] including the [[Sangre de Cristo]] mountain range, the [[Jemez Mountains]],<ref>http://www.americansouthwest.net/new_mexico/jemez_mountains/</ref> and the Sandia Mountains. One of the most prominent rivers west of the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]], the [[Rio Grande]], runs through the center of the State from north to south.

The highest point in New Mexico is [[Wheeler Peak]] at 13,161 feet above sea level, and the lowest point is at [[Red Bluff Reservoir]], 2,842 feet above sea level. <ref> http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/nm_geography.htm </ref>

== Agriculture and Mining ==

Agriculture is important to New Mexico, but the lack of irrigation hinders using much of the land for farming. Much of the land is used for [[ranching|grazing]] [[livestock]], especially [[sheep]]. More than two-thirds of New Mexico's farm income comes from livestock products. Including dairy, honey, and meat; Tucumcari there is a cheese factory that specializes in New Mexican artisan cheeses, and New Mexico's desert honey is offers a unique flavor profile.

Much of the farmed land is located around the three major rivers which flow through the state: the [[Rio Grande]], [[Pecos River]], and [[San Juan River]]. Most of the cash crops grown in New Mexico are grown in The Mesilla Valley, on the Rio Grande, around the town of [[Hatch, New Mexico|Hatch]], which is well-known for its peppers, particularly the New Mexico [[Chile (Capsicum)|chile pepper]] which has numerous varieties, such as Big Jim, Joe E. Parker, and Roy Naky; other places grow their own varieties of said chile pepper such as the Albuquerque metropolitan area in Corrales down south into Isleta, and each of the Pueblos and old Spanish towns have their own varieties of the chile as well.<ref> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ugoCk5fv2zg </ref> Other crops grown in the State include; beans (pinto, black, anasazi, mitla, garpanzo, fava, etc), pecans, squash, melons, watermelons, pistachios, radishes, lettuce, tomatoes, potatoes, sunflowers, peanuts, and pistachios.<ref> http://www.dreamingnewmexico.org/food/ff-crops/50-crops </ref> New Mexico has the oldest wine growing market in the country, as monks were growing wine grapes as early as the 1500s.

Another large industry in the state is mining, particularly [[copper]], [[silver]], and [[uranium]]. <ref> http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108250.html </ref>

==Transportation ==

Interstate [[Highway]]s 10, 25 and 40 traverse the state. New Mexico's largest commercial airport is Albuquerque's [[Albuquerque International Sunport|International Sunport]]. <ref> http://nmshtd.state.nm.us/ </ref>

== Places of Interest ==
[[File:The Rio Grande River running through Albuquerque, New Mexico.jpg|thumb|The Rio Grande River running through Albuquerque.]]
*[[Carlsbad Caverns National Park]]
*Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monuments
*[[Bandelier National Monument]]
*Elephant Butte Reservoir
*Inscription Rock at [[El Morro National Monument]]
*[[White Sands National Monument]]

== Notable people associated with New Mexico ==
[[Image:O'Keefe Belladonna.jpg|frame|right|Bella Donna by [[Georgia O'Keeffe]], 1939.]]

*[[Ralph Bunche]] (Nobel Peace Prize winner)
*[[John Denver]] (singer)
*Holly Holm (UFC fighter)
*Henry McCarty ([[Billy the Kid]])
*[[Demi Moore]] (actress)
*[[Georgia O'Keeffe]] (painter)
*[[Mario J. Lucero]] and [[Isabel Ruiz Lucero]] (co-founders of [[Heaven Sent Gaming]])
*[[Susana Martinez]] (Governor)
*Juan de Oñate (founder of New Mexico)
*Porfirio Podres (folk hero San Popo)
*Popé (leader during the Pueblo Revolt)
*[[Bill Richardson]] (former Governor)
*Johnny Tapia (champion boxer)
*Albert Sanchez (musician [[Al Hurricane]])
*Al Unser and Bobby Unser (auto racers)
*Diego de Vargas (leader during the Bloodless Reconquest)

==References==
<references/>

{{USstates}}
[[Category:States of the United States]]
[[Category:New Mexico]]
[[category:Latinos]]
[[Category:Western United States]]
[[Category:Manhattan Project]]

Las Cruces

2016-01-07T18:31:53Z

YashidaSatoru:

{{City
|picture =LasCrucesNewMexico.jpg
|picture2 =
|map =
|country =United States
|state =New Mexico
|region =
|settled =1849
|charter =
|population =97,618 (209,233 Metro)
|area =76.6 mi
|density =1,326/sq mi
|mayor =
|demonym =Crucen (pronounced crew-sen)
}}

'''Las Cruces''', officially the '''City of the Crosses''', is a city and metropolitan area in the state of [[New Mexico]], located in the [[United States of America|American]] Southwest. The city is located in the fertile Mesilla Valley, on the [[Rio Grande]] river, at the base of the Doña Ana Mountains, Robledo Mountains, and Picacho Peak.

The population of Albuquerque is 97,618 inhabitants, with 209,233 in its metropolitan area. The metropolitan area of Las Cruces includes [[Hatch, New Mexico|Hatch]], [[Mesilla]], and [[Sunland Park]]; Las Cruces is also a part of the larger [[El Paso]] metropolitan area.

== History ==

Las Cruces was inhabited by [[Native Americans]] until the mid-1500's when explorers from [[Spain]] travelled up from [[Mexico]] (at the time known as "New Spain") along a route beside the [[Rio Grande]] river called El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro. <ref>http://www.lascruceshistory.com/</ref> The name "Las Cruces" is Spanish for "the crosses" as when the area was named, it had many crosses to commemorate persons who had died in fighting between the Spanish settlers and the [[Apache]] Indians. <ref>http://www.las-cruces-media.org/html/las_cruces_history.html</ref> The town population of about 1000 was stable until 1880 when The Santa Fe Railroad built tracks through the town. By 1900 the town population had tripled to nearly 3,000 residents. <ref>http://www.las-cruces.org/public-services/museums/history_exhibit/railroad.html</ref> The population of Las Cruces in 2000 was about 74,267 in the city, <ref>http://lascruces.areaconnect.com/statistics.htm</ref> and another 174,682 in the surrounding metropolitan areas. <ref>http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-West/Las-Cruces-Population-Profile.html</ref> The Las Cruces Railroad Museum is located at 351 Mesilla St. at the intersection of Las Cruces Ave. <ref>http://www.las-cruces.org/public-services/museums/rrmuseum.shtm</ref>

== Government ==
City Government: The Mayor is elected, as are the City Council members. The current mayor is Kenneth Miyagishima. There are 6 city council members, one from each district. The City Manager oversees the city council.<ref>http://www.las-cruces.org/</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:New Mexico Cities and Towns]]
[[Category:New Mexico]]

Las Cruces

2016-01-07T17:08:25Z

YashidaSatoru:

{{City
|picture =LasCrucesNewMexico.jpg
|picture2 =
|map =
|country =United States
|state =New Mexico
|region =
|settled =1849
|charter =
|population =97,618 (209,233 Metro)
|area =76.6 mi
|density =1,326/sq mi
|mayor =Richard J. Berry
|demonym =Albuquerquean
Burqueño
}}

'''Las Cruces''', officially the '''City of the Crosses''', is a city and metropolitan area in the state of [[New Mexico]], located in the [[United States of America|American]] Southwest. The city is located in the fertile Mesilla Valley, on the [[Rio Grande]] river, at the base of the Doña Ana Mountains, Robledo Mountains, and Picacho Peak.

The population of Albuquerque is 97,618 inhabitants, with 209,233 in its metropolitan area. The metropolitan area of Las Cruces includes [[Hatch, New Mexico|Hatch]], [[Mesilla]], and [[Sunland Park]]; Las Cruces is also a part of the larger [[El Paso]] metropolitan area.

== History ==

Las Cruces was inhabited by [[Native Americans]] until the mid-1500's when explorers from [[Spain]] travelled up from [[Mexico]] (at the time known as "New Spain") along a route beside the [[Rio Grande]] river called El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro. <ref>http://www.lascruceshistory.com/</ref> The name "Las Cruces" is Spanish for "the crosses" as when the area was named, it had many crosses to commemorate persons who had died in fighting between the Spanish settlers and the [[Apache]] Indians. <ref>http://www.las-cruces-media.org/html/las_cruces_history.html</ref> The town population of about 1000 was stable until 1880 when The Santa Fe Railroad built tracks through the town. By 1900 the town population had tripled to nearly 3,000 residents. <ref>http://www.las-cruces.org/public-services/museums/history_exhibit/railroad.html</ref> The population of Las Cruces in 2000 was about 74,267 in the city, <ref>http://lascruces.areaconnect.com/statistics.htm</ref> and another 174,682 in the surrounding metropolitan areas. <ref>http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-West/Las-Cruces-Population-Profile.html</ref> The Las Cruces Railroad Museum is located at 351 Mesilla St. at the intersection of Las Cruces Ave. <ref>http://www.las-cruces.org/public-services/museums/rrmuseum.shtm</ref>

== Government ==
City Government: The Mayor is elected, as are the City Council members. The current mayor is Kenneth Miyagishima. There are 6 city council members, one from each district. The City Manager oversees the city council.<ref>http://www.las-cruces.org/</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:New Mexico Cities and Towns]]
[[Category:New Mexico]]

Oregon

2016-01-07T16:58:59Z

YashidaSatoru:

{{USState
|name=Oregon
|flag=Oregon_State_Flag_(Front).gif
|motto="She Flies with Her Own Wings"
|nick=The Beaver State
|capital=Salem
|language=English
|governor=Kate Brown
|gparty=Democrat
|senator2=Jeff Merkley
|s2party=Democrat
|s2phone=(202) 224-3753
|s2email=http://merkley.senate.gov/contact/contact.cfm Contact
|senator1=Ron Wyden
|s1party=Democrat
|s1phone=(202) 224-5244
|s1email=http://wyden.senate.gov/contact/ Contact
|population=
|date=February 14, 1859 (33rd)
}}
[[Image:Oregon_State_Flag_(Back).gif|thumb|right|The back of the state flag of Oregon.]]

'''Oregon''' is a state on the [[Left Coast|west coast]] of the United States. Its capital is [[Salem]] and largest city is [[Portland]]. Oregon became the 33rd state on Feb. 14, 1859.

==Politics==
Although Oregon has been a [[blue state]] in presidential elections since 1988, [[Eastern Oregon]] is one of the major conservative [[red state]] parts of Oregon along with [[Southwest Oregon]]. It had been a [[red state]] from 1964 to 1984. For example, in the 2012 Presidential election, [[Mitt Romney]] received at least 60% of the vote in every county in Eastern Oregon.<ref>[http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?f=0&fips=41&year=2012 US Election Atlas], Oregon 2012 Presidential Election. US Election Atlas.</ref>

Since 2007, Oregon, due to the strongly liberal large urban population voting bloc of Portland, has offered [[domestic partnership]]s, which are similar to [[same sex marriage]].

===Liberal Portland versus Conservative Eastern and Southwestern Oregon===
The high [[population density]] northwest areas of the state (Portland, [[Eugene]], Salem) are very [[liberal]] leaning especially in the area of [[environmentalism]]. The [[Southwest Oregon|southwest area]] of the state (such as the [[Rogue Valley]], [[Josephine County, Oregon|Josephine County]] and Jackson County) and the portion east of the [[Cascade Range|Cascades]] are very conservative. Hence, [[Eastern Oregon]] ([[Palouse]], Harney Basin, High Desert, Treasure Valley and East Central Oregon) is considered to be part of the [[conservative]] [[American Redoubt]] area of the United States.

==Cities and Counties==
* [[:Category:Oregon Cities and Towns]]
* [[:Category:Oregon Counties]]

==History==
Oregon was originally settled by many Native Americans before the [[Lewis and Clark]] expedition brought greater attention to the area from the United States and Britain. The British had control of the majority of the territory until the Oregon Trail started in the 1840s and American settlers began moving in. Eventually, the land was ceded to the United States in the resolution of a boundary dispute.

==Population==
The [[population density]] is concentrated in the fertile Willamette Valley from Portland to [[Eugene]]. The [[Cascade Range|Cascade mountains]] divide the state into wet and dry halves, much like neighboring Washington State, but Eastern Oregon lacks the irrigation works of the Columbia basin and much more resembles Nevada. Oregon supports a significant [[logging]] industry, largely concentrated in the western half of the state. Environmental restrictions have severely hurt the industry, producing conservative opinions inland, but the liberal cities of Portland and Eugene generally support environmentalism.

==[[Essay:Survivalist Retreat Potential Rank]]ing Analysis by [[James Wesley Rawles]]==
* [[Population]]: 3.4 million.

* [[Population density]]: 35 per square mile (Rank 9 of JWR’s top 19 states) (The highest density is in the northwest part of the state. It is much lower elsewhere, particular eastern 2/3rds of the state.)

* Area: 97,000 square miles (rank 10 of 50).

* Average car insurance cost: $704/yr. (rank 35 of 50).

* Average home insurance cost: $343/yr. (rank 47 of 50).

* [[Essay:Crime Safety Ranking|Crime Safety Ranking]]: 18 of 50.

* [[Boston T. Party]]’s State Firearms Laws Ranking (see [[Essay:State Firearms Laws Ranking]]) from [[Boston's Gun Bible]]: 65%.<ref>[[Boston T. Party]], ''[[Boston's Gun Bible]]'', Chapter 34 [[Essay:State Firearms Laws Ranking ]], [[Common law]] [[copyright]], [[Wyoming]] [[American Redoubt]] - Printed in the "united states of America" without any 4 USC §§ 105-110 [[Federal]] area or [[State]]: [[Javelin Press]] 1997-2008: pp. 34/3-8. [[ISBN]] 1-888766-06-9</ref>

* Per capita income: $27,660 (rank 25 of 50).

* ACT & [[SAT]] Scores Ranking: 10 of 50 (tied with Washington).<ref name="survivalblog"> 357 word [[quotation]]: [[Fair Use]] Source: [[James Wesley Rawles|Rawles, James Wesley]]. ''[[Rawles on Retreats and Relocation]]''. 1st. Clearwater, [[Idaho]], [[American Redoubt]]: The Clearwater Press, 2007. p. 87. See [[Talk:James_Wesley_Rawles#Template:James_Wesley_Rawles_authorized_quotation|James Wesley Rawles on Fair Use]]</ref><ref>[[James Wesley Rawles|Rawles, James Wesley]], "[http://www.survivalblog.com/retreatareas.html Recommended Retreat Areas]". [[Idaho]], [[American Redoubt]]: [[The Survival Blog]]. Accessed February 20, 2015</ref> <ref>Rawles, Jonathan, "[http://www.survivalrealty.com/united-states/oregon Oregon Retreat Locations] [[Idaho]], [[American Redoubt]] [[The Survival Blog]], Accessed February 20, 2015</ref>, <ref name="survivalblog"/>

===Plusses===
* No [[sales tax]].
* Very low home insurance rates. (Average of $343 per year. Ranks #47 in the country!)
* Has a high rating in “education freedom” (ranked #5 of 50), since Oregon has relaxed [[home schooling]] laws.
* Relatively low car insurance rates.
* "Note: In the late 1970s, the much-respected [[:Category:Preparedness Authors|survival writer]] [[Mel Tappan]] touted [[Southwest Oregon|southwestern Oregon]] -- particularly the [[Rogue Valley|Rogue Rogue River Valley]] -- as a [[strategic relocation|survival haven]]. But that was back when [[California]] had a population of only around 20 million people. Today, I'm not sure that southwestern Oregon will have sufficient geographic isolation to be immune from California's "[[Golden Horde]]" in the event of an abrupt [[TEOTWAWKI]]. Presently, I recommend the [[Grande Ronde Valley]] of [[Eastern Oregon]]."<ref name="survivalblog"/>

===Minuses===
* High [[property tax|property taxes]].
* Creeping [[Californication]].
* Second lowest church attendance rate in the country.
* Restrictive [[zoning]] and expensive [[building permit]]s in many western counties.
* [[Private party gun sales]] at [[gun shows]] were recently [[gun control|banned]].
* "All transactions involving modern (post-1898) guns at gun shows must now be processed through a [[FFL]]-licensed dealer, with the requisite paperwork. Sadly, since gun shows are the best place to find a decent selection of used guns, and since many metropolitan newspapers now refuse to run gun ads in their classified sections, I consider this change in the Oregon law a significant hit against [[firearms freedom]]."
* Parts of the state are recommended, (with reservations).

"Note: I probably should have given Oregon a lower survival ranking, due to its mediocre gun and tax laws. However, its favorable [[climate]] and long [[growing season]] pushed it up the list slightly."

JWR’s Combined Retreat Potential Ranking: 3 of 19.<ref>374 word quotation: [[Fair Use]] Source: [[James Wesley Rawles|Rawles, James Wesley]]. ''[[Rawles on Retreats and Relocation]]''. 1st. Clearwater, Idaho: The Clearwater Press, 2007. p. 64. Print.</ref><ref>[http://www.survivalblog.com/retreatareas.html Recommended Retreat Areas] Accessed February 20, 2015</ref>

==People from Oregon==
Oregon is the birthplace of author Lance Goldman, and football quarterback Harry Shields.

==Elected Officials==

===Federal===
*Sen. [[Ron Wyden]] (D)
*Sen. [[Jeff Merkley]] (D)
*Rep. [[David Wu]] [D, OR-01]
*Rep. [[Greg Walden]] [R, OR-02]
*Rep. [[Earl Blumenauer]] [D, OR-03]
*Rep. [[Peter DeFazio]] [D, OR-04]
*Rep. [[Kurt Schrader]] [D, OR-05]

===Statewide===
* Acting Governor [http://www.oregon.gov/gov/pages/index.aspx Kate Brown] ([[Democrat|D]]) - Oregon's second woman governor is America's first openly [[bisexual]] governor.<ref>[http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/meet-americas-first-openly-bisexual-governor/ar-AA9nbjD?ocid=ansnewshp11 Meet America's First Openly Bisexual Governor]. MSN. Published February 16, 2015. Accessed February 20, 2015</ref> Brown takes over only until the upcoming special election in June 2015. She was sworn in after corrupt [[liberal]] [[John Kitzhaber]] (D), the elected governor was forced to resign in February 2015 due to an [[ethics]] scandal involving he and his fiance and the [[George Soros]]-funded Energy Foundation.<ref>[http://townhall.com/news/politics-elections/2015/02/13/longtime-democratic-oregon-gov-john-kitzhaber-announces-his-resignation-amid-ethics-scandal-n1957303 Long-time Democratic Oregon Gov. John Kitzhaber announces his resignation amid ethics scandal]. Published February 13, 2015. Accessed February 20, 2015</ref> <ref>The governor’s "fiancé, Cylvia Hayes, was taking money as a private consultant to" [[George Soros]]-funded "[[environmentalism|environment groups]] and then pushing their policies in her public role as “First Lady” of the state. Most infamously, she ordered state employees to follow a policy she was being paid $25,000 by an advocacy group to promote. Apparently, some of the money also wasn't reported on tax returns." [http://theconservativetreehouse.com/2015/02/13/another-corrupt-democrat-governor-resigns-oregon-governor-kitzhaber-announces-his-resignation/comment-page-1/ Another Corrupt Democrat Governor Resigns – Oregon Governor Kitzhaber Announces His Resignation…]. Published February 13, 2015. Accessed February 20, 2015</ref> <ref>"Kitzhaber’s response to the scandal has been egregious. The Willamette Week reported that his “office last week requested state officials destroy thousands of records in the governor’s personal email accounts.” Indeed, the governor’s executive assistant actually ordered all of his personal e-mail accounts to be removed from state servers. Such revelations have prompted Oregon senate president Peter Courtney and house majority leader Tina Kotek, both Democrats, to meet with Kitzhaber and urge him to resign." Fund, John, "[http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/413748/environmental-scandal-engulfs-oregon-governor-where-national-media-john-fund Environmental Scandal Engulfs Oregon Governor, Where Is National Media?]". [[National Review]]. Published February 13, 2015. Accessed February 20, 2015.</ref> Kate Brown takes over only until the upcoming special election.

* Attorney General [[John Kroger]] (D)

* Secretary of State [[Kate Brown]] (D)

* State Treasurer [[Ted Wheeler]] (D)

==Notable Oregon Companies and Major Employers==
* Adidas
* [[Backwoods Home Magazine]] - Conservative [[libertarian]] self-sufficiency [[preparedness]] magazine founded by [[Dave Duffy]].
* [[Benchmade]] - [[Knife]] maker since 1979. [http://www.benchmade.com/ Official website Benchmade.com]
* Brøderbund - Software maker
* Bob's Red Mill - "nation's leading miller of diverse whole-grain foods". Founded 1978. [http://www.bobsredmill.com/ Official website BobsRedMill.com]
* [[Columbia River Knife and Tool]] - Knife maker since 1994. [http://www.crkt.com/ Official website CRKT.com]
* Columbia Sportswear, near Beaverton
* Consumer Cellular
* Dutch Bros. Coffee - America's largest drive-though coffee chain. [http://www.dutchbros.com Official website DutchBros.com]
* Fred Meyer - Oregon's largest [[grocery store]] / [[superstore]]. Like [[Wal-Mart]], they sells [[firearm]]s too. [http://www.fredmeyer.com Official website FredMeyer.com]
* [[Gerber Legendary Blades]] - knife maker since 1939. [http://www.gerbergear.com/ Official website]
* Henry Weinhard's - [[Brewery]] since 1856
* Hollywood Video
* [[Home Power]] Magazine - [[Alternative energy]], [[solar]], [[wind power]], [[hydroelectric]] etc. since 1987. [http://www.homepower.com/ Official website HomePower.com]
* InFocus - Maker of flat screens and LCD projectors.
* [[Intel]] - largest private employer - 17,000+ employees.<ref>Redden, Jim, "[http://www.pamplinmedia.com/bvt/15-news/206976-63572-report-shows-intel-tax-breaks-a-net-plus-for-state-county Report shows Intel tax breaks a net plus for state, county]." Beaverton Valley Times, Published January 9, 2014</ref>
* Jeld-Wen - 20,000 employee windows and doors maker since 1960.
* [[Kershaw Knives]] - [http://www.kaiusaltd.com Official website kaiusaltd.com]
* Kettle Foods - Chip maker since 1978. [http://www.kettlebrand.com Official website KettleBrand.com]
* [[Kimber Manufacturing]] - Maker of top quality [[M1911]] [[pistol]]s and knives. [http://www.kimberamerica.com/ Official website KimberAmerica.com]
* LaCie - Hard drive maker
* LaCrosse Footwear
* [[Leatherman]] - [[multitool]] and knife maker since 1983. [http://www.leatherman.com/ Official website Leatherman.com]. See [[Essay:Buy Made in USA]]
* Les Schwab Tire Centers
* [[Leupold]] and Stevens - Maker of [[rifle scope]]s since 1907. [http://www.leupold.com/ Official website Leupold.com]
* [[Nike]] Inc., near Beaverton
* [[Nosler]] - Maker of [[ammunition]], [[bullet]]s and [[handloading]] components since 1948. [http://www.nosler.com/ Official website Nosler.com]
* The Old Spaghetti Factory
* Oregon Chai - maker of [[chai]] [[tea]] since 1994. [http://www.oregonchai.com Official website OregonChai.com]
* Oregon Scientific - maker of electronic weather stations and other products. [http://www.oregonscientific.com Official website OregonScientific.com]
* Pacific Seafood - one of the largest [[seafood]] companies in North America. Founded in 1941. [http://www.pacseafood.com Official website PacSeafood.com]
* Pendleton Woolen Mills - famous [[wool]]en sweater and [[blanket]] maker. [http://www.pendleton-usa.com Official website Pendleton-USA.com]
* Powell's Books - Claims to be the largest independent new and used bookstore in the world.<ref>{{cite web | title = Powell's Books on Burnside | publisher = Powell's City of Books | url = http://www.powells.com/info/places/burnsideinfo.html | accessdate = 2015-02-20}}</ref> [http://www.powells.com Official website Powells.com]
* Stash Tea Company - Tea maker since 1972. [http://www.stashtea.com Official website StashTea.com]
* Soloflex - Maker of exercise equipment
* Tazo Tea Company - [[herb]]al tea maker since 1994. [http://www.tazo.com/ Official website Tazo.com]
* Tektronix
* Tillamook County Creamery Association - Major [[cheese]] maker since 1909. [http://www.tillamook.com/ Official website Tillamook.com]

==See Also==
* [[American Redoubt]] - [[Eastern Oregon]]

==Biblography - Further Reading==
* Corning, Howard McKinley, ed. ''Dictionary of Oregon History.'' (2d ed. 1989). 281 pp.
* DeMarco, Gordon. ''A Short History of Portland.'' (1990). 158 pp.
* Dodds, Gordon B. ''The American Northwest: A History of Oregon and Washington.'' (1986). 359 pp.
* Dodds, Gordon B. ''Oregon: A Bicentennial History.'' (1977). 240 pp., popular history by leading scholar
* Pomeroy, Earl. ''The Pacific Slope: A History of California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Utah, and Nevada.'' (1965) 412pp
* Robbins, William G. ''Landscapes of Promise: The Oregon Story, 1800-1940.'' (1997). 392 pp. standard history of the state
* Schwantes, Carlos. ''The Pacific Northwest: An Interpretive History''. (1996)

===[[Strategic relocation|Strategic Relocation]] to Oregon===
* [[James Wesley Rawles|Rawles, James Wesley]]. ''[[Rawles on Retreats and Relocation]]''. 1st. Clearwater, [[Idaho]]: The Clearwater Press, 2007. Print.

* [[Boston T. Party|Party, Boston T.]], ''[[Molon Labe!]]''. [[Wyoming]] [[American Redoubt]] [[Javelin Press]], 30 January 2004, 454 pp (first edition, paperback), ISBN 1-888766-07-7 - Conservative [[Christian]] [[Libertarian]] [[dystopian]] fiction novel entirely based around the issue of [[States' rights]] and the [[Tenth Amendment]]'s connection with the [[Second Amendment]] right to [[firearms|armed]] citizen defense against federal [[tyranny]]. Contains plot that is tied to the American Redoubt, [[Wyoming]], [[Montana]], [[Idaho]] and [[Eastern Oregon]]

* [[Joel Skousen|Skousen, Joel]], ''[[Strategic Relocation - North American Guide to Safe Places]]'', 3rd Edition [Perfect Paperback], 2011.

===Specialized Studies===
* Abbott, Carl. ''Greater Portland: Urban Life and Landscape in the Pacific Northwest.'' (2001). 242 pp. by a leading historian
* Allan, Stuart; Buckley, Aileen R.; and Meacham, James E. ''Atlas of Oregon.'' (1976). 301 pp.
* Bataille, Connie Hopkins. ''The Oregon Book: Information A to Z.'' (1998). 677 pp.
* Boag, Peter G. ''Environment and Experience: Settlement Culture in Nineteenth-Century Oregon.'' (1992). 227 pp. advanced new social history
* Bourke, Paul and DeBats, Donald. ''Washington County: Politics and Community in Antebellum America.'' (1995). 407 pp., advanced history
* Carlson, Laurie Winn. ''On Sidesaddles to Heaven: The Women of the Rocky Mountain Mission.'' (1998). 253 pp.
* Clark, Malcolm, Jr. ''Eden Seekers: The Settlement of Oregon, 1818-1862.'' (1981). 327 pp.
* Dodds, Gordon B. and Wollner, Craig E. ''The Silicon Forest: High Tech in the Portland Area, 1945-1986.'' (1990). 226 pp.
* Douthit, Nathan. ''A Guide to Oregon South Coast History: Traveling the Jedediah Smith Trail.'' (1999). 224 pp.
* Drukman, Mason. ''Wayne Morse: A Political Biography.'' (1997). 545 pp. liberal senator 1945-69
* Drury, Clifford M. ''Marcus and Narcissa Whitman and the Opening of Old Oregon.'' (2 vol. 1973). 911 pp. pioneer Methodist missionaries massacred by Indians in 1847
* Farmer, Judith A. et al. ''Historical Atlas of Early Oregon.'' (1973). 53pp.
* Gilmore, Janet C. ''The World of the Oregon Fishboat: A Study in Maritime Folklife.'' (1986). 271 pp.
* Haarsager, Sandra. ''Organized Womanhood: Cultural Politics in the Pacific Northwest, 1840-1920.'' (1997). 427 pp.
* Heider, Douglas and Dietz, David. ''Legislative Perspectives: A 150-Year History of the Oregon Legislature from 1843 to 1993.'' (1995). 227 pp.
* Johnson, David Alan. ''Founding the Far West: California, Oregon, and Nevada, 1840-1890.'' (1992). 474 pp.
* Kesselman, Amy. ''Fleeting Opportunities: Women Shipyard Workers in Portland and Vancouver during World War II and Reconversion.'' (1990). 192 pp.
* Lang, William L. and Carriker, Robert C., eds. ''Great River of the West: Essays on the Columbia'' (1999). 181 pp.
* Mason, Thomas L. ''Governing Oregon: An Inside Look at Politics in One American State.'' (1994). 251 pp.
* May, Dean L. ''Three Frontiers: Family, Land, and Society in the American West, 1850-1900.'' (1994). 313 pp. advanced social history of Sublimity, Oregon, and two other towns
* Mullins, William H. ''The Depression and the Urban West Coast, 1929-1933: Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, and Portland.'' (1991). 176 pp.
* Murrell, Gary. ''Iron Pants: Oregon's Anti-New Deal Governor, Charles Henry Martin.'' (2000). 228 pp.
* Neal, Steve. ''McNary of Oregon: A Political Biography.'' (1985). 249 pp. conservative GOP Senator 1917-44, and 1940 VP nominee
* Robinson, Thomas; Gifford, Benjamin and Terrill, Steve, photographer. ''Oregon Then and Now.'' (2000). 192 pp. photo history
* Schwantes, Carlos Arnaldo. ''Hard Traveling: A Portrait of Work Life in the New Northwest.'' (1994). 234 pp. labor history by leading historian
* Shirley, Gayle. ''More Than Petticoats: Remarkable Oregon Women.'' (1998). 139 pp., popular

===Primary Sources===
* Applegate, Shannon and O'Donnell, Terence, eds. ''Talking on Paper: An Anthology of Oregon Letters and Diaries.'' (1994). 324 pp.
* Beckham, Stephen Dow, ed. ''Many Faces: An Anthology of Oregon Autobiography.'' (1993). 330 pp.
* Dodds, Gordon B., ed. ''Varieties of Hope: An Anthology of Oregon Prose.'' (1993). 330 pp.
* Wendt, Ingrid and St. John, Primus, eds. ''From Here We Speak: An Anthology of Oregon Poetry.'' (1994). 332 pp.

===Oregon Trail===
* Butruille, Susan G. ed. ''Women's Voices from the Oregon Trail.'' (1993). 251 pp., primary sources
* Unruh, John D., Jr. ''The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840-1860.'' (1979). 565 pp. standard scholarly history

== External Links ==
* [http://www.oregon.gov/ State of Oregon] official government website
* [http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/41000.html Oregon Quickfacts] from the [[United States Census Bureau]]
* [http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=OR Real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Oregon] from the [[United States Geological Survey]]

=== [[Strategic relocation|Strategic Relocation]] to Oregon===

* [http://www.survivalblog.com/redoubt.html The American Redoubt -- Move to the Mountain States - Eastern Oregon]

* [http://www.survivalblog.com/retreatareas.html Recommended Retreat Areas - Oregon]

* [http://www.survivalrealty.com/united-states/oregon Survival Retreats in Oregon]

* [http://www.city-data.com/city/Oregon.html City-Data.com for Oregon]

=== Archives, Oregon State ===
* [http://bluebook.state.or.us/ Oregon Blue Book] - The Oregon Blue Book is the official state directory and fact book about all levels of government in Oregon, and much more. Published since 1911, it is produced and updated by the Oregon State Archives, a division of the Secretary of State's Office.

* [http://traveloregon.com/ Travel Oregon] - This website provides information on natural places of beauty, lodging, outdoor activities and attractions. Databases allows users to search for hotels, B&B's, resorts, RV parks and outdoor adventures. Also available is a searchable calendar of local and regional events taking place throughout Oregon.

* [http://www.ohs.org/ Oregon Historical Society]

* [http://photos.salemhistory.net/ Oregon Historic Photograph Collections] - This database includes over 10,000 viewable photographs and related descriptions from the holdings of the Salem Public Library, the Oregon State Archives, and the Marion County Historical Society. The images date from the mid-1800s to the 1990s and depict a wide range of subjects such as Oregon towns, homes, businesses, occupations, scenic vistas, disasters, festivities, and recreational pursuits. The database is searchable by keyword and is maintained by the Salem Public Library.

* [http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Oregon Oregon State Databases], searchable public domain databases produced by Oregon state agencies. Compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association.

=== Agriculture, Department of ===
* [http://oda.state.or.us/dbs/search.lasso List of Departmental Databases] - The Oregon Department of Agriculture provides access to a number of databases from this page including but not limited to: Oregon Products Database, Available Livestock Brands, Oregon Veterinarians and Clinics, Wholesale Seed Dealer licenses, Agricultural Resources Directory, Pesticide Related Licenses, and Nursery and Christmas Tree Licenses.

=== Elections, Secretary of State, Department of ===
*[http://egov.sos.state.or.us/elec/web_irr_search.search_form Initiative, Referendum and Referral Search] -Search a database of Oregon ballot initiatives and referendum by year, status and type; includes both historical and current records. 1998-present

=== Employment Department, Oregon ===
* [https://www.qualityinfo.org/ed-ceest/ Current Employment by Industry] - Provides employment data for industry both for the last 12 months and for the last two months with figures for the previous year for various industries in Oregon, its counties, and metropolitan areas.

* [https://www.qualityinfo.org/jc-empdb/ Employer Database] - Provides information on thousands of Oregon employers. Searchable by area, industry or employer name.

* [http://www.emp.state.or.us/jobs/index.cfm Job Listings] - Lists current Employment Department job listings. Searchable by occupation, location, job listing number or keyword.

=== Legislature, Oregon State ===
* [http://www.leg.state.or.us/bills_laws/ Bills and Laws Search] - Searchable database of bills and laws by either full measure text or specific measure number.

* [http://www.leg.state.or.us/findlegsltr/home.htm Find your Legislator] - Enter an Oregon address to find a list of the state and U.S. legislators for that area.

=== Parks and Recreation, Department of ===
* [http://www.oregonstateparks.org/index.cfm?do=visit.dsp_find Search for a park] - Search for an Oregon state park by clicking on a region of a map of Oregon or by clicking on the appropriate box. Add details such as type of campsite or yurt, beach access, horse or hiking trails, setting (forest, desert, waterfalls, etc), events or ADA accessibility.

=== Revenue, Department of ===
* [http://www.ormap.net ORMAP] - Statewide property tax parcel base map searchable by county and township-range grid, which provides file lists of scanned taxlot maps from county assessors. Also provides links to some county assessor websites, offering other searching capabilities.

=== Transportation, Department of ===
* [http://www.tripcheck.com/Pages/RCmap.asp?curRegion=0&mainNav=RoadConditions Tripcheck] - Provides information regarding the current status of road conditions throughout Oregon, as well as links to commercial airports, rideshare opportunities, public transit systems and bicycle information. Includes current weather conditions and maps showing rest areas, sno-parks, scenic byways and road cams.

===University of Oregon Libraries===
* [http://library.uoregon.edu/dc/dlc/ Data for Local Communities] - This database contains records for State of Oregon or other websites containing statistical, spatial and descriptive data about the cities and counties of Oregon and Washington. Many of the sites are access points for agency databases.

* [http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/ Historic Oregon Newspapers] - Part of the "Chronicling America" program), which covers various Oregon papers from 1848-1922. New content added on a regular basis. Valuable to anyone researching the Western frontier, Indian wars, etc. Searchable by keyword.

* [http://library.uoregon.edu/govdocs/indexing/index.html Oregon Newspapers Index] - 977,000+ searchable records including The Oregon Daily Emerald. Eugene (Or.), the University of Oregon campus newspaper, 1900-1979. 102,000+ records.; The Portland Oregonian. Portland (Or.), 1852 - 1987. 839,000+ records and The Register-Guard. Eugene (Or.), 1963 - 2004. 30,000+ records. Index may be searched by title, subject, author, or keyword. Records may be limited by date.

=== Water Resources Department ===
* [http://apps.wrd.state.or.us/apps/sw/hydro_report/ Historical Streamflow and Lake Level Data] - Provides historical graphic statistics on streamflows in Oregon, searchable by basin, gaging station, station status, and date range. Includes searchable watershed and hydrological unit maps in Google Earth or Maps format, with information on gaging stations, including number and description, township, range and section, longitude and latitude, and date range of available data from which to search.

* [http://apps.wrd.state.or.us/apps/sw/hydro_near_real_time/ Real Time Streamflow Information] - Provides links to sites, mostly U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR), giving preliminary realtime streamflow data. USACE and USBR provide graphic data in cubic feet over a course of days, and USGS data also includes station number and name, location (including map), drainage area, period of record, gage, remarks, and extremes for period. Offers a choice of discharge or gage height parameters, as well as a choice of output format and number of days.

* [http://apps.wrd.state.or.us/apps/gis/wr/Default.htm Water Rights Mapping Tool] - Allows the user to view water rights and other pertinent information such as ground water limited areas, watermaster districts, water availability basins, etc. Browse by basin, search for a township, or search for an application using this program.

* [http://apps.wrd.state.or.us/apps/gw/well_log/Default.aspx Well Log Query] - Provides searchable database for well log information. Searchable by township, range, and section, county, constructor, owner name, company, completed and received dates, start card, well log ID, well tag, and taxlot numbers. Results also provide street of well, first water, completed depth, static water level, and yield.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}



{{USstates}}

[[Category : Oregon]]
[[Category : States of the United States]]
[[Category : American Redoubt]]
[[Category : Survivalism]]
[[Category : Blue States]]
[[Category : West Coast of the United States]]
[[Category : Pacific Northwest]]
[[Category : Western United States]]
[[Category : Environmentalism]]

New Mexico

2016-01-07T16:58:31Z

YashidaSatoru:

{{USState
|name=New Mexico
|flag=New_Mexico_State_Flag.gif
|motto=Crescit eundo (It grows as it goes)
|nick=The Land of Enchantment
|capital=[[Santa Fe]]
|language=English, Spanish
|governor=Susana Martinez
|gparty=Republican
|senator1=Jeff Bingaman
|s1party=Democrat
|s1phone=(202) 224-5521
|s1email=mailto:senator_bingaman@bingaman.senate.gov Contact
|senator2=Tom Udall
|s2party=Democrat
|s2phone=(202) 224-6621
|s2email=http://tomudall.senate.gov/contact/contact.cfm Contact
|population=
|date=January 6, 1912 (47th)
}}
'''New Mexico''', the colony and territory of '''Santa Fe de Nuevo México''' from 1598-1912 was a Mexican territory from 1821-1848 and an American territory from 1848-1912, became the 47th state to join the union on January 6, 1912. It is the fifth largest of the [[United States]], with a total land area of 121,412 square miles.<ref> http://www.newmexico.gov/</ref> New Mexico has the largest [[Hispanic]] population, and second largest [[Native American]] population, percentage-wise, of any US State. The State has a bold history and colorful culture, the official state question is "red or green?" in reference to the State's unique [[Chile (Capsicum)|chile pepper]]. Politically the State is very much as Independent swing state that usually votes for incumbents and, much like West Texas, the state also leans towards [[Libertarian]] political stances especially in Central and Western New Mexico. The capital of the state is [[Santa Fe]], and its largest city is [[Albuquerque]].

Despite popular opinion, New Mexico's name originates from long before it was a territory of Mexico or the United States. New Mexico was named by Spanish explorers who mistook the advanced Pueblo natives as being related to the Mexica ([[Aztecs]]). The full name of the colony, as well as the Mexican and American territories, was Santa Fe de Nuevo México (Holy Faith of New Mexico).

The state is bordered by [[Colorado]], [[Arizona]], [[Utah]], [[Oklahoma]] and [[Texas]]. It also borders [[Mexico]].

The current governor of New Mexico is [[conservative]] [[Republican]] [[Susana Martinez]].

==History==
===Native Americans===
The Native American groups of New Mexico are the Pueblo, and the Athabaskan groups of the Apache and Navajo. The Navajo Nation also is present in Arizona and Utah. Prior to these modern peoples, the current area of New Mexico was the home of the Mogollon, Hohokam, and the ancestors to the modern Pueblo peoples called the Ancient Pueblo, commonly known as the [[Anasazi]].
====Ancient Pueblo====
The Ancient Puebloans (commonly known by the Navajo name Anasazi), were great builders that built monolithic cities throughout the American Southwest, they were primarily centered around the current area of New Mexico. Some of the monolithic cities have stood the test of time, such as Sky City at the Acoma Pueblo and the ancient structures at Taos Pueblo; both of these Pueblos are widely believed to be longest continuously inhabited places in the United States. Some of their cities have long been abandoned, such as the ruins at Chaco Culture National Historical Park and Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument. The government of the Pueblos was extremely similar to the Greek [[city-state]]s, and they continue to run as city-states.
===Santa Fe de Nuevo México (1598-1912)===
The Spanish colony of Santa Fe de Nuevo México was started by Juan de Oñate in 1598, who initially believed that, similar to the Aztecs, the town dwelling Pueblo natives to be rich in Gold. He attempted to make the colony into a vice-royalty, but was unable to convince the leaders back in Europe. Instead the Spanish leadership from Europe made increasingly brutal laws against the Spanish colonists and the Pueblo natives. They banned Pueblo religious practices, and punished poorer colonists and Pueblos with forced labor and taxes.
====Pueblo Revolt (1680)====
The Pueblo first attempted to request more religious liberty, as the Pueblo religion was largely peaceful in nature, but Pueblo leaders that attempted the request were publicly executed. Popé, a Pueblo man from Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo near Santa Fe, became a charismatic leader of the Pueblo groups. He lead the Pueblos in a unified revolt against the Spanish, this was the first successful revolt of Americans against oppressive European rule.<ref>[http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/encyclopedia/history/ New Mexico History] on the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]]</ref> The Pueblos allowed the Spanish colonists to flee to [[El Paso]].
====Return of the colonists (1692)====
The Pueblo continued to use and maintain the facilities in Santa Fe, the Palace of the Governors became a small place of government for the Pueblos, but since the Pueblos continued to be city-states nothing more came of it. The Pueblo also converted numerous Catholic churches into Pueblo kivas. Diego de Vargas lead the colonists back to New Mexico in 1692, in what was called the Bloodless Reconquest. The Spanish gave clemency to the Pueblos, and the Pueblo people agreed to peace under the agreement of greater representation and better religious freedoms. The Pueblo and Spanish still had several contentions, but relations between them was much better this time around, especially since forced labor and taxes were no longer enforced. They would often work together to stave off attacks from the Apache, Navajo, and Comanche. Eventually peace was also made with the Apache, Navajo, and Comanche.
====Mexican territory (1821)====
Mexico declared independence in 1821. Mexico's policies worsened relations with the Native Americans, and again caused the resurgence in raids upon Spanish and Pueblo towns. This was the beginning of the Wild West, which lasted through the Mexican and American territorial phases, New Mexico was a major part of the Wild West supplying major Western icons such as the cowboy, the Sheriff, [[Billy the Kid]], old Spanish town squares, and the settings of deserts, prairies, and mountains. Troubles from the neighbors to the east also became an issue, [[Texas]] declared its own Independence from Mexico, and attempted to annex everything east of the Rio Grande. All the while, Mexico was taking land from the original settlers of New Mexico as well as American land-grantees.
====American territory (1848)====
The Mexican-American war resulted in New Mexico becoming an American territory, mostly due to the promise of the American government again repairing relations with the Apache, Navajo, and Comanche. U.S. Presidents [[Zachary Taylor]] and [[Abraham Lincoln]] both called for the immediate statehood of New Mexico, in order to side-step the impending [[Civil War]], since New Mexico's law had already prohibited slavery since the Pueblo Revolt. Unfortunately, statehood did not come to New Mexico until 1912. The New Mexico Campaign during the Civil War was an important battlefield, the Confederacy attempted to capture Albuquerque but was only temporarily successful. This instead bolstered the American soldiers, consisting mostly of descendants of New Mexican Spanish and Pueblo, to chase the Texan Confederate soldiers to the largest Civil War battle in the American West at Glorieta Pass.
===The State of New Mexico (1912)===
New Mexico became the 47th State of the Union in 1912. The Daughters of the American Revolution pushed for a State flag in 1920, and that call was answered in 1925 by Dr. Harry P. Mera. The flag consists of the Zia Pueblo sun symbol in Spanish red on a field of Spanish yellow, this design has won the North American Vexillological Association's best flag design for U.S. states, territories, or Canadian provinces numerous times.

:I salute the flag of the state of New Mexico, the Zia symbol of perfect friendship among united cultures.
::from the New Mexico Statutes and Court Rules, Section 12-3-3, to be said after the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America.

During [[World War II]], New Mexico played a pivotal role as not only the namesake of the [[New Mexico-class battleship]], but also as the birthplace of the Navajo Code Talkers who created the only uncracked code of WWII which saved countless lives in the Pacific Theatre, and more importantly as the primary place of research and technology at Los Alamos which housed some of the smartest men in the country including [[Albert Einstein]], and the White Sands Military Testing Facility for testing the Nuclear bomb.

New Mexico has continued to be at the forefront of science, including Sandia Labs and the Los Alamos Laboratories. Technology by Ed Roberts' MITS, with their Altair computer kits, attracted both [[Paul Allen]] and [[Bill Gates]] to start [[Microsoft]] in [[Albuquerque]]; [[Intel]] has continued this trend by having a fabricating facility in Rio Rancho, near Albuquerque, where they build [[Central processing unit|CPU]]s. Innovate ABQ, a free-market concept in Albuquerque, is currently under development as a "start-up for start-ups" that is set to encourage entrepreneurship and innovation, in order to continue New Mexico's scientific and technological progress.

==Elected Officials==

===Federal===
*Sen. [[Martin Heinrich]] (D)
*Sen. [[Tom Udall]] (D)
*Rep. [[Michelle Lujan Grisham]] [D, NM-01]
*Rep. [[Steve Pearce]] [R, NM-02]
*Rep. [[Ben Ray Luján]] [D, NM-03]

===Statewide===
*Governor [[Susana Martinez]] (R)
*Lt. Governor [[John Sanchez]] (R)
*Attorney General [[Gary King]] (D)
*Secretary of State [[Dianna Duran]] (R)
*State Auditor [[Hector Balderas]] (D)
*State Treasurer [[James Lewis]] (D)
*Land Commissioner [[Ray Powell]] (D)

== Population ==
The total population of 2,085,572 includes a high number of peoples of Hispanic origin and of [[Native American]] (Indian) descent.<ref>http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/35000.htm </ref> The most populous group of Hispanic origin peoples are the descendants of the original settlers, those prior to the 1848 American territorial phase, they are referred to as [[Nuevomexicano]]s or Hispanos. The largest groups of Native American descent are the [[Pueblo]], [[Navajo]], and [[Apache]].

The cities with the largest populations are:
=== Metropolitan ===
*[[Albuquerque]], 545,852 (887,077 in its metropolitan area including; [[Belen]], [[Jemez Pueblo]], [[Rio Rancho]], [[Sandia Pueblo]], [[Santa Ana Pueblo]], [[Moriarty]], and [[Zia Pueblo]])
*[[Las Cruces]], 97,618 (209,233 in its metropolitan area including; [[Hatch]], [[Mesilla]], and [[Sunland Park]])
*[[Santa Fe]], 67,947 (144,170 in its metropolitan area including; [[Edgewood]], [[Española]], [[Nambé Pueblo]], and [[San Ildefonso Pueblo]])
*[[Farmington]], 45,877 (130,004 in its metropolitan area including; [[Aztec, New Mexico|Aztec]], [[Bloomfield]], and [[Shiprock]])
*[[Clovis, New Mexico|Clovis]]-[[Portales]] Combined Statistical Area, 63,224 (including [[Cannon Air Force Base]], [[Elida]], [[Texico]], [[Grady]], and [[Melrose]])

===Micropolitan===
The top five micropolitan areas, by population, are:
*[[Gallup, New Mexico|Gallup]], 21,678 (71,492 in its micropolitan area including [[Zuni Pueblo]])
*[[Roswell]], 48,411 (65,645 in its micropolitan area including; [[Dexter, New Mexico|Dexter]], [[Hagerman]], and [[Lake Arthur]])
*[[Hobbs]], 34,122 (64,727 in its micropolitan area including; [[Eunice]], [[Jal]], and [[Lovington]])
*[[Alamogordo]], 30,403 (63,797 in its micropolitan area including; [[Cloudcroft]] and [[Tularosa]])
*[[Carlsbad]]-[[Artesia]], 45,877 (53,829 in its micropolitan area including; [[Hope, New Mexico|Hope]] and [[Loving, New Mexico|Loving]])

Other non-metropolitan population centers are; [[Silver City]], [[Las Vegas, New Mexico|Las Vegas]], [[Taos]], [[Grants, New Mexico|Grants]], [[Deming]], [[Ruidoso]], [[Los Alamos]], and [[Tucumcari]].

== Language ==
New Mexico is often falsely assumed to be a bilingual state, however, it is officially known as an English Plus state. [[American English]] is considered the de-facto language, with [[New Mexican English]] being the dominant dialect. Citizens are encouraged to be multi-lingual, and/or to interact and familiarize themselves with other languages. According to the "English Plus Declaration" the reasoning was for the "economic and cultural benefit of our state and the nation." It could also be surmised that is was also for the preservation of [[New Mexican Spanish]] and the Native American languages of Jemez, Jicarilla, Keresan, Mescalero-Chiricahua, Navajo, Picuris, Southern, Tiwa, Taos, Tewa, and Zuni; as the resolution was urged by the New Mexico State Task Force on Modern and Classical Languages.

There was initially a movement to push for the state declaration of English as the official language of the state. This, instead, produced a counter-trend based on the "position of English in the United States needs no official legislation to support it." The state also recognized "the national interest since it promotes the concept that all members of our society have full access to opportunities to effectively learn English plus develop proficiency in a second or multiple languages." This decision proved beneficial to the United States during World War II, as the Navajo Code Talkers, by simply speaking Navajo, created the most effective code of the war which saved numerous allied troops.

== Culture ==
The culture of New Mexico was nearly lost to history, during the Mexican and American territorial phases, liberalism took hold throughout the major city centers within the state. Suppression and shunning of the native cultures almost left the state without an identity. Once Route 66 ran through the central cities of Albuquerque and Santa Fe, travelers began to look for authentic New Mexican culture, which was nowhere to be found within the newer "downtown" areas; Native Americans, [[Nuevomexicano]]s, descendants of the Wild West including cowboys and buffalo soldiers, and the impoverished railroad working Asian Americans had moved to poorer parts of town referred to as "old towns". Travelers and tourists began visiting these old town areas looking for authentic New Mexican cuisine and culture. Thanks to the free market, these groups became wealthy enough to reinvigorate the old town areas, and expanded into buying land in the downtown areas. The culture of New Mexico again came under fire during the [[Californication]] of the American West during the 1970s.

Much to the chagrin of those wishing to suppress the American culture of New Mexico; the New Mexican culture eventually became so pervasive within the state that the folk [[New Mexico music]] became a local popular music, and the [[New Mexican cuisine]] staple [[Chile (Capsicum)|chile pepper]] being found in everything from traditional New Mexican stews, enchiladas, and tamales to popular American foods such as french fries, hamburgers, and ranch dressing.

== Climate ==

New Mexico's weather is usually sunny and dry, with little rainfall all year. This is especially true in the south, however in the northern and central parts of the state, especially in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and along the Rio Grande, there is more moderate precipitation and usually snow during the winter.<ref> http://weather.nmsu.edu/News/climate-in-NM.htm </ref>

[[Image:nmexico.jpg|200px|right]]
== Geography ==

The land was most prominently featured in Wild West films; [[desert]]s, [[prairie]]s, [[forest]], and several [[mountain]]ous regions, being at the southern-most end of the [[Rocky Mountains]] including the [[Sangre de Cristo]] mountain range, the [[Jemez Mountains]],<ref>http://www.americansouthwest.net/new_mexico/jemez_mountains/</ref> and the Sandia Mountains. One of the most prominent rivers west of the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]], the [[Rio Grande]], runs through the center of the State from north to south.

The highest point in New Mexico is [[Wheeler Peak]] at 13,161 feet above sea level, and the lowest point is at [[Red Bluff Reservoir]], 2,842 feet above sea level. <ref> http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/nm_geography.htm </ref>

== Agriculture and Mining ==

Agriculture is important to New Mexico, but the lack of irrigation hinders using much of the land for farming. Much of the land is used for [[ranching|grazing]] [[livestock]], especially [[sheep]]. More than two-thirds of New Mexico's farm income comes from livestock products.

Much of the farmed land is located around the three major rivers which flow through the state: the [[Rio Grande]], [[Pecos River]], and [[San Juan River]]. The primary crops grown in New Mexico The Mesilla Valley, on the Rio Grande, around the town of [[Hatch, New Mexico|Hatch]] is well-known for its peppers, particularly the New Mexico [[Chile (Capsicum)|chile pepper]] which has numerous varieties, such as Big Jim, Joe E. Parker, and Roy Naky; other places grow their own varieties of said chile pepper such as the Albuquerque metropolitan area in Corrales down south into Isleta, and each of the Pueblos and old Spanish towns have their own varieties of the chile as well. <ref> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ugoCk5fv2zg </ref>

Another large industry in the state is mining, particularly [[copper]], [[silver]], and [[uranium]]. <ref> http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108250.html </ref>

==Transportation ==

Interstate [[Highway]]s 10, 25 and 40 traverse the state. New Mexico's largest commercial airport is Albuquerque's [[Albuquerque International Sunport|International Sunport]]. <ref> http://nmshtd.state.nm.us/ </ref>

== Places of Interest ==
[[File:The Rio Grande River running through Albuquerque, New Mexico.jpg|thumb|The Rio Grande River running through Albuquerque.]]
*[[Carlsbad Caverns National Park]]
*Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monuments
*[[Bandelier National Monument]]
*Elephant Butte Reservoir
*Inscription Rock at [[El Morro National Monument]]
*[[White Sands National Monument]]

== Notable people associated with New Mexico ==
[[Image:O'Keefe Belladonna.jpg|frame|right|Bella Donna by [[Georgia O'Keeffe]], 1939.]]

*[[Ralph Bunche]] (Nobel Peace Prize winner)
*[[John Denver]] (singer)
*Holly Holm (UFC fighter)
*Henry McCarty ([[Billy the Kid]])
*[[Demi Moore]] (actress)
*[[Georgia O'Keeffe]] (painter)
*[[Mario J. Lucero]] and [[Isabel Ruiz Lucero]] (co-founders of [[Heaven Sent Gaming]])
*[[Susana Martinez]] (Governor)
*Juan de Oñate (founder of New Mexico)
*Porfirio Podres (folk hero San Popo)
*Popé (leader during the Pueblo Revolt)
*[[Bill Richardson]] (former Governor)
*Johnny Tapia (champion boxer)
*Albert Sanchez (musician [[Al Hurricane]])
*Al Unser and Bobby Unser (auto racers)
*Diego de Vargas (leader during the Bloodless Reconquest)

==References==
<references/>

{{USstates}}
[[Category:States of the United States]]
[[Category:New Mexico]]
[[category:Latinos]]
[[Category:Western United States]]
[[Category:Manhattan Project]]

Texas

2016-01-01T00:08:08Z

YashidaSatoru:

{{USState
|name=Texas
|flag=Texas_State_Flag.gif
|motto="Friendship"
|nick=The Lone Star State
|capital=Austin
|language=English
|governor=Greg Abbott
|gparty=Republican
|senator2=John Cornyn
|s2party=Republican
|s2phone=(202) 224-2934
|s2email=http://cornyn.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Contact.ContactForm Contact
|senator1=Ted Cruz
|s1party=Republican
|s1phone=
|s1email=http://hutchison.senate.gov/contact.cfm Contact
|population=
|date=December 29, 1845 (28th)
}}
'''Texas''', a territory of Mexico from 1821-1835 and the '''Republic of Texas''' from 1836–1845, became the 28th state to join the union on December 29, 1845--this state has the largest [[conservative]] state in population, and is predicted to surpass [[California]] in population within a few decades. Texas is the second largest in population after [[California]] and has the second largest land-area after [[Alaska]]. It has the largest land-area in the continental [[US]]. Before its admission, it was its own [[Republic of Texas|country]], having gained [[Texas War of Independence|independence]] from [[Mexico]].

The capital of Texas is [[Austin]], and the largest city is [[Houston]]. Texas was solidly [[Democrat]]ic from about 1900 to the 1970s, then [[Republican]]s gradually took control and now dominate the political atmosphere of the state. Nevertheless, the largest cities of Houston, [[San Antonio]], Austin, [[Dallas]], and El Paso are heavily Democrat. Houston in a non-partisan election chose a [[liberal]] Democrat as mayor on December 5, 2015.

Up until the 1980's Texas had a booming oil industry, starting with the Spindletop oil gusher. For many years Texas was one of the largest oil producers in the world, with the West of Texas oilfields famous around the globe.

Currently, Texas is shifting from the oil industry to the service sector. It has a growing tech industry and is home to many well-known corporations such as [[Dell]], [[Texas Instruments]] and [[Hewlett Packard]].

The current governor of Texas is Republican [[Greg Abbott]].

==Several Texas Cities Rank Among the Most Conservative American Cities==
The most conservative Texas cities among the [[most conservative American cities]] are #2 [[Lubbock, Texas|Lubbock]], #3 Abilene, #5 [[Plano]], and #14 [[Arlington, Texas|Arlington]].<ref>[http://americancityandcounty.com/content/study-ranks-americas-most-liberal-and-conservative-cities 2005 study rankings on liberal and conservative cities]. Posted Oct 27, 2014. Accessed March 18, 2015</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of Texas}}

Six national flags have flown over Texas. Spain, France (which had a small brief settlement), Mexico, the [[Republic of Texas]], the [[Confederate States of America]], and the [[United States of America]] have ruled Texas. <ref name="txonlinehandbook">http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online
</ref>

===Spain: 1519-1821===
Spain sent in several exploration teams, but they found no gold and gave negative reports that warned about the arid land and the hostile Indian tribes. Spanish settlers moved to [[New Mexico]] instead.

Spain opened a mission at San Antonio in 1718 along with several small missions and military outposts, primarily to keep France from expansing from its base in Louisiana. Spain began issuing permission for American settlement, but was replaced by Mexico in 1821.

===France: 1685-1690===
France was looking to expand its new colony in the Louisiana area, and French nobleman Robert de La Salle led an expedition looking for the mouth of the Mississippi river. However, he got lost and shipwrecked on the coast of Texas, and founded the colony Fort St. Louis in 1695. However, the colony was beset with many problems, including famine, disease, and attack from Native Americans. After five years, many of the inhabitants were dead, La Salle was murdered by his own crew, and the survivors had abandoned the colony.

===Mexico===
In January 1821, the Spanish authorities in Mexico City granted American [[Moses Austin]] permission to settle 300 families in Texas. After the death of Austin and after Mexico's successful revolt against Spain, the Mexican provisional government confirmed this concession to [[Stephen F. Austin]], the "Father of Texas." The younger Austin obtained contracts to settle 900 additional families, most of whom arrived by 1833. Austin's colonies formed the nucleus of the American settlements in Texas.

===Republic of Texas===
''March 2, 1836 - December 29, 1845''

[[Image:Texas1835.jpg|thumb|550px|Texas in 1835]]

Texas leaders gathered at [[Washington-on-the-Brazos]] to sign the Texas Declaration of Independence on March 2, 1836. Four days later the [[Alamo]] fell after a 13 day siege by Mexican troops led by [[Antonio López de Santa Anna|Gen. Antonio López de Santa Anna]]. The massacre of all the defenders gave rise to the rallying call "Remember the Alamo". Santa Anna's Mexican troops were defeated on April 21 at the Battle of [[San Jacinto]] near present-day Houston. Mexico, however, refused to recognize the independence and when Texas joined the U.S. in 1845, the [[Mexican American War]] became inevitable.

Texas was a favorite destination of German immigrants in the 140s and 1850s. The state grew rapdily because of cattle herds and cotton farming; there were few cities.

===Confederate States of America===
Texas joined the Confederacy ''March 2, 1861-March 15, 1865''. The coast was blockaded, and after the fall of Vicksburg in 1863 it became almost impossible to send men, horses or cattle to the east. Texas became a backwater with little military action.

===United States of America===
''December 29, 1845-March 2, 1861 and March 15, 1865-present''.

Texas' [[Reconstruction]] experience was similar to other rebel states. Texas was hardly damaged by the war, and attracted a large number of immigrants from the deep South after 1865, while few Europeans arrived. Cotton and cattle continued as the dominant economic base, with [[Cattle Drives]] used to move the cattle to railheads in Kansas and Missouri before the railroads reached Texas.

==Politics==
Texas is a mostly conservative state. It has consistently voted [[Republican]] in presidential elections since 1980, last favoring the [[Democrats]] in 1976 when [[Jimmy Carter]] won the state. In 2012 Romney received 4.56 million votes, compared to Obama's 3.31 million.<ref>http://www.sos.state.tx.us/elections/historical/presidential.shtml</ref> Currently, the Texas Senate has 19 Republicans and twelve Democrats, and the State House consists of 101 Republicans and 49 Democrats. Republicans also have a 23-9 edge in the federal House delegation.

==Elected Officials==

===Federal===
*Sen. [[Ted Cruz]] (R)
*Sen. [[John Cornyn]] (R)
*Rep. [[Louie Gohmert]] [R, TX-01]
*Rep. [[Ted Poe]] [R, TX-02]
*Rep. [[Sam Johnson]] [R, TX-03]
*Rep. [[John Ratcliffe]] [R, TX-04]
*Rep. [[Jeb Hensarling]] [R, TX-05]
*Rep. [[Joe Barton]] [R, TX-06]
*Rep. [[John Culberson]] [R, TX-07]
*Rep. [[Kevin Brady]] [R, TX-08]
*Rep. [[Al Green]] [D, TX-09]
*Rep. [[Michael McCaul]] [R, TX-10]
*Rep. [[Mike Conaway]] [R, TX-11]
*Rep. [[Kay Granger]] [R, TX-12]
*Rep. [[Mac Thornberry]] [R, TX-13]
*Rep. [[Randy Weber]] [R, TX-14]
*Rep. [[Ruben Hinojosa]] [D, TX-15]
*Rep. [[Beto O'Rourke]] [D, TX-16]
*Rep. [[Bill Flores]] [R, TX-17]
*Rep. [[Sheila Jackson Lee]] [D, TX-18]
*Rep. [[Randy Neugebauer]] [R, TX-19]
*Rep. [[Joaquin Castro]] [D, TX-20]
*Rep. [[Lamar Smith]] [R, TX-21]
*Rep. [[Pete Olson]] [R, TX-22]
*Rep. [[Will Hurd]] [R, TX-23]
*Rep. [[Kenny Marchant]] [R, TX-24]
*Rep. [[Roger Williams (Texas)|Roger Williams]] [D, TX-25]
*Rep. [[Michael Burgess]] [R, TX-26]
*Rep. [[Blake Farenthold]] [R, TX-27]
*Rep. [[Henry Cuellar]] [D, TX-28]
*Rep. [[Gene Green]] [D, TX-29]
*Rep. [[Eddie Bernice Johnson]] [D, TX-30]
*Rep. [[John Carter]] [R, TX-31]
*Rep. [[Pete Sessions]] [R, TX-32]
*Rep. [[Marc Veasey]] (D, TX-33)
*Rep. [[Filemon Vela, Jr.]] (D, TX-34]
*Rep. [[Lloyd Doggett]] (D, TX-35]
*Rep. [[Brian Babin]] (R, TX-36]

===Statewide===
*Governor [[Greg Abbott]] (R)
*Lt. Governor [[Dan Patrick]] (R)
*Attorney General [[Ken Paxton]] (R)
*Agriculture Commissioner [[Sid Miller]] (R)
*Land Commissioner [[George P. Bush]] (R)
*State Comptroller [[Glenn Hegar]] (R)

==Energy==
[[File:Texas-oil.jpg|thumb|350px|right]][[File:Oil-symbol.jpg|thumb|300px|right]]

Texas leads the Nation in fossil fuel reserves and in non-hydropower renewable energy potential. Texas crude oil reserves represent almost one-fourth of total U.S. oil reserves, and Texas natural gas reserves account for almost three-tenths of total U.S. natural gas reserves. Although Texas’s oil reserves are found throughout the State in several geologic basins, the largest remaining reserves are concentrated in the Permian Basin of West Texas, which contains more than 20 of the Nation’s top 100 oil fields. Similarly, deposits of natural gas are found in abundance in several Texas production basins, with the largest fields heavily concentrated in the East Texas Basin in the northeastern part of the State. Texas’s fossil fuel reserves also include substantial deposits of lignite coal, found in narrow bands in the Gulf Coast region, and bituminous coal, found in north central and southwestern Texas.<ref> See [http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=TX Energy Information Administration, State Report 2009]</ref>

Texas is also rich in renewable energy potential, including wind, solar, and biomass resources. Wind resource areas in the Texas Panhandle, along the Gulf Coast south of Galveston, and in the mountain passes and ridgetops of the Trans-Pecos offer Texas some of the greatest wind power potential in the United States. Solar power potential is also among the highest in the country, with high levels of direct solar radiation (suitable to support large-scale solar power plants) concentrated in West Texas. Due to its large agricultural and forestry sectors, Texas has an abundance of biomass energy resources. Although Texas is not known as a major hydropower State, substantial untapped potential exists in several river basins, including the Colorado River of Texas and the Lower Red.

Due to its large population and an energy-intensive economy, Texas leads the Nation in energy consumption, accounting for more than one-tenth of total U.S. energy use. Energy-intensive industries in Texas include aluminum, chemicals, forest products, glass, and petroleum refining.

===Petroleum===
The State’s signature crude oil type, known as West Texas Intermediate (WTI), remains the major benchmark of crude oil in the Americas.

Texas leads the United States in both crude oil production and refining capacity. Texas’s first major oil boom began in 1901 with the discovery of the Spindle Top oil field in the upper Gulf Coast basin. Since then, major discoveries have been made in East Texas, West Texas, and offshore in the Gulf of Mexico. Texas oil production increased until 1972, when it peaked at more than 3.4 million barrels per day. Afterward, production declined rapidly, and in recent years Texas crude oil output has fallen to less than one-third of its 1972 peak.

Although Texas oil production is in decline, the State’s signature crude oil type, known as West Texas Intermediate (WTI), remains the major benchmark of crude oil in the Americas. Because of its light consistency and low-sulfur content, the quality of WTI is considered to be high, and it yields a large fraction of gasoline when refined. Most WTI crude oil is sent via pipeline to Midwest refining centers, although much of this crude oil is also refined in the Gulf Coast region.

Texas’s 26 petroleum refineries can process nearly 4.8 million barrels of crude oil per day, and they account for more than one-fourth of total U.S. refining capacity. Most of the State’s refineries are clustered near major ports along the Gulf Coast, including Houston, Port Arthur, and Corpus Christi. These coastal refineries have access to local Texas production, foreign imports, and oil produced offshore in the Gulf of Mexico, as well as the U.S. government’s Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which operates two large storage facilities in Bryan Mound and Big Hill, Texas. Many of Texas’s refineries are sophisticated facilities that use additional refining processes beyond simple distillation to yield a larger quantity of lighter, higher value products, such as gasoline. Because of this downstream capability, Texas refineries often process a wide variety of crude oil types from around the world, including heavier, lower value varieties.

Refineries in the Houston area, including the Baytown refinery, the Nation’s largest refinery, make up the largest refining center in the United States. From Houston, refined product pipelines spread across the country, allowing Texas petroleum products to reach virtually every major consumption market east of the Rocky Mountains. This network includes the Colonial Pipeline system (Koch), which is the largest petroleum product pipeline system in the United States and is vital for supplying markets throughout the South and East Coast.

Texas’s total petroleum consumption is the highest in the Nation, and the State leads the country in consumption of asphalt and road oil, distillate fuel oil, jet fuel, liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), and lubricants. Texas LPG use is greater than the LPG consumption of all other States combined, due primarily to the State’s active petrochemical industry, which is the largest in the United States. Four separate motor gasoline blends are required in Texas to meet the diverse air quality needs of different parts the State, including reformulated motor gasoline blended with ethanol required in the metropolitan areas of Houston and Dallas-Forth Worth. The agriculture-rich Texas Panhandle has several corn- and milo-based ethanol plants that are operational or under construction.

===Natural Gas===
Texas is the Nation’s leading natural gas producer, accounting for more than one-fourth of total U.S. natural gas production. In the early days of Texas oil production, natural gas found with oil was largely considered a nuisance and was often flared (burned off) at the wellhead. Although some Texas cities and towns located near oil fields began using natural gas for energy, it was not until the State banned flaring after World War II that oil producers began to find new markets for natural gas. Two pipelines that once carried crude oil to the East Coast were converted to carry natural gas and a new natural gas pipeline to California was built, setting the stage for strong natural gas production growth in the 1950s and 60s. Texas natural gas production reached its peak in 1972 at more than 9.6 billion cubic feet of annual production. Since then, output has declined steadily to less than three-fifths of that level.

Today, an expansive network of interstate natural gas pipelines extends from Texas, reaching consumption markets from coast to coast, including those in California, the Midwest, the East Coast, and New England. Texas has 10 natural gas market hubs located in both East and West Texas, more than any other State, and its natural gas storage capacity is among the highest in the Nation. Most of Texas’s 34 active storage facilities are depleted oil and gas fields converted for storage use, although many sites have also been developed in salt dome formations. These storage facilities allow Texas to store its natural gas production during the summer when national demand is typically lower and to ramp up delivery quickly during the winter months when markets across the country require greater volumes of natural gas to meet their home heating needs. However, due to the growing use of natural gas for electricity generation in the United States, Texas has occasionally withdrawn natural gas from storage during the summer months to help meet peak electricity demand for air-conditioning use.

Texas consumes more natural gas than any other State and accounts for about one-fifth of total U.S. natural gas consumption. Texas natural gas demand is dominated by the industrial and electric power sectors, which together account for more than four-fifths of State use. Because Texas demand is high, and because the State’s natural gas infrastructure is well connected to consumption markets throughout the country, several companies have proposed building liquefied natural gas (LNG) import terminals along the Gulf Coast in Texas.

===Coal, Electricity, and Renewables===
Natural gas-fired power plants typically account for about one-half of the electricity produced in Texas and coal-fired plants account for much of the remaining generation. Although Texas produces a substantial amount of coal from 13 surface mines, including five of the 50 largest in the United States, the State relies on rail deliveries of subbituminous coal from Wyoming for the majority of its supply. Nearly all of the coal mined in Texas is lignite coal, the lowest grade of coal, and all of it is consumed in the State, mostly in arrangements where a single utility operates both the mine and an adjacent coal-fired power plant. Although lower in energy content than other varieties of coal, lignite coal is also low in sulfur, an important consideration in the State’s efforts to lower emissions. Texas consumes more coal than any other State and its emissions of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide are among the highest in the Nation.

Texas is a major nuclear power generating State. Two nuclear plants, Comanche Peak and South Texas Project, typically account for about one-tenth of the State’s electric power production. Until the recent uprating (capacity improvement) of the Number 2 reactor at Palo Verde in Arizona, the two South Texas Project nuclear reactors were the largest in the Nation.

Although renewable energy sources contribute minimally to the Texas power grid, Texas leads the Nation in wind-powered generation capacity, and substantial new wind generation capacity is under construction in Texas. Texas surpassed California as the country’s largest wind energy producer in 2006. Currently, there are over 2,000 wind turbines in West Texas alone, and the numbers continue to increase as development costs continue to drop and wind turbine technology improves. At 736 MW, the Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center in central Texas is the largest wind power facility in the world.

Texas produces and consumes more electricity than any other State. Despite large net interstate electricity imports in some areas, the Texas Interconnect power grid is largely isolated from the integrated power systems serving the eastern and western United States, and most areas of Texas have little ability to export or import electricity to and from other States. Texas per capita residential use of electricity is significantly higher than the national average, due to high demand for electric air-conditioning during hot summer months and the widespread use of electricity as the primary energy source for home heating during typically mild winter months.

==Education==
The weakness of education in Texas has always (and still is) an important priority. The Texas Declaration of Independence from Mexico included the following grievance against the government of Mexico pertaining to education:

<blockquote>''It has failed to establish any public system of education, although possessed of almost boundless resources, (the public domain,) and although it is an axiom in political science, that unless a people are educated and enlightened, it is idle to expect the continuance of civil liberty, or the capacity for self government.''</blockquote>

Even today Texas is in the forefront of education in the country as the [[No Child Left Behind Act|No Child Left Behind( NCLB) Act]] is being implemented. The administration of George W. Bush used Texas as a model for many of the reforms in the NCLB Act because of his previous experiences as governor of Texas.

In 2006 Texas ranked #25 out of 50 states on a composite index of public education.<ref>See "Which State Is Smartest?" (2007) at [http://www.morganquitno.com/edrank.htm] </ref>
Texas ranks:<ref> see Carol Keeton Strayhorn, Texas State Comproller, "Major Challenges Facing Texas Education Today" at [http://www.window.state.tx.us/comptrol/wwstand/wws0512ed/]</ref>
* #49 in verbal SAT scores in the nation (493) and #46 in average math SAT scores (502).
* #36 in the nation in high school graduation rates (68%).
* #33 in the nation in teacher salaries. Teacher salaries in Texas are not keeping pace with the national average. The gains realized from the last state-funded across-the-board pay raise authorized in 1999, which moved the ranking from 33 to as high as 26th in the nation, have disappeared over the last five years.
* Texas was the only state in the nation to cut average per pupil expenditures in fiscal year 2005, resulting in a ranking of #40 nationally; down from #25 in fiscal year 1999.
* #6 in the nation in student growth. The general student population in Texas public schools grew by 11.1% between school years 1999 and 2005, with the largest percent of growth seen among low income and minority children.

===Public Education===
The Texas public education system consists of 1,033 independent and common school districts. There are an additional 190 charter school districts. Public school enrollment has continued to increase at a rapid pace. In the 2000-2001 school year, public school enrollment was at 4,059,619 students. By the 2006-2007 school year, the public school enrollment had increased by over 500,000 students to a mark of 4,594,942 students.
===Higher Education===
The University of Texas System and the Texas A&M System are two of the largest higher education systems in the nation, with numerous branch campuses. [[The University of Texas at Austin]] is the largest institution in the UT System, while Texas A&M is the flagship of the rival system. Thanks to ownership of oil fields, their endowments in 2006 reached $13.2 billion and $5.6 billion. The best endowed private schools were Rice University in Houston with $4.0 billion, Southern Methodist University in Dallas ($1.1 billion); Baylor College of Medicine ($1.0 billion), and Texas Christian University in Ft. Worth ($1.0 billion).

The state of Texas is home of many notable institutions of higher learning.

* [[Baylor University]]
* [[Rice University]]
* [[Texas_A_and_M_University | Texas A&M]]
* [[University of Texas at Austin]]

==Notable Texans==
[[Image:Texascapbuilding.JPG‎ |thumb|350px|The Texas capitol building in [[Austin]]]]
*[[Lance Armstrong]], who holds the record for most consecutive [[Tour de France]] victories, was born in Plano.
*[[George W. Bush]], 43rd President of the United States, former Governor of Texas.
*[[Pat Garrett]], the policeman who shot [[Billy the Kid]], lived in multiple locations in Texas.
*[[Sam Houston]] was the president of Texas when it was an independent nation, and lent his name to Texas's largest city.
*[[Howard Hughes]], the reclusive billionaire who was the subject of the movie ''The Aviator'', was born in Humble.
*[[Lyndon B. Johnson]], former president, lived and died in Stonewall.
*[[Ted Nugent]], controversial conservative musician, lives near Crawford.
*[[Ross Perot]], former presidential candidate, lives in Dallas
*[[Stevie Ray Vaughn]], musician.
*[[Claudia Johnson "Lady Bird Johnson"]], Born December 22, 1912. Lady Bird Johnson was the wife of President Lyndon B. Johnson. She is also known for her involvement in improving the physical conditions along the nations highways.

==See also==
* [[Dallas]]
* [[History of Texas]]
* [[Vote with your feet]] ([[strategic relocation]]) to a [[Free States Movement|Free state]] to escape the [[most liberal American cities]] of the leftist [[Welfare state]] - [[Nanny state]] - progressive [[Police state]]
* [[American_Redoubt#Texas_Redoubt|Texas Redoubt]]

==Bibliography - Further Reading==
* [[Joel Skousen|Skousen, Joel]], ''Strategic Relocation - North American Guide to Safe Places'', 3rd Edition Perfect Paperback, 2011, ISBN-10: 1568612621, ISBN-13: 978-1568612621. Detailed profile on [[:Category:Texas Cities and Towns|Texas cities and towns]].

* [[James Wesley Rawles|Rawles, James Wesley]]. ''[[Rawles on Retreats and Relocation]]''. 1st. Clearwater, [[Idaho]]: The Clearwater Press, 2007. Detailed profile on Texas cities and towns.

===Basic further reading===
*[http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/ The Handbook of Texas Online] ''- Published by the Texas State Historical Association'' thousands of scholarly articles on every aspect of Texas history
* [http://www.texasalmanac.com/ ''texas Almanac'' annual compendium of statistics]
* Bailey, Alvin R., Jr. and Light Townsend Cummins, eds. ''A Guide to the History of Texas.'' 1988. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=71910759 online edition]
* Campbell, Randolph B. ''Gone to Texas: a History of the Lone Star State'' (Oxford University Press, 2003, 500 pages.], standard scholarly survey [http://www.amazon.com/Gone-Texas-History-Lone-State/dp/0195138430/ref=pd_bbs_sr_3/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1190683778&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]; also [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=103945805 complete online edition]
* Fehrenbach, T. R. ''Lone Star: A History of Texas and the Texans '' (2007), popular survey [http://www.amazon.com/Lone-Star-T-R-Fehrenbach/dp/1579125379/ref=pd_bbs_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1190683778&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* McDonald, Archie P. ''Texas: A Compact History'' (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Texas-Compact-Archie-P-McDonald/dp/193333715X/ref=pd_bbs_4/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1190683778&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search]
*Wooster, Ralph A. and Robert A. Calvert, eds. ''Texas Vistas'' (1987) reprinted scholarly essays

==External Links==
* [http://www.city-data.com/city/Texas.html Texas Cities] on [[City-data.com]]

==References==
<references/>

{{USstates}}

[[Category : Texas| ]]
[[Category : Western United States]]
[[Category : Red States]]
[[Category : The South]]
[[Category : Southern United States]]
[[Category : Gulf Coast of the United States]]
[[Category : Regions of the United States]]
[[Category : United States Geography]]
[[Category : United States of America]]
[[Category : Geography]]
[[Category : Oil Industry]]
[[Category : Oil]]

New Mexican English

2015-12-31T23:53:46Z

YashidaSatoru:

'''New Mexican English''' is a term for the dialect, and sub-dialects of, [[American English]] spoken in [[New Mexico]]. When written it follows the rules established in American English, it can be colloquially represented in speech and writing as well, see the numerous [[Western (movie genre)|Western]] films and novels set in New Mexico.

==Differences==
===Various===
*''Huh'' and ''Or no'', are added to sentences as needed confirmation on a prior statement. This is similar to, but different from, the Midwest and Minnesotan "don't cha know". Examples; "I know, huh?", "that's wierd, huh?", "Should we drive, or no?", and "Are you hungry, or no?"
*''All'' is added as a degree adverb is sentences to emphasize a given statement. Examples; "you're all tall", "this place is all cold", and even in slang statements such as the ironic slang use of ''bad'' for something that is actually ''good'', "this is all bad."
*''O si'', pronounced "oh see", basically the same thing as the sarcastic "oh yes" in American English slang.
*Spanish loanwords, that mean the same thing as they do in Spanish are as follows; ''acequia'' (irrigation ditch), ''canales'' (rain gutters), ''vigas'' (house rafters), and coyote.
*Spanish loanwords, that do not mean the same thing as they do in Spanish are as follows; ''corazón'' (heart, but implies sweetheart, courage, and strength), ''hui'' (pronounced ''ooey'', which is used as a scared or startled expression), ''y'' (pronounced ''eee''', which used to show an absconding attitude), and ''ombers'' (similar to ''tsk tsk'').
*Native American loanwords are as follows; ''kachina'' (spirits from the Pueblo religion) and ''kiva'' (a place of worship in the Pueblo religion, used for numerous place names).
===Pronunciations===
*Unlike a majority of [[Southern English]] dialects ''cot'' and ''caught'' do share the same pronunciation. ''Card'' and ''cord'', as well as ''pin'' and ''pen'', have the same pronunciation as a vast majority of other varieties of American English. However, f''ather'' and b''other'' have merged in pronunciation.
*New Mexican English do not have the non-rhotic glide of [[Southern English]]. It does however have a sing-song pattern of speech, this is due to communications with speakers of Spanish, Tiwa, Tewa, Navajo and Apache. The sing-song intonation is not dependent on bilingualism or multilingualism, and displays itself with native English speakers in the area as well.
*The letters ''ñ'' and ''ll'' are pronounced as they are in Spanish, when in relation to words of Spanish origin.
===Spelling===
*''[[Chile (Capsicum)|Chile]]'', only used in reference to the New Mexico chile pepper, ''chili'' is equated in Texas style chili con carne.
===Shortenings===
*''member'', of "remember".

==References==
* [http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/lexicon/new-mexican-english/ New Mexican English] in the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]]

[[category:Language]]
[[Category:New Mexico]]
[[Category:Western United States]]

Texas

2015-12-31T23:24:24Z

YashidaSatoru:

{{USState
|name=Texas
|flag=Texas_State_Flag.gif
|motto="Friendship"
|nick=The Lone Star State
|capital=Austin
|language=English
|governor=Greg Abbott
|gparty=Republican
|senator2=John Cornyn
|s2party=Republican
|s2phone=(202) 224-2934
|s2email=http://cornyn.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Contact.ContactForm Contact
|senator1=Ted Cruz
|s1party=Republican
|s1phone=
|s1email=http://hutchison.senate.gov/contact.cfm Contact
|population=
|date=December 29, 1845 (28th)
}}
'''Texas''', a territory of Mexico from 1821-1835 and the '''Republic of Texas'' from 1836–1846, became the 28th state to join the union on December 29, 1845--this state has the largest [[conservative]] state in population, and is predicted to surpass [[California]] in population within a few decades. Texas is the second largest in population after [[California]] and has the second largest land-area after [[Alaska]]. It has the largest land-area in the continental [[US]]. Before its admission, it was its own [[Republic of Texas|country]], having gained [[Texas War of Independence|independence]] from [[Mexico]].

The capital of Texas is [[Austin]], and the largest city is [[Houston]]. Texas was solidly [[Democrat]]ic from about 1900 to the 1970s, then [[Republican]]s gradually took control and now dominate the political atmosphere of the state. Nevertheless, the largest cities of Houston, [[San Antonio]], Austin, [[Dallas]], and El Paso are heavily Democrat. Houston in a non-partisan election chose a [[liberal]] Democrat as mayor on December 5, 2015.

Up until the 1980's Texas had a booming oil industry, starting with the Spindletop oil gusher. For many years Texas was one of the largest oil producers in the world, with the West of Texas oilfields famous around the globe.

Currently, Texas is shifting from the oil industry to the service sector. It has a growing tech industry and is home to many well-known corporations such as [[Dell]], [[Texas Instruments]] and [[Hewlett Packard]].

The current governor of Texas is Republican [[Greg Abbott]].

==Several Texas Cities Rank Among the Most Conservative American Cities==
The most conservative Texas cities among the [[most conservative American cities]] are #2 [[Lubbock, Texas|Lubbock]], #3 Abilene, #5 [[Plano]], and #14 [[Arlington, Texas|Arlington]].<ref>[http://americancityandcounty.com/content/study-ranks-americas-most-liberal-and-conservative-cities 2005 study rankings on liberal and conservative cities]. Posted Oct 27, 2014. Accessed March 18, 2015</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of Texas}}

Six national flags have flown over Texas. Spain, France (which had a small brief settlement), Mexico, the [[Republic of Texas]], the [[Confederate States of America]], and the [[United States of America]] have ruled Texas. <ref name="txonlinehandbook">http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online
</ref>

===Spain: 1519-1821===
Spain sent in several exploration teams, but they found no gold and gave negative reports that warned about the arid land and the hostile Indian tribes. Spanish settlers moved to [[New Mexico]] instead.

Spain opened a mission at San Antonio in 1718 along with several small missions and military outposts, primarily to keep France from expansing from its base in Louisiana. Spain began issuing permission for American settlement, but was replaced by Mexico in 1821.

===France: 1685-1690===
France was looking to expand its new colony in the Louisiana area, and French nobleman Robert de La Salle led an expedition looking for the mouth of the Mississippi river. However, he got lost and shipwrecked on the coast of Texas, and founded the colony Fort St. Louis in 1695. However, the colony was beset with many problems, including famine, disease, and attack from Native Americans. After five years, many of the inhabitants were dead, La Salle was murdered by his own crew, and the survivors had abandoned the colony.

===Mexico===
In January 1821, the Spanish authorities in Mexico City granted American [[Moses Austin]] permission to settle 300 families in Texas. After the death of Austin and after Mexico's successful revolt against Spain, the Mexican provisional government confirmed this concession to [[Stephen F. Austin]], the "Father of Texas." The younger Austin obtained contracts to settle 900 additional families, most of whom arrived by 1833. Austin's colonies formed the nucleus of the American settlements in Texas.

===Republic of Texas===
''March 2, 1836 - December 29, 1845''

[[Image:Texas1835.jpg|thumb|550px|Texas in 1835]]

Texas leaders gathered at [[Washington-on-the-Brazos]] to sign the Texas Declaration of Independence on March 2, 1836. Four days later the [[Alamo]] fell after a 13 day siege by Mexican troops led by [[Antonio López de Santa Anna|Gen. Antonio López de Santa Anna]]. The massacre of all the defenders gave rise to the rallying call "Remember the Alamo". Santa Anna's Mexican troops were defeated on April 21 at the Battle of [[San Jacinto]] near present-day Houston. Mexico, however, refused to recognize the independence and when Texas joined the U.S. in 1845, the [[Mexican American War]] became inevitable.

Texas was a favorite destination of German immigrants in the 140s and 1850s. The state grew rapdily because of cattle herds and cotton farming; there were few cities.

===Confederate States of America===
Texas joined the Confederacy ''March 2, 1861-March 15, 1865''. The coast was blockaded, and after the fall of Vicksburg in 1863 it became almost impossible to send men, horses or cattle to the east. Texas became a backwater with little military action.

===United States of America===
''December 29, 1845-March 2, 1861 and March 15, 1865-present''.

Texas' [[Reconstruction]] experience was similar to other rebel states. Texas was hardly damaged by the war, and attracted a large number of immigrants from the deep South after 1865, while few Europeans arrived. Cotton and cattle continued as the dominant economic base, with [[Cattle Drives]] used to move the cattle to railheads in Kansas and Missouri before the railroads reached Texas.

==Politics==
Texas is a mostly conservative state. It has consistently voted [[Republican]] in presidential elections since 1980, last favoring the [[Democrats]] in 1976 when [[Jimmy Carter]] won the state. In 2012 Romney received 4.56 million votes, compared to Obama's 3.31 million.<ref>http://www.sos.state.tx.us/elections/historical/presidential.shtml</ref> Currently, the Texas Senate has 19 Republicans and twelve Democrats, and the State House consists of 101 Republicans and 49 Democrats. Republicans also have a 23-9 edge in the federal House delegation.

==Elected Officials==

===Federal===
*Sen. [[Ted Cruz]] (R)
*Sen. [[John Cornyn]] (R)
*Rep. [[Louie Gohmert]] [R, TX-01]
*Rep. [[Ted Poe]] [R, TX-02]
*Rep. [[Sam Johnson]] [R, TX-03]
*Rep. [[John Ratcliffe]] [R, TX-04]
*Rep. [[Jeb Hensarling]] [R, TX-05]
*Rep. [[Joe Barton]] [R, TX-06]
*Rep. [[John Culberson]] [R, TX-07]
*Rep. [[Kevin Brady]] [R, TX-08]
*Rep. [[Al Green]] [D, TX-09]
*Rep. [[Michael McCaul]] [R, TX-10]
*Rep. [[Mike Conaway]] [R, TX-11]
*Rep. [[Kay Granger]] [R, TX-12]
*Rep. [[Mac Thornberry]] [R, TX-13]
*Rep. [[Randy Weber]] [R, TX-14]
*Rep. [[Ruben Hinojosa]] [D, TX-15]
*Rep. [[Beto O'Rourke]] [D, TX-16]
*Rep. [[Bill Flores]] [R, TX-17]
*Rep. [[Sheila Jackson Lee]] [D, TX-18]
*Rep. [[Randy Neugebauer]] [R, TX-19]
*Rep. [[Joaquin Castro]] [D, TX-20]
*Rep. [[Lamar Smith]] [R, TX-21]
*Rep. [[Pete Olson]] [R, TX-22]
*Rep. [[Will Hurd]] [R, TX-23]
*Rep. [[Kenny Marchant]] [R, TX-24]
*Rep. [[Roger Williams (Texas)|Roger Williams]] [D, TX-25]
*Rep. [[Michael Burgess]] [R, TX-26]
*Rep. [[Blake Farenthold]] [R, TX-27]
*Rep. [[Henry Cuellar]] [D, TX-28]
*Rep. [[Gene Green]] [D, TX-29]
*Rep. [[Eddie Bernice Johnson]] [D, TX-30]
*Rep. [[John Carter]] [R, TX-31]
*Rep. [[Pete Sessions]] [R, TX-32]
*Rep. [[Marc Veasey]] (D, TX-33)
*Rep. [[Filemon Vela, Jr.]] (D, TX-34]
*Rep. [[Lloyd Doggett]] (D, TX-35]
*Rep. [[Brian Babin]] (R, TX-36]

===Statewide===
*Governor [[Greg Abbott]] (R)
*Lt. Governor [[Dan Patrick]] (R)
*Attorney General [[Ken Paxton]] (R)
*Agriculture Commissioner [[Sid Miller]] (R)
*Land Commissioner [[George P. Bush]] (R)
*State Comptroller [[Glenn Hegar]] (R)

==Energy==
[[File:Texas-oil.jpg|thumb|350px|right]][[File:Oil-symbol.jpg|thumb|300px|right]]

Texas leads the Nation in fossil fuel reserves and in non-hydropower renewable energy potential. Texas crude oil reserves represent almost one-fourth of total U.S. oil reserves, and Texas natural gas reserves account for almost three-tenths of total U.S. natural gas reserves. Although Texas’s oil reserves are found throughout the State in several geologic basins, the largest remaining reserves are concentrated in the Permian Basin of West Texas, which contains more than 20 of the Nation’s top 100 oil fields. Similarly, deposits of natural gas are found in abundance in several Texas production basins, with the largest fields heavily concentrated in the East Texas Basin in the northeastern part of the State. Texas’s fossil fuel reserves also include substantial deposits of lignite coal, found in narrow bands in the Gulf Coast region, and bituminous coal, found in north central and southwestern Texas.<ref> See [http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=TX Energy Information Administration, State Report 2009]</ref>

Texas is also rich in renewable energy potential, including wind, solar, and biomass resources. Wind resource areas in the Texas Panhandle, along the Gulf Coast south of Galveston, and in the mountain passes and ridgetops of the Trans-Pecos offer Texas some of the greatest wind power potential in the United States. Solar power potential is also among the highest in the country, with high levels of direct solar radiation (suitable to support large-scale solar power plants) concentrated in West Texas. Due to its large agricultural and forestry sectors, Texas has an abundance of biomass energy resources. Although Texas is not known as a major hydropower State, substantial untapped potential exists in several river basins, including the Colorado River of Texas and the Lower Red.

Due to its large population and an energy-intensive economy, Texas leads the Nation in energy consumption, accounting for more than one-tenth of total U.S. energy use. Energy-intensive industries in Texas include aluminum, chemicals, forest products, glass, and petroleum refining.

===Petroleum===
The State’s signature crude oil type, known as West Texas Intermediate (WTI), remains the major benchmark of crude oil in the Americas.

Texas leads the United States in both crude oil production and refining capacity. Texas’s first major oil boom began in 1901 with the discovery of the Spindle Top oil field in the upper Gulf Coast basin. Since then, major discoveries have been made in East Texas, West Texas, and offshore in the Gulf of Mexico. Texas oil production increased until 1972, when it peaked at more than 3.4 million barrels per day. Afterward, production declined rapidly, and in recent years Texas crude oil output has fallen to less than one-third of its 1972 peak.

Although Texas oil production is in decline, the State’s signature crude oil type, known as West Texas Intermediate (WTI), remains the major benchmark of crude oil in the Americas. Because of its light consistency and low-sulfur content, the quality of WTI is considered to be high, and it yields a large fraction of gasoline when refined. Most WTI crude oil is sent via pipeline to Midwest refining centers, although much of this crude oil is also refined in the Gulf Coast region.

Texas’s 26 petroleum refineries can process nearly 4.8 million barrels of crude oil per day, and they account for more than one-fourth of total U.S. refining capacity. Most of the State’s refineries are clustered near major ports along the Gulf Coast, including Houston, Port Arthur, and Corpus Christi. These coastal refineries have access to local Texas production, foreign imports, and oil produced offshore in the Gulf of Mexico, as well as the U.S. government’s Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which operates two large storage facilities in Bryan Mound and Big Hill, Texas. Many of Texas’s refineries are sophisticated facilities that use additional refining processes beyond simple distillation to yield a larger quantity of lighter, higher value products, such as gasoline. Because of this downstream capability, Texas refineries often process a wide variety of crude oil types from around the world, including heavier, lower value varieties.

Refineries in the Houston area, including the Baytown refinery, the Nation’s largest refinery, make up the largest refining center in the United States. From Houston, refined product pipelines spread across the country, allowing Texas petroleum products to reach virtually every major consumption market east of the Rocky Mountains. This network includes the Colonial Pipeline system (Koch), which is the largest petroleum product pipeline system in the United States and is vital for supplying markets throughout the South and East Coast.

Texas’s total petroleum consumption is the highest in the Nation, and the State leads the country in consumption of asphalt and road oil, distillate fuel oil, jet fuel, liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), and lubricants. Texas LPG use is greater than the LPG consumption of all other States combined, due primarily to the State’s active petrochemical industry, which is the largest in the United States. Four separate motor gasoline blends are required in Texas to meet the diverse air quality needs of different parts the State, including reformulated motor gasoline blended with ethanol required in the metropolitan areas of Houston and Dallas-Forth Worth. The agriculture-rich Texas Panhandle has several corn- and milo-based ethanol plants that are operational or under construction.

===Natural Gas===
Texas is the Nation’s leading natural gas producer, accounting for more than one-fourth of total U.S. natural gas production. In the early days of Texas oil production, natural gas found with oil was largely considered a nuisance and was often flared (burned off) at the wellhead. Although some Texas cities and towns located near oil fields began using natural gas for energy, it was not until the State banned flaring after World War II that oil producers began to find new markets for natural gas. Two pipelines that once carried crude oil to the East Coast were converted to carry natural gas and a new natural gas pipeline to California was built, setting the stage for strong natural gas production growth in the 1950s and 60s. Texas natural gas production reached its peak in 1972 at more than 9.6 billion cubic feet of annual production. Since then, output has declined steadily to less than three-fifths of that level.

Today, an expansive network of interstate natural gas pipelines extends from Texas, reaching consumption markets from coast to coast, including those in California, the Midwest, the East Coast, and New England. Texas has 10 natural gas market hubs located in both East and West Texas, more than any other State, and its natural gas storage capacity is among the highest in the Nation. Most of Texas’s 34 active storage facilities are depleted oil and gas fields converted for storage use, although many sites have also been developed in salt dome formations. These storage facilities allow Texas to store its natural gas production during the summer when national demand is typically lower and to ramp up delivery quickly during the winter months when markets across the country require greater volumes of natural gas to meet their home heating needs. However, due to the growing use of natural gas for electricity generation in the United States, Texas has occasionally withdrawn natural gas from storage during the summer months to help meet peak electricity demand for air-conditioning use.

Texas consumes more natural gas than any other State and accounts for about one-fifth of total U.S. natural gas consumption. Texas natural gas demand is dominated by the industrial and electric power sectors, which together account for more than four-fifths of State use. Because Texas demand is high, and because the State’s natural gas infrastructure is well connected to consumption markets throughout the country, several companies have proposed building liquefied natural gas (LNG) import terminals along the Gulf Coast in Texas.

===Coal, Electricity, and Renewables===
Natural gas-fired power plants typically account for about one-half of the electricity produced in Texas and coal-fired plants account for much of the remaining generation. Although Texas produces a substantial amount of coal from 13 surface mines, including five of the 50 largest in the United States, the State relies on rail deliveries of subbituminous coal from Wyoming for the majority of its supply. Nearly all of the coal mined in Texas is lignite coal, the lowest grade of coal, and all of it is consumed in the State, mostly in arrangements where a single utility operates both the mine and an adjacent coal-fired power plant. Although lower in energy content than other varieties of coal, lignite coal is also low in sulfur, an important consideration in the State’s efforts to lower emissions. Texas consumes more coal than any other State and its emissions of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide are among the highest in the Nation.

Texas is a major nuclear power generating State. Two nuclear plants, Comanche Peak and South Texas Project, typically account for about one-tenth of the State’s electric power production. Until the recent uprating (capacity improvement) of the Number 2 reactor at Palo Verde in Arizona, the two South Texas Project nuclear reactors were the largest in the Nation.

Although renewable energy sources contribute minimally to the Texas power grid, Texas leads the Nation in wind-powered generation capacity, and substantial new wind generation capacity is under construction in Texas. Texas surpassed California as the country’s largest wind energy producer in 2006. Currently, there are over 2,000 wind turbines in West Texas alone, and the numbers continue to increase as development costs continue to drop and wind turbine technology improves. At 736 MW, the Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center in central Texas is the largest wind power facility in the world.

Texas produces and consumes more electricity than any other State. Despite large net interstate electricity imports in some areas, the Texas Interconnect power grid is largely isolated from the integrated power systems serving the eastern and western United States, and most areas of Texas have little ability to export or import electricity to and from other States. Texas per capita residential use of electricity is significantly higher than the national average, due to high demand for electric air-conditioning during hot summer months and the widespread use of electricity as the primary energy source for home heating during typically mild winter months.

==Education==
The weakness of education in Texas has always (and still is) an important priority. The Texas Declaration of Independence from Mexico included the following grievance against the government of Mexico pertaining to education:

<blockquote>''It has failed to establish any public system of education, although possessed of almost boundless resources, (the public domain,) and although it is an axiom in political science, that unless a people are educated and enlightened, it is idle to expect the continuance of civil liberty, or the capacity for self government.''</blockquote>

Even today Texas is in the forefront of education in the country as the [[No Child Left Behind Act|No Child Left Behind( NCLB) Act]] is being implemented. The administration of George W. Bush used Texas as a model for many of the reforms in the NCLB Act because of his previous experiences as governor of Texas.

In 2006 Texas ranked #25 out of 50 states on a composite index of public education.<ref>See "Which State Is Smartest?" (2007) at [http://www.morganquitno.com/edrank.htm] </ref>
Texas ranks:<ref> see Carol Keeton Strayhorn, Texas State Comproller, "Major Challenges Facing Texas Education Today" at [http://www.window.state.tx.us/comptrol/wwstand/wws0512ed/]</ref>
* #49 in verbal SAT scores in the nation (493) and #46 in average math SAT scores (502).
* #36 in the nation in high school graduation rates (68%).
* #33 in the nation in teacher salaries. Teacher salaries in Texas are not keeping pace with the national average. The gains realized from the last state-funded across-the-board pay raise authorized in 1999, which moved the ranking from 33 to as high as 26th in the nation, have disappeared over the last five years.
* Texas was the only state in the nation to cut average per pupil expenditures in fiscal year 2005, resulting in a ranking of #40 nationally; down from #25 in fiscal year 1999.
* #6 in the nation in student growth. The general student population in Texas public schools grew by 11.1% between school years 1999 and 2005, with the largest percent of growth seen among low income and minority children.

===Public Education===
The Texas public education system consists of 1,033 independent and common school districts. There are an additional 190 charter school districts. Public school enrollment has continued to increase at a rapid pace. In the 2000-2001 school year, public school enrollment was at 4,059,619 students. By the 2006-2007 school year, the public school enrollment had increased by over 500,000 students to a mark of 4,594,942 students.
===Higher Education===
The University of Texas System and the Texas A&M System are two of the largest higher education systems in the nation, with numerous branch campuses. [[The University of Texas at Austin]] is the largest institution in the UT System, while Texas A&M is the flagship of the rival system. Thanks to ownership of oil fields, their endowments in 2006 reached $13.2 billion and $5.6 billion. The best endowed private schools were Rice University in Houston with $4.0 billion, Southern Methodist University in Dallas ($1.1 billion); Baylor College of Medicine ($1.0 billion), and Texas Christian University in Ft. Worth ($1.0 billion).

The state of Texas is home of many notable institutions of higher learning.

* [[Baylor University]]
* [[Rice University]]
* [[Texas_A_and_M_University | Texas A&M]]
* [[University of Texas at Austin]]

==Notable Texans==
[[Image:Texascapbuilding.JPG‎ |thumb|350px|The Texas capitol building in [[Austin]]]]
*[[Lance Armstrong]], who holds the record for most consecutive [[Tour de France]] victories, was born in Plano.
*[[George W. Bush]], 43rd President of the United States, former Governor of Texas.
*[[Pat Garrett]], the policeman who shot [[Billy the Kid]], lived in multiple locations in Texas.
*[[Sam Houston]] was the president of Texas when it was an independent nation, and lent his name to Texas's largest city.
*[[Howard Hughes]], the reclusive billionaire who was the subject of the movie ''The Aviator'', was born in Humble.
*[[Lyndon B. Johnson]], former president, lived and died in Stonewall.
*[[Ted Nugent]], controversial conservative musician, lives near Crawford.
*[[Ross Perot]], former presidential candidate, lives in Dallas
*[[Stevie Ray Vaughn]], musician.
*[[Claudia Johnson "Lady Bird Johnson"]], Born December 22, 1912. Lady Bird Johnson was the wife of President Lyndon B. Johnson. She is also known for her involvement in improving the physical conditions along the nations highways.

==See also==
* [[Dallas]]
* [[History of Texas]]
* [[Vote with your feet]] ([[strategic relocation]]) to a [[Free States Movement|Free state]] to escape the [[most liberal American cities]] of the leftist [[Welfare state]] - [[Nanny state]] - progressive [[Police state]]
* [[American_Redoubt#Texas_Redoubt|Texas Redoubt]]

==Bibliography - Further Reading==
* [[Joel Skousen|Skousen, Joel]], ''Strategic Relocation - North American Guide to Safe Places'', 3rd Edition Perfect Paperback, 2011, ISBN-10: 1568612621, ISBN-13: 978-1568612621. Detailed profile on [[:Category:Texas Cities and Towns|Texas cities and towns]].

* [[James Wesley Rawles|Rawles, James Wesley]]. ''[[Rawles on Retreats and Relocation]]''. 1st. Clearwater, [[Idaho]]: The Clearwater Press, 2007. Detailed profile on Texas cities and towns.

===Basic further reading===
*[http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/ The Handbook of Texas Online] ''- Published by the Texas State Historical Association'' thousands of scholarly articles on every aspect of Texas history
* [http://www.texasalmanac.com/ ''texas Almanac'' annual compendium of statistics]
* Bailey, Alvin R., Jr. and Light Townsend Cummins, eds. ''A Guide to the History of Texas.'' 1988. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=71910759 online edition]
* Campbell, Randolph B. ''Gone to Texas: a History of the Lone Star State'' (Oxford University Press, 2003, 500 pages.], standard scholarly survey [http://www.amazon.com/Gone-Texas-History-Lone-State/dp/0195138430/ref=pd_bbs_sr_3/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1190683778&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]; also [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=103945805 complete online edition]
* Fehrenbach, T. R. ''Lone Star: A History of Texas and the Texans '' (2007), popular survey [http://www.amazon.com/Lone-Star-T-R-Fehrenbach/dp/1579125379/ref=pd_bbs_1/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1190683778&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* McDonald, Archie P. ''Texas: A Compact History'' (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Texas-Compact-Archie-P-McDonald/dp/193333715X/ref=pd_bbs_4/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1190683778&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search]
*Wooster, Ralph A. and Robert A. Calvert, eds. ''Texas Vistas'' (1987) reprinted scholarly essays

==External Links==
* [http://www.city-data.com/city/Texas.html Texas Cities] on [[City-data.com]]

==References==
<references/>

{{USstates}}

[[Category : Texas| ]]
[[Category : Western United States]]
[[Category : Red States]]
[[Category : The South]]
[[Category : Southern United States]]
[[Category : Gulf Coast of the United States]]
[[Category : Regions of the United States]]
[[Category : United States Geography]]
[[Category : United States of America]]
[[Category : Geography]]
[[Category : Oil Industry]]
[[Category : Oil]]

New Mexico

2015-12-31T23:20:24Z

YashidaSatoru:

{{USState
|name=New Mexico
|flag=New_Mexico_State_Flag.gif
|motto=Crescit eundo (It grows as it goes)
|nick=The Land of Enchantment
|capital=[[Santa Fe]]
|language=English, Spanish
|governor=Susana Martinez
|gparty=Republican
|senator1=Jeff Bingaman
|s1party=Democrat
|s1phone=(202) 224-5521
|s1email=mailto:senator_bingaman@bingaman.senate.gov Contact
|senator2=Tom Udall
|s2party=Democrat
|s2phone=(202) 224-6621
|s2email=http://tomudall.senate.gov/contact/contact.cfm Contact
|population=
|date=January 6, 1912 (47th)
}}
'''New Mexico''', the colony and territory of '''Santa Fe de Nuevo México''' from 1598-1912 was a Mexican territory from 1821-1848 and an American territory from 1848-1912, became the 47th state to join the union on January 6, 1912. It is the fifth largest of the [[United States]], with a total land area of 121,412 square miles.<ref> http://www.newmexico.gov/</ref> New Mexico has the largest [[Hispanic]] population, and second largest [[Native American]] population, percentage-wise, of any US State. The State has a bold history and colorful culture, the official state question is "red or green?" in reference to the State's unique [[Chile (Capsicum)|chile pepper]]. Politically the State is very much as Independent swing state that usually votes for incumbents and, much like West Texas, the state also leans towards [[Libertarian]] political stances especially in Central and Western New Mexico. The capital of the state is [[Santa Fe]], and its largest city is [[Albuquerque]].

Despite popular opinion, New Mexico's name originates from long before it was a territory of Mexico or the United States. New Mexico was named by Spanish explorers who mistook the advanced Pueblo natives as being related to the Mexica ([[Aztecs]]). The full name of the colony, as well as the Mexican and American territories, was Santa Fe de Nuevo México (Holy Faith of New Mexico).

The state is bordered by [[Colorado]], [[Arizona]], [[Utah]], [[Oklahoma]] and [[Texas]]. It also borders [[Mexico]].

The current governor of New Mexico is [[conservative]] [[Republican]] [[Susana Martinez]].

==History==
===Native Americans===
The Native American groups of New Mexico are the Pueblo, and the Athabaskan groups of the Apache and Navajo. The Navajo Nation also is present in Arizona and Utah. Prior to these modern peoples, the current area of New Mexico was the home of the Mogollon, Hohokam, and the ancestors to the modern Pueblo peoples called the Ancient Pueblo, commonly known as the [[Anasazi]].
====Ancient Pueblo====
The Ancient Puebloans (commonly known by the Navajo name Anasazi), were great builders that built monolithic cities throughout the American Southwest, they were primarily centered around the current area of New Mexico. Some of the monolithic cities have stood the test of time, such as Sky City at the Acoma Pueblo and the ancient structures at Taos Pueblo; both of these Pueblos are widely believed to be longest continuously inhabited places in the United States. Some of their cities have long been abandoned, such as the ruins at Chaco Culture National Historical Park and Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument. The government of the Pueblos was extremely similar to the Greek [[city-state]]s, and they continue to run as city-states.
===Santa Fe de Nuevo México (1598-1912)===
The Spanish colony of Santa Fe de Nuevo México was started by Juan de Oñate in 1598, who initially believed that, similar to the Aztecs, the town dwelling Pueblo natives to be rich in Gold. He attempted to make the colony into a vice-royalty, but was unable to convince the leaders back in Europe. Instead the Spanish leadership from Europe made increasingly brutal laws against the Spanish colonists and the Pueblo natives. They banned Pueblo religious practices, and punished poorer colonists and Pueblos with forced labor and taxes.
====Pueblo Revolt (1680)====
The Pueblo first attempted to request more religious liberty, as the Pueblo religion was largely peaceful in nature, but Pueblo leaders that attempted the request were publicly executed. Popé, a Pueblo man from Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo near Santa Fe, became a charismatic leader of the Pueblo groups. He lead the Pueblos in a unified revolt against the Spanish, this was the first successful revolt of Americans against oppressive European rule.<ref>[http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/encyclopedia/history/ New Mexico History] on the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]]</ref> The Pueblos allowed the Spanish colonists to flee to [[El Paso]].
====Return of the colonists (1692)====
The Pueblo continued to use and maintain the facilities in Santa Fe, the Palace of the Governors became a small place of government for the Pueblos, but since the Pueblos continued to be city-states nothing more came of it. The Pueblo also converted numerous Catholic churches into Pueblo kivas. Diego de Vargas lead the colonists back to New Mexico in 1692, in what was called the Bloodless Reconquest. The Spanish gave clemency to the Pueblos, and the Pueblo people agreed to peace under the agreement of greater representation and better religious freedoms. The Pueblo and Spanish still had several contentions, but relations between them was much better this time around, especially since forced labor and taxes were no longer enforced. They would often work together to stave off attacks from the Apache, Navajo, and Comanche. Eventually peace was also made with the Apache, Navajo, and Comanche.
====Mexican territory (1821)====
Mexico declared independence in 1821. Mexico's policies worsened relations with the Native Americans, and again caused the resurgence in raids upon Spanish and Pueblo towns. This was the beginning of the Wild West, which lasted through the Mexican and American territorial phases, New Mexico was a major part of the Wild West supplying major Western icons such as the cowboy, the Sheriff, [[Billy the Kid]], old Spanish town squares, and the settings of deserts, prairies, and mountains. Troubles from the neighbors to the east also became an issue, [[Texas]] declared its own Independence from Mexico, and attempted to annex everything east of the Rio Grande. All the while, Mexico was taking land from the original settlers of New Mexico as well as American land-grantees.
====American territory (1848)====
The Mexican-American war resulted in New Mexico becoming an American territory, mostly due to the promise of the American government again repairing relations with the Apache, Navajo, and Comanche. U.S. Presidents [[Zachary Taylor]] and [[Abraham Lincoln]] both called for the immediate statehood of New Mexico, in order to side-step the impending [[Civil War]], since New Mexico's law had already prohibited slavery since the Pueblo Revolt. Unfortunately, statehood did not come to New Mexico until 1912. The New Mexico Campaign during the Civil War was an important battlefield, the Confederacy attempted to capture Albuquerque but was only temporarily successful. This instead bolstered the American soldiers, consisting mostly of descendants of New Mexican Spanish and Pueblo, to chase the Texan Confederate soldiers to the largest Civil War battle in the American West at Glorieta Pass.
===The State of New Mexico (1912)===
New Mexico became the 47th State of the Union in 1912. The Daughters of the American Revolution pushed for a State flag in 1920, and that call was answered in 1925 by Dr. Harry P. Mera. The flag consists of the Zia Pueblo sun symbol in Spanish red on a field of Spanish yellow, this design has won the North American Vexillological Association's best flag design for U.S. states, territories, or Canadian provinces numerous times.

:I salute the flag of the state of New Mexico, the Zia symbol of perfect friendship among united cultures.
::from the New Mexico Statutes and Court Rules, Section 12-3-3, to be said after the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America.

During [[World War II]], New Mexico played a pivotal role as not only the namesake of the [[New Mexico-class battleship]], but also as the birthplace of the Navajo Code Talkers who created the only uncracked code of WWII which saved countless lives in the Pacific Theatre, and more importantly as the primary place of research and technology at Los Alamos which housed some of the smartest men in the country including [[Albert Einstein]], and the White Sands Military Testing Facility for testing the Nuclear bomb.

New Mexico has continued to be at the forefront of science, including Sandia Labs and the Los Alamos Laboratories. Technology by Ed Roberts' MITS, with their Altair computer kits, attracted both [[Paul Allen]] and [[Bill Gates]] to start [[Microsoft]] in [[Albuquerque]]; [[Intel]] has continued this trend by having a fabricating facility in Rio Rancho, near Albuquerque, where they build [[Central processing unit|CPU]]s. Innovate ABQ, a free-market concept in Albuquerque, is currently under development as a "start-up for start-ups" that is set to encourage entrepreneurship and innovation, in order to continue New Mexico's scientific and technological progress.

==Elected Officials==

===Federal===
*Sen. [[Martin Heinrich]] (D)
*Sen. [[Tom Udall]] (D)
*Rep. [[Michelle Lujan Grisham]] [D, NM-01]
*Rep. [[Steve Pearce]] [R, NM-02]
*Rep. [[Ben Ray Luján]] [D, NM-03]

===Statewide===
*Governor [[Susana Martinez]] (R)
*Lt. Governor [[John Sanchez]] (R)
*Attorney General [[Gary King]] (D)
*Secretary of State [[Dianna Duran]] (R)
*State Auditor [[Hector Balderas]] (D)
*State Treasurer [[James Lewis]] (D)
*Land Commissioner [[Ray Powell]] (D)

== Population ==
The total population of 2,085,572 includes a high number of peoples of Hispanic origin and of [[Native American]] (Indian) descent.<ref>http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/35000.htm </ref> The most populous group of Hispanic origin peoples are the descendants of the original settlers, those prior to the 1848 American territorial phase, they are referred to as [[Nuevomexicano]]s or Hispanos. The largest groups of Native American descent are the [[Pueblo]], [[Navajo]], and [[Apache]].

The cities with the largest populations are:
=== Metropolitan ===
*[[Albuquerque]], 545,852 (887,077 in its metropolitan area including; [[Belen]], [[Jemez Pueblo]], [[Rio Rancho]], [[Sandia Pueblo]], [[Santa Ana Pueblo]], [[Moriarty]], and [[Zia Pueblo]])
*[[Las Cruces]], 97,618 (209,233 in its metropolitan area including; [[Hatch]], [[Mesilla]], and [[Sunland Park]])
*[[Santa Fe]], 67,947 (144,170 in its metropolitan area including; [[Edgewood]], [[Española]], [[Nambé Pueblo]], and [[San Ildefonso Pueblo]])
*[[Farmington]], 45,877 (130,004 in its metropolitan area including; [[Aztec, New Mexico|Aztec]], [[Bloomfield]], and [[Shiprock]])
*[[Clovis]]-[[Portales]] Combined Statistical Area, 63,224 (including [[Cannon Air Force Base]], [[Elida]], [[Texico]], [[Grady]], and [[Melrose]])

===Micropolitan===
The top five micropolitan areas, by population, are:
*[[Gallup, New Mexico|Gallup]], 21,678 (71,492 in its micropolitan area including [[Zuni Pueblo]])
*[[Roswell]], 48,411 (65,645 in its micropolitan area including; [[Dexter, New Mexico|Dexter]], [[Hagerman]], and [[Lake Arthur]])
*[[Hobbs]], 34,122 (64,727 in its micropolitan area including; [[Eunice]], [[Jal]], and [[Lovington]])
*[[Alamogordo]], 30,403 (63,797 in its micropolitan area including; [[Cloudcroft]] and [[Tularosa]])
*[[Carlsbad]]-[[Artesia]], 45,877 (53,829 in its micropolitan area including; [[Hope, New Mexico|Hope]] and [[Loving, New Mexico|Loving]])

Other non-metropolitan population centers are; [[Silver City]], [[Las Vegas, New Mexico|Las Vegas]], [[Taos]], [[Grants, New Mexico|Grants]], [[Deming]], [[Ruidoso]], [[Los Alamos]], and [[Tucumcari]].

== Language ==
New Mexico is often falsely assumed to be a bilingual state, however, it is officially known as an English Plus state. [[American English]] is considered the de-facto language, with [[New Mexican English]] being the dominant dialect. Citizens are encouraged to be multi-lingual, and/or to interact and familiarize themselves with other languages. According to the "English Plus Declaration" the reasoning was for the "economic and cultural benefit of our state and the nation." It could also be surmised that is was also for the preservation of [[New Mexican Spanish]] and the Native American languages of Jemez, Jicarilla, Keresan, Mescalero-Chiricahua, Navajo, Picuris, Southern, Tiwa, Taos, Tewa, and Zuni; as the resolution was urged by the New Mexico State Task Force on Modern and Classical Languages.

There was initially a movement to push for the state declaration of English as the official language of the state. This, instead, produced a counter-trend based on the "position of English in the United States needs no official legislation to support it." The state also recognized "the national interest since it promotes the concept that all members of our society have full access to opportunities to effectively learn English plus develop proficiency in a second or multiple languages." This decision proved beneficial to the United States during World War II, as the Navajo Code Talkers, by simply speaking Navajo, created the most effective code of the war which saved numerous allied troops.

== Culture ==
The culture of New Mexico was nearly lost to history, during the Mexican and American territorial phases, liberalism took hold throughout the major city centers within the state. Suppression and shunning of the native cultures almost left the state without an identity. Once Route 66 ran through the central cities of Albuquerque and Santa Fe, travelers began to look for authentic New Mexican culture, which was nowhere to be found within the newer "downtown" areas; Native Americans, [[Nuevomexicano]]s, descendants of the Wild West including cowboys and buffalo soldiers, and the impoverished railroad working Asian Americans had moved to poorer parts of town referred to as "old towns". Travelers and tourists began visiting these old town areas looking for authentic New Mexican cuisine and culture. Thanks to the free market, these groups became wealthy enough to reinvigorate the old town areas, and expanded into buying land in the downtown areas.

The culture eventually became so pervasive within the state that the folk [[New Mexico music]] became a local popular music, and the [[New Mexican cuisine]] staple [[Chile (Capsicum)|chile pepper]] can be found in everything from traditional New Mexican stews, enchiladas, and tamales to popular American foods such as french fries, hamburgers, and ranch dressing.

== Climate ==

New Mexico's weather is usually sunny and dry, with little rainfall all year. This is especially true in the south, however in the northern and central parts of the state, especially in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and along the Rio Grande, there is more moderate precipitation and usually snow during the winter.<ref> http://weather.nmsu.edu/News/climate-in-NM.htm </ref>

[[Image:nmexico.jpg|200px|right]]
== Geography ==

The land was most prominently featured in Wild West films; [[desert]]s, [[prairie]]s, [[forest]], and several [[mountain]]ous regions, being at the southern-most end of the [[Rocky Mountains]] including the [[Sangre de Cristo]] mountain range, the [[Jemez Mountains]],<ref>http://www.americansouthwest.net/new_mexico/jemez_mountains/</ref> and the Sandia Mountains. One of the most prominent rivers west of the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]], the [[Rio Grande]], runs through the center of the State from north to south.

The highest point in New Mexico is [[Wheeler Peak]] at 13,161 feet above sea level, and the lowest point is at [[Red Bluff Reservoir]], 2,842 feet above sea level. <ref> http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/nm_geography.htm </ref>

== Agriculture and Mining ==

Agriculture is important to New Mexico, but the lack of irrigation hinders using much of the land for farming. Much of the farmed land is located around the two major rivers which flow through the state: the [[Rio Grande]] and [[Pecos River]].

Much of the land is used for [[ranching|grazing]] [[livestock]], especially [[sheep]]. More than two-thirds of New Mexico's farm income comes from livestock products. Another large industry in the state is mining, particularly [[copper]], [[silver]], and [[uranium]]. <ref> http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108250.html </ref>

==Transportation ==

Interstate [[Highway]]s 10, 25 and 40 traverse the state. New Mexico's largest commercial airport is Albuquerque's [[Albuquerque International Sunport|International Sunport]]. <ref> http://nmshtd.state.nm.us/ </ref>

== Places of Interest ==
[[File:The Rio Grande River running through Albuquerque, New Mexico.jpg|thumb|The Rio Grande River running through Albuquerque.]]
*[[Carlsbad Caverns National Park]]
*Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monuments
*[[Bandelier National Monument]]
*Elephant Butte Reservoir
*Inscription Rock at [[El Morro National Monument]]
*[[White Sands National Monument]]

== Notable people associated with New Mexico ==
[[Image:O'Keefe Belladonna.jpg|frame|right|Bella Donna by [[Georgia O'Keeffe]], 1939.]]

*[[Ralph Bunche]] (Nobel Peace Prize winner)
*[[John Denver]] (singer)
*Holly Holm (UFC fighter)
*Henry McCarty ([[Billy the Kid]])
*[[Demi Moore]] (actress)
*[[Georgia O'Keeffe]] (painter)
*[[Mario J. Lucero]] and [[Isabel Ruiz Lucero]] (co-founders of [[Heaven Sent Gaming]])
*[[Susana Martinez]] (Governor)
*Juan de Oñate (founder of New Mexico)
*Porfirio Podres (folk hero San Popo)
*Popé (leader during the Pueblo Revolt)
*[[Bill Richardson]] (former Governor)
*Johnny Tapia (champion boxer)
*Albert Sanchez (musician [[Al Hurricane]])
*Al Unser and Bobby Unser (auto racers)
*Diego de Vargas (leader during the Bloodless Reconquest)

==References==
<references/>

{{USstates}}
[[Category:States of the United States]]
[[Category:New Mexico]]
[[category:Latinos]]
[[Category:Western United States]]
[[Category:Manhattan Project]]

Hawaii

2015-12-31T23:16:19Z

YashidaSatoru:

[[Image:NOAA_Hawaii_7.gif‎ |right|thumb|350px|Hawaiian Island Chain - from Southeast to Northwest.‎]]
'''Hawaii''' (Hawaiian: Hawai'i), the '''Kingdom of Hawaii''' from 1795–1893 was annexed by the [[United States of America]] in 1894 and a territory from 1900-1959, became the 50th state to join the union on August 21st, 1959--it was the fiftieth (and last) state to enter into the union. In 2005 it had a population of 1,275,194 on 6,423 square miles of land. <ref>http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108204.html</ref> It is located in the Pacific Ocean west and south of the mainland of the United States. It is the only American state to have 2 official languages. The main Hawaiian islands are (east to west) Hawai'i (or 'the Big Island'), [[Maui]], Kaho'olawe, [[Molokai|Moloka'i]], [[Lanai|Lana'i]], [[Oahu|O'ahu]], [[Kauai|Kaua'i]] and Ni'ihau. The state capital, [[Honolulu]], and [[Pearl Harbor]] are both on the island of Oahu. The origin of the name ''Hawai'i'' is obscure. It could be derived from the Polynesian ''Owhyii'', 'Place of the Gods', or from ''Hawaiki'' (the former name of Raiatea in the [[Society Islands]]), or may have the meaning 'Homeland'.<ref>Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (Oxford 2005) p210</ref>

{{clear}}
{{USState
|name=Hawaii
|flag=Hawaii_State_Flag.gif
|motto="[[Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono|Ua mau ke ea o ka aina I ka pono]]" (The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness)
|nick=The Aloha State
|capital=Honolulu
|language=English, Hawaiian <ref>http://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html</ref>
|governor=David Ige
|gparty=Democrat
|senator2=Mazie Hirono
|s2party=Democrat
|s2phone=
|s2email=
|senator1=Brian Schatz
|s1party=Democrat
|s1phone=
|s1email=http://www.senate.gov/senators/112/Schatz_Brian.htm Website
|population=1,211,537
|date=August 21, 1959 (50th)
}}
==Ancient History==
The original settlers of the Hawaiian island chain were Polynesian explorers who voyaged in ocean-worthy canoes from the southern Pacific (primarily the Marquesas), arriving in the islands circa 300-600 AD. In addition to their Polynesian culture and traditions, these earliest settlers brought with them an array of plants and animals. A second wave of migrations between the Hawaiian and Society Islands took place circa 1000-1300 AD, and this wave brought an infusion of Tahitian religious forms and social structure to the inhabitants of Hawaii. This period ended around 1300 AD, after which the culture of the Hawaiians developed a distinct identity.<ref>http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&CategoryID=311</ref>

The population of ancient Hawaii grew sharply between 900 and 1300 AD, then stabilized at a lower rate as the inhabitants lived in balance with the resources of the islands. At the time James Cook arrived in 1778, the population of the islands was estimated to be around 300,000. <ref>http://archives.starbulletin.com/1999/06/16/millennium/index.html</ref>

==The 18th Century==

===Unification under a Single King===
In the middle of the 18th century, the Hawaiian islands were governed as a collection of separate kingdoms. As the century came to a close, a dynamic figure named [[Kamehameha]] began a campaign to unify all of the islands under his rule as sole monarch. This was primarily accomplished though brutal conquest, although some of his opponents capitulated peacefully as his army's reputation grew. Kamehameha's conquest of the islands was complete by 1795, and the westerners who arrived from that time and afterward dealt with a single authority for the entire chain. <ref>http://archives.starbulletin.com/1999/06/16/millennium/index.html</ref>

===Discovery by the West===
[[James Cook]] discovered the islands during his third voyage to the Pacific in 1778. He named them the Sandwich Islands after the then Lord of the Admiralty, the fourth Earl of Sandwich. He would die there the next year at the hands of the natives. As the location of the islands appeared on navigation charts they were visited by ships of various nations, including the British, Americans, French and Russians, since the location was ideal for providing safe anchorage and the replenishment of provisions in the mid-Pacific. The islands were also strategically located in the migration path of humpback whales, which were among the most sought-after by a thriving whaling industry in the early 1800's. Unfortunately, contact with westerners brought with it western diseases that decimated the indigenous population, which plummeted from approximately 300,000 in 1778 to 56,900 in 1872.<ref>http://archives.starbulletin.com/1999/06/16/millennium/index.html</ref>

==The 19th Century==

===The End of ''Kapu''===
With the death of Kamehameha and ascension of his son Liholiho to the throne, significant changes began to take place. The most profound was the decision by Liholiho to disregard the sanctity of the ''kapu'' system of rules and customs that had been the backbone of Hawaiian society. In gradual steps, he allowed changes to customs like allowing men and women to eat together at feasts for the first time, and as objections to these changes were dropped or put down they continued until temples to the ancient gods were dismantled and idols burned. The abandonment of ''kapu'' left a void in the social structure of Hawaii just as the first Christian missionaries began to arrive. <ref>http://archives.starbulletin.com/1999/06/16/millennium/index.html</ref>

===The Missionary Influence===
Early visitors from Europe introduced Christianity to the native Hawaiians, but these were not part of any organized missionary campaign. A Hawaiian from Kona, Henry Opukaha'ia, is acknowleged to be the first native Christian convert, and in 1808 he traveled to New England. He spent the next 10 years in Connecticut seeking to inspire and organize missionaries to accompany him back to the islands, but he died in New England in 1818. His work inspired others, though, and in 1819 the first missionaries (Presbyterians, Congregationalists and Dutch Reformists) were sent by American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to the islands. "You are to aim at nothing short of covering those islands with fruitful fields and pleasant dwellings, and schools and churches; of raising up the people to an elevated state of Christian civilization" was the parting instruction from Dr. Samuel Worchester, secretary of the commissioners.<ref>http://archives.starbulletin.com/1999/06/16/millennium/index.html</ref>

The missionaries were not initially trusted by Liholiho, who instead placed them under probation. A missionary headquarters was established in Honolulu, and one of the first priorities was to develop a consistent written form for the Hawaiian language, which was only spoken up to that time. They also set up the first island printing press, and as other companies of missionaries arrived, they influenced changes in Hawaiian society as well as developments in education, organization of government and entrepreneurism. 0<ref>http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&PageID=277&returntoname=Short%20Stories&returntopageid=460</ref>

Unfortunately, not all of these changes were for the long-term benefit of the native Hawaiian culture. One particular example was the disapproval and suppression of the ''hula'' by the missionaries. The ''hula'' is a deep and complex form of recording legends, history and insights about man and nature into patterns of movements that to the uneducated look like elaborate dances. The Hawaiians had no written version of their language prior to the arrival of the missionaries, and the rich collection of hulas passed from generation to generation was their primary form of recorded culture. The Protestant missionaries arriving in 1820 believed that the ''hula'' dangerously promoted old heathen beliefs and celebrated physical enjoyment. With this misunderstanding, they strongly pressured the Hawaiians who had converted to Christianity, including members of the monarchy, to eradicate ''hula''. Their efforts drove the practice underground, and while much of Hawaii's ancient history and heritage was lost as a result, public appreciation and study of the true ''hula'' (as opposed to dances for tourists) was reawakened in the 1970's, studied, and documented for posterity.<ref>http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&CategoryID=253</ref>

===Westernization===

The Hawaiian Kingdom flourished throughout the 19th century with several monarchs. It became increasingly westernized. The United States became the major trading partner and protected the Kingdom of Hawaii from takeover by Japan. The vast sugar plantations attracted workers from across the world, especially from Japan, as the native Hawaiians refused to work for pay.

===Revolution of 1893===

The modernization of Hawaiian society was incompatible with absolutre monarchy. The Hawaiian Revolution of 1893 when Hawaiian citizens (many of western descent) overthrew Queen Liliuokalani in response to her attempt to unilaterally impose a new constitution and seize power as an absolute ruler. The revolution was successful with the loss of no life. No Hawaiians tried to fight for their queen. The new Hawaiian government was set up as the Republic of Hawaii and it was recognized by every nation which had recognized the Hawaiian Kingdom.

During the Hawaiian Revolution, a few American troops landed to protect American life and property. They did not engage in fighting and did not occupy any government buildings. However, this action has lead many historical revisionists to falsely claim that the United States invaded Hawaii and deposed the Queen. American President [[Grover Cleveland]] was opposed to the Hawaiian Revolution and he sent [[James Henderson Blount]] to Hawaii to discredit it. Blount was a racist southerner who did not want any more colored people and he wrote a report that reflected his bigotry. He failed to swear in witnesses, refused to speak to many involved in the revolution, and then issued a report blaming the whole matter on an elaborate American plot to invade Hawaii. His Blount Report is cited as evidence of an illegal takeover of Hawaii by Hawaiian separatists to this day.

An investigation of the Hawaiian Revolution was conducted by [[Congress]] in 1894. It was bipartisan, swore in witnesses, and interviewed many that James Blount refused to talk with. Congress issued the Morgan Report which refuted the Blount Report and cleared the United States of any wrong doing during the Hawaiian Revolution.

The Hawaiian Republic agreed to join the United States as a territory in 1898. Congress annexed Hawaii via a Joint Resolution of Congress.

==The 20th Century==
Hawaii was attacked by Japan on December 7, 1941 at [[Pearl Harbor]]. This resulted in the death of over 2000 defenders and brought the United States into [[World War Two]].

The islands became a huge naval base and the staging point for the Pacific War. The islands were under martial law during the ar and controlled by the military.

Hawaiian citizens voted overwhelmingly (93%) for statehood. It was accordingly added as the 50th American state in 1959.

==Politics==
Since statehood, Hawaii has been dominated by the [[Democratic Party]]. [[John Kerry]] carried the state electoral vote in 2004 and the entire Congressional delegation is made up of Democrats. The [[Republican Party]] has made some recent progress with the current governor being a Republican. Despite that, Hawaii remains one of the most liberal states in the US. 67% of residents believe in social liberal policies.

There is a tiny separatist movement on the islands which wishes to have Hawaii secede from the USA and form an independent Hawaiian nation. Proponents of this course argue that Hawaii was illegally annexed and should be "restored" to nationhood. The overwhelmingly majority of Hawaiians do not support this view and the separatists remain a small and powerless protest group. None of their leaders is of pure Hawaiian ancestry.

Hawaii offers a significant number of benefits to same sex couples, but has stopped short of offering [[Same Sex Marriage]].

===Elected officials===
====Federal====
*Sen. [[Mazie Hirono]] [D]
*Sen. [[Brian Schatz]] [D]
*Rep. [[Colleen Hanabusa]] [D, HI-1]
*Rep. [[Tulsi Gabbard]] [D, HI-2]

===Statewide===
*Governor [[Neil Abercrombie]] (D)
*Lt. Governor [[Shan Tsutsui]] (D)

==Religion==
Church Membership (as of 2010)<ref>http://www.stats.gc.ca/foriegn/usa?state#=49</ref>

*[[Roman Catholic]]: 9.2
*[[Buddhist]]: 12.3%
*[[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (Mormon): 0.6%
*[[United Church of Christ]]: 1.6%
*[[Southern Baptist]]: 1.4%
*[[Judaism]]: 0.3%
*[[Episcopal]]: 0.8%
*[[United Methodist]]: 0.6%
*[[Lutheran]]: 0.2%
*[[Atheist]] 28.3%

==Tourism==
Hawaii is the United States' only state in the tropics (i.e., south of the [[Tropic of Cancer]]) and a popular tourist attraction known for its beaches, surf, volcanoes, and [[Polynesia]]n history.

==Trivia==

* Hawaii is the only U.S. state that grows [[coffee]] and [[pineapple]]s.

* Measured from the base to its peak, Hawaii's Mauna Kea is the tallest mountain in the world at 33,474 feet, (compared to [[Mount Everest]] which is 29,028 feet above sea level)<ref>[http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2001/BeataUnke.shtml]</ref>.

*President [[Barack Obama]] was born in Hawaii.

==See also==
* [[Aloha]]
* [[Kauai]]
* [[Lanai]]
* [[Maui]]
* [[Molokai]]
* [[Oahu]]
* [[Kona Hawaii Temple]]
* [[Laie Hawaii Temple]]
* "[[The Hawaiians]]" - historical drama ([[James Michener]])
* [[Hawaii missionaries]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*[http://www.mythichawaii.com An excellent look at how the tiki gods worshiping Hawaiians behaved before conversion to Christianity. Including their savage warriors weapons ''Mythic Hawaii'']
*[http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/15000.html Hawaii Quick Facts from the US Census Bureau]
*[http://www.historyofnations.net/oceania/hawaii.html History of Hawaii]
*[http://www.hawaiihistory.org/ Hawaiihistory.org - Contains an excellent history of Hawaii in timeline format]
*[http://morganreport.org/ Morgan Report]
*[http://www.deephawaii.com/hawaiianhistory.htm Hawaiian history] - history of Hawaii from 300AD to 1900AD
{{USstates}}
[[Category:States of the United States]]
[[Category:Islands]]
[[Category:Hawaii]]
[[Category:Progressive Era]]

New Mexico

2015-12-14T13:10:44Z

YashidaSatoru:

{{USState
|name=New Mexico
|flag=New_Mexico_State_Flag.gif
|motto=Crescit eundo (It grows as it goes)
|nick=The Land of Enchantment
|capital=[[Santa Fe]]
|language=English, Spanish
|governor=Susana Martinez
|gparty=Republican
|senator1=Jeff Bingaman
|s1party=Democrat
|s1phone=(202) 224-5521
|s1email=mailto:senator_bingaman@bingaman.senate.gov Contact
|senator2=Tom Udall
|s2party=Democrat
|s2phone=(202) 224-6621
|s2email=http://tomudall.senate.gov/contact/contact.cfm Contact
|population=
|date=January 6, 1912 (47th)
}}
'''New Mexico''' became 47th state to join the union on January 6, 1912. It is the fifth largest of the [[United States]], with a total land area of 121,412 square miles.<ref> http://www.newmexico.gov/</ref> New Mexico has the largest [[Hispanic]] population, and second largest [[Native American]] population, percentage-wise, of any US State. The State has a bold history and colorful culture, the official state question is "red or green?" in reference to the State's unique [[Chile (Capsicum)|chile pepper]]. Politically the State is very much as Independent swing state that usually votes for incumbents and, much like West Texas, the state also leans towards [[Libertarian]] political stances especially in Central and Western New Mexico. The capital of the state is [[Santa Fe]], and its largest city is [[Albuquerque]].

Despite popular opinion, New Mexico's name originates from long before it was a territory of Mexico or the United States. New Mexico was named by Spanish explorers who mistook the advanced Pueblo natives as being related to the Mexica ([[Aztecs]]). The full name of the colony, as well as the Mexican and American territories, was Santa Fe de Nuevo México (Holy Faith of New Mexico).

The state is bordered by [[Colorado]], [[Arizona]], [[Utah]], [[Oklahoma]] and [[Texas]]. It also borders [[Mexico]].

The current governor of New Mexico is [[conservative]] [[Republican]] [[Susana Martinez]].

==History==
===Native Americans===
The Native American groups of New Mexico are the Pueblo, and the Athabaskan groups of the Apache and Navajo. The Navajo Nation also is present in Arizona and Utah. Prior to these modern peoples, the current area of New Mexico was the home of the Mogollon, Hohokam, and the ancestors to the modern Pueblo peoples called the Ancient Pueblo, commonly known as the [[Anasazi]].
====Ancient Pueblo====
The Ancient Puebloans (commonly known by the Navajo name Anasazi), were great builders that built monolithic cities throughout the American Southwest, they were primarily centered around the current area of New Mexico. Some of the monolithic cities have stood the test of time, such as Sky City at the Acoma Pueblo and the ancient structures at Taos Pueblo; both of these Pueblos are widely believed to be longest continuously inhabited places in the United States. Some of their cities have long been abandoned, such as the ruins at Chaco Culture National Historical Park and Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument. The government of the Pueblos was extremely similar to the Greek [[city-state]]s, and they continue to run as city-states.
===Santa Fe de Nuevo México (1598-1912)===
The Spanish colony of Santa Fe de Nuevo México was started by Juan de Oñate in 1598, who initially believed that, similar to the Aztecs, the town dwelling Pueblo natives to be rich in Gold. He attempted to make the colony into a vice-royalty, but was unable to convince the leaders back in Europe. Instead the Spanish leadership from Europe made increasingly brutal laws against the Spanish colonists and the Pueblo natives. They banned Pueblo religious practices, and punished poorer colonists and Pueblos with forced labor and taxes.
====Pueblo Revolt (1680)====
The Pueblo first attempted to request more religious liberty, as the Pueblo religion was largely peaceful in nature, but Pueblo leaders that attempted the request were publicly executed. Popé, a Pueblo man from Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo near Santa Fe, became a charismatic leader of the Pueblo groups. He lead the Pueblos in a unified revolt against the Spanish, this was the first successful revolt of Americans against oppressive European rule.<ref>[http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/encyclopedia/history/ New Mexico History] on the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]]</ref> The Pueblos allowed the Spanish colonists to flee to [[El Paso]].
====Return of the colonists (1692)====
The Pueblo continued to use and maintain the facilities in Santa Fe, the Palace of the Governors became a small place of government for the Pueblos, but since the Pueblos continued to be city-states nothing more came of it. The Pueblo also converted numerous Catholic churches into Pueblo kivas. Diego de Vargas lead the colonists back to New Mexico in 1692, in what was called the Bloodless Reconquest. The Spanish gave clemency to the Pueblos, and the Pueblo people agreed to peace under the agreement of greater representation and better religious freedoms. The Pueblo and Spanish still had several contentions, but relations between them was much better this time around, especially since forced labor and taxes were no longer enforced. They would often work together to stave off attacks from the Apache, Navajo, and Comanche. Eventually peace was also made with the Apache, Navajo, and Comanche.
====Mexican territory (1821)====
Mexico declared independence in 1821. Mexico's policies worsened relations with the Native Americans, and again caused the resurgence in raids upon Spanish and Pueblo towns. This was the beginning of the Wild West, which lasted through the Mexican and American territorial phases, New Mexico was a major part of the Wild West supplying major Western icons such as the cowboy, the Sheriff, [[Billy the Kid]], old Spanish town squares, and the settings of deserts, prairies, and mountains. Troubles from the neighbors to the east also became an issue, [[Texas]] declared its own Independence from Mexico, and attempted to annex everything east of the Rio Grande. All the while, Mexico was taking land from the original settlers of New Mexico as well as American land-grantees.
====American territory (1848)====
The Mexican-American war resulted in New Mexico becoming an American territory, mostly due to the promise of the American government again repairing relations with the Apache, Navajo, and Comanche. U.S. Presidents [[Zachary Taylor]] and [[Abraham Lincoln]] both called for the immediate statehood of New Mexico, in order to side-step the impending [[Civil War]], since New Mexico's law had already prohibited slavery since the Pueblo Revolt. Unfortunately, statehood did not come to New Mexico until 1912. The New Mexico Campaign during the Civil War was an important battlefield, the Confederacy attempted to capture Albuquerque but was only temporarily successful. This instead bolstered the American soldiers, consisting mostly of descendants of New Mexican Spanish and Pueblo, to chase the Texan Confederate soldiers to the largest Civil War battle in the American West at Glorieta Pass.
===The State of New Mexico (1912)===
New Mexico became the 47th State of the Union in 1912. The Daughters of the American Revolution pushed for a State flag in 1920, and that call was answered in 1925 by Dr. Harry P. Mera. The flag consists of the Zia Pueblo sun symbol in Spanish red on a field of Spanish yellow, this design has won the North American Vexillological Association's best flag design for U.S. states, territories, or Canadian provinces numerous times.

:I salute the flag of the state of New Mexico, the Zia symbol of perfect friendship among united cultures.
::from the New Mexico Statutes and Court Rules, Section 12-3-3, to be said after the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America.

During [[World War II]], New Mexico played a pivotal role as not only the namesake of the [[New Mexico-class battleship]], but also as the birthplace of the Navajo Code Talkers who created the only uncracked code of WWII which saved countless lives in the Pacific Theatre, and more importantly as the primary place of research and technology at Los Alamos which housed some of the smartest men in the country including [[Albert Einstein]], and the White Sands Military Testing Facility for testing the Nuclear bomb.

New Mexico has continued to be at the forefront of science, including Sandia Labs and the Los Alamos Laboratories. Technology by Ed Roberts' MITS, with their Altair computer kits, attracted both [[Paul Allen]] and [[Bill Gates]] to start [[Microsoft]] in [[Albuquerque]]; [[Intel]] has continued this trend by having a fabricating facility in Rio Rancho, near Albuquerque, where they build [[Central processing unit|CPU]]s. Innovate ABQ, a free-market concept in Albuquerque, is currently under development as a "start-up for start-ups" that is set to encourage entrepreneurship and innovation, in order to continue New Mexico's scientific and technological progress.

==Elected Officials==

===Federal===
*Sen. [[Martin Heinrich]] (D)
*Sen. [[Tom Udall]] (D)
*Rep. [[Michelle Lujan Grisham]] [D, NM-01]
*Rep. [[Steve Pearce]] [R, NM-02]
*Rep. [[Ben Ray Luján]] [D, NM-03]

===Statewide===
*Governor [[Susana Martinez]] (R)
*Lt. Governor [[John Sanchez]] (R)
*Attorney General [[Gary King]] (D)
*Secretary of State [[Dianna Duran]] (R)
*State Auditor [[Hector Balderas]] (D)
*State Treasurer [[James Lewis]] (D)
*Land Commissioner [[Ray Powell]] (D)

== Population ==
The total population of 2,085,572 includes a high number of peoples of Hispanic origin and of [[Native American]] (Indian) descent.<ref>http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/35000.htm </ref> The most populous group of Hispanic origin peoples are the descendants of the original settlers, those prior to the 1848 American territorial phase, they are referred to as [[Nuevomexicano]]s or Hispanos. The largest groups of Native American descent are the [[Pueblo]], [[Navajo]], and [[Apache]].

The cities with the largest populations are:
=== Metropolitan ===
*[[Albuquerque]], 545,852 (887,077 in its metropolitan area including; [[Belen]], [[Jemez Pueblo]], [[Rio Rancho]], [[Sandia Pueblo]], [[Santa Ana Pueblo]], [[Moriarty]], and [[Zia Pueblo]])
*[[Las Cruces]], 97,618 (209,233 in its metropolitan area including; [[Hatch]], [[Mesilla]], and [[Sunland Park]])
*[[Santa Fe]], 67,947 (144,170 in its metropolitan area including; [[Edgewood]], [[Española]], [[Nambé Pueblo]], and [[San Ildefonso Pueblo]])
*[[Farmington]], 45,877 (130,004 in its metropolitan area including; [[Aztec, New Mexico|Aztec]], [[Bloomfield]], and [[Shiprock]])
*[[Clovis]]-[[Portales]] Combined Statistical Area, 63,224 (including [[Cannon Air Force Base]], [[Elida]], [[Texico]], [[Grady]], and [[Melrose]])

===Micropolitan===
The top five micropolitan areas, by population, are:
*[[Gallup, New Mexico|Gallup]], 21,678 (71,492 in its micropolitan area including [[Zuni Pueblo]])
*[[Roswell]], 48,411 (65,645 in its micropolitan area including; [[Dexter, New Mexico|Dexter]], [[Hagerman]], and [[Lake Arthur]])
*[[Hobbs]], 34,122 (64,727 in its micropolitan area including; [[Eunice]], [[Jal]], and [[Lovington]])
*[[Alamogordo]], 30,403 (63,797 in its micropolitan area including; [[Cloudcroft]] and [[Tularosa]])
*[[Carlsbad]]-[[Artesia]], 45,877 (53,829 in its micropolitan area including; [[Hope, New Mexico|Hope]] and [[Loving, New Mexico|Loving]])

Other non-metropolitan population centers are; [[Silver City]], [[Las Vegas, New Mexico|Las Vegas]], [[Taos]], [[Grants, New Mexico|Grants]], [[Deming]], [[Ruidoso]], [[Los Alamos]], and [[Tucumcari]].

== Language ==
New Mexico is often falsely assumed to be a bilingual state, however, it is officially known as an English Plus state. [[American English]] is considered the de-facto language, with [[New Mexican English]] being the dominant dialect. Citizens are encouraged to be multi-lingual, and/or to interact and familiarize themselves with other languages. According to the "English Plus Declaration" the reasoning was for the "economic and cultural benefit of our state and the nation." It could also be surmised that is was also for the preservation of [[New Mexican Spanish]] and the Native American languages of Jemez, Jicarilla, Keresan, Mescalero-Chiricahua, Navajo, Picuris, Southern, Tiwa, Taos, Tewa, and Zuni; as the resolution was urged by the New Mexico State Task Force on Modern and Classical Languages.

There was initially a movement to push for the state declaration of English as the official language of the state. This, instead, produced a counter-trend based on the "position of English in the United States needs no official legislation to support it." The state also recognized "the national interest since it promotes the concept that all members of our society have full access to opportunities to effectively learn English plus develop proficiency in a second or multiple languages." This decision proved beneficial to the United States during World War II, as the Navajo Code Talkers, by simply speaking Navajo, created the most effective code of the war which saved numerous allied troops.

== Culture ==
The culture of New Mexico was nearly lost to history, during the Mexican and American territorial phases, liberalism took hold throughout the major city centers within the state. Suppression and shunning of the native cultures almost left the state without an identity. Once Route 66 ran through the central cities of Albuquerque and Santa Fe, travelers began to look for authentic New Mexican culture, which was nowhere to be found within the newer "downtown" areas; Native Americans, [[Nuevomexicano]]s, descendants of the Wild West including cowboys and buffalo soldiers, and the impoverished railroad working Asian Americans had moved to poorer parts of town referred to as "old towns". Travelers and tourists began visiting these old town areas looking for authentic New Mexican cuisine and culture. Thanks to the free market, these groups became wealthy enough to reinvigorate the old town areas, and expanded into buying land in the downtown areas.

The culture eventually became so pervasive within the state that the folk [[New Mexico music]] became a local popular music, and the [[New Mexican cuisine]] staple [[Chile (Capsicum)|chile pepper]] can be found in everything from traditional New Mexican stews, enchiladas, and tamales to popular American foods such as french fries, hamburgers, and ranch dressing.

== Climate ==

New Mexico's weather is usually sunny and dry, with little rainfall all year. This is especially true in the south, however in the northern and central parts of the state, especially in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and along the Rio Grande, there is more moderate precipitation and usually snow during the winter.<ref> http://weather.nmsu.edu/News/climate-in-NM.htm </ref>

[[Image:nmexico.jpg|200px|right]]
== Geography ==

The land was most prominently featured in Wild West films; [[desert]]s, [[prairie]]s, [[forest]], and several [[mountain]]ous regions, being at the southern-most end of the [[Rocky Mountains]] including the [[Sangre de Cristo]] mountain range, the [[Jemez Mountains]],<ref>http://www.americansouthwest.net/new_mexico/jemez_mountains/</ref> and the Sandia Mountains. One of the most prominent rivers west of the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]], the [[Rio Grande]], runs through the center of the State from north to south.

The highest point in New Mexico is [[Wheeler Peak]] at 13,161 feet above sea level, and the lowest point is at [[Red Bluff Reservoir]], 2,842 feet above sea level. <ref> http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/nm_geography.htm </ref>

== Agriculture and Mining ==

Agriculture is important to New Mexico, but the lack of irrigation hinders using much of the land for farming. Much of the farmed land is located around the two major rivers which flow through the state: the [[Rio Grande]] and [[Pecos River]].

Much of the land is used for [[ranching|grazing]] [[livestock]], especially [[sheep]]. More than two-thirds of New Mexico's farm income comes from livestock products. Another large industry in the state is mining, particularly [[copper]], [[silver]], and [[uranium]]. <ref> http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108250.html </ref>

==Transportation ==

Interstate [[Highway]]s 10, 25 and 40 traverse the state. New Mexico's largest commercial airport is Albuquerque's [[Albuquerque International Sunport|International Sunport]]. <ref> http://nmshtd.state.nm.us/ </ref>

== Places of Interest ==
[[File:The Rio Grande River running through Albuquerque, New Mexico.jpg|thumb|The Rio Grande River running through Albuquerque.]]
*[[Carlsbad Caverns National Park]]
*Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monuments
*[[Bandelier National Monument]]
*Elephant Butte Reservoir
*Inscription Rock at [[El Morro National Monument]]
*[[White Sands National Monument]]

== Notable people associated with New Mexico ==
[[Image:O'Keefe Belladonna.jpg|frame|right|Bella Donna by [[Georgia O'Keeffe]], 1939.]]

*[[Ralph Bunche]] (Nobel Peace Prize winner)
*[[John Denver]] (singer)
*Holly Holm (UFC fighter)
*Henry McCarty ([[Billy the Kid]])
*[[Demi Moore]] (actress)
*[[Georgia O'Keeffe]] (painter)
*[[Mario J. Lucero]] and [[Isabel Ruiz Lucero]] (co-founders of [[Heaven Sent Gaming]])
*[[Susana Martinez]] (Governor)
*Juan de Oñate (founder of New Mexico)
*Porfirio Podres (folk hero San Popo)
*Popé (leader during the Pueblo Revolt)
*[[Bill Richardson]] (former Governor)
*Johnny Tapia (champion boxer)
*Albert Sanchez (musician [[Al Hurricane]])
*Al Unser and Bobby Unser (auto racers)
*Diego de Vargas (leader during the Bloodless Reconquest)

==References==
<references/>

{{USstates}}
[[Category:States of the United States]]
[[Category:New Mexico]]
[[category:Latinos]]
[[Category:Western United States]]
[[Category:Manhattan Project]]

Mexican cuisine

2015-12-09T07:57:33Z

YashidaSatoru:

[[Image:Cazon.jpg|right]]
[[Mexico]] has a style of [[food]] known as '''Mexican cuisine'''. Its intense and varied flavors, colorful decoration, and variety of ingredients make it special. It differs from region to region, a great example of this is huevos rancheros which contains numerous regional varieties.<ref>[http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/lexicon/huevos-rancheros/ Huevos rancheros] on the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]]</ref> It is based on ancient traditions, combined with culinary trends introduced by Spanish, French, Italian, and Chinese. Mexican Restaurants can be found all over the world, but just a few use authentic techniques and ingredients. Mexican cuisine restaurants can be found all over the world, several have even been highly successful from an economic point-of-view; [[Taco Bell]], [[Chili's]], [[Chipotle Mexican Grill]], [[Qdoba Mexican Grill]], [[El Pollo Loco]], and others.

In the United States, New Mexican and Sonoran cuisines are an evolution of their root styles of the former Spanish colony of Santa Fe De Nuevo México in the states of New Mexico in America and Sonora in Mexico, and Texas' Tex-Mex food is a combination of Coahuila's cuisine blended with Creole/Cajun and Appalachian foods, while California's original cuisine type is mostly alive solely south-of-the-border in [[Baja California]], California's modern Cali-Mex is a more modern and American interpretation of Mexican foods: In the [[United States]], several variations exist, on the authentic model;
*''[[Sonoran cuisine]]'', in [[Arizona]] and [[Sonora]], contains Machaca tacos and burritos cimply called burros, as well as some eclectic variations of American foods like Sonoran Hot Dogs.<ref>[http://rovingdecanter.com/2014/10/22/what-is-sonoran-style-mexican-food/ What is Sonoran-style Mexican Food?] from Roving Decanter</ref> Restaurants include [[Rosita's Place]] in [[Phoenix, Arizona]].
*''[[New Mexican cuisine]]'', in [[New Mexico]] and Southern Colorado, heavily influenced by their unique red and/or green [[Chile (Capsicum)|chile pepper]]s, and the Spanish and Native American cultures of the area. Other common foods are piñon (pine nuts), calabacitas (sauteed squash, zucchini, chile, and corn), and biscochitos (sugar and cinnamon covered cookies, with anise flavoring).<ref> [http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/encyclopedia/cuisine/ Cuisine] on the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]]</ref> Restaurants include [[Sadie's]] in the [[Albuquerque]] area and the statewide [[Little Anita's]] and [[Twister's]].
*''[[Tex-Mex cuisine]]'', in [[Texas]], the most common American variation of Mexican cuisine, is influenced greatly by the Tejano affinity for spices and tortillas; the common dishes are fajitas, and tacos. Restaurants include the international [[Chili's]], and [[Mariano's Hacienda]] in Dallas.
*''[[California cuisine]]'', in [[California]], contains eclectic versions of Mexican cuisine.<ref>[http://www.mapsofworld.com/pages/mmmerica/united-states-of-mmmerica-cuisine-of-california/ California Mexican section] on Maps of World</ref> Restaurants include the international [[Taco Bell]] and [[El Pollo Loco]].
*''[[Fresh Mex cuisine]]'', from throughout the American Southwest, a quickly developing trend in Mexican cuisine, is influenced greatly by fresh locally-sourced ingredients and focusing on specific varieties of Mexican foods including the previously mentioned varieties. Restaurants include the international [[Qdoba Mexican Grill]], and [[Chipotle Mexican Grill]].

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Mexican Food]]
[[Category:Food and Drink]]

Nuevomexicano

2015-12-07T08:17:10Z

YashidaSatoru:

'''Nuevomexicanos''' or '''Hispanos''', sometimes referred to as the "politically correct" term '''Hispano-Americans''' or '''Hispanos of New Mexico''', is used to describe the cultural and ethnic background of Americans with Hispanic ancestry from the U.S. States of [[New Mexico]] and Southern [[Colorado]], particularly the descendants of the colonists of Santa Fe de Nuevo México.<ref> ''Nuevomexicano Cultural Legacy'' by Francisco A. Lomelí, Victor A. Sorell, Genaro M. Padilla </ref> Many American conservatives believe that the use of terms such as "Hispanos of New Mexico" or "Hispano-Americans," collectively referred to as "delineated Americanism" and "hyphenated Americanism," make the mistake of removing cultural identity and "putting America second" to emphasize racial differences over common national identity.

In [[New Mexican Spanish]] the word Nuevomexicano is pronounced '''Neomexicano''' (na-yo-meh-hee-ca-no); the etymology of the word stems from a reference to the New Mexican Spanish language itself, which is referred to as "Español Neomexicano" in Spanish.

==Terms==
Prior to the 1950s, this group of Americans used the terms Nuevomexicano, Hispano, Hispanic, and Spanish to describe themselves. Nuevomexicano and Hispano was preferred among themselves as this provided adequate explaination of the uniqueness of their mixed culture of [[Pueblo]] and Spanish colonist within [[New Mexico]]. The term Hispano, American-Hispanic, and American-Spanish was used to emphasize this uniqueness to newcomers to the State, and in order to cultivate the concept that their American identity was understood to their fellow Americans. Many of their ancestors had fought in the American [[Civil War]], and had continued to serve proudly in both World Wars.

Since the term initially tried to unify the group; liberals have begun to delineate and hyphenate the term, in order to divide the group from its true cultural identities of the United States and New Mexico.

==Identity==
The story surrounding this group was encapsulated in a song, by Cleofes Vigil, called "Himno del Pueblo de las Montañas de la Sangre de Cristo" (literally "Hymn of the Pueblo of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains").<ref>[http://media.smithsonianfolkways.org/liner_notes/smithsonian_folkways/SFW40409.pdf liner notes] from ''Music of New Mexico: Hispanic Traditions'' by [[Smithsonian]] Folkways</ref> This group is quick to embrace other cultures, and will incorporate other traditions with their own unique style.

===Language===
The primary language of this group is usually English and/or Spanish, the primary dialects of which are [[New Mexican English]] and [[New Mexican Spanish]].

===Religion===
A major part of the identity of this ethnic group is [[Christianity]], particularly the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and [[Protestantism]] (many being [[Evangelical Christians]]). The cities, towns, and Pueblos all often have a Roman Catholic Church at their old town core, which is where many festivities center around. Several Hispano families descend from Crypto-Jews, and also have several Jewish traditions as well.

Santos, depictions of religious figures such as Saints, are common works of arts by Nuevomexicanos. They are intricate wood carvings and have significant religious significance, and are commonly found, in similar fashion Pueblo Kachina dolls.

===Fiestas===
The [[Santa Fe]] Fiesta and the San Felipe de Neri Fiestas in Albuquerque are some of the oldest continuously held festivals in the country. Two great examples of this group embracing other traditions can be found in local fiestas, the Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta and the addition of Zozobra to the Santa Fe Fiesta, are largely due to Anglo influences. In kind, other groups are quick to embrace the Hispano culture as their own, the Balloon ''Fiesta'' is a great example of other groups embracing the Nuevomexicano culture. Each of the New Mexico [[Pueblo]]s hold annual Feast Days to celebrate this identity, as well as their own.

Another Hispano tradition is the "motanza," which are huge fiestas and [[barbecue]]s. They roast pigs in a traditional New Mexican style, preparing chicharones, tacos, meat slices, alongside red and green [[chile (capsicum)|chile]].<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/worldslargestmatanza World's Largest Matanza] </ref>

===Music===
A music genre, called [[New Mexico music]], is very popular among Nuevomexicanos, it has been spearheaded by the likes of [[Al Hurricane]], [[Antonia Apodaca]], [[Roberto Griego]], and others. The genre a fusion of traditional New Mexican folk music with American folk and pop music genres, particularly [[country music]] and [[rock music]].<ref> [http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/lexicon/new-mexico-music/ New Mexico music] on the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]] </ref>

===Politics===
Hispanos have leaned both [[Democrat]] and [[Republican]], in both local and national elections. There is a strong [[Independent voters|independent]] [[libertarian]] identity among the group, even when individuals have a declared political party stances on particular stances can vary.

==References==
<references/>

[[category:Ethnicities]]
[[Category:New Mexico]]
[[category:Latinos]]
[[Category:Western United States]]

Mexican cuisine

2015-12-06T06:04:07Z

YashidaSatoru:

[[Image:Cazon.jpg|right]]
[[Mexico]] has a style of [[food]] known as '''Mexican cuisine'''. Its intense and varied flavors, colorful decoration, and variety of ingredients make it special. It differs from region to region, a great example of this is huevos rancheros which contains numerous regional varieties.<ref>[http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/lexicon/huevos-rancheros/ Huevos rancheros] on the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]]</ref> It is based on ancient traditions, combined with culinary trends introduced by Spanish, French, Italian, and Chinese. Mexican Restaurants can be found all over the world, but just a few use authentic techniques and ingredients.

In the [[United States]], a couple variations exist, on the authentic model; New Mexican and Sonoran are an evolution of their root styles of Santa Fe De Nuevo México in the former Spanish colony and the territories of Mexico and America, and Texas' Tex-Mex food is a combination of Coahuila's cuisine blended with Creole/Cajun and Appalachian foods, while California's original cuisine type is mostly alive solely south-of-the-border in [[Baja California]], California's modern Cali-Mex is a more modern and American interpretation of Mexican foods:
*''New Mexican'', in [[New Mexico]], heavily influenced by their unique red and/or green [[Chile (Capsicum)|chile pepper]]s, and the Spanish and Native American cultures of the area. Other common foods are piñon (pine nuts), calabacitas (sauteed squash, zucchini, chile, and corn), and biscochitos (sugar and cinnamon covered cookies, with anise flavoring).<ref>[http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/encyclopedia/cuisine/ Cuisine] on the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]]</ref>
*''Sonoran'', in [[Arizona]] and [[Sonora]], contains Machaca tacos and burritos cimply called burros, as well as some eclectic variations of American foods like Sonoran Hot Dogs.<ref>[http://rovingdecanter.com/2014/10/22/what-is-sonoran-style-mexican-food/ What is Sonoran-style Mexican Food?] from Roving Decanter</ref>
*''Tex-Mex'', in [[Texas]], the most common American variation of Mexican cuisine, is influenced greatly by the Tejano affinity for spices and tortillas; the common dishes are fajitas, and tacos.
*''Californian'', in [[California]], contains eclectic versions of Mexican cuisine.<ref>[http://www.mapsofworld.com/pages/mmmerica/united-states-of-mmmerica-cuisine-of-california/ California Mexican section] on Maps of World</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Mexican Food]]
[[Category:Food and Drink]]

Seventh-day Adventist Church

2015-12-02T07:37:42Z

YashidaSatoru:

The Seventh-Day Adventist Church is a Protestant denomination founded in America the mid-19th century during the [[Second Great Awakening]]. The basic tenets of Adventism were based on a version of [[premillennial]] evangelical Protestantism and focused on the prophecy that Christ would return in 1844. They also strongly held the belief that the [[Sabbath'' was Saturday (the 7th day), so they opposed laws making Sunday the Sabbath.

The church was organized in 1863 around the belief that Jesus indeed had entered the most holy place of the heavenly sanctuary in 1844. Ellen G. White (1827-1915), while holding no official role, was the dominant personality and moved the denomination to a concentration on missionary and medical work. Beginning in the 1890s, the Seventh-day Adventist Church was impacted by the [[Holiness Movement]]. Borrowing from the holiness movement, Albion Fox Ballenger and Sarepta M. I. Henry sought to bring together law and gospel themes, and thereby fill a spiritual need not met by Adventist emphasis on moral behavior. Revival focused on being filled with the Holy Spirit and healing. Mission and medical work continues to play a central role in the 21st century.

The church professes 28 fundamental beliefs which it sees as being based on the Bible, and which it states is the only basis of its faith, though historically it has privileged the teaching of Mrs White. Healthy food is part of the religion. Most Adventists are vegetarians, and reject caffeine and alcohol. Adventists in Battle Creek, Michigan, developed America's [[Breakfast cereals|breakfast cereal industry]].

Adventist missionary activity has been quite successful, and over 90% of members are outside the U.S., including 34% in Africa, 33% in Latin American, versus 8% in the U.S. and Canada. There is a very active missionary program in 230 countries. There are 15 million members, with the greatest numbers in Brazil (1.3 million); the US (950,000); India (920,000); the Philippines (750,000); Peru (660,000); Mexico (550,000); and Kenya (530,000). There are 64,000 churches and 16,000 ordained ministers. <ref> See statistics at [http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/rel_sev_adv_mem-religion-seventh-day-adventist-membership online]</ref>

Worldwide the church operates 107 colleges and medical schools, and 7300 elementary and secondary schools. Total enrollment is 1.5 million. It operates over 700 hospitals, sanitaria and clinics. The worldwide budget is $2.7 billion, with $420 million spent on aid and relief efforts.<ref> See [http://www.adventist.org/world_church/facts_and_figures/index.html.en Official statistics online]</ref>

==History==
===Origins in Millerism===
The [[Second Great Awakening]] saw a general revival of evangelical Christianity, and was especially strong among [[Yankee]] Protestants in the "Burned Over" district of upstate New York. William Miller was a Baptist Minister who earnestly looked forward to the return of Christ, but who become inordinately consumed with determining the date. In 1831 he announced he had dated the Second Coming to 1843, when the world would end in a fiery purge. A recalculation moved the date to October 22, 1844.
===Reinterpreting 1844===
A day after the failed prediction of October 22, 1844, a solution was provided for the problem by an Adventist named Hiram Edson. He argued that Miller misunderstood the nature of the predicted event, that it was not Christ's return to earth, but His entering in the holy of holies of the Heavenly temple, marking the beginning of the second phase of Christ's atoning work. This teaching was what would later become the SDA doctrine of Investigative Judgment, for which Heb. 9 in invoked, in which Seventh Day Adventism holds that Jesus began determining who among the forgiven was redeemed. (cf. 2Tim. 2:19) The chief proponent of this idea was Mrs. Ellen G. White. White, a woman of little education who reported she received prophetic visions and teachings from God, is considered to be the real founder. At that time, most Christians were opposed to women holding positions of church leadership.

Those who did not abandon Millerite Adventism concluded that God had indeed purged the heavenly sanctuary but did not appear on earth due to the sinfulness of humankind. The years of the Great Disappointment, 1843 and again in 1844, might have been the end of the Adventism movement. Instead, it was the beginning. True, Miller lost his audience but many believers soon found a new leadership in [[Ellen G. White]] (1827-1915). By 1863, this group had a new headquarters (Battle Creek, Michigan) and an official new name: Seventh-day Adventists. The national headquarters was later moved to Maryland.

Until 1870 the church had a "shut door" policy focused on veterans of the 1844 experience, seeing them as a saving remnant. The membership was only 5,400 and the door was shut to new members. Under White's guidance the denomination in the 1870s turned to missionary work and revivals, tripling its membership to 16,000 by 1880; rapid growth continued, with 75,000 members in 1901. By this time operated two colleges, a medical school, a dozen academies, 27 hospitals, and 13 publishing houses.

The Adventists had closely followed American politics, matching current events to the predictions in the Bible. They were alienated and hostile, for the government tolerated slavery and seemed to have lost its pure [[republicanism]]. Their magazines showed the U.S. government as an ugly monster. Under White's guidance the alienation softened. Adventists by the 1890s believed that the government ''might'' become a dangerous beast (as depicted in ''Revelation'' chapter 13), but had not reached that stage yet. The graphic images of government now depicted a friendly looking American buffalo.

==The Seventh Day==
"Seventh-day" means the observance of the original Sabbath, Saturday, is still a sacred obligation. Adventists argued that just as the rest of the Ten Commandments had not been revised, so also the injunction to "remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy" remained in full force. But this theological point turned the young group into a powerful force for religious liberty. Growing into its full stature in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, these Adventists opposed Sunday laws on every side. Many were arrested for working on Sunday. In fighting against the real threat of a legally established National Day of worship, these Sabbatarians had to fight for their liberty on a daily basis. Soon, they were fighting for religious liberty on a broader, less parochial basis.

The fear that other Protestants would establish a Christian Sunday expanded into opposition to the establishment of a "Christian" identity for the nation, and opposition to school prayer. This led to alliances with secularists in the American political spectrum.
==Health==
Adventist emphasis on health and healing coincided with broader emphases on proper diet (specifically the [[Kosher]] dietary laws), promoting [[vegetarianism]], nonsmoking, and temperance--which usually means abstaining from alcohol, premarital sexual, and vulgarity. From [[Breakfast cereals|Kellogg's Corn Flakes]] (an Adventist innovation) to sanitaria emphasizing natural cures to first-rate nursing and medical schools, as well as medical missions around the world, Adventists formed many alliances with more innovative forces, both secular and religious.

In the 20th century premillennial fundamentalism and political conservatism are often associated with each other. The premillennialism of Seventh-day Adventists, however, has not shared the outlook of that conservatism. The Adventists' views on race, prohibition, religious pluralism, the observance of the Sabbath (in the context of establishing Sunday as a national day of rest), and other matters exhibit similarities and differences when compared to the views of premillennial fundamentalists. Adventists have wanted to keep America Protestant, but they stressed liberty as the essence of Protestantism and thus helped to expand American religious pluralism.<ref> Morgan (1994)</ref>

At the end of World War II, the church reported 226,000 members in the US and Canada, and 380,000 elsewhere; the budget was $29 million and enrollemnt in church schools was 40,000.

==Advent of Christ==
Just because Christ did not return to earth in the 1840s did not mean that his return was not imminent, the Adventists argue, nor did it mean that preparations for that return should not remain uppermost in the minds and hearts of Seventh-day Adventists. Adventism is still the essential element in the identity of the group.
==Internal disputes==
The major doctrinal conflicts that troubled the movement throughout the last third of the twentieth century include disputes over the nature of Ellen White's inspiration and authority, challenges to orthodox Adventist interpretations of Daniel 8, and debates over the role of good works in salvation. As with many doctrinal crises among evangelical Protestant churches, these conflicts often arose in disputes between the church's academics, increasingly trained in secular academic traditions, and its more theologically conservative, even reactionary, clerical administrators. In each case these controversies revealed an ambivalence by Adventists toward other Christians and secular society. They asked, are we like them or different, and how much does it matter? It was a crisis of identity for the church.<ref> See Vance (1999)</ref>
===Role of women===
Although the denomination was formed by a woman at a time women were not generally allowed in pulpits, the Adventists reversed policy at the same time most denominations became more accepting of women leaders. When Adventists wanted to emphasize their separation from the world, they denounced the gender roles of the larger society, and when they de-emphasized separatism and moved toward accommodation, they advocated gender norms, behaviors, and expectations similar to those of Fundamentalists.<ref> See Vance (1999)</ref>
==Creationism==
In the history of [[creationism]] in the United States, the emphasis on flood geology is largely an outgrowth of Seventh-day Adventism.<ref> Ronald L. Numbers, ''The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism'' (1992)</ref>
==Opposition==
Evangelicals throughout the 19th century denounce Adventism as an illegitimate cult, the same is said of other Protestant Baptist-origin Millerite movements.<ref>[http://www.apologeticsindex.org/s18.html Seventh-day Adventism, Apologetics Index research resource]</ref>

==Notable people associated with Adventism==
*Dr. [[Ben Carson]], 2016 Republican presidential candidate.
*Will Keith Kellogg, founder of Kellogg's cereal company.
*George Konrote, current President of [[Fiji]].
*[[Sheila Jackson Lee]], Democratic U.S. Representative for [[Texas]]'s 18th congressional district.
*Christopher Mwashinga, Tanzanian author and poet.
*[[Little Richard]], world-renowned [[rock and roll]] musician.
*[[Isabel Ruiz Lucero]], artist and founder of [[Heaven Sent Gaming]]
*[[Sojourner Truth]] (Isabella "Bell" Baumfree), abolitionist and women's rights activist.
*Ellen G. White, founder of the religion.

==External links==
* [http://www.adventist.org/ official website]

==Further reading==
* Edwards, Calvin W. and Gary Land. ''Seeker After Light: A F Ballenger, Adventism, and American Christianity.'' (2000). 240pp [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=5313 online review]
* Land, Gary. "At the Edges of Holiness: Seventh-Day Adventism Receives the Holy Ghost, 1892-1900." ''Fides et Historia'' 2001 33(2): 13-30
* Morgan, Douglas. ''Adventism and the American Republic: The Public Involvement of a Major Apocalyptic Movement.'' (2001). 269 pp.
* Morgan, Douglas. "Adventism, Apocalyptic, and the Cause of Liberty," ''Church History'', Vol. 63, No. 2 (Jun., 1994), pp. 235-249 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3168590 in JSTOR]
* Neufield, Don F. ed. ''Seventh-Day Adventist Encyclopedia'' (10 vol 1976), official publication
* Pearson, Michael. ''Millennial Dreams and Moral Dilemmas: Seventh-day Adventism and Contemporary Ethics.'' (1990, 1998) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0521091489 excerpt and text search], looks at issues of marriage, abortion, homosexuality
* Schwarz, Richard. ''Light Bearers: A History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church'' (3rd ed. 2000), official history
* Vance, Laura L. ''Seventh-day Adventism Crisis: Gender and Sectarian Change in an Emerging Religion.'' (1999). 261 pp.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Christian Denominations]]

Seventh-day Adventist Church

2015-12-02T04:56:22Z

YashidaSatoru:

The Seventh-Day Adventist Church is a Protestant denomination founded in America the mid-19th century during the [[Second Great Awakening]]. The basic tenets of Adventism were based on a version of [[premillennial]] evangelical Protestantism and focused on the prophecy that Christ would return in 1844. They also strongly held the belief that the [[Sabbath'' was Saturday (the 7th day), so they opposed laws making Sunday the Sabbath.

The church was organized in 1863 around the belief that Jesus indeed had entered the most holy place of the heavenly sanctuary in 1844. Ellen G. White (1827-1915), while holding no official role, was the dominant personality and moved the denomination to a concentration on missionary and medical work. Beginning in the 1890s, the Seventh-day Adventist Church was impacted by the [[Holiness Movement]]. Borrowing from the holiness movement, Albion Fox Ballenger and Sarepta M. I. Henry sought to bring together law and gospel themes, and thereby fill a spiritual need not met by Adventist emphasis on moral behavior. Revival focused on being filled with the Holy Spirit and healing. Mission and medical work continues to play a central role in the 21st century.

The church professes 28 fundamental beliefs which it sees as being based on the Bible, and which it states is the only basis of its faith, though historically it has privileged the teaching of Mrs White. Healthy food is part of the religion. Most Adventists are vegetarians, and reject caffeine and alcohol. Adventists in Battle Creek, Michigan, developed America's [[Breakfast cereals|breakfast cereal industry]].

Adventist missionary activity has been quite successful, and over 90% of members are outside the U.S., including 34% in Africa, 33% in Latin American, versus 8% in the U.S. and Canada. There is a very active missionary program in 230 countries. There are 15 million members, with the greatest numbers in Brazil (1.3 million); the US (950,000); India (920,000); the Philippines (750,000); Peru (660,000); Mexico (550,000); and Kenya (530,000). There are 64,000 churches and 16,000 ordained ministers. <ref> See statistics at [http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/rel_sev_adv_mem-religion-seventh-day-adventist-membership online]</ref>

Worldwide the church operates 107 colleges and medical schools, and 7300 elementary and secondary schools. Total enrollment is 1.5 million. It operates over 700 hospitals, sanitaria and clinics. The worldwide budget is $2.7 billion, with $420 million spent on aid and relief efforts.<ref> See [http://www.adventist.org/world_church/facts_and_figures/index.html.en Official statistics online]</ref>

==History==
===Origins in Millerism===
The [[Second Great Awakening]] saw a general revival of evangelical Christianity, and was especially strong among [[Yankee]] Protestants in the "Burned Over" district of upstate New York. William Miller was a Baptist Minister who earnestly looked forward to the return of Christ, but who become inordinately consumed with determining the date. In 1831 he announced he had dated the Second Coming to 1843, when the world would end in a fiery purge. A recalculation moved the date to October 22, 1844.
===Reinterpreting 1844===
A day after the failed prediction of October 22, 1844, a solution was provided for the problem by an Adventist named Hiram Edson. He argued that Miller misunderstood the nature of the predicted event, that it was not Christ's return to earth, but His entering in the holy of holies of the Heavenly temple, marking the beginning of the second phase of Christ's atoning work. This teaching was what would later become the SDA doctrine of Investigative Judgment, for which Heb. 9 in invoked, in which Seventh Day Adventism holds that Jesus began determining who among the forgiven was redeemed. (cf. 2Tim. 2:19) The chief proponent of this idea was Mrs. Ellen G. White. White, a woman of little education who reported she received prophetic visions and teachings from God, is considered to be the real founder. At that time, most Christians were opposed to women holding positions of church leadership.

Those who did not abandon Millerite Adventism concluded that God had indeed purged the heavenly sanctuary but did not appear on earth due to the sinfulness of humankind. The years of the Great Disappointment, 1843 and again in 1844, might have been the end of the Adventism movement. Instead, it was the beginning. True, Miller lost his audience but many believers soon found a new leadership in [[Ellen G. White]] (1827-1915). By 1863, this group had a new headquarters (Battle Creek, Michigan) and an official new name: Seventh-day Adventists. The national headquarters was later moved to Maryland.

Until 1870 the church had a "shut door" policy focused on veterans of the 1844 experience, seeing them as a saving remnant. The membership was only 5,400 and the door was shut to new members. Under White's guidance the denomination in the 1870s turned to missionary work and revivals, tripling its membership to 16,000 by 1880; rapid growth continued, with 75,000 members in 1901. By this time operated two colleges, a medical school, a dozen academies, 27 hospitals, and 13 publishing houses.

The Adventists had closely followed American politics, matching current events to the predictions in the Bible. They were alienated and hostile, for the government tolerated slavery and seemed to have lost its pure [[republicanism]]. Their magazines showed the U.S. government as an ugly monster. Under White's guidance the alienation softened. Adventists by the 1890s believed that the government ''might'' become a dangerous beast (as depicted in ''Revelation'' chapter 13), but had not reached that stage yet. The graphic images of government now depicted a friendly looking American buffalo.

==The Seventh Day==
"Seventh-day" means the observance of the original Sabbath, Saturday, is still a sacred obligation. Adventists argued that just as the rest of the Ten Commandments had not been revised, so also the injunction to "remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy" remained in full force. But this theological point turned the young group into a powerful force for religious liberty. Growing into its full stature in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, these Adventists opposed Sunday laws on every side. Many were arrested for working on Sunday. In fighting against the real threat of a legally established National Day of worship, these Sabbatarians had to fight for their liberty on a daily basis. Soon, they were fighting for religious liberty on a broader, less parochial basis.

The fear that other Protestants would establish a Christian Sunday expanded into opposition to the establishment of a "Christian" identity for the nation, and opposition to school prayer. This led to alliances with secularists in the American political spectrum.
==Health==
Adventist emphasis on health and healing coincided with broader emphases on proper diet (specifically the [[Kosher]] dietary laws), promoting [[vegetarianism]], nonsmoking, and temperance--which usually means abstaining from alcohol, premarital sexual, and vulgarity. From [[Breakfast cereals|Kellogg's Corn Flakes]] (an Adventist innovation) to sanitaria emphasizing natural cures to first-rate nursing and medical schools, as well as medical missions around the world, Adventists formed many alliances with more innovative forces, both secular and religious.

In the 20th century premillennial fundamentalism and political conservatism are often associated with each other. The premillennialism of Seventh-day Adventists, however, has not shared the outlook of that conservatism. The Adventists' views on race, prohibition, religious pluralism, the observance of the Sabbath (in the context of establishing Sunday as a national day of rest), and other matters exhibit similarities and differences when compared to the views of premillennial fundamentalists. Adventists have wanted to keep America Protestant, but they stressed liberty as the essence of Protestantism and thus helped to expand American religious pluralism.<ref> Morgan (1994)</ref>

At the end of World War II, the church reported 226,000 members in the US and Canada, and 380,000 elsewhere; the budget was $29 million and enrollemnt in church schools was 40,000.

==Advent of Christ==
Just because Christ did not return to earth in the 1840s did not mean that his return was not imminent, the Adventists argue, nor did it mean that preparations for that return should not remain uppermost in the minds and hearts of Seventh-day Adventists. Adventism is still the essential element in the identity of the group.
==Internal disputes==
The major doctrinal conflicts that troubled the movement throughout the last third of the twentieth century include disputes over the nature of Ellen White's inspiration and authority, challenges to orthodox Adventist interpretations of Daniel 8, and debates over the role of good works in salvation. As with many doctrinal crises among evangelical Protestant churches, these conflicts often arose in disputes between the church's academics, increasingly trained in secular academic traditions, and its more theologically conservative, even reactionary, clerical administrators. In each case these controversies revealed an ambivalence by Adventists toward other Christians and secular society. They asked, are we like them or different, and how much does it matter? It was a crisis of identity for the church.<ref> See Vance (1999)</ref>
===Role of women===
Although the denomination was formed by a woman at a time women were not generally allowed in pulpits, the Adventists reversed policy at the same time most denominations became more accepting of women leaders. When Adventists wanted to emphasize their separation from the world, they denounced the gender roles of the larger society, and when they de-emphasized separatism and moved toward accommodation, they advocated gender norms, behaviors, and expectations similar to those of Fundamentalists.<ref> See Vance (1999)</ref>
==Creationism==
In the history of [[creationism]] in the United States, the emphasis on flood geology is largely an outgrowth of Seventh-day Adventism.<ref> Ronald L. Numbers, ''The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism'' (1992)</ref>
==Opposition==
Evangelicals throughout the 19th century denounce them and Adventism an illegitimate cults, the same is said of other Protestant Baptist-origin Millerite movements.<ref>[http://www.apologeticsindex.org/s18.html Seventh-day Adventism, Apologetics Index research resource]</ref>

==External links==
* [http://www.adventist.org/ official website]

==Further reading==
* Edwards, Calvin W. and Gary Land. ''Seeker After Light: A F Ballenger, Adventism, and American Christianity.'' (2000). 240pp [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=5313 online review]
* Land, Gary. "At the Edges of Holiness: Seventh-Day Adventism Receives the Holy Ghost, 1892-1900." ''Fides et Historia'' 2001 33(2): 13-30
* Morgan, Douglas. ''Adventism and the American Republic: The Public Involvement of a Major Apocalyptic Movement.'' (2001). 269 pp.
* Morgan, Douglas. "Adventism, Apocalyptic, and the Cause of Liberty," ''Church History'', Vol. 63, No. 2 (Jun., 1994), pp. 235-249 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3168590 in JSTOR]
* Neufield, Don F. ed. ''Seventh-Day Adventist Encyclopedia'' (10 vol 1976), official publication
* Pearson, Michael. ''Millennial Dreams and Moral Dilemmas: Seventh-day Adventism and Contemporary Ethics.'' (1990, 1998) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0521091489 excerpt and text search], looks at issues of marriage, abortion, homosexuality
* Schwarz, Richard. ''Light Bearers: A History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church'' (3rd ed. 2000), official history
* Vance, Laura L. ''Seventh-day Adventism Crisis: Gender and Sectarian Change in an Emerging Religion.'' (1999). 261 pp.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Christian Denominations]]

New Mexico music

2015-11-29T04:57:44Z

YashidaSatoru:

'''New Mexico music''' is an American folk [[genre]] of music which originated in the U.S. State of [[New Mexico]].<ref>[http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/lexicon/new-mexico-music/ New Mexico music] on the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]]</ref> It is typified by the heavy use of [[guitar]]s, [[trumpet]]s, [[steel guitar]]s, [[accordian]]s, and [[violin]]s, like its root styles of traditional New Mexico folk music, classic [[Rock music]], and [[Country music|Country-Western music]], it also has a steady rhythm section like that of Native American music, and lyrics typically in [[New Mexican Spanish]] and sometimes [[New Mexican English]]. Traditional New Mexico folk music has existed since before the 16th century, the first songs in the genre were recorded by [[Smithsonian]] Folkways in the 1940s and 50s, and in the mid-1950s Norman Petty's studio in Clovis recorded New Mexico music by [[Al Hurricane]], [[Tiny Morrie]], [[Baby Gaby]], [[Roberto Griego]], and the country and rock musicians Hank Williams Jr. and Buddy Holly. And, since the late-1960's, [[Albuquerque]] has been prominent in producing New Mexico music performers, which was described as "the Chicano Nashville" in the 1980s. However, other cities such as [[Santa Fe]], [[Farmington]], and [[Las Cruces]] have also played important roles in its progression. It has been most successful in New Mexico and Southern [[Colorado]], as well as throughout the American Southwest, West [[Texas]], and Northern [[Mexico]]; much like other Country music genres, it has also seen success in [[Australia]], [[Argentina]], and the [[Europe]]an countries of [[Germany]], [[Netherlands]], and uniquely [[Spain]] and [[Japan]].<ref>[http://www.45cat.com/record/19156at Al Hurricane With His Orchestra] by Ariola Records</ref><ref>[http://www.newmexicomusic.org/showcase.php?page=2&select=6 Manzanares] via the New Mexico Music Commission</ref>

A currently developing sub-genre, which contains elements of New Mexico music merged with [[Americana]] music and modern [[folk music]], is being referred to as New Mexicana.<ref>[http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/lexicon/new-mexicana-music/ New Mexicana music] on the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]]</ref>

Several organizations present awards to outstanding New Mexico music performers including the New Mexico Music Awards and New Mexico [[Hispanos|Hispano]] Music Association.<ref>[http://newmexicomusicawards.com/ New Mexico Music Awards]</ref><ref>[http://www.nmhma.org/ New Mexico Music Association]</ref> There is also the annual Los 15 Grandes De Nuevo Mexico Music Award, which has both a concert and music album.<ref>[http://newmexlma.com/ Los 15 Grandes De Nuevo Mexico Music]</ref>

==Foundations of New Mexico music==
Many New Mexico music songs share similar lyrical themes of other American folk genres. Those simlar themes are [[God]] and the [[Christian religion]], [[family]], madrecita (momma), [[love]], the struggles of the [[common man]], [[Alcohol]], and supporting and promoting the love and defense of America and its values. Unique themes to New Mexico music include, but are not limited to; ranching lifestyle, dancing, and celebrating the traditions of the New Mexico from the [[Nuevomexicanos]], [[Pueblo]], the Wild West, the [[Navajo]] and [[Apache]], Route 66, and the music of both America and Mexico.

==Artists==
Some New Mexico music performers include:
*[[Lorenzo Antonio]]
*[[Antonia Apodaca]]
*[[El Gringo]]
*[[Erika]]
*[[Freddie Brown]]
*[[Sharon Burch]]
*[[Donna Christine]]
*[[Darren Cordova]]
*[[Gil Cordova]]
*[[Micky Cruz]]
*[[Jerry Dean]]
*[[Matt Duran]]
*[[Roberto Griego]]
*[[Norio Hayakawa]]
*[[Al Hurricane]]
*[[Al Hurricane, Jr.]]
*[[Jerry Jaramillo]]
*[[Baby Gaby]]
*[[Los Garrapatas]]
*[[Los Traviesos]]
*[[Jon Maez]]
*[[AJ Martinez]]
*[[Robert Mirabal]]
*[[Tiny Morrie]]
*[[Abel Lucero]]
*[[Brian Olivas]]
*[[A. Paul Ortega]]
*[[Altamoni]]
*[[Gloria Pohl]]
*[[Anthony Rosas]]
*[[Christian Sanchez]]
*[[Jason Soto]]
*[[Eva Torrez]]
*[[Miguel Timoteo]]
*[[Cleofes Vigil]]
New Mexicana music performers include:
*[[Chris J. Arellano]]
*[[Bo Brown]]
*[[Boris McCutcheon]]
*[[Michael Martin Murphey]]
*[[Bill Palmer]]

==Bands==
Much like other American folk genres, New Mexico music is mainly a solo artist dominated field, there are quite a few bands that have enjoyed success. Some of these include:
*[[Agua Negra]]
*[[Bandido]]
*[[Blue Ventures]]
*[[Campeónes Del Desierto]]
*[[Gonzalo]]
*[[Los Reyes de Albuquerque]]
*[[Manzanares]]
*[[Pueblo Country Band]]
*[[The Purple Haze]]
*[[Sangre de Indio]]
*[[Sorela]]
*[[Sparx]]
*[[Red Wine]]

New Mexicana music performers
*[[Alonerly]]
*[[Bill Palmer's TV Killers]]
*[[Boris and the Salt Licks]]
*[[Richmond (band)|Richmond]]

==Famous Families of New Mexico Music==
*[[The Sanchez Family]] - [[Bennie Sanchez]], [[Al Hurricane]], [[Tiny Morrie]], and [[Baby Gaby]].
**Al Hurricane's children and grandchildren - [[Al Hurricane, Jr.]], [[Jerry Dean]], [[Erika]], and [[Christian Sanchez]].
**Tiny Morrie's children - [[Sparx]] and [[Lorenzo Antonio]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:musical Genres]]
[[Category:New Mexico]]

New Mexico

2015-11-28T22:27:14Z

YashidaSatoru:

{{USState
|name=New Mexico
|flag=New_Mexico_State_Flag.gif
|motto=Crescit eundo (It grows as it goes)
|nick=The Land of Enchantment
|capital=[[Santa Fe]]
|language=English, Spanish
|governor=Susana Martinez
|gparty=Republican
|senator1=Jeff Bingaman
|s1party=Democrat
|s1phone=(202) 224-5521
|s1email=mailto:senator_bingaman@bingaman.senate.gov Contact
|senator2=Tom Udall
|s2party=Democrat
|s2phone=(202) 224-6621
|s2email=http://tomudall.senate.gov/contact/contact.cfm Contact
|population=
|date=January 6, 1912 (47th)
}}
'''New Mexico''' became 47th state to join the union on January 6, 1912. It is the fifth largest of the [[United States]], with a total land area of 121,412 square miles.<ref> http://www.newmexico.gov/</ref> New Mexico has the largest [[Hispanic]] population, and second largest [[Native American]] population, percentage-wise, of any US State. The State has a bold history and colorful culture, the official state question is "red or green?" in reference to the State's unique [[Chile (Capsicum)|chile pepper]]. Politically the State is very much as Independent swing state that usually votes for incumbents and, much like West Texas, the state also leans towards [[Libertarian]] political stances especially in Central and Western New Mexico. The capital of the state is [[Santa Fe]], and its largest city is [[Albuquerque]].

Despite popular opinion, New Mexico's name originates from long before it was a territory of Mexico or the United States. New Mexico was named by Spanish explorers who mistook the advanced Pueblo natives as being related to the Mexica ([[Aztecs]]). The full name of the colony, as well as the Mexican and American territories, was Santa Fe de Nuevo México (Holy Faith of New Mexico).

The state is bordered by [[Colorado]], [[Arizona]], [[Utah]], [[Oklahoma]] and [[Texas]]. It also borders [[Mexico]].

The current governor of New Mexico is [[conservative]] [[Republican]] [[Susana Martinez]].

==History==
===Native Americans===
The Native American groups of New Mexico are the Pueblo, and the Athabaskan groups of the Apache and Navajo. The Navajo Nation also is present in Arizona and Utah. Prior to these modern peoples, the current area of New Mexico was the home of the Mogollon, Hohokam, and the ancestors to the modern Pueblo peoples called the Ancient Pueblo, commonly known as the [[Anasazi]].
====Ancient Pueblo====
The Ancient Puebloans (commonly known by the Navajo name Anasazi), were great builders that built monolithic cities throughout the American Southwest, they were primarily centered around the current area of New Mexico. Some of the monolithic cities have stood the test of time, such as Sky City at the Acoma Pueblo and the ancient structures at Taos Pueblo; both of these Pueblos are widely believed to be longest continuously inhabited places in the United States. Some of their cities have long been abandoned, such as the ruins at Chaco Culture National Historical Park and Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument. The government of the Pueblos was extremely similar to the Greek [[city-state]]s, and they continue to run as city-states.
===Santa Fe de Nuevo México (1598-1912)===
The Spanish colony of Santa Fe de Nuevo México was started by Juan de Oñate in 1598, who initially believed that, similar to the Aztecs, the town dwelling Pueblo natives to be rich in Gold. He attempted to make the colony into a vice-royalty, but was unable to convince the leaders back in Europe. Instead the Spanish leadership from Europe made increasingly brutal laws against the Spanish colonists and the Pueblo natives. They banned Pueblo religious practices, and punished poorer colonists and Pueblos with forced labor and taxes.
====Pueblo Revolt (1680)====
The Pueblo first attempted to request more religious liberty, as the Pueblo religion was largely peaceful in nature, but Pueblo leaders that attempted the request were publicly executed. Popé, a Pueblo man from Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo near Santa Fe, became a charismatic leader of the Pueblo groups. He lead the Pueblos in a unified revolt against the Spanish, this was the first successful revolt of Americans against oppressive European rule.<ref>[http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/encyclopedia/history/ New Mexico History] on the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]]</ref> The Pueblos allowed the Spanish colonists to flee to [[El Paso]].
====Return of the colonists (1692)====
The Pueblo continued to use and maintain the facilities in Santa Fe, the Palace of the Governors became a small place of government for the Pueblos, but since the Pueblos continued to be city-states nothing more came of it. The Pueblo also converted numerous Catholic churches into Pueblo kivas. Diego de Vargas lead the colonists back to New Mexico in 1692, in what was called the Bloodless Reconquest. The Spanish gave clemency to the Pueblos, and the Pueblo people agreed to peace under the agreement of greater representation and better religious freedoms. The Pueblo and Spanish still had several contentions, but relations between them was much better this time around, especially since forced labor and taxes were no longer enforced. They would often work together to stave off attacks from the Apache, Navajo, and Comanche. Eventually peace was also made with the Apache, Navajo, and Comanche.
====Mexican territory (1821)====
Mexico declared independence in 1821. Mexico's policies worsened relations with the Native Americans, and again caused the resurgence in raids upon Spanish and Pueblo towns. This was the beginning of the Wild West, which lasted through the Mexican and American territorial phases, New Mexico was a major part of the Wild West supplying major Western icons such as the cowboy, the Sheriff, [[Billy the Kid]], old Spanish town squares, and the settings of deserts, prairies, and mountains. Troubles from the neighbors to the east also became an issue, [[Texas]] declared its own Independence from Mexico, and attempted to annex everything east of the Rio Grande. All the while, Mexico was taking land from the original settlers of New Mexico as well as American land-grantees.
====American territory (1848)====
The Mexican-American war resulted in New Mexico becoming an American territory, mostly due to the promise of the American government again repairing relations with the Apache, Navajo, and Comanche. U.S. Presidents [[Zachary Taylor]] and [[Abraham Lincoln]] both called for the immediate statehood of New Mexico, in order to side-step the impending [[Civil War]], since New Mexico's law had already prohibited slavery since the Pueblo Revolt. Unfortunately, statehood did not come to New Mexico until 1912. The New Mexico Campaign during the Civil War was an important battlefield, the Confederacy attempted to capture Albuquerque but was only temporarily successful. This instead bolstered the American soldiers, consisting mostly of descendants of New Mexican Spanish and Pueblo, to chase the Texan Confederate soldiers to the largest Civil War battle in the American West at Glorieta Pass.
===The State of New Mexico (1912)===
New Mexico became the 47th State of the Union in 1912. The Daughters of the American Revolution pushed for a State flag in 1920, and that call was answered in 1925 by Dr. Harry P. Mera. The flag consists of the Zia Pueblo sun symbol in Spanish red on a field of Spanish yellow, this design has won the North American Vexillological Association's best flag design for U.S. states, territories, or Canadian provinces numerous times.

:I salute the flag of the state of New Mexico, the Zia symbol of perfect friendship among united cultures.
::from the New Mexico Statutes and Court Rules, Section 12-3-3, to be said after the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America.

During [[World War II]], New Mexico played a pivotal role as not only the namesake of the [[New Mexico-class battleship]], but also as the birthplace of the Navajo Code Talkers who created the only uncracked code of WWII which saved countless lives in the Pacific Theatre, and more importantly as the primary place of research and technology at Los Alamos which housed some of the smartest men in the country including [[Albert Einstein]], and the White Sands Military Testing Facility for testing the Nuclear bomb.

New Mexico has continued to be at the forefront of science, including Sandia Labs and the Los Alamos Laboratories. Technology by Ed Roberts' MITS, with their Altair computer kits, attracted both [[Paul Allen]] and [[Bill Gates]] to start [[Microsoft]] in [[Albuquerque]]; [[Intel]] has continued this trend by having a fabricating facility in Rio Rancho, near Albuquerque, where they build [[Central processing unit|CPU]]s. Innovate ABQ, a free-market concept in Albuquerque, is currently under development as a "start-up for start-ups" that is set to encourage entrepreneurship and innovation, in order to continue New Mexico's scientific and technological progress.

==Elected Officials==

===Federal===
*Sen. [[Martin Heinrich]] (D)
*Sen. [[Tom Udall]] (D)
*Rep. [[Michelle Lujan Grisham]] [D, NM-01]
*Rep. [[Steve Pearce]] [R, NM-02]
*Rep. [[Ben Ray Luján]] [D, NM-03]

===Statewide===
*Governor [[Susana Martinez]] (R)
*Lt. Governor [[John Sanchez]] (R)
*Attorney General [[Gary King]] (D)
*Secretary of State [[Dianna Duran]] (R)
*State Auditor [[Hector Balderas]] (D)
*State Treasurer [[James Lewis]] (D)
*Land Commissioner [[Ray Powell]] (D)

== Population ==
The total population of 2,085,572 includes a high number of peoples of Hispanic origin and of [[Native American]] (Indian) descent.<ref>http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/35000.htm </ref> The most populous group of Hispanic origin peoples are the descendants of the original settlers, those prior to the 1848 American territorial phase, they are referred to as [[Nuevomexicano]]s or Hispanos. The largest groups of Native American descent are the [[Pueblo]], [[Navajo]], and [[Apache]].

The cities with the largest populations are:
=== Metropolitan ===
*[[Albuquerque]], 545,852 (887,077 in its metropolitan area including; [[Belen]], [[Jemez Pueblo]], [[Rio Rancho]], [[Sandia Pueblo]], [[Santa Ana Pueblo]], [[Moriarty]], and [[Zia Pueblo]])
*[[Las Cruces]], 97,618 (209,233 in its metropolitan area including; [[Hatch]], [[Mesilla]], and [[Sunland Park]])
*[[Santa Fe]], 67,947 (144,170 in its metropolitan area including; [[Edgewood]], [[Española]], [[Nambé Pueblo]], and [[San Ildefonso Pueblo]])
*[[Farmington]], 45,877 (130,004 in its metropolitan area including; [[Aztec, New Mexico|Aztec]], [[Bloomfield]], and [[Shiprock]])
*[[Clovis]]-[[Portales]] Combined Statistical Area, 63,224 (including [[Cannon Air Force Base]], [[Elida]], [[Texico]], [[Grady]], and [[Melrose]])

===Micropolitan===
The top five micropolitan areas, by population, are:
*[[Gallup, New Mexico|Gallup]], 21,678 (71,492 in its micropolitan area including [[Zuni Pueblo]])
*[[Roswell]], 48,411 (65,645 in its micropolitan area including; [[Dexter, New Mexico|Dexter]], [[Hagerman]], and [[Lake Arthur]])
*[[Hobbs]], 34,122 (64,727 in its micropolitan area including; [[Eunice]], [[Jal]], and [[Lovington]])
*[[Alamogordo]], 30,403 (63,797 in its micropolitan area including; [[Cloudcroft]] and [[Tularosa]])
*[[Carlsbad]]-[[Artesia]], 45,877 (53,829 in its micropolitan area including; [[Hope, New Mexico|Hope]] and [[Loving, New Mexico|Loving]])

Other non-metropolitan population centers are; [[Silver City]], [[Las Vegas, New Mexico|Las Vegas]], [[Taos]], [[Grants, New Mexico|Grants]], [[Deming]], [[Ruidoso]], [[Los Alamos]], and [[Tucumcari]].

== Language ==
New Mexico is often falsely assumed to be a bilingual state, however, it is officially known as an English Plus state. [[American English]] is considered the de-facto language, with [[New Mexican English]] being the dominant dialect. Citizens are encouraged to be multi-lingual, and/or to interact and familiarize themselves with other languages. According to the "English Plus Declaration" the reasoning was for the "economic and cultural benefit of our state and the nation." It could also be surmised that is was also for the preservation of [[New Mexican Spanish]] and the Native American languages of Jemez, Jicarilla, Keresan, Mescalero-Chiricahua, Navajo, Picuris, Southern, Tiwa, Taos, Tewa, and Zuni; as the resolution was urged by the New Mexico State Task Force on Modern and Classical Languages.

There was initially a movement to push for the state declaration of English as the official language of the state. This, instead, produced a counter-trend based on the "position of English in the United States needs no official legislation to support it." The state also recognized "the national interest since it promotes the concept that all members of our society have full access to opportunities to effectively learn English plus develop proficiency in a second or multiple languages." This decision proved beneficial to the United States during World War II, as the Navajo Code Talkers, by simply speaking Navajo, created the most effective code of the war which saved numerous allied troops.

== Culture ==
The culture of New Mexico was nearly lost to history, during the Mexican and American American territorial phase, liberalism took hold throughout the major city centers within the state. Suppression and shunning of the native cultures almost left the state without an identity. Once Route 66 ran through the central cities of Albuquerque and Santa Fe, travelers began to look for authentic New Mexican culture, which was nowhere to be found within the newer "downtown" areas; Native Americans, [[Nuevomexicano]]s, descendants of the Wild West including cowboys and buffalo soldiers, and the impoverished railroad working Asian Americans had moved to poorer parts of town referred to as "old towns". Travelers and tourists began visiting these old town areas looking for authentic New Mexican cuisine and culture. Thanks to the free market, these groups became wealthy enough to reinvigorate the old town areas, and expanded into buying land in the downtown areas.

The culture eventually became so pervasive within the state that the folk [[New Mexico music]] became a local popular music, and the [[New Mexican cuisine]] staple [[Chile (Capsicum)|chile pepper]] can be found in everything from traditional New Mexican stews, enchiladas, and tamales to popular American foods such as french fries, hamburgers, and ranch dressing.

== Climate ==

New Mexico's weather is usually sunny and dry, with little rainfall all year. <ref> http://weather.nmsu.edu/News/climate-in-NM.htm </ref>

[[Image:nmexico.jpg|200px|right]]
== Geography ==

The land was most prominently featured in Wild West films; [[desert]]s, [[prairie]]s, [[forest]], and several [[mountain]]ous regions, being at the southern-most end of the [[Rocky Mountains]] including the [[Sangre de Cristo]] mountain range, the [[Jemez Mountains]],<ref>http://www.americansouthwest.net/new_mexico/jemez_mountains/</ref> and the Sandia Mountains. One of the most prominent rivers west of the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]], the [[Rio Grande]], runs through the center of the State from north to south.

The highest point in New Mexico is [[Wheeler Peak]] at 13,161 feet above sea level, and the lowest point is at [[Red Bluff Reservoir]], 2,842 feet above sea level. <ref> http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/nm_geography.htm </ref>

== Agriculture and Mining ==

Agriculture is important to New Mexico, but the lack of irrigation hinders using much of the land for farming. Much of the farmed land is located around the two major rivers which flow through the state: the [[Rio Grande]] and [[Pecos River]].

Much of the land is used for [[ranching|grazing]] [[livestock]], especially [[sheep]]. More than two-thirds of New Mexico's farm income comes from livestock products. Another large industry in the state is mining, particularly [[copper]], [[silver]], and [[uranium]]. <ref> http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108250.html </ref>

==Transportation ==

Interstate [[Highway]]s 10, 25 and 40 traverse the state. New Mexico's largest commercial airport is Albuquerque's [[Albuquerque International Sunport|International Sunport]]. <ref> http://nmshtd.state.nm.us/ </ref>

== Places of Interest ==
[[File:The Rio Grande River running through Albuquerque, New Mexico.jpg|thumb|The Rio Grande River running through Albuquerque.]]
*[[Carlsbad Caverns National Park]]
*Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monuments
*[[Bandelier National Monument]]
*Elephant Butte Reservoir
*Inscription Rock at [[El Morro National Monument]]
*[[White Sands National Monument]]

== Notable people associated with New Mexico ==
[[Image:O'Keefe Belladonna.jpg|frame|right|Bella Donna by [[Georgia O'Keeffe]], 1939.]]

*[[Ralph Bunche]] (Nobel Peace Prize winner)
*[[John Denver]] (singer)
*Holly Holm (UFC fighter)
*Henry McCarty ([[Billy the Kid]])
*[[Demi Moore]] (actress)
*[[Georgia O'Keeffe]] (painter)
*[[Mario J. Lucero]] and [[Isabel Ruiz Lucero]] (co-founders of [[Heaven Sent Gaming]])
*[[Susana Martinez]] (Governor)
*Juan de Oñate (founder of New Mexico)
*Porfirio Podres (folk hero San Popo)
*Popé (leader during the Pueblo Revolt)
*[[Bill Richardson]] (former Governor)
*Johnny Tapia (champion boxer)
*Albert Sanchez (musician [[Al Hurricane]])
*Al Unser and Bobby Unser (auto racers)
*Diego de Vargas (leader during the Bloodless Reconquest)

==References==
<references/>

{{USstates}}
[[Category:States of the United States]]
[[Category:New Mexico]]
[[category:Latinos]]
[[Category:Western United States]]
[[Category:Manhattan Project]]

New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News

2015-11-25T02:48:48Z

YashidaSatoru:

'''New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News''' is a website, currently under developement by [[Heaven Sent Gaming]],<ref>https://www.crunchbase.com/product/new-mexico-cultural-encyclopedia-lexicon-and-news</ref> that focuses on the culture of the [[United States|U.S.]] State of [[New Mexico]]. The website consists of its obvious three components; an encyclopedia, a lexicon, and news.

==Encyclopedia==
The encyclopedia contains peer-reviewed articles discussing broad topics within New Mexico's cultural heritage. The following topics are covered in their encyclopedia; [http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/encyclopedia/architecture/ Architecture], [http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/encyclopedia/arts/ Arts], [http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/encyclopedia/cuisine/ Cuisine], [http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/encyclopedia/history/ History], [http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/encyclopedia/language/ Language], [http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/encyclopedia/music/ Music], [http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/encyclopedia/religion/ Religion], and [http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/encyclopedia/symbols/ Symbols].

==Lexicon==
A lexicon for the encyclopedia and news contains peer-reviewed articles but is focused on smaller topics, covering them in a greater depth. Everything from [http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/lexicon/southwestern-american-english/ Southwestern American English], and New Mexico's specific [http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/lexicon/new-mexican-english/ New Mexican English], to the small town of [http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/lexicon/dixon/ Dixon] and restaurant chains such as [http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/lexicon/blakes-lotaburger/ Blake’s Lotaburger] and [http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/lexicon/teriyaki-chicken-bowl/ Teriyaki Chicken Bowl]. They also have a [http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/encyclopedia/lexicon/ full article list].

==News==
Their news component covers current events revolving around New Mexico's culture. They cover topics ranging from [[New Mexico music]] concerts, to chastising [[FEMA]] for their response to the Gold King Mine spill which affected the Navajo Nation in Northwestern New Mexico.<ref>http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/2015/10/24/fema-denied-a-disaster-recovery-coordinator-for-the-navajo-nation-after-the-gold-king-mine-spill/]</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External sites==
*[http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/ Official website]

[[Category:Christian Media]]
[[Category:Encyclopedias]]
[[Category:Heaven Sent Gaming]]
[[Category:Libertarian Media]]
[[Category:Media]]
[[Category:New Mexico]]
[[Category:Websites]]

Albuquerque

2015-11-25T01:48:17Z

YashidaSatoru:

{{City
|picture =NewMexico01.gif‎
|picture2 =
|map =
|country =United States
|state =New Mexico
|region =
|settled =1706
|charter =
|population =557,169 (907,679 Metro)
|area =189.5 (9,297 Metro)
|density =2,959 (95 Metro)
|mayor =Richard J. Berry
|demonym =Albuquerquean
Burqueño
}}

'''Albuquerque''', officially the '''City of Albuquerque''' and nicknamed the '''Duke City''', is a city and metropolitan area in the state of [[New Mexico]], located in the [[United States of America|American]] Southwest. The city is located on the [[Rio Grande]] river, at the Southern portion of the [[Rocky Mountains]]. Albuquerque is known best for its vistas, being located between the large Sandia Mountains and its West Mesa, with a river and forest running between them, and its Spanish, Native American, and Wild West roots. The city's economy is supported by many science and technology firms, its many cultural venues, and the University of New Mexico.

The population of Albuquerque is 557,169 inhabitants, with 907,679 in its metropolitan area. The city has a large population of primarily Hispanics, and a larger than average amount of Native Americans. There is also a sizable population of Anglo, African, Asian, and multiracial individuals.

== History ==
The first Spanish settlers arrived after the Pueblo Revolt, in 1706, naming the town '''La Villa de Alburquerque'''. The town was surrounded by other towns, like the towns of Barelas and Corrales, and even including several [[Pueblo]]s such as the Sandia Pueblo and the Isleta Pueblo. Provincial Governor Francisco Cuervo y Valdez named the town after the Duke of Alburquerque, viceroy of New Spain from 1702 to 1710. The city continued to grow, and it eventually enveloped the town of Barales.

The city's growth has, in part, been due to its place on numerous trade/travel routes; El Camino Real, Route 66, Interstate 40 and Interstate 20, and the [[Albuquerque International Sunport]].

== Politics ==
The [[Mayor]] is appointed to a 4 year term of service. The City Council is comprised of nine [[election|elected]] members, one from each district, and is the legislative authority of the city, with the power to adopt [[ordinance|ordinances]], resolutions, and other city [[legislation]].<ref>[http://www.cabq.gov/ The City of Albuquerque]</ref> The current mayor is Republican [[Richard J. Berry]].

Albuquerque is historically considered a "swing city", in that it has favored Democratic and Republican candidates in local and national elections.

== Culture and Neighborhoods==
Albuquerque is home to several museums, art galleries, and other cultural centers and neighborhoods. The primary architectures of the city reflects its history; Spanish Mission architecture, Pueblo Revival architecture, the Mexican and American Territorial Revival architecture, Route 66 Americana, alongside Spanish, Native American, Western, Mexican, and American decorative styles. The city is also known as an "open space city", including the large Rio Grande Bosque (forest) that runs north-to-south through the city.<ref>[http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/lexicon/albuquerque Albuquerque] on the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]]</ref><ref>[http://www.visitalbuquerque.org/travel-tools/neighborhoods/ Neighborhood Guide by Albuquerque Convention & Visitors Bureau]</ref>

===Old Town Albuquerque===
Old Town was the site of the 1706 founding of the city. The Old Town Plaza has the over 200 year-old still functioning Catholic San Felipe de Neri, the New Mexican cuisine restaurants of Hacienda del Rio and La Placita Restaurant, as well as numerous shops and other restaurants. Route 66's arrival in 1937 lead to the revival of the Plaza after tourists came to see authentic Spanish, Mexican, Cowboy, and Native American folk culture. Surrounding the Plaza are several museums, art galleries, and the Albuquerque BioPark.
*Albuquerque Biological Park
**Aquarium
**Botanic Garden
**Tingley Beach
**Zoo
*Albuquerque Museum of Art and History
*Explora, a children's science center with numerous hands on science and technology projects
*New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science
*Rattlesnake Museum
*Tricentennial Tiguex Park

===Downtown Albuquerque===
Created in 1880 after the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway arrived to Albuquerque.
*KiMo Theatre
*Holocaust & Intolerance Museum of New Mexico
*Albuquerque Convention Center
*Main Library
*Alvarado Transportation Center (Amtrak and Rail Runner)
*516 ARTS

===Nob Hill===
A shopping district created in 1937, as Route 66 entered the city. It continues to be a shopping district, and has 1930s-1940s Americana architecture.

===Airport===
Surrounding the Albuquerque International Sunport are several golf courses, and access to the majority of Albuquerque's professional and collegiate sports stadiums.
*The Pit, a.k.a. The University of New Mexico Stadium & Arena
*Isotopes Park (formerly the Albuquerque Dukes)
*Kirtland Air Force Base
*Sandia National Laboratories
*New Mexico Veterans’ Memorial

===University===
Surrounding the university are numerous eateries, most famously the Frontier Restaurant.
*University of New Mexico
*Popejoy Hall
*Maxwell Museum of Anthropology

===Uptown===
Albuquerque's Uptown has been in development since the 1970s, and its major milestone known as ABQ Uptown gave the city a high-end modern shopping and business district. The EXPO New Mexico grounds are the location of the annual New Mexico State Fair, which is held in September.
*EXPO New Mexico State Fairgrounds & Tingley Coliseum
*ABQ Uptown
*Coronado Center

===Foothills===
Located at the bottom of the Sandia Mountains.
*National Museum of Nuclear Science & History
*Hinkle Family Fun Center
*Elena Gallegos Open Space
*Sandia Peak Aerial Tram

===Balloon Fiesta Park===
Albuquerque is home to the largest hot-air balloon festival in the world, it is called the Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta. The Balloon Fiesta occurs at the beginning of October. Near the Balloon Fiesta park, in Cliff's Amusement Park, which is open during the summer, that features roller coasters, and other large rides.
*Balloon Fiesta Park
*Anderson-Abruzzo Albuquerque International Balloon Museum
*Cliff’s Amusement Park

===North Valley===
The North Valley is a valley situated in the northern part of the city, as the name implies, and it is near several rural areas of the city. Two key locations are Los Ranchos de Albuquerque and Corrales, which are extremely rural, they have numerous farms, ranches, wineries, breweries, and small shops. Their are a few modestly-urban areas in North Valley, but they are mostly situated around the old airport, at the modern day Cottonwood Mall. Also near the Cottonwood Mall is also large suburban area. To the northwest is Rio Rancho, current home of a microprocessor fabricating unit of Intel.
*Indian Pueblo Cultural Center
*Unser Racing Museum
*Bosque Trails
*Casa San Ysidro
*Casa Rondeña Winery
*Cottonwood Mall
*Los Ranchos de Albuquerque
*Corrales

===South Valley and Nine Mile Hill===
The South Valley was where the old town of Barales was located. The neighborhood is home to the National Hispanic Cultural Center and several mainstay New Mexican restaurants, including El Modelo. Nine Mile Hill, located near the South Valley, is a hill overlooking Albuquerque in the western part of the city, [[Elvis Presley]] would come to town down Route 66 on Nine Mile Hill in his pink Cadillac to view the "lights of Albuquerque". Nine Mile Hill features several still surviving restaurants, including Mac's La Sierra.

==Climate==
Albuquerque has four distinct seasons, hot summers and cold winters, and usually has sunny weather all year.<ref>[http://www.wordtravels.com/Cities/New+Mexico/Albuquerque/Climate Weather and Climate in Albuquerque]</ref><ref>[http://abqstyle.com/albuquerque_community/000005.html Albuquerque Day Trips - Abqstyle.com]</ref>

== Transportation ==
[[Albuquerque International Sunport]] is New Mexico's largest commercial [[airport]]. <ref>http://www.abqsunport.com/ Albuquerque International Sunport</ref> Two interstate highways intersect in Albuquerque: Interstate 25, a north-south route from [[Canada]] to [[Mexico]] and Interstate 40, running east-west. Albuquerque is accessible by [[Amtrak]] and the Burlington-Northern-Santa Fe Railroad, and also the local high-speed RailRunner trains.<ref>[http://www.cabq.gov/transit The City of ALbuquerque on Transit]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Also See==
* [[Bernalillo County, New Mexico]]
* [[Albuquerque New Mexico Temple]]

[[Category:New Mexico Cities and Towns]]

Southern cuisine

2015-11-18T01:47:34Z

YashidaSatoru: Created page with "The Southern United States has a style of food known as '''Southern cuisine'''. Its numerous variations differs from region to region; Floribbean cuisine, Louisi..."

The Southern [[United States]] has a style of [[food]] known as '''Southern cuisine'''. Its numerous variations differs from region to region; [[Floribbean cuisine]], [[Louisiana Creole cuisine]], [[Lowcountry cuisine]], [[New Mexican cuisine]], and [[Tex-Mex cuisine]] . It is based on ancient traditions, combined with culinary trends introduced by African, English, Scottish, Irish, German, French, Native American, Spanish, French, Italian, and Chinese individuals. Southern cuisine restaurants can be found all over the world, several have even been highly successful from an economic point-of-view; [[Kentucky Fried Chicken]], [[Cracker Barrel]], [[Waffle House]], [[Bojangles' Famous Chicken 'n Biscuits]], [[Church's Chicken]], [[Popeye's]], and others.

In the [[United States]], a couple variations exist, on the authentic model:
*''[[Floribbean cuisine]]'', in [[Florida]], with Cuban and Hispanic influences, particularly tropical barbacoa and alcapurrias
*''[[Louisiana Creole cuisine]]'', in [[Lousiana]], contains Cajun peppers and French influences, and in terms of unique dishes is the po' boy sandwiches and gumbo.
*''[[Lowcountry cuisine]]'', in [[South Carolina]] and coastal [[Georgia]], has strong parallels with Louisiana Creole cuisine including gumbos, however uniquely there's Charleston Red Rice and Hoppin' John (a peas and rice dish).
*''[[New Mexican cuisine]]'', in [[New Mexico]], contains red and/or green [[Chile (Capsicum)|chile]]s, with [[Nuevomexicano]] and Native American influences, and their unique piñon (pine nuts) and biscochitos (sugar and cinnamon cookies).
*''[[Tex-Mex cuisine]]'', in [[Texas]], the most common American variation of Mexican cuisine, is influenced greatly by the Tejano affinity for spices and tortillas; the common dishes are fajitas, and tacos.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Food and Drink]]

Steel guitar

2015-11-17T21:14:24Z

YashidaSatoru: Created page with "The '''steel guitar''', and the '''pedal steel guitar''', is a stringed electric musical instrument which is played with the fingers, guitar pick, and finge..."

The '''steel guitar''', and the '''pedal steel guitar''', is a stringed electric [[musical instrument]] which is played with the fingers, [[plectrum|guitar pick]], and [[fingerpicks]]. The instrument was originally created for [[Hawaiian music]], and is common in other American folk musics as well, especially [[Country music]], [[New Mexico music]], [[Rockabilly]], [[Cajun music]], and [[Americana]] music.

== See also ==
*[[Hawaii]]
*[[Hank Williams]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:String Instruments]]

New Mexican Spanish

2015-11-17T21:05:23Z

YashidaSatoru: Created page with "'''New Mexican Spanish''' is a term for the dialect, and sub-dialects, of the Spanish language spoken in New Mexico. When written it follows merged rules of the establ..."

'''New Mexican Spanish''' is a term for the dialect, and sub-dialects, of the [[Spanish language]] spoken in [[New Mexico]]. When written it follows merged rules of the established in colonial-era Spanish as well as Latin American Spanish.

==Differences==
===Pronunciations===
*Loanwords from other languages, such as; ''troca'' (truck) and ''telefón'' (telephone). Even Standard Spanish words have become loanwords for other terms ''ojo'' (eye) doubles as "hot spring" in NM Spanish.
*Numerous words have changed pronunciation due to contact with [[American English]], [[New Mexican English]], and Native American languages of the area, such as; ''bolsa'' (pocket) is pronounced with a very short /b/ sound nearly sounding like mulsa, and ''miércoles'' (Wednesday) is pronounced with an unstressed /i/ making ist sound almost like mercoles.
*''Casa'' (house) and ''caza'' (hunt) have merged in pronunciation.
*''Yo seigo'' is sometimes used instead of ''yo soy".
===Spelling===
*Similarly to [[New Mexican English]], ''[[Chile (Capsicum)|chile]]'' is only used in reference to the New Mexico chile pepper, ''chili'' is equated to other peppers and Texas style chili con carne.

==References==
* ''A Dictionary of New Mexico & Southern Colorado Spanish'' by Rubén Cobos

[[category:Language]]
[[Category:Romance languages]]
[[Category:New Mexico]]
[[Category:Western United States]]

New Mexico music

2015-11-17T20:48:01Z

YashidaSatoru:

'''New Mexico music''' is an American folk [[genre]] of music which originated in the U.S. State of [[New Mexico]].<ref>[http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/lexicon/new-mexico-music/ New Mexico music] on the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]]</ref> It is typified by the heavy use of [[guitar]]s, [[trumpet]]s, [[steel guitar]]s, [[accordian]]s, and [[violin]]s, like its root styles of traditional New Mexico folk music, classic [[Rock music]], and [[Country music|Country-Western music]], it also has a steady rhythm section like that of Native American music, and lyrics typically in [[New Mexican Spanish]] and sometimes [[New Mexican English]]. Traditional New Mexico folk music has existed since before the 16th century, the first songs in the genre were recorded by [[Smithsonian]] Folkways in the 1940s and 50s, and in the mid-1950s Norman Petty's studio in Clovis recorded New Mexico music by [[Al Hurricane]], [[Tiny Morrie]], [[Baby Gaby]], [[Roberto Griego]], and the country and rock musicians Hank Williams Jr. and Buddy Holly. And, since the late-1960's, [[Albuquerque]] has been prominent in producing New Mexico music performers, which was described as "the Chicano Nashville" in the 1980s. However, other cities such as [[Santa Fe]], [[Farmington]], and [[Las Cruces]] have also played important roles in its progression. It has been most successful in New Mexico and Southern [[Colorado]], as well as throughout the American Southwest, West [[Texas]], and Northern [[Mexico]]; much like other Country music genres, it has also seen success in [[Australia]], [[Argentina]], and the [[Europe]]an countries of [[Germany]], [[Netherlands]], and uniquely [[Spain]] and [[Japan]].<ref>[http://www.45cat.com/record/19156at Al Hurricane With His Orchestra] by Ariola Records</ref><ref>[http://www.newmexicomusic.org/showcase.php?page=2&select=6 Manzanares] via the New Mexico Music Commission</ref>

A currently developing sub-genre, which contains elements of New Mexico music merged with [[Americana]] music and modern [[folk music]], is being referred to as New Mexicana.<ref>[http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/lexicon/new-mexicana-music/ New Mexicana music] on the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]]</ref>

Several organizations present awards to outstanding New Mexico music performers including the New Mexico Music Awards and New Mexico [[Hispanos|Hispano]] Music Association.<ref>[http://newmexicomusicawards.com/ New Mexico Music Awards]</ref><ref>[http://www.nmhma.org/ New Mexico Music Association]</ref> There is also the annual Los 15 Grandes De Nuevo Mexico Music Award, which has both a concert and music album.<ref>[http://newmexlma.com/ Los 15 Grandes De Nuevo Mexico Music]</ref>

==Foundations of New Mexico music==
Many New Mexico music songs share similar lyrical themes of other American folk genres. Those simlar themes are [[God]] and the [[Christian religion]], [[family]], madracita, [[love]], the struggles of the [[common man]], [[Alcohol]], and supporting and promoting the love and defense of America and its values. Unique themes to New Mexico music include, but are not limited to; ranching lifestyle, dancing, and celebrating the traditions of the New Mexico from the [[Nuevomexicanos]], [[Pueblo]], the Wild West, the [[Navajo]] and [[Apache]], Route 66, and the music of both America and Mexico.

==Artists==
Some New Mexico music performers include:
*[[Lorenzo Antonio]]
*[[Antonia Apodaca]]
*[[El Gringo]]
*[[Erika]]
*[[Freddie Brown]]
*[[Sharon Burch]]
*[[Donna Christine]]
*[[Darren Cordova]]
*[[Gil Cordova]]
*[[Micky Cruz]]
*[[Jerry Dean]]
*[[Matt Duran]]
*[[Roberto Griego]]
*[[Norio Hayakawa]]
*[[Al Hurricane]]
*[[Al Hurricane, Jr.]]
*[[Jerry Jaramillo]]
*[[Baby Gaby]]
*[[Los Garrapatas]]
*[[Los Traviesos]]
*[[Jon Maez]]
*[[AJ Martinez]]
*[[Robert Mirabal]]
*[[Tiny Morrie]]
*[[Abel Lucero]]
*[[Brian Olivas]]
*[[A. Paul Ortega]]
*[[Altamoni]]
*[[Gloria Pohl]]
*[[Anthony Rosas]]
*[[Christian Sanchez]]
*[[Jason Soto]]
*[[Eva Torrez]]
*[[Miguel Timoteo]]
*[[Cleofes Vigil]]
New Mexicana music performers include:
*[[Chris J. Arellano]]
*[[Bo Brown]]
*[[Boris McCutcheon]]
*[[Michael Martin Murphey]]
*[[Bill Palmer]]

==Bands==
Much like other American folk genres, New Mexico music is mainly a solo artist dominated field, there are quite a few bands that have enjoyed success. Some of these include:
*[[Agua Negra]]
*[[Bandido]]
*[[Blue Ventures]]
*[[Campeónes Del Desierto]]
*[[Gonzalo]]
*[[Los Reyes de Albuquerque]]
*[[Manzanares]]
*[[Pueblo Country Band]]
*[[The Purple Haze]]
*[[Sangre de Indio]]
*[[Sorela]]
*[[Sparx]]
*[[Red Wine]]

New Mexicana music performers
*[[Alonerly]]
*[[Bill Palmer's TV Killers]]
*[[Boris and the Salt Licks]]
*[[Richmond (band)|Richmond]]

==Famous Families of New Mexico Music==
*[[The Sanchez Family]] - [[Bennie Sanchez]], [[Al Hurricane]], [[Tiny Morrie]], and [[Baby Gaby]].
**Al Hurricane's children and grandchildren - [[Al Hurricane, Jr.]], [[Jerry Dean]], [[Erika]], and [[Christian Sanchez]].
**Tiny Morrie's children - [[Sparx]] and [[Lorenzo Antonio]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:musical Genres]]
[[Category:New Mexico]]

Country Music

2015-11-17T20:37:46Z

YashidaSatoru:

'''Country Music''', or '''Country and Western''', refers to the [[genre]] of music which originated in the rural Southern and Western [[United States]]. It is typified by the heavy use of [[guitar]]s, [[steel guitar]]s, and [[fiddle]]s, and, like its root style [[blues]], an accented 2nd and 4th beat in the drums. Since the mid-60's, [[Nashville]] has been the dominant city involved in this form of music and is even nick-named Music City. However, other cities such as [[Branson]], [[New Orleans]], [[Jackson]], [[Austin]], [[Stillwater]] and [[Albuquerque]] have also played important roles in its [[progression]]. Although it was born and gained huge success in [[America]], it is also popular in [[Australia]] and [[Canada]] and has moderate prominence in [[Germany]], the [[United Kingdom]], and [[Ireland]].

Several organizations present awards to outstanding country performers including the [[Academy of Country Music]] and [[American Country Music Awards]].

==Foundations of country==
Many Country songs have to do with [[love]]. More often than not these [[love songs]] are about getting over and moving on when a good thing has been lost. However, there are quite a few that deal with being in love and the happiness it brings to ones life. [[God]] and the [[Christian religion]] are frequently found in this music. [[Alcohol]], whether the joys of or the downfall involved, is also widely heard in Country Music. Patriotism, along with the support of the military and its veterans, can also be found in every generation of this style. Of all the forms of popular American music, Country is the most active in supporting and promoting the love and defense of America and its values. Other themes include but are not limited to [[hunting]], [[fishing]], [[farming]], [[rural]] lifestyles, [[family]], and the struggles of the [[common man]].

In self-referential humor, the 1975 song "You Never Even Called Me By My Name" by David Allen Coe, written by Steve Goodman and John Prin, stated "Well a friend of mine named Steve Goodman wrote that song / And he told me it was the perfect country and western song / I wrote him back a letter and I told him it was not the / Perfect country and western song because he hadn't said / Anything at all about momma or trains or trucks or prison or gettin' drunk".
==History==
Country and Western's finds its origins in the traditional folk musics of the the United States. The majority of country and western music comes from the two mountainous regions "hillbilly music" of the United States, Country music is attributed to the [[Appalachia]] Mountains with the [[Scots-Irish]] immigrants to that region who brought much of their music and culture with them, and Western music is attributed to the [[Rocky Mountains]] and the expansion of the Scots-Irish music into the formerly French and Spanish territories and blending with French, Spanish, and Mexican music traditions. Music that leans towards the Appalachia roots usually is classified under [[Bluegrass]], whereas music that leans towards Western music can be classified under numerous regional genres, such as; [[Cajun]] and [[Creole]] musics, [[Texas country]] and [[Tejano music]], and [[New Mexico music]].

Modern country music (in the later half of the 20th century and beyond) evolved from or (which itself has roots in the folk music of the [[Appalachia]]n hills), as well as early blues from the [[deep south]].

In 1922 [[A.C 'Eck' Anderson]] recorded [[Sallie Gooden]]. This song is widely accepted to be the first recorded country song. In 1976, The [[compilation album]], [[Wanted! The Outlaws]] was released. The album featured [[Willie Nelson]], [[Waylon Jennings]], [[Jessie Colter]], and [[Tompall Glaser]]. The release was the first [[country album]] ever to sell one million copies which earned it a [[platinum]] record.

==Country sub-genres==
The most widely recognized sub-genres of Country music include:
*[[American folk music]]
**[[Americana]]
*[[Bluegrass]]
*[[Country Rock]]
*[[Creole music]]
**[[Cajun music]]
*[[Cajun music]]
*[[Honky tonk]]
*[[New Mexico music]]
**New Mexicana music
*[[Outlaw country]]
*[[Rockabilly]]
*[[Texas country]]
**[[Tejano music]]

==Artists==
Some famous country musicians include:
*[[Roy Acuff]]
*[[John Anderson]]
*[[Trace Adkins]]
*[[Jason Aldean]]
*[[Eddy Arnold]]
*[[Chet Atkins]]
*[[Moe Bandy]]
*[[Clint Black]]
*[[Garth Brooks]]
*[[Tracy Byrd]]
*[[Johnny Cash]]
*[[Glen Campbell]]
*[[Deana Carter]]
*[[Kenny Chesney]]
*[[Mark Chesnut]]
*[[Patsy Cline]]
*[[David Allan Coe]]
*[[Jessie Colter]]
*[[Billy Ray Cyrus]]
*[[Jimmy Dean]]
*[[Steve Earle]]
*[[Red Foley]]
*[[Kevin Fowler]]
*[[Janie Frickie]]
*[[Lefty Frizzell]]
*[[Brantley Gilbert]]
*[[Vince Gill]]
*[[Mickey Gilley]]
*[[Tompall Glaser]]
*[[Pat Green]]
*[[Lee Greenwood]]
*[[Merle Haggard]]
*[[Faith Hill]]
*[[Al Hurricane]]
*[[Alan Jackson]]
*[[Shooter Jennings]]
*[[Waylon Jennings]]
*[[George Jones]]
*[[Toby Keith]]
*[[Miranda Lambert]]
*[[Loretta Lynn]]
*[[Barbara Mandrell]]
*[[Tim McGraw]]
*[[Reba McEntire]]
*[[Lorrie Morgan]]
*[[Michael Martin Murphey]]
*[[Willie Nelson]]
*[[Buck Owens]]
*[[Brad Paisley]]
*[[Dolly Parton]]
*[[Charlie Pride]]
*[[Jerry Reed]]
*[[LeAnn Rimes]]
*[[Marty Robbins]]
*[[Johnny Rodriguez]]
*[[Dan Seals]]
*[[Troy Seals]]
*[[Billy Joe Shaver]]
*[[Blake Shelton]]
*[[Ricky Van Shelton]]
*[[George Strait]]
*[[Doug Stone]]
*[[Taylor Swift]]
*[[Mel Tillis]]
*[[Pam Tillis]]
*[[Randy Travis]]
*[[Travis Tritt]]
*[[Ernest Tubb]]
*[[Tanya Tucker]]
*[[Shania Twain]]
*[[Conway Twitty]]
*[[Carrie Underwood]]
*[[Keith Urban]]
*[[Kitty Wells]]
*[[Keith Whitley]]
*[[Don Williams]]
*[[Hank Williams]]
*[[Hank Williams, Jr]]
*[[Hank Williams III]]
*[[Holly Williams]]
*[[Bob Wills]]
*[[Gretchen Wilson]]
*[[Lee Ann Womack]]
*[[Tammy Wynnette]]
*[[Trisha Yearwood]]

==Bands==
Although Country is mainly a solo artist dominated field, there are quite a few bands that have enjoyed success. Some of these include:
*[[Alabama]]
*[[Asleep at the Wheel]]
*[[The Band Perry]]
*[[The Bellamy Brothers]]
*[[Big & Rich]]
*[[Brooks and Dunn]]
*[[The Charlie Daniels Band]]
*[[Confederate Railroad]]
*[[Cross Canadian Ragweed]]
*[[Diamond Rio]]
*[[Dixie Chicks]]
*[[Eli Young Band]]
*[[The Everly Brothers]]
*[[The Forster Sisters]]
*[[The Gatlin Brothers]]
*[[The Great Divide]]
*[[Highway 101]]
*[[The Judds]]
*[[The Kentucky Headhunters]]
*[[Lady Antebellum]]
*[[Little Big Town]]
*[[Little Texas]]
*[[Lonestar]]
*[[Montgomery Gentry]]
*[[Nitty Gritty Dirt Band]]
*[[Oak Ridge Boys]]
*[[Pirates of the Mississippi]]
*[[Pistol Annies]]
*[[Rascal Flatts]]
*[[Restless Heart]]
*[[Randy Rogers Band]]
*[[Sawyer Brown]]
*[[SHeDAISEY]]
*[[Statler Brothers]]
*[[Sugarland]]
*[[The Tractors]]
*[[Zac Brown Band]]

==Famous Families of Country Music==
*[[The Carter Family]] - [[A. P. Carter]], [[Sara Carter]], [[Maybelle Carter]], [[Helen Carter]], [[Anita Carter]], [[June Carter Cash]], [[Janette Carter]], and [[Joe Carter]].
*[[The Cash Family]] - [[Johnny Cash]], [[Rosanne Cash]], [[Tommy Cash]], and [[John Carter Cash]].
*[[The Jennings Family]] - [[Waylon Jennings]], [[Jessie Colter]], and [[Shooter Jennings]].
*[[The Seals Family]]
*[[The Williams Family]] - [[Hank Williams, Sr.]], [[Hank Williams, Jr.]], [[Hank Williams III]], and [[Holly Williams]].

[[Category:musical Genres]]

New Mexico

2015-11-17T02:17:54Z

YashidaSatoru:

New Mexico music

2015-11-17T01:55:02Z

YashidaSatoru:

'''New Mexico music''' is an American folk [[genre]] of music which originated in the U.S. State of [[New Mexico]].<ref>[http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/lexicon/new-mexico-music/ New Mexico music] on the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]]</ref> It is typified by the heavy use of [[guitar]]s, [[trumpet]]s, [[steel guitar]]s, [[accordian]]s, and [[violin]]s, like its root styles of traditional New Mexico folk music, classic [[Rock music]], and [[Country music|Country-Western music]], it also has a steady rhythm section like that of Native American music, and lyrics typically in [[New Mexican Spanish]] and sometimes [[New Mexican English]]. Traditional New Mexico folk music has existed since before the 16th century, the first songs in the genre were recorded by [[Smithsonian]] Folkways in the 1940s and 50s, and in the mid-1950s Norman Petty's studio in Clovis recorded New Mexico music by [[Al Hurricane]], [[Tiny Morrie]], [[Baby Gaby]], [[Roberto Griego]], and the country and rock musicians Hank Williams Jr. and Buddy Holly. And, since the late-1960's, [[Albuquerque]] has been prominent in producing New Mexico music performers, which was described as "the Chicano Nashville" in the 1980s. However, other cities such as [[Santa Fe]], [[Farmington]], and [[Las Cruces]] have also played important roles in its progression. It has been most successful in New Mexico and Southern [[Colorado]], as well as throughout the American Southwest, West [[Texas]], and Northern [[Mexico]].

A currently developing sub-genre, which contains elements of New Mexico music merged with [[Americana]] music and modern [[folk music]], is being referred to as New Mexicana.<ref>[http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/lexicon/new-mexicana-music/ New Mexicana music] on the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]]</ref>

Several organizations present awards to outstanding New Mexico music performers including the New Mexico Music Awards and New Mexico [[Hispanos|Hispano]] Music Association.<ref>[http://newmexicomusicawards.com/ New Mexico Music Awards]</ref><ref>[http://www.nmhma.org/ New Mexico Music Association]</ref> There is also the annual Los 15 Grandes De Nuevo Mexico Music Award, which has both a concert and music album.<ref>[http://newmexlma.com/ Los 15 Grandes De Nuevo Mexico Music]</ref>

==Foundations of New Mexico music==
Many New Mexico music songs share similar lyrical themes of other American folk genres. Those simlar themes are [[God]] and the [[Christian religion]], [[family]], madracita, [[love]], the struggles of the [[common man]], [[Alcohol]], and supporting and promoting the love and defense of America and its values. Unique themes to New Mexico music include, but are not limited to; ranching lifestyle, dancing, and celebrating the traditions of the New Mexico from the [[Nuevomexicanos]], [[Pueblo]], the Wild West, the [[Navajo]] and [[Apache]], Route 66, and the music of both America and Mexico.

==Artists==
Some New Mexico music performers include:
*[[Lorenzo Antonio]]
*[[Antonia Apodaca]]
*[[El Gringo]]
*[[Erika]]
*[[Freddie Brown]]
*[[Sharon Burch]]
*[[Donna Christine]]
*[[Darren Cordova]]
*[[Gil Cordova]]
*[[Micky Cruz]]
*[[Jerry Dean]]
*[[Matt Duran]]
*[[Roberto Griego]]
*[[Norio Hayakawa]]
*[[Al Hurricane]]
*[[Al Hurricane, Jr.]]
*[[Jerry Jaramillo]]
*[[Baby Gaby]]
*[[Los Garrapatas]]
*[[Los Traviesos]]
*[[Jon Maez]]
*[[AJ Martinez]]
*[[Robert Mirabal]]
*[[Tiny Morrie]]
*[[Abel Lucero]]
*[[Brian Olivas]]
*[[A. Paul Ortega]]
*[[Altamoni]]
*[[Gloria Pohl]]
*[[Anthony Rosas]]
*[[Christian Sanchez]]
*[[Jason Soto]]
*[[Eva Torrez]]
*[[Miguel Timoteo]]
*[[Cleofes Vigil]]
New Mexicana music performers include:
*[[Chris J. Arellano]]
*[[Bo Brown]]
*[[Boris McCutcheon]]
*[[Michael Martin Murphey]]
*[[Bill Palmer]]

==Bands==
Much like other American folk genres, New Mexico music is mainly a solo artist dominated field, there are quite a few bands that have enjoyed success. Some of these include:
*[[Agua Negra]]
*[[Bandido]]
*[[Blue Ventures]]
*[[Campeónes Del Desierto]]
*[[Gonzalo]]
*[[Los Reyes de Albuquerque]]
*[[Pueblo Country Band]]
*[[The Purple Haze]]
*[[Sangre de Indio]]
*[[Sorela]]
*[[Sparx]]
*[[Red Wine]]

New Mexicana music performers
*[[Alonerly]]
*[[Bill Palmer's TV Killers]]
*[[Boris and the Salt Licks]]
*[[Richmond (band)|Richmond]]

==Famous Families of New Mexico Music==
*[[The Sanchez Family]] - [[Bennie Sanchez]], [[Al Hurricane]], [[Tiny Morrie]], and [[Baby Gaby]].
**Al Hurricane's children and grandchildren - [[Al Hurricane, Jr.]], [[Jerry Dean]], [[Erika]], and [[Christian Sanchez]].
**Tiny Morrie's children - [[Sparx]] and [[Lorenzo Antonio]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:musical Genres]]
[[Category:New Mexico]]

Tiny Morrie

2015-11-17T01:36:04Z

YashidaSatoru: Created page with "'''Amador "Tiny Morrie" Mauricio Sanchez''' is a New Mexico music artist, who is recognized for his contributions to classic Route 66 Rockabilly and Rock and Roll...."

'''Amador "Tiny Morrie" Mauricio Sanchez''' is a [[New Mexico music]] artist, who is recognized for his contributions to classic Route 66 [[Rockabilly]] and [[Rock and Roll]].<ref>''Rockabilly Rock and Roll Nuggets Volume 12 - The Rare, The Rarer and the Rarest Rockers'' by Thundersqueak Records</ref> His top songs include “Lonely Letters”, “Por El Amor De Mi Madre”, “La Del Moño Colorado”, “Mi Madrecita,” “Everybody Rocks”, “No Me Hagas Llorar”, and others.<ref>[http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/lexicon/tiny-morrie/ Tiny Morrie] on the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]]</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Morrie, Tiny}}

[[Category:Musicians]]

New Mexico music

2015-11-17T01:16:45Z

YashidaSatoru:

'''New Mexico music''' is an American folk [[genre]] of music which originated in the U.S. State of [[New Mexico]].<ref>[http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/lexicon/new-mexico-music/ New Mexico music] on the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]]</ref> It is typified by the heavy use of [[guitar]]s, [[trumpet]]s, [[steel guitar]]s, [[accordian]]s, and [[violin]]s, like its root styles of traditional New Mexico folk music, classic [[Rock music]], and [[Country music|Country-Western music]], it also has a steady rhythm section like that of Native American music, and lyrics typically in [[New Mexican Spanish]] and sometimes [[New Mexican English]]. Traditional New Mexico folk music has existed since before the 16th century, the first songs in the genre were recorded by [[Smithsonian]] Folkways in the 1940s and 50s, and in the mid-1950s Norman Petty's studio in Clovis recorded New Mexico music by [[Al Hurricane]], [[Tiny Morrie]], [[Baby Gaby]], [[Roberto Griego]], and the country and rock musicians Hank Williams Jr. and Buddy Holly. And, since the late-1960's, [[Albuquerque]] has been prominent in producing New Mexico music performers, which was described as "the Chicano Nashville" in the 1980s. However, other cities such as [[Santa Fe]], [[Farmington]], and [[Las Cruces]] have also played important roles in its progression. It has been most successful in New Mexico and Southern [[Colorado]], as well as throughout the American Southwest, West [[Texas]], and Northern [[Mexico]].

A currently developing sub-genre, which contains elements of New Mexico music merged with [[Americana]] music and modern [[folk music]], is being referred to as New Mexicana.<ref>[http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/lexicon/new-mexicana-music/ New Mexicana music] on the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]]</ref>

Several organizations present awards to outstanding New Mexico music performers including the New Mexico Music Awards and New Mexico [[Hispanos|Hispano]] Music Association.<ref>[http://newmexicomusicawards.com/ New Mexico Music Awards]</ref><ref>[http://www.nmhma.org/ New Mexico Music Association]</ref> There is also the annual Los 15 Grandes De Nuevo Mexico Music Award, which has both a concert and music album.<ref>[http://newmexlma.com/ Los 15 Grandes De Nuevo Mexico Music]</ref>

==Foundations of New Mexico music==
Many New Mexico music songs share similar lyrical themes of other American folk genres. Those simlar themes are [[God]] and the [[Christian religion]], [[family]], madracita, [[love]], the struggles of the [[common man]], [[Alcohol]], and supporting and promoting the love and defense of America and its values. Unique themes to New Mexico music include, but are not limited to; ranching lifestyle, dancing, and celebrating the traditions of the New Mexico from the [[Nuevomexicanos]], [[Pueblo]], the Wild West, the [[Navajo]] and [[Apache]], Route 66, and the music of both America and Mexico.

==Artists==
Some New Mexico music performers include:
*[[Lorenzo Antonio]]
*[[Antonia Apodaca]]
*[[El Gringo]]
*[[Erika]]
*[[Freddie Brown]]
*[[Sharon Burch]]
*[[Donna Christine]]
*[[Darren Cordova]]
*[[Micky Cruz]]
*[[Jerry Dean]]
*[[Matt Duran]]
*[[Roberto Griego]]
*[[Norio Hayakawa]]
*[[Al Hurricane]]
*[[Al Hurricane, Jr.]]
*[[Jerry Jaramillo]]
*[[Los Garrapatas]]
*[[Los Traviesos]]
*[[Jon Maez]]
*[[Robert Mirabal]]
*[[A. Paul Ortega]]
*[[Gloria Pohl]]
*[[Anthony Rosas]]
*[[Jason Soto]]
*[[Miguel Timoteo]]
New Mexicana music performers include:
*[[Chris J. Arellano]]
*[[Bo Brown]]
*[[Boris McCutcheon]]
*[[Michael Martin Murphey]]
*[[Bill Palmer]]

==Bands==
Although New Mexico music is mainly a solo artist dominated field, there are quite a few bands that have enjoyed success. Some of these include:
*[[Bandido]]
*[[Campeónes Del Desierto]]
*[[Pueblo Country Band]]
*[[The Purple Haze]]
*[[Sangre de Indio]]
*[[Sparx (US band)|Sparx]]
*[[Red Wine]]

New Mexicana music performers
*[[Alonerly]]
*[[Bill Palmer's TV Killers]]
*[[Boris and the Salt Licks]]
*[[Richmond (band)|Richmond]]

==Famous Families of New Mexico Music==
*[[The Sanchez Family]] - [[Bennie Sanchez]], [[Al Hurricane]], [[Tiny Morrie]], and [[Baby Gaby]].
**Al Hurricane's children and grandchildren - [[Al Hurricane, Jr.]], [[Jerry Dean]], [[Erika]], and [[Christian Sanchez]].
**Tiny Morrie's children - [[Sparx]] and [[Lorenzo Antonio]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:musical Genres]]
[[Category:New Mexico]]

Al Hurricane

2015-11-17T00:43:03Z

YashidaSatoru:

'''Alberto Nelson "Al Hurricane" Sanchez''' (July 10, 1936) is an American musician known as the "Godfather of [[New Mexico music]]".<ref>[http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/lexicon/al-hurricane/ Al Hurricane] on the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]]</ref> The style of music he is most known for his Spanish language [[New Mexico]] folk musics. However, he is also famous for singing [[rockabilly]], rock and roll, [[Country Music|country]], [[Americana]], norteño, corridos, rancheras, and [[folk music]]; which also happen to be some of the components of the New Mexico music genre.<ref>[https://medium.com/americana-music-productions/listen-d0c9c1eb1909 Al Hurricane] section on Americana Music Productions</ref>

==Career==
Al has performed with [[Fats Domino]], [[Marvin Gaye]], [[Chuck Berry]], [[Jimmy Clanton]], and [[Chubby Checker]]. His family is very inclined in both music and business, his mother Bennie Sanchez helped bring concerts from the likes of [[Elvis Presley]] and [[Johnny Cash]] to New Mexico, and his brothers [[Tiny Morrie]] and [[Baby Gaby]] are famous musicians in their own right; Al's children, nephews, and grandchildren are also New Mexico musicians, [[Al Hurricane Jr.]], [[Jerry Dean]], [[Erika]], [[Sparx]], [[Lorenzo Antonio]], and [[Christian Sanchez]].

==Discography==
Among Al Hurricane's top hits are, “Sentimiento”, “Por Una Mujer Casada”, “Vestido Mojado”, “Puño De Tierra”, “Frente de Altar”, “Ay, Ay, Ay Que Borracho Vengo”, “La Coloreteada”, and “Saquenle La Vuelta Al Chicle”. He has also covered songs from his musical influences, such as, [[Hank Williams]]' “Jambalaya” and [[Chuck Berry]]'s “Johnny B. Goode ”.
===Albums===
* 1968 - ''Mi Saxophone''
* 1973 - ''Canciones del Alma''
* 1973 - ''Sigue Cantando''
* 1973 - ''Corridos Canta''
* 1973 - ''Instrumentales con Al Hurricane''
* 1974 - ''Vestido Mojado''
* 1980 - ''La Prision de Santa Fe''
* 1980 - ''Exitos De Al Hurricane''
* 1980 - ''The Return of Al Hurricane "EL" Godfather''
* 1995 - ''Sigue... "La Leyenda"!!!''
* 1995 - ''The Legend of New Mexico''
* 2000 - ''Siempre''
* 2003 - ''¡Que Viva El Godfather!''
* 2007 - ''Albuquerque''
* 2010 - ''Hey Sugar Baby!''

===Collaborative albums===
* 1974 - ''Para Las Madrecitas''
* 1979 - ''Cantan Corridos''
* 1979 - ''Madrecita, Te Debo Tanto''
* 1986 - ''15 Exitos Rancheros''
* 1994 - ''15 Exitos Rancheros, Vol. 2''
* 2014 - ''Live at the Kimo''

===Tribute albums===
* 2007 - ''A Tribute To Al Hurricane - Live, Vol. 1''
* 2007 - ''A Tribute To Al Hurricane - Live, Vol. 2''

===Documentaries===
* 2000 - ''Al Hurricane: Native Legend''
* 2007 -''A Tribute To Al Hurricane DVD''

== References ==
<references/>

New Mexico music

2015-11-16T21:54:55Z

YashidaSatoru:

'''New Mexico music''' is an American folk [[genre]] of music which originated in the U.S. State of [[New Mexico]].<ref>[http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/lexicon/new-mexico-music/ New Mexico music] on the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]]</ref> It is typified by the heavy use of [[guitar]]s, [[trumpet]]s, [[steel guitar]]s, [[accordian]]s, and [[violin]]s, and, like its root styles of traditional New Mexico folk music, classic [[Rock music]], and [[Country music|Country-Western music]], with a steady rhythm section like that of Native American music, and lyrics typically in [[New Mexican Spanish]] and sometimes [[New Mexican English]]. Traditional New Mexico folk music was existed since the 16th century, the first songs in the genre were recorded by [[Smithsonian]] Folkways in the 40s and 50s, and in the mid-1950s Norman Petty's studio in Clovis recorded New Mexico music by [[Al Hurricane]], [[Tiny Morrie]], [[Baby Gaby]], [[Roberto Griego]], and the country and rock musicians Hank Williams Jr. and Buddy Holly. And, since the late-1960's, [[Albuquerque]] has been prominent in producing New Mexico music performers, which was described as "the Chicano Nashville" in the 1980s. However, other cities such as [[Santa Fe]], [[Farmington]], and [[Las Cruces]] have also played important roles in its progression. It has been most successful in New Mexico and Southern [[Colorado]], as well as throughout the American Southwest, West [[Texas]], and Northern [[Mexico]].

A currently developing sub-genre, which contains elements of New Mexico music merged with [[Americana]] music and modern [[folk music]], is being referred to as New Mexicana.<ref>[http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/lexicon/new-mexicana-music/ New Mexicana music] on the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]]</ref>

Several organizations present awards to outstanding New Mexico music performers including the New Mexico Music Awards and New Mexico [[Hispanos|Hispano]] Music Association.<ref>[http://newmexicomusicawards.com/ New Mexico Music Awards]</ref><ref>[http://www.nmhma.org/ New Mexico Music Association]</ref> There is also the annual Los 15 Grandes De Nuevo Mexico Music Award, which has both a concert and music album.<ref>[http://newmexlma.com/ Los 15 Grandes De Nuevo Mexico Music]</ref>

==Foundations of New Mexico music==
Many New Mexico music songs share similar lyical themes of other American folk genres. Those simlar themes are [[God]] and the [[Christian religion]], [[family]], Momma, [[love]], the struggles of the [[common man]], [[Alcohol]], and supporting and promoting the love and defense of America and its values. Unique themes to New Mexico music include, but are not limited to; ranching lifestyle, dancing, and celebrating the traditions of the New Mexico from the [[Nuevomexicanos]], [[Pueblo]], the Wild West, [[Navajo]], Route 66, and [[Apache]].

==Artists==
Some New Mexico music performers include:
*[[Lorenzo Antonio]]
*[[Antonia Apodaca]]
*[[El Gringo]]
*[[Erika]]
*[[Freddie Brown]]
*[[Sharon Burch]]
*[[Donna Christine]]
*[[Darren Cordova]]
*[[Micky Cruz]]
*[[Jerry Dean]]
*[[Matt Duran]]
*[[Roberto Griego]]
*[[Norio Hayakawa]]
*[[Al Hurricane]]
*[[Al Hurricane, Jr.]]
*[[Jerry Jaramillo]]
*[[Los Garrapatas]]
*[[Los Traviesos]]
*[[Jon Maez]]
*[[Robert Mirabal]]
*[[A. Paul Ortega]]
*[[Anthony Rosas]]
*[[Jason Soto]]
*[[Miguel Timoteo]]
New Mexicana music performers include:
*[[Chris J. Arellano]]
*[[Bo Brown]]
*[[Boris McCutcheon]]
*[[Michael Martin Murphey]]
*[[Bill Palmer]]

==Bands==
Although Country is mainly a solo artist dominated field, there are quite a few bands that have enjoyed success. Some of these include:
*[[Bandido]]
*[[Campeónes Del Desierto]]
*[[Pueblo Country Band]]
*[[The Purple Haze]]
*[[Sangre de Indio]]
*[[Sparx (US band)|Sparx]]
*[[Red Wine]]

New Mexicana music performers
*[[Alonerly]]
*[[Bill Palmer's TV Killers]]
*[[Boris and the Salt Licks]]
*[[Richmond (band)|Richmond]]

==Famous Families of New Mexico Music==
*[[The Sanchez Family]] - [[Bennie Sanchez]], [[Al Hurricane]], [[Tiny Morrie]], and [[Baby Gaby]].
**Al Hurricane's children and grandchildren - [[Al Hurricane, Jr.]], [[Jerry Dean]], [[Erika]], and [[Christian Sanchez]].
**Tiny Morrie's children - [[Sparx]] and [[Lorenzo Antonio]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:musical Genres]]
[[Category:New Mexico]]

Chile (Capsicum)

2015-11-11T06:52:55Z

YashidaSatoru:

{{Taxonomy
|name=New Mexico group 'Chile'
|image=Chilesale.jpg
|caption=Freshly harvested chiles being sold by bulk
|domain=Eukaryota
|kingdom=Plantae
|subkingdom=Tracheobionta
|branch=
|superphylum=
|phylum=
|subphylum=
|infraphylum=
|microphylum=
|superdivision=Spermatophyta
|division=Magnoliophyta
|subdivision=
|superclass=
|class=Magnoliopsida
|subclass=Asteridae
|infraclass=
|superorder=
|order=Solanales
|suborder=
|infraorder=
|superfamily=
|families=
|family=Solanaceae
|subfamily=
|supertribe=
|tribe=
|subtribe=
|genera=
|genus=Capsicum
|subgenus=
|species=Capsicum annuum L.
|binomialname=Capsicum annuum
"New Mexico group"
|syn=Chile pepper, Red chile, Green chile
|sub=
|alt=
|regionimg=
|pop=
|conservation=Domesticated
}}
The New Mexico '''chile''' pepper (plural ''chiles'') , also called ''Hatch chile'' or ''NuMex'', and informally within the [[United States|U.S.]] state of [[New Mexico]], ''green chile'' and ''red chile''. First grown by the Spanish and Pueblo Native Americans, and later by the Mexican and American territories. Chile is in the same [[family]] as the [[jalapeño]], and other long peppers, but is a distinct and unique species with a distinct and unique taste. It is used ubiquitously in New Mexican cuisine as a spice and [[flavor]]ing agent. It ranges from very mild to extremely hot. It comes in two varieties the unripe form of the plant called green chile and the ripened form of the plant called red chile, if both green chile and red chile are used it is referred to as Christmas (a reference to the color combination). It ranks as one of the most-important cash crops and culturally significant plants in New Mexico. It provides several vitamins, including [[Vitamin C]] and [[Vitamin A]] and other nutrients, which flourishes most adeptly in the high altitudes of New Mexico, and in the distinct four seasons and temperate climates within the state. It is usually grown along the Rio Grande river, however, New Mexico also has unique "land-race" peppers that are more adept at growing with lower water amounts.

This species of chile is only grown in the Rio Grande valley and is not used much outside of that region. It requires extremely dry and hot weather to grow. A unique species of bacteria attacks the plant, it is theorized that the unique chemical agent that gives chile its kick evolved in response to this bacterial agent. [[Hatch, New Mexico]] is the largest agricultural producer of chile and Hatch Chile is considered some of the best by chile aficionados.
[[Image:Chileroast.jpg |left|thumb|150px| These large roasters dot the New Mexican landscape in the fall where freshly purchased Chile is roasted by the millions of pounds]]
The skin of the chile is tough so it is removed before consumption. It is also almost never consumed raw. Traditionally the chile is flame roasted and most commercial producers will flame roast it before freezing and packaging. The plant is harvested in October and is sold by the pound across the state from both road side stands and major commercial venues like [[Walmart]]. Chile roasters set up giant roasters outside of shops where consumers can have the chile roasted, usually free of charge. These roasting stations pop up all over the place during October so the smell of roasting chile is closely associated with fall in the state.

New Mexico chile is highly addictive, it is believed that the [[endorphins]] released in response to the spicy and pungent flavor is the source of this addiction. Regardless, those born and raised on chile can experience intense cravings and withdrawal symptoms if they stop consuming it. Chile is so popular that it usually must be included as a menu option at any restaurant in the state. It is used on [[hamburgers]], [[pasta]], [[omelet]]s, [[sandwiches]], [[soup]], [[salad]] and hundreds of other traditional and non-traditional dishes, including even [[sushi]]. Franchise stores such as [[Subway]] and [[McDonald's]] get special permission from the franchise headquarters to include it on their menu as a local option.

==External links==
*[http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/lexicon/new-mexico-chile New Mexico chile] on the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]]

[[Category:Food and Drink]]

Phil Vischer

2015-11-10T08:17:16Z

YashidaSatoru:

{{Biography
| image =
| name =Phil Vischer
| birth =June 16, 1966, [[Muscatine]], [[Iowa]]
| parents =
| religion =[[Christian]]
| spouse =Lisa Vischer
| children =n/a
| death =n/a
| burial =Still living
| education =[[St. Paul Bible College]]
| occupation =[[Founder]] of [[JellyTelly]], Founder of [[Big Idea]]
| writings =See ''List of works'' section
}}
'''Phil Vischer''' (born Phillip Roger Vischer on June 16, 1966) is the cofounder of [[Big Idea]], and currently the founder and leader of [[JellyTelly]]. Phil was born in [[Muscatine]], [[Iowa]], and raised in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]. He started Big Idea in 1989 as GRAFx Studios, and created [[VeggieTales]] with fellow former [[St. Paul College]] alumni [[Mike Nawrocki]].

After leaving Big Idea, he began work on several more [[Christian]] creations, he started [[JellyTelly]] and began producing [[What's in the Bible?]] and [[Galaxy Buck]]. He also now produces and co-hosts [[The Phil Vischer Podcast]], with [[Skye Jethani]] and [[Christian Taylor]].

==List of works==
===Bibliography===
*''Junior's Colors'' (1997)
*''How Many Veggies?'' (1997)
*''Pa Grape's Shapes'' (1997)
*''Bob & Larry's ABC's'' (1997)
*''Archibald's Opposites'' (1998)
*''Time for Tom'' (1998)
*''The Story of Flibber-o-Loo'' (1997)
*''Rack, Shack and Benny'' (1997)
*''Dave and the Giant Pickle'' (1997)
*''Larry-Boy! And the Fib from Outer Space!'' (1997)
*''A Snoodle's Tale'' (2004)
*''Sidney & Norman: A Tale of Two Pigs'' (2006)
*''[[Me, Myself, & Bob]]'' (2006)
*''47 Beavers On the Big Blue Sea'' (2007)
*''Pirate in Training'' (2012) (co-writing with Karen Poth)
===Filmography===
*[[VeggieTales]] production (1993 - 2007), as voices of Bob the Tomato, Archibald Asparagus, Pa Grape, Mr. Lunt, Jimmy Gourd, Mr. Nezzer, Philippe Pea (1993 - Present)
**[[Jonah, a VeggieTales movie]] (2002)
**[[The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie]] (2008)
**[[VeggieTales in the House]], as voices of Bob the Tomato, Archibald Asparagus, Pa Grape, Mr. Lunt, Jimmy Gourd, Mr. Nezzer, Philippe Pea, (2014 - Present)
*[[3-2-1 Penguins!]] (2000 - 2008)
*[[Larry Boy]]: The Cartoon Adventures (2002–2003)
*[[What's in the Bible?]] (2010 - 2014)
*[[Galaxy Buck]] (2015)
===Websites===
*[[The Phil Vischer Podcast]] (2012 - Present)

==External links==
*[https://philvischer.com/ Official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vischer, Phillip Roger}}

[[Category:Business]]
[[Category:Christian media]]
[[Category:Directors]]

Phil Vischer

2015-11-10T05:55:30Z

YashidaSatoru: Created page with "{{Biography | image = | name =Phil Vischer | birth =June 16, 1966, Muscatine, Iowa | parents = | religion =Christian | spouse..."

{{Biography
| image =
| name =Phil Vischer
| birth =June 16, 1966, [[Muscatine]], [[Iowa]]
| parents =
| religion =[[Christian]]
| spouse =Lisa Vischer
| children =n/a
| death =n/a
| burial =Still living
| education =[[St. Paul Bible College]]
| occupation =[[Founder]] of [[JellyTelly]], Founder of [[Big Idea]]
| writings =See ''List of works'' section
}}
'''Phil Vischer''' (born Phillip Roger Vischer on June 16, 1966) is the cofounder of [[Big Idea]], and currently the founder and leader of [[JellyTelly]]. Phil was born in [[Muscatine]], [[Iowa]], and raised in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]. He started Big Idea in 1989 as GRAFx Studios, and created [[ViggieTales]] with fellow former [[St. Paul College]] alumni [[Mike Nawrocki]].

After leaving Big Idea, he began work on several more [[Christian]] creations, he started [[JellyTelly]] and began producing [[What's in the Bible?]] and [[Galaxy Buck]]. He also now produces and co-hosts [[The Phil Vischer Podcast]], with [[Skye Jethani]] and [[Christian Taylor]].

==List of works==
===Bibliography===
*''Junior's Colors'' (1997)
*''How Many Veggies?'' (1997)
*''Pa Grape's Shapes'' (1997)
*''Bob & Larry's ABC's'' (1997)
*''Archibald's Opposites'' (1998)
*''Time for Tom'' (1998)
*''The Story of Flibber-o-Loo'' (1997)
*''Rack, Shack and Benny'' (1997)
*''Dave and the Giant Pickle'' (1997)
*''Larry-Boy! And the Fib from Outer Space!'' (1997)
*''A Snoodle's Tale'' (2004)
*''Sidney & Norman: A Tale of Two Pigs'' (2006)
*''[[Me, Myself, & Bob]]'' (2006)
*''47 Beavers On the Big Blue Sea'' (2007)
*''Pirate in Training'' (2012) (co-writing with Karen Poth)
===Filmography===
*[[VeggieTales]] production (1993 - 2007), as voices of Bob the Tomato, Archibald Asparagus, Pa Grape, Mr. Lunt, Jimmy Gourd, Mr. Nezzer, Philippe Pea (1993 - Present)
**[[Jonah, a VeggieTales movie]] (2002)
**[[The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie]] (2008)
**[[VeggieTales in the House]], as voices of Bob the Tomato, Archibald Asparagus, Pa Grape, Mr. Lunt, Jimmy Gourd, Mr. Nezzer, Philippe Pea, (2014 - Present)
*[[3-2-1 Penguins!]] (2000 - 2008)
*[[Larry Boy]]: The Cartoon Adventures (2002–2003)
*[[What's in the Bible?]] (2010 - 2014)
*[[Galaxy Buck]] (2015)
===Websites===
*[[The Phil Vischer Podcast]] (2012 - Present)

==External links==
*[https://philvischer.com/ Official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vischer, Phillip Roger}}

[[Category:Business]]
[[Category:Christian media]]
[[Category:Directors]]

Mario J. Lucero

2015-11-10T05:46:52Z

YashidaSatoru:

{{Biography
| image =
| name =Mario J. Lucero
| birth =June 8, 1988, [[Albuquerque]], [[New Mexico]]
| parents =Haracio Pargas and Cathleen Lucero
| religion =[[Christian]]
| spouse =[[Isabel Ruiz Lucero]]
| children =n/a
| death =n/a
| burial =Still living
| education =[[Sandia View Academy]]
| occupation =[[CEO]] of [[Heaven Sent Gaming]]
| writings =See ''List of works'' section
}}
'''Mario J. Lucero''' (born Mario Julian Lucero on June 8, 1988) is the cofounder, [[CEO]], and lead [[design]]er at [[Heaven Sent Gaming]]. He started the team in 2006 with his girlfriend, and now wife, [[Isabel Ruiz Lucero]]. He and Isabel are responsible for most of the original productions from Heaven Sent Gaming.

Mario was born in [[Albuquerque]], [[New Mexico]], to a [[cowboy]] Haracio Pargas and Cathleen Lucero. His parents divorced while he was young, and he is the only son of Cathleen, alongside two sisters. He lived with his mother until his grandparents retired, while he was a pre-teen, and from then on he was raised by his grandparents, retired [[trucker]] Joe M. Lucero and Antonia "Toni" Lucero. Mario began to date Isabel Ruiz in 2004, while they attended high school at a [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] owned [[private school]] called [[Sandia View Academy]] in Corrales, a rural [[agricultural]] [[village]] near Albuquerque. Isabel and Mario were married on their tenth anniversary on October, 24, 2014. He was raised [[Catholic]], but now considers himself to be non-denominational [[Christian]].

While attending private school he did various work with the [[Christian]] radio broadcasting network LifeTalk Radio. He attended college for [[Computer Science]], but dropped out in order to become the primary caregiver for his grandparents while they were suffering through dementia. He has continued to do work in [[art]], [[entertainment]], and [[web design]].

==Political views==
Mario is a [[conservative]] [[libertarian]], and has shown opposition to [[water fluoridation]] and support for [[Second Amendment]] [[gun rights]]. He is also a supporter of "neuroscience”, specifically Alzheimer's and Dementia research.

==List of works==
===Comicography===
Primary writer on the following series:
*''[[Reverie]]'' (2010)
*''[[Thad's World Destruction: Before Destruction]]'' (2011)
*''[[BladeChick]]'' (2012)
*''[[Mouton]]'' (2012)
*''[[Koki'o Shade and Monkey]]'' (2013)
Co-writer on the following series:
*''[[Karis]]'' (2011)
===Gameography===
*"Balance" (2007) game design.
*"BitDonate" (2011, closed in 2012) game design, programmer.
===Discography===
*2009 - 1st single: "Intro, Yo"
====Record producer====
*2009 - 1st: Life Never Lost ''All We Are'
*2015 - 2nd: Spiritual Speeches ''President Obama Eulogizes Reverend Clementa Pinckney''
===Bibliography===
*''[[Many: The Blog Of A Space Probe]]'' (2010), writer.
*''[[Craft (novel)|Craft]]'' (2011), co-writer.
*''[[Iron (novel)|Iron]]'' (2011), writer.
===Filmography===
*''HSGplays'' (2011)
*''Mario's vlog'' (2011)
===Websites===
*aywv, contributor, editor, and admin.
*[[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]], primary writer and admin.

==External links==
*[https://mblog.heavensentgaming.com/ Mario's blog]
*[https://twitter.com/Smile_Lee Mario J. Lucero on Twitter]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lucero, Mario Julian}}

[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[Category:Graphic designers]]
[[Category:Latinos]]
[[Category:Libertarians]]
[[Category:Libertarian Bloggers]]

Mario J. Lucero

2015-11-10T05:20:41Z

YashidaSatoru:

{{Officeholder
|name=Mario J. Lucero
|image=
|party=[[Libertarian]]
|spouse=[[Isabel Ruiz Lucero]]
|religion=[[Christian]]
|offices=
{{Officeholder/misc
|office=[[CEO]] of [[Heaven Sent Gaming]]
|terms=2006-Onward
|preceded=None
|former=n
|succeeded=
}}
}}
'''Mario J. Lucero''' (born Mario Julian Lucero on June 8, 1988) is the cofounder, [[CEO]], and lead [[design]]er at [[Heaven Sent Gaming]]. He started the team in 2006 with his girlfriend, and now wife, [[Isabel Ruiz Lucero]]. He and Isabel are responsible for most of the original productions from Heaven Sent Gaming.

Mario was born in [[Albuquerque]], [[New Mexico]], to a [[cowboy]] Haracio Pargas and Cathleen Lucero. His parents divorced while he was young, and he is the only son of Cathleen, alongside two sisters. He lived with his mother until his grandparents retired, while he was a pre-teen, and from then on he was raised by his grandparents, retired [[trucker]] Joe M. Lucero and Antonia "Toni" Lucero. Mario began to date Isabel Ruiz in 2004, while they attended high school at a [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] owned [[private school]] called Sandia View Academy in Corrales, a rural [[agricultural]] [[village]] near Albuquerque. Isabel and Mario were married on their tenth anniversary on October, 24, 2014. He was raised [[Catholic]], but now considers himself to be non-denominational [[Christian]].

While attending private school he did various work with the [[Christian]] radio broadcasting network LifeTalk Radio. He attended college for [[Computer Science]], but dropped out in order to become the primary caregiver for his grandparents while they were suffering through dementia. He has continued to do work in [[art]], [[entertainment]], and [[web design]].

==Political views==
Mario is a [[conservative]] [[libertarian]], and has shown opposition to [[water fluoridation]] and support for [[Second Amendment]] [[gun rights]]. He is also a supporter of "neuroscience”, specifically Alzheimer's and Dementia research.

==List of works==
===Comicography===
Primary writer on the following series:
*''[[Reverie]]'' (2010)
*''[[Thad's World Destruction: Before Destruction]]'' (2011)
*''[[BladeChick]]'' (2012)
*''[[Mouton]]'' (2012)
*''[[Koki'o Shade and Monkey]]'' (2013)
Co-writer on the following series:
*''[[Karis]]'' (2011)
===Gameography===
*"Balance" (2007) game design.
*"BitDonate" (2011, closed in 2012) game design, programmer.
===Discography===
*2009 - 1st single: "Intro, Yo"
====Record producer====
*2009 - 1st: Life Never Lost ''All We Are'
*2015 - 2nd: Spiritual Speeches ''President Obama Eulogizes Reverend Clementa Pinckney''
===Bibliography===
*''[[Many: The Blog Of A Space Probe]]'' (2010), writer.
*''[[Craft (novel)|Craft]]'' (2011), co-writer.
*''[[Iron (novel)|Iron]]'' (2011), writer.
===Filmography===
*''HSGplays'' (2011)
*''Mario's vlog'' (2011)
===Websites===
*aywv, contributor, editor, and admin.
*[[Cultural Encyclopedia and Lexicon of New Mexico]], primary writer and admin.

==External links==
*[https://mblog.heavensentgaming.com/ Mario's blog]
*[https://twitter.com/Smile_Lee Mario J. Lucero on Twitter]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lucero, Mario Julian}}

[[Category:Conservatives]]
[[Category:Graphic designers]]
[[Category:Latinos]]
[[Category:Libertarians]]
[[Category:Libertarian Bloggers]]

Big Idea

2015-11-10T04:55:45Z

YashidaSatoru:

'''Big Idea''', currently known as '''Big Idea Entertainment, LLC''' and formerly as '''Big Idea Productions''' and '''Big Idea, Inc.''', was founded by [[Phil Vischer]] and [[Mike Nawrocki]] in 1989. This [[Christian]] media team is best known for producing the [[VeggieTales]] cartoons and media.

==Production==
*[[VeggieTales]] (1993 - Present)
**[[Jonah, a VeggieTales movie]] (2002)
**[[The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie]] (2008)
**[[VeggieTales in the House]] (2014 - Present)
*[[3-2-1 Penguins!]] (2000 - 2008)
*[[Larry Boy]]: The Cartoon Adventures (2002–2003)

[[Category:Christian Media]]

VeggieTales

2015-11-10T04:54:55Z

YashidaSatoru:

'''Veggie Tales''' is a series of videos by [[Big Idea]] starring walking, talking, and singing vegetables, which tries to teach biblical values. The shows are usually hosted by Bob the Tomato and Larry the Cucumber. They usually tell stories which range from [[Bible]] stories to parodies of classic stories like [[Sherlock Holmes]] or even Shakespeare's [[Hamlet]]. In the middle of the show Larry the Cucumber often does a silly song, such as "Everybody's Got a Water Buffalo!" or "We are the Pirates Who Don't Do Anything!" Since it was launched in 1993 it has created over 20 videos and released a full-length feature film in theaters called [[Jonah, a VeggieTales movie]]. They are preparing another film called [[The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything]] which was released in theaters in February 2008. <ref>[[Moe and the Big Exit]], Directed by Brian K. Roberts, 2008.</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://veggietales.com/ Official Website]

[[Category:Christian Media]]

Big Idea

2015-11-10T04:53:57Z

YashidaSatoru: Created page with "'''Big Idea''', currently known as '''Big Idea Entertainment, LLC''' and formerly as '''Big Idea Productions''' and '''Big Idea, Inc.''', was founded by Phil Vischer and [..."

'''Big Idea''', currently known as '''Big Idea Entertainment, LLC''' and formerly as '''Big Idea Productions''' and '''Big Idea, Inc.''', was founded by [[Phil Vischer]] and [[Mike Nawrocki]] in 1989. This [[Christian]] media team is best known for producing the [[VeggieTales]] cartoons and media.

==Production==
*[[VeggieTales]] (1993 - Present)
**[[Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie]] (2002)
**[[The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie]] (2008)
**[[VeggieTales in the House]] (2014 - Present)
*[[3-2-1 Penguins!]] (2000 - 2008)
*[[Larry Boy]]: The Cartoon Adventures (2002–2003)

[[Category:Christian Media]]

Michael Martin Murphey

2015-11-09T13:06:40Z

YashidaSatoru: Created page with "'''Michael Martin Murphey''' is a country music artist "who gained praise (and hits) with a contemporary spin on cowboy ballads and also by championing Native American cau..."

'''Michael Martin Murphey''' is a [[country music]] artist "who gained praise (and hits) with a contemporary spin on cowboy ballads and also by championing Native American causes."<ref>http://www.allmusic.com/artist/michael-martin-murphey-mn0000885875</ref>

His top songs include "“Wildfire,” “Carolina In The Pines”, “Geronimo’s Cadillac”, “Cowboy Logic,” “Cherokee Fiddle”, “Boy From The Country” and more."<ref>http://www.michaelmartinmurphey.com/#!press/c1olg</ref> One of his albums, ''The Land of Enchantment'', blended elements of [[New Mexico music]] into his Country-Western music.

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murphey, Michael Martin}}

[[Category:Musicians]]

Country Music

2015-11-09T12:56:51Z

YashidaSatoru:

'''Country Music''', or '''Country and Western''', refers to the [[genre]] of music which originated in the rural Southern and Western [[United States]]. It is typified by the heavy use of [[guitar]]s, [[steel guitar]]s, and [[fiddle]]s, and, like its root style [[blues]], an accented 2nd and 4th beat in the drums. Since the mid-60's, [[Nashville, Tennessee]] has been the dominant city involved in this form of music and is even nick-named Music City. However, other cities such as [[Branson, Missouri]], [[Austin, Texas]], and [[Stillwater, Oklahoma]] have also played important roles in its [[progression]]. Although it was born and gained huge success in [[America]], it is also popular in [[Australia]] and [[Canada]] and has moderate prominance in [[Germany]], the [[United Kingdom]], and [[Ireland]].

Several organizations present awards to outstanding country performers including the [[Academy of Country Music]] and [[American Country Music Awards]].

==Foundations of country==
Many Country songs have to do with [[love]]. More often than not these [[love songs]] are about getting over and moving on when a good thing has been lost. However, there are quite a few that deal with being in love and the happiness it brings to ones life. [[God]] and the [[Christian religion]] are frequently found in this music. [[Alcohol]], whether the joys of or the downfall involved, is also widely heard in Country Music. Patriotism, along with the support of the military and its veterans, can also be found in every generation of this style. Of all the forms of popular American music, Country is the most active in supporting and promoting the love and defense of America and its values. Other themes include but are not limited to [[hunting]], [[fishing]], [[farming]], [[rural]] lifestyles, [[family]], and the struggles of the [[common man]].

In self-referential humor, the 1975 song "You Never Even Called Me By My Name" by David Allen Coe, written by Steve Goodman and John Prin, stated "Well a friend of mine named Steve Goodman wrote that song / And he told me it was the perfect country and western song / I wrote him back a letter and I told him it was not the / Perfect country and western song because he hadn't said / Anything at all about momma or trains or trucks or prison or gettin' drunk".
==History==
Country and Western's finds its origins in the traditional folk musics of the the United States. The majority of country and western music comes from the two mountainous regions "hillbilly music" of the United States, Country music is attributed to the [[Appalachia]] Mountains with the [[Scots-Irish]] immigrants to that region who brought much of their music and culture with them, and Western music is attributed to the [[Rocky Mountains]] and the expansion of the Scots-Irish music into the formerly French and Spanish territories and blending with French, Spanish, and Mexican music traditions. Music that leans towards the Appalachia roots usually is classified under [[Bluegrass]], whereas music that leans towards Western music can be classified under numerous regional genres, such as; [[Cajun]] and [[Creole]] musics, [[Texas country]] and [[Tejano music]], and [[New Mexico music]].

Modern country music (in the later half of the 20th century and beyond) evolved from or (which itself has roots in the folk music of the [[Appalachia]]n hills), as well as early blues from the [[deep south]].

In 1922 [[A.C 'Eck' Anderson]] recorded [[Sallie Gooden]]. This song is widely accepted to be the first recorded country song. In 1976, The [[compilation album]], [[Wanted! The Outlaws]] was released. The album featured [[Willie Nelson]], [[Waylon Jennings]], [[Jessie Colter]], and [[Tompall Glaser]]. The release was the first [[country album]] ever to sell one million copies which earned it a [[platinum]] record.

==Country sub-genres==
The most widely recognized sub-genres of Country music include:
*[[American folk music]]
**[[Americana]]
*[[Bluegrass]]
*[[Country Rock]]
*[[Creole music]]
**[[Cajun music]]
*[[Cajun music]]
*[[Honky tonk]]
*[[New Mexico music]]
**New Mexicana music
*[[Outlaw country]]
*[[Rockabilly]]
*[[Texas country]]
**[[Tejano music]]

==Artists==
Some famous country musicians include:
*[[Roy Acuff]]
*[[John Anderson]]
*[[Trace Adkins]]
*[[Jason Aldean]]
*[[Eddy Arnold]]
*[[Chet Atkins]]
*[[Moe Bandy]]
*[[Clint Black]]
*[[Garth Brooks]]
*[[Tracy Byrd]]
*[[Johnny Cash]]
*[[Glen Campbell]]
*[[Deana Carter]]
*[[Kenny Chesney]]
*[[Mark Chesnut]]
*[[Patsy Cline]]
*[[David Allan Coe]]
*[[Jessie Colter]]
*[[Billy Ray Cyrus]]
*[[Jimmy Dean]]
*[[Steve Earle]]
*[[Red Foley]]
*[[Kevin Fowler]]
*[[Janie Frickie]]
*[[Lefty Frizzell]]
*[[Brantley Gilbert]]
*[[Vince Gill]]
*[[Mickey Gilley]]
*[[Tompall Glaser]]
*[[Pat Green]]
*[[Lee Greenwood]]
*[[Merle Haggard]]
*[[Faith Hill]]
*[[Al Hurricane]]
*[[Alan Jackson]]
*[[Shooter Jennings]]
*[[Waylon Jennings]]
*[[George Jones]]
*[[Toby Keith]]
*[[Miranda Lambert]]
*[[Loretta Lynn]]
*[[Barbara Mandrell]]
*[[Tim McGraw]]
*[[Reba McEntire]]
*[[Lorrie Morgan]]
*[[Michael Martin Murphey]]
*[[Willie Nelson]]
*[[Buck Owens]]
*[[Brad Paisley]]
*[[Dolly Parton]]
*[[Charlie Pride]]
*[[Jerry Reed]]
*[[LeAnn Rimes]]
*[[Marty Robbins]]
*[[Johnny Rodriguez]]
*[[Dan Seals]]
*[[Troy Seals]]
*[[Billy Joe Shaver]]
*[[Blake Shelton]]
*[[Ricky Van Shelton]]
*[[George Strait]]
*[[Doug Stone]]
*[[Taylor Swift]]
*[[Mel Tillis]]
*[[Pam Tillis]]
*[[Randy Travis]]
*[[Travis Tritt]]
*[[Ernest Tubb]]
*[[Tanya Tucker]]
*[[Shania Twain]]
*[[Conway Twitty]]
*[[Carrie Underwood]]
*[[Keith Urban]]
*[[Kitty Wells]]
*[[Keith Whitley]]
*[[Don Williams]]
*[[Hank Williams]]
*[[Hank Williams, Jr]]
*[[Hank Williams III]]
*[[Holly Williams]]
*[[Bob Wills]]
*[[Gretchen Wilson]]
*[[Lee Ann Womack]]
*[[Tammy Wynnette]]
*[[Trisha Yearwood]]

==Bands==
Although Country is mainly a solo artist dominated field, there are quite a few bands that have enjoyed success. Some of these include:
*[[Alabama]]
*[[Asleep at the Wheel]]
*[[The Band Perry]]
*[[The Bellamy Brothers]]
*[[Big & Rich]]
*[[Brooks and Dunn]]
*[[The Charlie Daniels Band]]
*[[Confederate Railroad]]
*[[Cross Canadian Ragweed]]
*[[Diamond Rio]]
*[[Dixie Chicks]]
*[[Eli Young Band]]
*[[The Everly Brothers]]
*[[The Forster Sisters]]
*[[The Gatlin Brothers]]
*[[The Great Divide]]
*[[Highway 101]]
*[[The Judds]]
*[[The Kentucky Headhunters]]
*[[Lady Antebellum]]
*[[Little Big Town]]
*[[Little Texas]]
*[[Lonestar]]
*[[Montgomery Gentry]]
*[[Nitty Gritty Dirt Band]]
*[[Oak Ridge Boys]]
*[[Pirates of the Mississippi]]
*[[Pistol Annies]]
*[[Rascal Flatts]]
*[[Restless Heart]]
*[[Randy Rogers Band]]
*[[Sawyer Brown]]
*[[SHeDAISEY]]
*[[Statler Brothers]]
*[[Sugarland]]
*[[The Tractors]]
*[[Zac Brown Band]]

==Famous Families of Country Music==
*[[The Carter Family]] - [[A. P. Carter]], [[Sara Carter]], [[Maybelle Carter]], [[Helen Carter]], [[Anita Carter]], [[June Carter Cash]], [[Janette Carter]], and [[Joe Carter]].
*[[The Cash Family]] - [[Johnny Cash]], [[Rosanne Cash]], [[Tommy Cash]], and [[John Carter Cash]].
*[[The Jennings Family]] - [[Waylon Jennings]], [[Jessie Colter]], and [[Shooter Jennings]].
*[[The Seals Family]]
*[[The Williams Family]] - [[Hank Williams, Sr.]], [[Hank Williams, Jr.]], [[Hank Williams III]], and [[Holly Williams]].

[[Category:musical Genres]]

New Mexico music

2015-11-09T12:55:02Z

YashidaSatoru: Created page with "'''New Mexico music''' is an American folk genre of music which originated in the U.S. State of New Mexico.<ref>[http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/lexicon/new-mexi..."

'''New Mexico music''' is an American folk [[genre]] of music which originated in the U.S. State of [[New Mexico]].<ref>[http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/lexicon/new-mexico-music/ New Mexico music] on the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]]</ref> It is typified by the heavy use of [[guitar]]s, [[trumpet]]s, [[steel guitar]]s, [[accordian]]s, and [[violin]]s, and, like its root styles of traditional New Mexico folk music, classic [[Rock music]], and [[Country music|Country-Western music]], with a steady rhythm section like that of Native American music, and lyrics typically in [[New Mexican Spanish]] and sometimes [[New Mexican English]]. Traditional New Mexico folk music was existed since the 16th century, the first songs in the genre were recorded by [[Smithsonian]] Folkways in the 40s and 50s, and in the mid-1950s Norman Petty's studio in Clovis recorded New Mexico music by [[Al Hurricane]], [[Tiny Morrie]], [[Baby Gaby]], [[Roberto Griego]], and the country and rock musicians Hank Williams Jr. and Buddy Holly. And, since the late-1960's, [[Albuquerque]] has been prominent in producing New Mexico music performers, which was described as "the Chicano Nashville" in the 1980s. However, other cities such as [[Santa Fe]], [[Farmington]], and [[Las Cruces]] have also played important roles in its progression. It has been most successful in New Mexico and Southern [[Colorado]], as well as throughout the American Southwest, West [[Texas]], and Northern [[Mexico]].

A currently developing sub-genre, which contains elements of New Mexico music merged with [[Americana]] music and modern [[folk music]], is being referred to as New Mexicana.<ref>[http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/lexicon/new-mexicana-music/ New Mexicana music] on the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]]</ref>

Several organizations present awards to outstanding New Mexico music performers including the New Mexico Music Awards and New Mexico [[Hispanos|Hispano]] Music Association.<ref>[http://newmexicomusicawards.com/ New Mexico Music Awards]</ref><ref>[http://www.nmhma.org/ New Mexico Music Association]</ref> There is also the annual Los 15 Grandes De Nuevo Mexico Music Award, which has both a concert and music album.<ref>[http://newmexlma.com/ Los 15 Grandes De Nuevo Mexico Music]</ref>

==Foundations of New Mexico music==
Many New Mexico music songs share similar lyical themes of other American folk genres. Those simlar themes are [[God]] and the [[Christian religion]], [[family]], Momma, [[love]], the struggles of the [[common man]], [[Alcohol]], and supporting and promoting the love and defense of America and its values. Unique themes to New Mexico music include, but are not limited to; ranching lifestyle, dancing, and celebrating the traditions of the New Mexico from the [[Nuevomexicanos]], [[Pueblo]], the Wild West, [[Navajo]], Route 66, and [[Apache]].

==Artists==
Some New Mexico music performers include:
*[[Lorenzo Antonio]]
*[[Antonia Apodaca]]
*[[El Gringo]]
*[[Erika]]
*[[Freddie Brown]]
*[[Sharon Burch]]
*[[Donna Christine]]
*[[Darren Cordova]]
*[[Micky Cruz]]
*[[Jerry Dean]]
*[[Matt Duran]]
*[[Roberto Griego]]
*[[Norio Hayakawa]]
*[[Al Hurricane]]
*[[Al Hurricane, Jr.]]
*[[Jerry Jaramillo]]
*[[Los Garrapatas]]
*[[Los Traviesos]]
*[[Jon Maez]]
*[[Robert Mirabal]]
*[[A. Paul Ortega]]
*[[Anthony Rosas]]
*[[Jason Soto]]
*[[Miguel Timoteo]]
New Mexicana music performers include:
*[[Bo Brown]]
*[[Boris McCutcheon]]
*[[Michael Martin Murphey]]
*[[Bill Palmer]]

==Bands==
Although Country is mainly a solo artist dominated field, there are quite a few bands that have enjoyed success. Some of these include:
*[[Bandido]]
*[[Campeónes Del Desierto]]
*[[Pueblo Country Band]]
*[[The Purple Haze]]
*[[Sangre de Indio]]
*[[Sparx (US band)|Sparx]]
*[[Red Wine]]

New Mexicana music performers
*[[Alonerly]]
*[[Bill Palmer's TV Killers]]
*[[Boris and the Salt Licks]]
*[[Richmond (band)|Richmond]]

==Famous Families of New Mexico Music==
*[[The Sanchez Family]] - [[Bennie Sanchez]], [[Al Hurricane]], [[Tiny Morrie]], and [[Baby Gaby]].
**Al Hurricane's children and grandchildren - [[Al Hurricane, Jr.]], [[Jerry Dean]], [[Erika]], and [[Christian Sanchez]].
**Tiny Morrie's children - [[Sparx]] and [[Lorenzo Antonio]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:musical Genres]]
[[Category:New Mexico]]

Nuevomexicano

2015-11-09T12:38:14Z

YashidaSatoru:

'''Nuevomexicanos''' or '''Hispanos''', sometimes referred to as the "politically correct" term '''Hispano-Americans''' or '''Hispanos of New Mexico''', is used to describe the cultural and ethnic background of Americans with Hispanic ancestry from the U.S. States of [[New Mexico]] and Southern [[Colorado]], particularly the descendants of the colonists of Santa Fe de Nuevo México.<ref> ''Nuevomexicano Cultural Legacy'' by Francisco A. Lomelí, Victor A. Sorell, Genaro M. Padilla </ref> Many American conservatives believe that the use of terms such as "Hispanos of New Mexico" or "Hispano-Americans," collectively referred to as "delineated Americanism" and "hyphenated Americanism," make the mistake of removing cultural identity and "putting America second" to emphasize racial differences over common national identity.

==Terms==
Prior to the 1950s, this group of Americans used the terms Nuevomexicano, Hispano, Hispanic, and Spanish to describe themselves. Nuevomexicano and Hispano was preferred among themselves as this provided adequate explaination of the uniqueness of their mixed culture of [[Pueblo]] and Spanish colonist within [[New Mexico]]. The term Hispano, American-Hispanic, and American-Spanish was used to emphasize this uniqueness to newcomers to the State, and in order to cultivate the concept that their American identity was understood to their fellow Americans. Many of their ancestors had fought in the American [[Civil War]], and had continued to serve proudly in both World Wars.

Since the term initially tried to unify the group; liberals have begun to delineate and hyphenate the term, in order to divide the group from its true cultural identities.

==Identity==
The story surrounding this group was encapsulated in a song, by Cleofes Vigil, called "Himno del Pueblo de las Montañas de la Sangre de Cristo" (literally "Hymn of the Pueblo of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains").<ref>[http://media.smithsonianfolkways.org/liner_notes/smithsonian_folkways/SFW40409.pdf liner notes] from ''Music of New Mexico: Hispanic Traditions'' by [[Smithsonian]] Folkways</ref> This group is quick to embrace other cultures, and will incorporate other traditions with their own unique style.

===Fiestas===
The [[Santa Fe]] Fiesta and the San Felipe de Neri Fiestas in Albuquerque are some of the oldest continuously held festivals in the country. Two great examples of this group embracing other traditions can be found in local fiestas, the Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta and the addition of Zozobra to the Santa Fe Fiesta, are largely due to Anglo influences. In kind, other groups are quick to embrace the Hispano culture as their own, the Balloon ''Fiesta'' is a great example of other groups embracing the Nuevomexicano culture. Each of the New Mexico [[Pueblo]]s hold annual Feast Days to celebrate this identity, as well as their own.

Another Hispano tradition is the "motanza," which are huge fiestas and [[barbecue]]s. They roast pigs in a traditional New Mexican style, preparing chicharones, tacos, meat slices, alongside red and green [[chile (capsicum)|chile]].<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/worldslargestmatanza World's Largest Matanza] </ref>

===Music===
A music genre, called New Mexico music, is is very popular among Nuevomexicanos, it has been spearheaded by the likes of [[Al Hurricane]], Antonia Apodaca, Roberto Griego, and others. The genre a fusion of traditional New Mexican folk music with American folk and pop music genres, particularly [[country music]] and [[rock music]].<ref> [http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/lexicon/new-mexico-music/ New Mexico music] on the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]] </ref>

===Politics===
Hispanos have leaned both [[Democrat]] and [[Republican]], in both local and national elections. There is a strong [[libertarian]] identity among the group.

===Religion===
A major part of the identity of this ethnic group is [[Christianity]], particularly the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and [[Protestantism]] (many being [[Evangelical Christians]]). The cities, towns, and Pueblos all often have a Roman Catholic Church at their old town core, which is where many festivities center around. Several Hispano families descend from Crypto-Jews, and also have several Jewish traditions as well.

Santos, depictions of religious figures such as Saints, are common works of arts by Nuevomexicanos. They are intricate wood carvings and have significant religious significance, and are commonly found, in similar fashion Pueblo Kachina dolls.

==References==
<references/>

[[category:Ethnicities]]
[[Category:New Mexico]]
[[category:Latinos]]
[[Category:Western United States]]

Country Music

2015-11-09T12:35:52Z

YashidaSatoru:

'''Country Music''', or '''Country and Western''', refers to the [[genre]] of music which originated in the rural Southern and Western [[United States]]. It is typified by the heavy use of [[guitar]]s, [[steel guitar]]s, and [[fiddle]]s, and, like its root style [[blues]], an accented 2nd and 4th beat in the drums. Since the mid-60's, [[Nashville, Tennessee]] has been the dominant city involved in this form of music and is even nick-named Music City. However, other cities such as [[Branson, Missouri]], [[Austin, Texas]], and [[Stillwater, Oklahoma]] have also played important roles in its [[progression]]. Although it was born and gained huge success in [[America]], it is also popular in [[Australia]] and [[Canada]] and has moderate prominance in [[Germany]], the [[United Kingdom]], and [[Ireland]].

Several organizations present awards to outstanding country performers including the [[Academy of Country Music]] and [[American Country Music Awards]].

==Foundations of country==
Many Country songs have to do with [[love]]. More often than not these [[love songs]] are about getting over and moving on when a good thing has been lost. However, there are quite a few that deal with being in love and the happiness it brings to ones life. [[God]] and the [[Christian religion]] are frequently found in this music. [[Alcohol]], whether the joys of or the downfall involved, is also widely heard in Country Music. Patriotism, along with the support of the military and its veterans, can also be found in every generation of this style. Of all the forms of popular American music, Country is the most active in supporting and promoting the love and defense of America and its values. Other themes include but are not limited to [[hunting]], [[fishing]], [[farming]], [[rural]] lifestyles, [[family]], and the struggles of the [[common man]].

In self-referential humor, the 1975 song "You Never Even Called Me By My Name" by David Allen Coe, written by Steve Goodman and John Prin, stated "Well a friend of mine named Steve Goodman wrote that song / And he told me it was the perfect country and western song / I wrote him back a letter and I told him it was not the / Perfect country and western song because he hadn't said / Anything at all about momma or trains or trucks or prison or gettin' drunk".
==History==
Country and Western's finds its origins in the traditional folk musics of the the United States. The majority of country and western music comes from the two mountainous regions "hillbilly music" of the United States, Country music is attributed to the [[Appalachia]] Mountains with the [[Scots-Irish]] immigrants to that region who brought much of their music and culture with them, and Western music is attributed to the [[Rocky Mountains]] and the expansion of the Scots-Irish music into the formerly French and Spanish territories and blending with French, Spanish, and Mexican music traditions. Music that leans towards the Appalachia roots usually is classified under [[Bluegrass]], whereas music that leans towards Western music can be classified under numerous regional genres, such as; [[Cajun]] and [[Creole music]], [[Texas country]] and [[Tejano music]], and [[New Mexico music]].

Modern country music (in the later half of the 20th century and beyond) evolved from or (which itself has roots in the folk music of the [[Appalachia]]n hills), as well as early blues from the [[deep south]].

In 1922 [[A.C 'Eck' Anderson]] recorded [[Sallie Gooden]]. This song is widely accepted to be the first recorded country song. In 1976, The [[compilation album]], [[Wanted! The Outlaws]] was released. The album featured [[Willie Nelson]], [[Waylon Jennings]], [[Jessie Colter]], and [[Tompall Glaser]]. The release was the first [[country album]] ever to sell one million copies which earned it a [[platinum]] record.

==Country sub-genres==
The most widely recognized sub-genres of Country music include:
*[[American folk music]]
**[[Americana]]
*[[Bluegrass]]
*[[Country Rock]]
*[[Creole music]]
**[[Cajun music]]
*[[Cajun music]]
*[[Honky tonk]]
*[[New Mexico music]]
**New Mexicana music
*[[Outlaw country]]
*[[Rockabilly]]
*[[Texas country]]
**[[Tejano music]]

==Artists==
Some famous country musicians include:
*[[Roy Acuff]]
*[[John Anderson]]
*[[Trace Adkins]]
*[[Jason Aldean]]
*[[Eddy Arnold]]
*[[Chet Atkins]]
*[[Moe Bandy]]
*[[Clint Black]]
*[[Garth Brooks]]
*[[Tracy Byrd]]
*[[Johnny Cash]]
*[[Glen Campbell]]
*[[Deana Carter]]
*[[Kenny Chesney]]
*[[Mark Chesnut]]
*[[Patsy Cline]]
*[[David Allan Coe]]
*[[Jessie Colter]]
*[[Billy Ray Cyrus]]
*[[Jimmy Dean]]
*[[Steve Earle]]
*[[Red Foley]]
*[[Kevin Fowler]]
*[[Janie Frickie]]
*[[Lefty Frizzell]]
*[[Brantley Gilbert]]
*[[Vince Gill]]
*[[Mickey Gilley]]
*[[Tompall Glaser]]
*[[Pat Green]]
*[[Lee Greenwood]]
*[[Merle Haggard]]
*[[Faith Hill]]
*[[Al Hurricane]]
*[[Alan Jackson]]
*[[Shooter Jennings]]
*[[Waylon Jennings]]
*[[George Jones]]
*[[Toby Keith]]
*[[Miranda Lambert]]
*[[Loretta Lynn]]
*[[Barbara Mandrell]]
*[[Tim McGraw]]
*[[Reba McEntire]]
*[[Lorrie Morgan]]
*[[Michael Martin Murphey]]
*[[Willie Nelson]]
*[[Buck Owens]]
*[[Brad Paisley]]
*[[Dolly Parton]]
*[[Charlie Pride]]
*[[Jerry Reed]]
*[[LeAnn Rimes]]
*[[Marty Robbins]]
*[[Johnny Rodriguez]]
*[[Dan Seals]]
*[[Troy Seals]]
*[[Billy Joe Shaver]]
*[[Blake Shelton]]
*[[Ricky Van Shelton]]
*[[George Strait]]
*[[Doug Stone]]
*[[Taylor Swift]]
*[[Mel Tillis]]
*[[Pam Tillis]]
*[[Randy Travis]]
*[[Travis Tritt]]
*[[Ernest Tubb]]
*[[Tanya Tucker]]
*[[Shania Twain]]
*[[Conway Twitty]]
*[[Carrie Underwood]]
*[[Keith Urban]]
*[[Kitty Wells]]
*[[Keith Whitley]]
*[[Don Williams]]
*[[Hank Williams]]
*[[Hank Williams, Jr]]
*[[Hank Williams III]]
*[[Holly Williams]]
*[[Bob Wills]]
*[[Gretchen Wilson]]
*[[Lee Ann Womack]]
*[[Tammy Wynnette]]
*[[Trisha Yearwood]]

==Bands==
Although Country is mainly a solo artist dominated field, there are quite a few bands that have enjoyed success. Some of these include:
*[[Alabama]]
*[[Asleep at the Wheel]]
*[[The Band Perry]]
*[[The Bellamy Brothers]]
*[[Big & Rich]]
*[[Brooks and Dunn]]
*[[The Charlie Daniels Band]]
*[[Confederate Railroad]]
*[[Cross Canadian Ragweed]]
*[[Diamond Rio]]
*[[Dixie Chicks]]
*[[Eli Young Band]]
*[[The Everly Brothers]]
*[[The Forster Sisters]]
*[[The Gatlin Brothers]]
*[[The Great Divide]]
*[[Highway 101]]
*[[The Judds]]
*[[The Kentucky Headhunters]]
*[[Lady Antebellum]]
*[[Little Big Town]]
*[[Little Texas]]
*[[Lonestar]]
*[[Montgomery Gentry]]
*[[Nitty Gritty Dirt Band]]
*[[Oak Ridge Boys]]
*[[Pirates of the Mississippi]]
*[[Pistol Annies]]
*[[Rascal Flatts]]
*[[Restless Heart]]
*[[Randy Rogers Band]]
*[[Sawyer Brown]]
*[[SHeDAISEY]]
*[[Statler Brothers]]
*[[Sugarland]]
*[[The Tractors]]
*[[Zac Brown Band]]

==Famous Families of Country Music==
*[[The Carter Family]] - [[A. P. Carter]], [[Sara Carter]], [[Maybelle Carter]], [[Helen Carter]], [[Anita Carter]], [[June Carter Cash]], [[Janette Carter]], and [[Joe Carter]].
*[[The Cash Family]] - [[Johnny Cash]], [[Rosanne Cash]], [[Tommy Cash]], and [[John Carter Cash]].
*[[The Jennings Family]] - [[Waylon Jennings]], [[Jessie Colter]], and [[Shooter Jennings]].
*[[The Seals Family]]
*[[The Williams Family]] - [[Hank Williams, Sr.]], [[Hank Williams, Jr.]], [[Hank Williams III]], and [[Holly Williams]].

[[Category:musical Genres]]

Hispanos

2015-11-05T07:31:55Z

YashidaSatoru: Redirected page to Nuevomexicano

#REDIRECT [[Nuevomexicano]]

New Mexican English

2015-11-05T07:24:56Z

YashidaSatoru:

'''New Mexican English''' is a term for the dialect, and sub-dialects of, [[American English]] spoken in [[New Mexico]]. When written it follows the rules established in American English, it can be colloquially represented in speech and writing as well, see the numerous [[Western (movie genre)|Western]] films and novels set in New Mexico.

==Differences==
===Pronunciations===
*Unlike a majority of [[Southern English]] dialects ''cot'' and ''caught'' do share the same pronunciation. ''Card'' and ''cord'', as well as ''pin'' and ''pen'', have the same pronunciation as a vast majority of other varieties of American English. However, ''father'' and ''bother'' have merged in pronunciation.
*New Mexican English do not have the non-rhotic glide of [[Southern English]]. It does however have a sing-song pattern of speech, this is due to communications with speakers of Spanish, Tiwa, Tewa, Navajo and Apache. The sing-song intonation is not dependent on bilingualism or multilingualism, and displays itself with native English speakers in the area as well.
*The letters ''ñ'' and ''ll'' are pronounced as they are in Spanish, when in relation to words of Spanish origin.
===Spelling===
*''[[Chile (Capsicum)|Chile]]'', only used in reference to the New Mexico chile pepper, ''chili'' is equated in Texas style chili con carne.
===Shortenings===
*''member'', of "remember".
===Various===
*Spanish loanwords, that mean the same thing as they do in Spanish are as follows; ''acequia'' (irrigation ditch), ''canales'' (rain gutters), ''vigas'' (house rafters), and coyote.
*Spanish loanwords, that do not mean the same thing as they do in Spanish are as follows; ''corazón'' (heart, but implies sweetheart, courage, and strength), ''hui'' (pronounced ''ooey'', which is used as a scared or startled expression), ''y'' (pronounced ''eee''', which used to show an absconding attitude), and ''ombers'' (similar to ''tsk tsk'').
*Native American loanwords are as follows; ''kachina'' (spirits from the Pueblo religion) and ''kiva'' (a place of worship in the Pueblo religion, used for numerous place names).

==References==
* [http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/lexicon/new-mexican-english/ New Mexican English] in the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]]

[[category:Language]]
[[Category:New Mexico]]
[[Category:Western United States]]

Southern English

2015-11-05T07:23:50Z

YashidaSatoru:

'''Southern English''' is a collective term for several spoken dialects and varieties of [[American English]] spoken in that part of the American South. When written it follows the rules established in American English, it can be colloquially represented in writing as well, see the classic American novel [[The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn]].

==Differences==
===Pronunciations===
*The word ''cot'' and ''caught'' do not have the same pronunciation in Southern English. However, terms such as ''card'' and cord'', as well as ''pin'' and ''pen'', have much more similar pronunciations than other varieties of American English.
*A non-rhotic glide in "tote carry", "carry escort", "snapbeans" string beans, and before /u/ in terms like news and Tuesday.
*A monophthongal /a/ in "skillet" frying-pan, "poke" paper sack, "green beans" string beans, and nice time.
*''Greasy'', /s/ pronounced as /z/.
===Shortenings===
*''Howdy'', of "How do you do?".
*''Y'all'', of "You all".
===Various===
*Double modals such as ''might could'' can be used in circumstances such as: He might could come Friday.

==Dialects==
*[[African-American Vernacular English]]
*[[Appalachian English]]
*[[Cajun English]]
*[[New Mexican English]]
*[[Texan English]]

==References==
* [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-SOUTHERNENGLISH.html "SOUTHERN ENGLISH"] in the''Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language''

[[Category:Language]]
[[Category:East Coast of the United States]]
[[Category:Eastern United States]]
[[Category:The South]]
[[Category:Southern United States]]
[[Category:Gulf Coast of the United States]]
[[Category:Southeastern United States]]

Southern English

2015-11-05T07:22:34Z

YashidaSatoru:

Nuevomexicano

2015-11-05T07:14:31Z

YashidaSatoru:

'''Nuevomexicanos''' or '''Hispanos''', sometimes referred to as the "politically correct" term '''Hispano-Americans''' or '''Hispanos of New Mexico''', is used to describe the cultural and ethnic background of Americans with Hispanic ancestry from the U.S. States of [[New Mexico]] and Southern [[Colorado]], particularly the descendants of the colonists of Santa Fe de Nuevo México.<ref> ''Nuevomexicano Cultural Legacy'' by Francisco A. Lomelí, Victor A. Sorell, Genaro M. Padilla </ref> Many American conservatives believe that the use of terms such as "Hispanos of New Mexico" or "Hispano-Americans," collectively referred to as "delineated Americanism" and "hyphenated Americanism," make the mistake of removing cultural identity and "putting America second" to emphasize racial differences over common national identity.

==Terms==
Prior to the 1950s, this group of Americans used the terms Nuevomexicano, Hispano, Hispanic, and Spanish to describe themselves. Nuevomexicano and Hispano was preferred among themselves as this provided adequate explaination of the uniqueness of their mixed culture of [[Pueblo]] and Spanish colonist within [[New Mexico]]. The term Hispano, American-Hispanic, and American-Spanish was used to emphasize this uniqueness to newcomers to the State, and in order to cultivate the concept that their American identity was understood to their fellow Americans. Many of their ancestors had fought in the American [[Civil War]], and had continued to serve proudly in both World Wars.

Since the term initially tried to unify the group; liberals have begun to delineate and hyphenate the term, in order to divide the group from its true cultural identities.

==Identity==
The story surrounding this group was encapsulated in a song, by Cleofes Vigil, called "Himno del Pueblo de las Montañas de la Sangre de Cristo" (literally "Hymn of the Pueblo of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains").<ref>[http://media.smithsonianfolkways.org/liner_notes/smithsonian_folkways/SFW40409.pdf liner notes] from ''Music of New Mexico: Hispanic Traditions'' by [[Smithsonian]] Folkways</ref> This group is quick to embrace other cultures, and will incorporate other traditions with their own unique style.

===Fiestas===
The [[Santa Fe]] Fiesta and the San Felipe de Neri Fiestas in Albuquerque are some of the oldest continuously held festivals in the country. Two great examples of this group embracing other traditions can be found in local fiestas, the Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta and the addition of Zozobra to the Santa Fe Fiesta, are largely due to Anglo influences. In kind, other groups are quick to embrace the Hispano culture as their own, the Balloon ''Fiesta'' is a great example of other groups embracing the Nuevomexicano culture. Each of the New Mexico [[Pueblo]]s hold annual Feast Days to celebrate this identity, as well as their own.

Another Hispano tradition is the "motanza," which are huge fiestas and [[barbecue]]s. They roast pigs in a traditional New Mexican style, preparing chicharones, tacos, meat slices, alongside red and green [[chile (capsicum)|chile]].<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/worldslargestmatanza World's Largest Matanza] </ref>

===Music===
A music genre, called New Mexico music, is is very popular among Nuevomexicanos, it has been spearheaded by the likes of [[Al Hurricane]], Antonia Apodaca, Roberto Griego, and others. The genre a fusion of traditional New Mexican folk music with American folk and pop music genres, particularly [[country music]] and [[rock music]].<ref> [http://newmexico.heavensentgaming.com/lexicon/new-mexico-music/ New Mexico music] on the [[New Mexico Cultural Encyclopedia, Lexicon, and News]] </ref>

===Politics===
Hispanos have leaned both [[Democrat]] and [[Republican]], in both local and national elections. There is a strong [[libertarian]] identity among the group.

===Religion===
A major part of the identity of this ethnic group is [[Christianity]], particularly the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and [[Protestantism]] (many being [[Evangelical Christians]]). The cities, towns, and Pueblos all often have a Roman Catholic Church at their old town core, which is where many festivities center around. Several of Hispanos usually have several Jewish traditions as well, as may of them descent from the Crypto-Jews.

Santos, depictions of religious figures such as Saints, are common works of arts by Nuevomexicanos. They are intricate wood carvings, and they have significant religious significance, and are commonly found alongside Pueblo Kachina dolls.

==References==
<references/>

[[category:Ethnicities]]
[[Category:New Mexico]]
[[category:Latinos]]
[[Category:Western United States]]