Conservapedia - User contributions [en]

Meth

2007-05-12T01:43:00Z

Vossy: creating redirect

#redirect [[methamphetamine]]

Day

2007-05-11T18:31:13Z

Vossy: refs & reinsert deleted material

A '''day''' is the amount of time it takes for the [[earth]] turn once around its axis: 24 hours. It can also be defined as 86,400 [[SI]] seconds.<ref>[http://asa.usno.navy.mil/SecM/Glossary.html#day The Astronomical Almanac]</ref> [[God]] created the heavens and the earth in seven days.<ref>Genesis 1:1-2:24</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Unit of measure]]
[[Category:Chronology]]

User talk:50something

2007-05-10T07:42:13Z

Vossy: /* Deletion of Talk Page comments */

Are you a male or female, as I might have made an edit refering to you wrong! [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 17:04, 22 April 2007 (EDT)

== Go the front page of Conservapedia ==

Go the front page of Conservapedia. Users have control of their own talk pages. Please respect this Conservapedia rule. Thank you. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] 21:22, 7 May 2007 (EDT)

Not to worry, fella. It's on my talk page now ;) --[[User:Robledo|Robledo]] 21:25, 7 May 2007 (EDT)

== go here ==

[[Conservapedia:Differences with Wikipedia]] [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] 21:23, 7 May 2007 (EDT)

== I agree with the userpage rule and.... ==

I agree with the userpage rule and I don't think that people look at userpages in terms of evaluating Conservapedia articles. But this is not something I want to debate. I think we should just agree to disagree as I have no desire to debate this issue. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] 22:41, 7 May 2007 (EDT)

== I have no interest in debating this. None whatsoever. Please stop. Thank you. ==

I have no interest in debating this. None whatsoever. Please stop. Thank you. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] 22:43, 7 May 2007 (EDT)

:You don't have much interest in belief systems or opinions other than your own, so it's hardly surprising your 'Encyclopedia' entries are so biased and full of specious nonsense. [[User:50something|50something]]

::User:Conservative is held in special regard at this web site, so please don't pick fights with them. If you have a problem with policy, I'd be happy to help. Most of the policy proposals I've written have been accepted by Mr. Schlafly as [[:Conservapedia:Guidelines]]. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] 11:47, 8 May 2007 (EDT)

How can that be? You mean, you actually hold in high regard a contributor who writes what he wants, then locks pages? It's clear this site is utterly laden with specious nonsemse, but please - just stop calling yourself an 'Encyclopedia' and I'll certiaily stop. [[User:50something|50something]]

==Deletion of Talk Page comments==
Please don't remove people's comments on the talk pages, as you did to my comments here [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Cross-dressing&curid=23894&diff=152768&oldid=152766]. [[User:Vossy|Vossy]][[User_talk:Vossy|speak]] 03:33, 10 May 2007 (EDT)

You had edited my own spelling! Who do you think you are?!! [[User:50something|50something]] 03:35, 10 May 2007 (EDT)

:My apologies for that. The agreed upon spelling of ''behaviour'' on this site is ''behavior''. I was just correcting the error. Again, please DO NOT DELETE OTHER FOLK'S COMMENTS ON THE TALK PAGES. Thank you. [[User:Vossy|Vossy]][[User_talk:Vossy|speak]] 03:40, 10 May 2007 (EDT)

::Thank you for reverting that. I hope that we can together make this website work, by moving past our differences. [[User:Vossy|Vossy]][[User_talk:Vossy|speak]] 03:42, 10 May 2007 (EDT)

User talk:50something

2007-05-10T07:40:23Z

Vossy: /* Deletion of Talk Page comments */ assertion

User talk:50something

2007-05-10T07:33:55Z

Vossy:

Are you a male or female, as I might have made an edit refering to you wrong! [[User:Karajou|Karajou]] 17:04, 22 April 2007 (EDT)

== Go the front page of Conservapedia ==

Go the front page of Conservapedia. Users have control of their own talk pages. Please respect this Conservapedia rule. Thank you. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] 21:22, 7 May 2007 (EDT)

Not to worry, fella. It's on my talk page now ;) --[[User:Robledo|Robledo]] 21:25, 7 May 2007 (EDT)

== go here ==

[[Conservapedia:Differences with Wikipedia]] [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] 21:23, 7 May 2007 (EDT)

== I agree with the userpage rule and.... ==

I agree with the userpage rule and I don't think that people look at userpages in terms of evaluating Conservapedia articles. But this is not something I want to debate. I think we should just agree to disagree as I have no desire to debate this issue. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] 22:41, 7 May 2007 (EDT)

== I have no interest in debating this. None whatsoever. Please stop. Thank you. ==

I have no interest in debating this. None whatsoever. Please stop. Thank you. [[User:Conservative|Conservative]] 22:43, 7 May 2007 (EDT)

:You don't have much interest in belief systems or opinions other than your own, so it's hardly surprising your 'Encyclopedia' entries are so biased and full of specious nonsense. [[User:50something|50something]]

::User:Conservative is held in special regard at this web site, so please don't pick fights with them. If you have a problem with policy, I'd be happy to help. Most of the policy proposals I've written have been accepted by Mr. Schlafly as [[:Conservapedia:Guidelines]]. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] 11:47, 8 May 2007 (EDT)

How can that be? You mean, you actually hold in high regard a contributor who writes what he wants, then locks pages? It's clear this site is utterly laden with specious nonsemse, but please - just stop calling yourself an 'Encyclopedia' and I'll certiaily stop. [[User:50something|50something]]

==Deletion of Talk Page comments==
Please don't remove people's comments on the talk pages, as you did to my comments [[here| http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Talk:Cross-dressing&curid=23894&diff=152768&oldid=152766]]. [[User:Vossy|Vossy]][[User_talk:Vossy|speak]] 03:33, 10 May 2007 (EDT)

Talk:Cross-dressing

2007-05-10T07:28:17Z

Vossy: response

You could spin off a [[Temptation]] article from this. --[[User:Ed Poor|Ed Poor]] 16:32, 9 May 2007 (EDT)
:Indeed. I was surprised that the link was red. I was sure we'd have something on temptation by now. [[User:Vossy|Vossy]][[User_talk:Vossy|speak]] 16:34, 9 May 2007 (EDT)

== Trying to be positive here ==

But this is terrible. This article has zero-depth. And, frankly, do we need the paragraph at the bottom? I mean, honestly, why not just describe the act and the attraction to said act and move on? Why all this religious stuff about the wearing of clothes? [[User:Flippin|Flippin]] 16:35, 9 May 2007 (EDT)
:Well, it is in the [[Bible]]. I'm honestly appalled at the practice, but it seems to be gaining more prevalence as time goes on. [[User:Vossy|Vossy]][[User_talk:Vossy|speak]] 16:38, 9 May 2007 (EDT)
:::I suppose, but there are a lot of things in the bible, must we include them all every time? [[User:Flippin|Flippin]] 16:43, 9 May 2007 (EDT)

This site might just have moved beyond satire. Vossy, my man, I ask you this question in all sincerity: ''why'' would God care? I reckon coveting your neighbour's new patio furniture is probably naughtier than this. Anyone up for a game of the Seven Most Trivial Sins? --[[User:Robledo|Robledo]] 16:51, 9 May 2007 (EDT)
:I can't tell you Robledo. I also am at a loss to understand why [[J. Edgar Hoover]] would engage in such a practice. Patio furniture, I imagine, is somehow less interesting. [[User:Vossy|Vossy]][[User_talk:Vossy|speak]] 03:28, 10 May 2007 (EDT)

== Not trying to be positive ==

This is an encyclopedia article, not a Jack Chick tract. You don't have to include a Plan of Salvation with every article that describes an alleged sin. Insofar as a sin is purely a religious transgression, condemnation of cross-dressing as a sin belongs in a section titled "Religious Views on Cross-Dressing" or something like that. If you do quote the Bible, you really must specify which translation you're quoting. If it's your own translation, it might be helpful to indicate where you've strayed from the text -- the text you used renders the Tetragrammaton as "Lord," but doesn't use the usual typographic conventions to set it apart from any other adonai or kurios. Finally, don't address the reader in an article. You're describing something, not declaiming it.

Last, but not least, this article needs pictures. I'd supply one of myself, but my gown is at the dry cleaner's.--[[User:All Fish Welcome|All Fish Welcome]] 17:35, 9 May 2007 (EDT)

:And so it is done. I even used a good Evangelical Bible for the Deuteronomy quote. Unfortunately, the CSS for small caps doesn't seem to work here.--[[User:All Fish Welcome|All Fish Welcome]] 17:45, 9 May 2007 (EDT)

::Ha! That lasted all of five minutes. This article is once again a joke in poor taste. And of course the reverting editor didn't bother explaining his rationale in the summary line ''or'' on the Talk Page. Maybe I should just keep fixing this thing until someone can give me a good, solid reason why we need a Jack Chick-style Plan of Salvation here?--[[User:All Fish Welcome|All Fish Welcome]] 17:57, 9 May 2007 (EDT)

==Transvestite==
Isn't there a difference between cross-dressing and being a transvestite? I think this article speaks more about Transvestitism (sexual gratification from wearing the clothes of the members of the opposite sex) than about the wacky antics of Monty Python or early Western theatre when women weren't allowed to act. Anybody else? [[User:DrSandstone|DrSandstone]] 17:40, 9 May 2007 (EDT)

==Homosexuality==

This article seems to be a LOT more tolerant of 'alternative' behavior than, say, the [[Homosexuality]] article. Should the Corinthians quote not also be added to that entry? [[User:50something|50something]] 03:23, 10 May 2007 (EDT)

Talk:Cross-dressing

2007-05-09T20:38:19Z

Vossy: /* Trying to be positive here */

Talk:Cross-dressing

2007-05-09T20:34:09Z

Vossy:

Witchcraft

2007-05-09T20:21:10Z

Vossy:

'''Witchcraft''' or '''black magic''' is the [[evil]] use of supernatural powers. Witchcraft may include any act or instance of employing sorcery, especially with malevolent intent. Witchcraft calls upon the powers of the [[devil]] much like a believer prays and believes in the power of [[God]]. If you believe in God, and believe in what the [[Bible]] says, then you must believe in the powers of evil as well. You cannot take one side and then completely discount the other side. So, evil power is real and witchcraft is the use of it. Many witches have been burned at the stake for practicing witchcraft.

Trumpet

2007-05-09T19:37:06Z

Vossy: add image

[[Image:trumpets.jpg|right|250px|thumb|The Trumpet Family with mutes]]
A '''trumpet''' is a common [[musical instrument]] in the [[brass]] family, which includes the [[Cornet]], [[French Horn]], [[Trombone]], [[Baritone]], [[Euphonium]], and [[Tuba]], among others. It is the highest sounding member of the group because it has the shortest pipe. Sound is made by vibrating one's [[lips]] against the mouthpiece.

The trumpet is one of the most versatile instruments, as it is commonly featured in classical orchestras, military bands, marching bands, [[jazz]] bands, as well as for [[fanfare]]s (Reveille, Taps).

The trumpet's roots go back to ancient [[Rome]], when simple [[bugle]]s (trumpets with no [[valve]]s) were used for fanfares. The instrument type had a revival in the [[Rennaissance]], when music became popular once again. Throughout the 16th through 19th centuries the design was refined to include valves and a standardized size.

[[Category:Musical Instrument]]

File:Trumpets.jpg

2007-05-09T19:36:17Z

Vossy:

Male

2007-05-09T05:49:54Z

Vossy: creating article

The '''male''' sex refers to that division of a species which produces [[sperm]]. In most mammals, sperms develop inside the testes. A male human child is called a boy. With the commencement of puberty a boy becomes a biological man.

Wicca

2007-05-09T05:47:54Z

Vossy: cleanup, links, clarification - this article needs references

'''Wicca''' is a pagan [[religion]] which involves the practicing of [[witchcraft]]. It has many different sects and groups similar to many other religions. Unlike many other religions, however, Wiccans have no central body or governing organization. Instead, Wiccans either belong to and practice with small, local organizations called "covens" or practice "solitary", either out of choice or necessity, as there are many places in the country were Wiccan groups and organizations are persecuted. Because Wicca encourages its followers to question what they are taught and develop their own practices, it can be very difficult to come up with a universal definition of what a Wiccan is. However, most Wiccans do share a few core concepts, including a respect for and a desire to live in rhythm with nature, the worship of a God and/or a Goddess, and a basic code of [[ethics]].{{fact}} Wicca calls on the practitioner to act as their own priest/ess, interacting directly with Deity rather than through an intermediary as members of the patriarchal religions do.

==Wiccan Morality==
Most Wiccans submit to two basic rules of morality, the Wiccan Rede and the Threefold Law. ''The Rede'' states: "And it harm done, do as you will," meaning that you may do what you like, so long as you do not offer harm to others or to yourself. The Threefold Law states that what you send out in both the mundane and magical planes will return to you, though not necessarily by three.

==Wiccans and Deity==
Wiccans may be either monotheistic or polytheistic; the monotheists simply directing their spells and prayers to Spirit, and the polytheists subscribing to a variety of historical pantheons, including Celtic, Greek, Nordic, Roman, and even Chinese, Japanese, and Indian; or some combination of the above. Nearly all Wiccans, however, subscribe to the idea of Spirit being divided into two polarities, the [[male]] and the [[female]]. The male polarity is the God, or the Green Man; the female polarity is the Goddess, whom herself is split into the three parts of Maiden, Mother, and Crone. They are also often called the Lord and Lady.

==Wiccans and Magic==
"Wicca" is a pagan religion. "Witchcraft" refers to the practice of magic. Most Wiccans are also witches in that they practice magic, but there are those Wiccans who do not practice magic, and there are those who practice magic, but do not call themselves Wiccans, or even [[Pagan]]. Most magicians, however, are not Wiccans.

==Wiccan Holy Days==
Wiccans usually celebrate the eight Sabbats and the thirteen Esbats. The Sabbats follow the solar cycle, and are as follows:

*Imbolc (Feb. 1)
*Ostara (March 21)
*[[May Day|Beltaine]] (May 1)
*Midsummer Day (June 21)
*Lammas (Aug. 1, sometimes called Lughnasadh)
*Mabon (Sept. 21)
*[[Halloween|Samhain]] (Oct. 31)
*Yule (Dec. 21/22)
The esbats follow the lunar cycle, and are generally celebrated on the full moon.

==The Four Elements==
Wiccan worship is conducted in a [[circle]], and the participants call on the four traditional elements of [[Air]], [[Fire]], [[Water]], and [[Earth]] at the respective [[cardinal]] points of [[East]], [[South]], [[West]], and [[North]]. Air and Fire are considered masculine elements, and Water and Earth are considered feminine. Air is generally represented by an athame or a [[sword]], and stands for the east, the [[new moon]], [[spring]], the intellect, and new beginnings. Fire is represented by a wand or [[candle]], and stands for the south, [[summer]], the waxing moon, will, passion, and transformation. Water is represented by a chalice and stands for the west, the [[full moon]], emotions, cleansing, and the season of fall. Earth is represented by the pentacle or a bowl of [[salt]], and stands for [[winter]], silence, [[death]], the waning moon, and the practical matters of everyday living.

==Wiccans and Ritual==
The general procedure for a Wiccan ritual is as follows:

*Cleansing of the sacred space with incense/[[holy water]]
*Forming of the circle
*Invoking the four quarters/elements
*Invoking the Lord and Lady
*Invoking of the ancestral dead
*State intent of [[ritual]]
*Drawing down of sun/moon (optional)
*Perform magical work
*Cakes and Ale
*Devoke ancestors
*Thank and release Deity
*Thank and release quarters
*Devoke circle
*cleanup

This is not a hard and fast outline, however. The drawing down of the moon would generally only occur during an esbat (see above), just as the drawing down of the sun would generally only occur during a [[sabbat]]. A solitary performing a ritual, or a group performing a simpler ritual may not opt to do these things, just as they may not opt to invoke the ancestors or serve the Cakes and Ale.

==Some History of Wicca==
Although there are elements of Wicca which date back to ancient times (the Sabbat fire festivals, for example), most aspects of Wicca are modern and were come up with in the last fifty years. Wicca was first popularized in England by Gerald Gardner after the repeal of Britain's laws banning Witchcraft. Gardner was a noted [[libertarian]], and his politics were very [[conservative]]. These attitudes are still adhered to by those who follow his religion in the form in which he created it, who are known as 'Gardnerians'. Nowadays, there are many forms of Wicca, including Alexandrian, Dianic, [[Druid]]ic, Corellian, Stregha (Italian witchcraft), Faery, and many others. There are also many Solitary and Eclectic practitioners, who follow no set tradition at all.
[[Category:religion]]

Light

2007-05-08T17:15:28Z

Vossy: ref

'''Light''' can refer to electomagnetic radiation of any wavelength, or to EM radiation of visible wavelengths; that stimulate the [[organ]]s of sight, having for normal human vision wavelengths ranging from about 3900 to 7700 ångstroms and traveling at a speed of about 186,300 miles per second. On the first [[day]], God created light; [[God]] said ''Let there be light,'' and there was light<ref>Genesis 1:3</ref>.

== Young Earth Creationist View Regarding Starlight ==
In regards to the question of how one can see starlight from millions of years of light years away, young earth creationists scientists commonly mention two things. First, these scientists assert that the [[Big Bang Theory]] has a star light-travel time problem and cite the work of Dr. [[Charles W. Misner]]. <ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v25/i4/lighttravel.asp</ref> Secondly, the work of young earth creationist scientist Dr. [[John Hartnett]] is cited who proposes a young earth creationist cosmology that rejects an [[a priori]] [[methodological naturalism]] approach to the question of how one can see starlight from millions of light years away. <ref>http://www.answersingenesis.org/tj/v17/i2/cosmology.asp</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Physics]]

Cotton

2007-05-08T03:50:34Z

Vossy: update - added cotton blends

'''Cotton''' is a natural [[fiber]] that comes from the seed of the cotton [[plant]]. People have valued cotton for thousands of years as it can be woven and spun into fabric and so it has been cultivated and traded around the world. Cotton is the world’s most important non-food [[agriculture|agricultural]] commodity and God willing, will be for a very long time. Wild cotton grows in dry regions of the [[tropic]]s and sub-tropics of [[Africa]], [[Asia]], [[Australia]] and [[America]]. The cotton plant produces fluffy fibers to help clothe us and create beautiful fabrics. Cotton is a member of the ''Malvaceae'' family, which includes species such as Althaea (otherwise known as the marshmallow), hollyhock, [[hibiscus]] and lavatera whose bright pink flowers light up many a garden.

==History of Cotton==
There is archaeological evidence from [[Peru]], [[India]] and [[Mexico]] that cotton has been used for thousands of years. People in [[Asia]] and [[South America]] realized that the soft white fiber of the wild cotton plant could be useful and started to grow cotton as a crop around 3000 B.C. Its tropical origins suggest that, like humans, cotton requires warmth and sunshine to get everything it needs on this good earth, as well as regular moisture. The cotton plant is naturally annual, which means that it lasts for more than one growing season. However, as a crop it is grown perennially, so it grows from seed to be harvested in the same year. This ensures that the plants do not grow too large, are a uniform size and produce their valuable fiber at the same time.

In the [[United States]], cotton has been a major crop of the southern states and played a key role in the [[American Revolution]]. Cotton was traditionally picked by slaves, until technology such as the [[cotton gin]] came about. Cotton today comprises 13% of all agricultural activity in the U.S.

Cotton used to be an expensive [[textile]] when an Indian hand spinner took 50,000 hours to spin 100 pounds of cotton. In the 1760s, the hand-operated cotton ‘Mule’ spinning machine created stronger threads and could spin many bobbins at the same time, so the time dropped to 300 hours. In 1825, the automated self-acting mule spinner reduced the spinning time of 100 pounds of cotton to 135 hours. Cotton cloth then became cheap, and cotton production a major industry. <ref>Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History</ref> Recently, cotton has been genetically engineered to have a designated color, eliminating the need for dyes.

==Cotton Blends==
Cotton is often blended with other fabrics, such as [[polyester]] or [[wool]]. Fabrics blends are expressly forbidden by the [[Bible]]<ref>Leviticus 19:19</ref>.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Agriculture]]

SATA

2007-05-08T03:43:00Z

Vossy:

'''SATA''' - "Serial ATA", an increasingly common type of computer connection used to attach the [[Hard Drive]] ([[HDD]]) to the [[motherboard]]. It is replacing [[IDE]], also known as Parallel ATA.
{{stub}}

[[Category:Technology]]

Theological

2007-05-08T03:42:22Z

Vossy: /* Definition */ adding links

== Definition ==

'''Theological''' means ''of or pertaining to [[theology]] or [[religion]].''

==Etymology ==

1362, from O.Fr. theologie "philosophical treatment of Christian doctrine" (14c.), originally from theos "god" + -logos "treating of." [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=theology Online Etymology Dictionary]

Sheep

2007-05-08T03:41:26Z

Vossy: /* Old and New Worlds */ spelling

[[Image:Flock of sheep.jpg|right|thumb|A flock of sheep]]
'''Sheep''' are woolly herbivorous [[ungulate]]s, that are farmed in many places for their [[wool]], their fleeces, their [[mutton|meat]] and sometimes their milk. Male sheep are called rams or tups, female sheep are ewes, baby sheep are lambs.

While traditionally thought to be of limited intelligence there are wild (as yet unproven) stories of sheep being able to navigating obstacles designed to hinder their movements.

Sheep farming is particularly important in [[New Zealand]], [[Australia]] and many parts of the [[United Kingdom]], especially [[Wales]] and the wild borderlands of [[Scotland]].

== Wild Sheep ==

Wild varieties of sheep are found in many mountainous regions worldwide. Full species include the [[bighorn sheep]] of North America, the [[mouflon]] of Sardinia and Corsica, and the [[aoudad]] of North Africa. Herds of feral sheep are also known, such as the Soay sheep of certain [[Scotland|Scottish]] islands, believed to have lived wild since the [[Bronze Age]]. Herdwick sheep are unique to the English lake District, Cumbria.

== Sheep in the Bible ==

Sheep are mentioned many times in the Bible, and Christians are frequently likened to sheep of whom God is the shepherd, most notably in Psalm 23:
<blockquote>
1The LORD is my shepherd; I shall not want. 
2 He maketh me to lie down in green pastures: he leadeth me beside the still waters. 
(KJV)
</blockquote>

Note: This does not mean that Christians are required to be sheepish.

==Old and New Worlds==

American cuisine is noted for the absence of lamb and mutton dishes, and sheep are not widely farmed, perhaps because the idea of a sheep ranch might be perceived as undermining the national 'frontier' self image.

The [[Hawick Blueface]], native to the uplands of Roxburghshire and the Scottish Borders, is the largest native variety of British sheep. Its name derives from its characteristic mid-grey (not blue) face. Bluefaces provide a heavy yield of wool and the meat is fatty with a good flavor. [http://www.britishsheep.co.uk/breeds/hawick]

==Sheep in popular culture==

Sheep are often used as a metaphor for unthinking followers of any particular ideology. [[George Orwell]] used them in this way in his novel ''[[Animal Farm]]'' when the sheep could be counted on to back up the animal revolution led by the pigs by baaa-ing ''Four legs good, two legs bad'' when required.

[[Category:Hoofed mammals]]
[[Category:Biblical animals]]
[[Category:Livestock]]

Wool

2007-05-08T03:38:52Z

Vossy: creating article

'''Wool''' is a fiber made from [[sheep]]. It is prized for being very soft and comfortable against the [[skin]]. Extrafine wool is super premium and is used in men's suiting of the highest quality knits. Wool has natural stretch and breathability. It moves when you do, keeps you warm when it's cold and cool when it's hot and adds natural comfort around the home. It's also fire resistant. Wool can be more comfortable unlined because it breathes and takes moisture away from the body. Lining material is synthetic and can't breathe the way natural wool does.

==Wool Blends==
Fibers such as [[nylon]] or [[rayon]] are often blended with wool to add a novelty quality or decorative effect. But it's important to know that any sort of blended wool goes against the [[Bible]]<ref>Leviticus 19:19</ref>.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Fibers]]

Mutton

2007-05-08T03:33:16Z

Vossy: adding cat

'''Mutton''' is older, mature [[sheep]]. [[Lamb]] is young sheep. Older sheep produce a richer flavor, but it can be tough if not cooked properly. The best way to cook any cut of mutton is very long and slowly. It is popular in Middle Eastern and British cooking.

==See Also==
*[[Veal]]

[[Category:Food and drink]]

Mutton

2007-05-08T03:25:33Z

Vossy: creating article

Ivy League

2007-05-08T03:17:11Z

Vossy: clarity, grammar

[[Image:Earlycollegesvert.png|thumb|right|150px|Left: Ivy League; Right: the two Colonial Colleges that are not in the Ivy League.<ref>Founding dates are those self-reported by the institutions: Harvard 1636, William & Mary 1693, Penn 1740, Princeton 1746, Columbia 1754, Brown 1764, Rutgers 1766, Dartmouth 1770, Cornell 1865.</ref>]]
The '''Ivy League''' is an [[athletic conference]] of eight private universities in the Northeast. During the first half of the 1900s, teams from the schools played each other frequently. By the 1930s they were referred to informally as the "Ivy League," but the organization was not formalized until 1954.

By extension, the term also refers to the eight schools considered as a group, and to social characteristics perceived to be common to their group. The schools of the Ivy League are all old—all but Cornell having been founded before the [[American Revolution]]. They are sometimes referred to as the Ancient Eight.<ref>Harvard, Yale, and Princeton were at one time referred to as the Ancient Three. The phrase Ancient Eight may be an extension of that phrase. The Ivy League is ''not'' comprised of the eight oldest colleges in the U. S., however. It fails to include William and Mary or Rutgers, and includes Cornell, which is younger than many other colleges.</ref> They are all stellar in academics, and all of them have a traditional connection with social prestige.

Six of the Ivy League schools were founded as Protestant institutions, firmly connected with specific denominations, such as [[Lutheranism]]. Penn and Cornell were founded as nonsectarian. Of the six founded as Protestant, Brown, although Baptist (and requiring undergraduates to attend chapel) was founded with a charter guaranteeing religious liberty. Princeton's charter was tied to the New Light wing of the Presbyterian Church, but was to be open to all students, "any different sentiments in religion notwithstanding."<ref>[http://www.princeton.edu/pr/facts/revolution.html Princeton University in the American Revolution], Princeton University website: "The charter was issued to a self-perpetuating board of trustees who were acting in behalf of the evangelical or New Light wing of the Presbyterian Church, but the College had no legal or constitutional identification with that denomination. Its doors were to be open to all students, 'any different sentiments in religion notwithstanding.'"</ref>

The nickname ''Ivy League'' comes from the old brick buildings on their [[campus]]es, which have, over time, grown dense coverings of [[ivy]].

Its members include [[Harvard University]], [[Yale University]], [[Columbia University]], [[Dartmouth College]], [[Brown University]], [[University of Pennsylvania]], [[Princeton University]], and [[Cornell University]].

At Harvard, Yale, and Columbia, the undergraduate schools which issue baccalaureate degrees are named ''Harvard College'', ''Yale College'', and ''Columbia College.'' Alumni of these schools often identify themselves with the college rather than the university as a whole; thus, Harvard alumni may describe their degree as a "B.A. from Harvard College" rather than as a "B.A. from Harvard University." Dartmouth is unusual in that, for historical reasons, the university as a whole is referred to as Dartmouth College, so an alumnus of the doctoral program has a "Ph.D. from Dartmouth College."<ref>In this regard Dartmouth is unusual but not unique. Some other universities also retain the name "college" for reasons of history or tradition, notably the College of William and Mary and Boston College.</ref>
==Notes and references==
<references/>

Sati

2007-05-08T02:53:32Z

Vossy: add link

'''Sati''' (also called ''[[suttee]]'') is custom of [[Hinduism]] by which a widow kills herself by throwing herself onto her husband’s funeral pyre. This form of [[suicide]] is primarily performed in [[India]].The practice probably originated sometime around A.D. 400.

Suttee

2007-05-08T02:53:11Z

Vossy: add link

'''Suttee''' is an ancient [[India|Indian]] practice, in which a widow sacrifices herself, voluntarily or involuntarily, on her husband's funeral pyre. It was outlawed in 1889, though it is still practiced, and more recent instances of the practice have found, where investigated, to have been carried out under complusion.

==See Also==
*[[Sati]]

[[Category:Culture]]

Patrick Henry

2007-05-07T04:14:24Z

Vossy: link, wiki

'''Patrick Henry''' (1736-1799) was a Patriot during the [[American Revolution]], and an anti-Federalist who opposed ratification of the [[U.S. Constitution]] afterwards. An [[attorney]], he prevailed in the Parsons' Cause by defending the right of the [[Virginia]] colony to fix the price of the [[tobacco]] to be paid to the clergy in violation of a contrary ruling in England.<ref>http://www.americanrevwar.homestead.com/files/HENRY.HTM</ref>

Patrick Henry is best known today for the rousing speech that he gave on March 23, 1775 to the 2nd Virginia Convention at Richmond's St. John's Church:<ref>http://www.amerisearch.net/index.php?date=2004-03-23&view=View</ref>

:''I consider it as nothing less than a question of freedom or slavery ... We have done everything that could be done to avert the storm which is now coming on. We have petitioned; we have remonstrated ... We have prostrated ourselves before the throne ... Our petitions have been slighted; our remonstrances have produced additional violence. ...''

:''There is a just God who presides over the destines of nations ... who will raise up friends to fight our battle for us. The battle, sir, is not to the strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave ... Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! '''I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death.''' ''

== References ==

<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hentry, Patrick}}
[[Category:Political people]]

President

2007-05-07T04:10:30Z

Vossy: wiki, links

'''President''' is a position held by many leaders of organizations, companies, trade unions, universities, and countries. Currently most companies use the term [[CEO]] (Chief Executive Official) instead of President for the heads of their companies. Originally, the term referred to the presiding officer of a ceremony or meeting (i.e. chairman); but today it most commonly refers to an official with executive powers.

Among other things, president today is a common title for the head of state of most republics, whether popularly elected, chosen by the legislature, or a special electoral college. The title of president is often adopted by [[dictator]]s as well, such as [[Fidel Castro]].

==See Also==

[[President of the United States of America]]

[[Presidents of the United States]]
[[category:politics]]

Apartheid

2007-05-07T04:04:33Z

Vossy: adding fact

'''Apartheid''' (Afrikaans for ''Separateness''), is a social and political policy of racial segregation and discrimination enforced by white minority governments in [[South Africa]] from 1948 to 1994.

[[Nelson Mandela]] was jailed for attempting to over throw the government.[http://www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us/History/Africa/04/Asmith/Asmith.htm]
When the black population of South Africa was given the right to vote in 1994, he was elected President.

Former President [[Jimmy Carter]] infamously referred to the [[Israel]]i occupation of [[Palestine]] as "apartheid."

The Bible says, "Then one of them, who was a lawyer, asked Him a question, tempting Him and saying, "Master, which is the great commandment in the law?" Jesus said unto him, "`Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind.' This is the first and great commandment. And the second is like unto it: `Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself.'" - Matthew 22:35-39

Fat

2007-05-07T04:01:45Z

Vossy: link, cat

'''Fat''' is a lay term used to describe a variety of organic compounds that help to make up the composition of organisms. In sciences, fats are usually referred to as [[lipids]]. People who are fat may suffer from [[obesity]].

[[Category:Anatomy]]

Asia

2007-05-07T04:00:17Z

Vossy: links

The largest continent on earth, '''Asia''' stretches from its boundary with [[Europe]] at the Ural Mountains on the east to the [[Pacific Ocean]] on the west. It reaches from [[Africa]] and [[Oceania]] to the south all the way to the [[Arctic Ocean]] in the north.

Asian culture is shaped by four major influences: [[Chinese]], [[Indian]], [[Europe]]an and [[Islam]]ic. The Chinese influence is in eastern Asia and it is primarily the source of [[Confucianism]]. The Indian influence is primarily through [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]], which has spread more to other countries than Hinduism has. [[Islam]] remains the dominant religion in southwest Asia, and also eastern and northern Africa.

[[Category:Continents]]

Fred Thompson

2007-05-07T03:57:53Z

Vossy: updating article

[[Image:FredThompson.jpg|right|thumb|300px]]
'''Fred Dalton Thompson''' (born August 19, 1942 in Sheffield, [[Alabama]]) is an [[United States of America|American]] lawyer, actor and former [[Republican Party|Republican]] senator from [[Tennessee]].

He attended public school in Lawrenceburg, Tennessee and graduated from Memphis State University in 1964. He received a J.D. degree from Vanderbilt University in 1967 and was admitted to the Tennessee bar in 1967.

He was appointed assistant U.S. attorney 1969-1972; minority counsel, then to the Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities ("Watergate Committee") 1973-1974. He became special counsel to Tennessee Governor [[Lamar Alexander]] in 1980, special counsel, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations 1980-1981, Special counsel to the Senate Intelligence Committee 1982. He became a member of the Tennessee Appellate Court Nominating Commission 1985-1987.

Thompson was elected as a Republican to the [[United States Senate]] in the November 8, 1994, special election to fill the unexpired portion of the term ending January 3, 1997, left vacant by the resignation of [[Al Gore|Albert Gore, Jr.]] and was re-elected in 1996 for the term ending January 3, 2003. He is currently considering a run for [[President]] in 2008.

He is also an actor of note with more than 30 roles according to the International Movie Database including "The Hunt for Red October" and "Die Hard 2". He is currently a co-star of the popular television series "''Law and Order''"

Thompson announced April 11, 2007 that he's in remission from [[lymphoma]].

"I have had no illness from it, or even any symptoms. My life expectancy should not be affected. I am in remission, and it is very treatable with drugs if treatment is needed in the future—and with no debilitating side effects,". <ref>http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,265271,00.html</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[category:political people]]

Monsoon

2007-05-07T03:55:44Z

Vossy: wiki, links

{{stub}}
'''Monsoons''' are large-scale weather patterns usually associated with seasonal reversal of [[wind]] direction. In fact, the word monsoon derives from the Arabic word ''mausim'' that translates as [[season]]. Monsoons are typically associated with regions dominated by warm-season precipitation. The largest, and most studied, monsoon region is in southern [[Asia]], associated with the [[India]]n and Asian monsoons. However, there are also monsoon circulations associated with [[Africa]] and [[North America]].

[[Category:Meteorology]]

Special effects

2007-05-07T03:54:29Z

Vossy: creating article

'''Special Effects''' are effects used in [[magic]], [[motion pictures]], or [[theater]] that dazzle or bewilder an audience. The use of special effects in [[Hollywood]] movies has increased dramatically over the past two decades. [[Howard Hughes]] pioneered several filming special effects in his movie, [[Hell's Angels]]. In [[theater]], special effects usually consist of using a smoke machine to make [[smoke]] or using special lighting techniques and illusions. Magicians use special effects such as sleight of hand and collapsable boxes in their acts. The success of a special effect can be determined by how convincing the effect is.

Milos Jakes

2007-05-07T03:46:35Z

Vossy: wikify

{{stub}}
'''Milos Jakes''' was the general secretary of the [[Czechoslovakia]]n Communist Party from 1987 until he resigned in 1989 during the "[[Velvet Revolution]]."

[[Category:Political People]]

Hellenistic culture

2007-05-07T03:44:35Z

Vossy: wiki, links

'''Hellenistic Culture''' is a term for [[Greek]] culture. Derived for ''Hellas'' meaning Greece. In wide use during and after the conquests of [[Alexander the Great]] in which the Hellenistic Greek culture was spread. The culture was renowned for its strict code of [[ethics]], its culinary prowess, and its use of [[metal]].

[[Category:Ancient History]]

Massachusetts plan

2007-05-07T03:34:53Z

Vossy: updating article, links

The '''Massachusetts plan''' is a health care law that requires residents of that state to either purchase health insurance by July 1, 2007, or pay a tax penalty. [[Massachusetts]] subsidizes the costs for those who cannot afford to purchase the health insurance. Massachusetts is in a better position than most states to pass this type of law because Massachusetts has a billion-dollar fund from [[tobacco]] settlements available to defray the costs, and also has fewer uninsured (10%) than the national average (18%). 46 million Americans do not own health insurance nationwide.

In 2007, these states are expected to try to pass similar laws: [[California]], [[Louisiana]], [[Maryland]], [[Minnesota]], [[Ohio]], [[Wisconsin]], [[Colorado]], [[Utah]], and [[New Mexico]], and also the [[District of Columbia]]. In 2006 [[Vermont]] and [[Maine]] passed similar laws.

Critics suggest that this approach of the state requiring its residents to purchase a type of product is contrary to free enterprise. Many people choose "self-insurance" voluntarily, and forcing them to buy a product they do not want is both unusual and probably unhelpful to the economy, as it will take money away from where it might otherwise be spent. Even car insurance, which many people think is mandatory, has exemptions for self-insurance and sometimes religious belief in most states.{{fact}} Also, car insurance laws are justified to protect innocent third parties victimized by accidents, not to protect the owner of the insurance.<ref>http://www.jpands.org/vol11no3/schlafly.pdf</ref>

However, hospitals are required to treat individuals who visit the emergency room, regardless of their ability to pay or their insurance status. This is also contrary to free enterprise, however for the good of the community, the freedom of hospitals to turn sick people away is curtailed. If people must either buy insurance or pay a penalty, the financial incentive to not buy insurance is removed. This in turn relieves the burden of non-payers from hospitals, who can then use these funds to improve their health care and equipment.<ref>http://www.heritage.org/Research/HealthCare/wm1045.cfm</ref>

==Sources==
<references/>

County

2007-05-06T08:45:29Z

Vossy: wiki, links

A '''county''', otherwise known as a shire, is a unit of local government that exists in most, and historically, all English speaking countries of the world. The first shires were the ancient divisions of the kingdom of [[Wessex]], and this system was expanded to the whole of [[England]] when the kings of Wessex became kings of [[England]] in the 10th century. Towards the end of the [[Medieval]] period the system was further expanded to [[Wales]], [[Scotland]], and [[Ireland]]. With the growth of the [[British Empire]] the system was expanded to [[America]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], and [[New Zealand]].

Traditionally, the chief officer of a county was a [[sheriff]], a word that comes from the [[Old English]] "shire-reeve" (a "reeve" was a general name for an administrative officer). The most famous sherrif in history was the Sheriff of [[Nottingham]] from the [[Robin Hood]] legends. This office still survives in modern times, though administrative practice has gradually diverged and whereas in the USA a sheriff is nowadays a chief of police, in the UK he is a council officer responsible for enforcing court orders.

[[Category:sociology]]

Prayer

2007-05-06T08:43:55Z

Vossy: just a start

'''Prayer''' is how one may make a connection with [[God]]. Through prayer our thoughts and hopes are heard and understood.

Bob Dylan

2007-05-06T08:42:00Z

Vossy: links

'''Bob Dylan''' (birth name Robert Zimmerman), is one of the towering figures of [[America]]n music, and has made contributions to many musical genres, including [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Country Music|Country]], and [[Rhythm and Blues|R&B]]. He has also, though some may have forgotten it, made enormous contributions to [[Christian music]] and [[Gospel]], particularly through two of his albums, [[Slow Train Coming]], and [[Saved]], released after his public declaration of his [[Christianity]] in the late 1970s. Even though he soon ceased recording songs that were explicitly [[Christian]], he continued to perform the songs from those albums, and for some time dedicated the song ''In the Garden'' to [[Jesus Christ]] when he performed it publicly. By the mid-1980's, however, his vision of Christian faith dimmed somewhat, so much so that by 1997 he was writing songs like [[Not Dark Yet]] in which he sings, "Don't even hear a murmur of a [[prayer]]/It's not dark yet, but it's getting there," clearly signifying his diminishing faith.

Robert Zimmerman was born on May 24, 1941 in [[Duluth]], [[Minnesota]], and grew up in Hibbing. His father owned an appliance store, and Zimmerman grew up listening to the [[radio]], where he got his first musical education. After playing in some short-lived high school bands, he left to attend the [[University of Minnesota]] in [[Minneapolis]]. It was there that he took a deep interest in [[folk music]], listening to the recordings of artists such as [[Odetta]] and [[Woody Guthrie]]. In 1961, he dropped out of college and headed to [[New York City]], where he became a part of the burgeoning [[folk music]] scene in [[Greenwich Village]]. Sharing the stage with a wide variety of folk acts, among them [[Dave von Ronk]] and [[Tiny Tim]], he eventually landed a contract with [[Columbia Records]], for whom his still records today. He most recent album, [[Modern Times]] (2006), reached #1 on the pop music charts; at age 65, he is the oldest artist to have attained that mark.

Over a long and varied career, Dylan has collaborated with numerous other artists, including [[Joan Baez]], [[Johnny Cash]], and [[Tom Petty]]. In 2004, he published the first volume of [[Chronicles]], his planned autobiography. Since 2005, he has had a weekly radio show on [[XM Radio]]; among the themes of each week, he recently chose "The Bible," playing songs by the Reverend J.M. Gates, Kitty Wells, and the Reverend Gary Davis.

==References==
* [http://web.utk.edu/~wparr/IsDylanStillChr.html "Is Dylan Still Christian", by Bill Parr, gives much more detail on Dylan's faith]

==External links==
*[http://www.bobdylan.com/songs/forever.html Forever Young] starts with the words "May God bless and keep you always"

[[Category:Musicians|Dylan, Bob]]

Blue Force Tracking

2007-05-06T08:37:27Z

Vossy: wikify, links

'''Blue Force Tracking''' (BFT) is a situational awareness capabilities system used by military forces. Military officials began to take action to curb [[fratricide]] (military term for friendly fire) after the [[Gulf War]] in [[Iraq]]. Thirty-five of the [[United States]]' 148 fatalities in the war were caused by friendly forces.

The United States began testing Blue Force Tracking in its operation in [[Iraq War|Iraq]] in 2003. The system showed the [[United States]] and allied forces the direct locations of where they were in relationship with each other on the battlefield. With the allied forces colored [[blue]] and enemy forces [[red]], the computerized system gives, and continuously updates information automatically. BFT technology was also given to private security firms, such as Blackwater, USA.

At the beginning of the operation, the United States was testing many different versions of the situation awareness system. They finally decided on a system called ''Force XXI Battle Command, Brigade and Below System'' (FBCB2). The U.S forces in [[Iraq]] made the system interoperable with all its forces and [[British]] troops in [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]. Blue Force Tracking proved its ability to cut down fratricide in Iraq, and is used by US troops in [[Afghanistan]]. Recently the [[NATO]] forces in [[Afghanistan]] are combining the forces of the countries' tracking systems to achieve an interoperable, Friendly Force Tracking system.

==Source Material:==
*[http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?F=494578&C=commentary Defense News Article]
*[http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Northrop_Grumman_Blue_Force_Tracking_Revolutionizes_Joint_STARS_Employment.html Space War Article]
*[http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/2007/02/06/2312451.htm NATO's purchase]

[[Category:Military]]

Cyrus

2007-05-06T08:32:56Z

Vossy:

'''Cyrus''' lived 576-529 BC. He was King of the [[Persian Empire]] and is also called '''Cyrus the Great'''. He established the Achaimenid dynasty. He is famous for conquering [[Babylon]] and sending the [[Jew]]s back to their homeland, [[Israel]].

[[Category:Biographies]]

{{stub}}

Lake

2007-05-06T08:30:46Z

Vossy: wiki, links

{{stub}}
A '''lake''' is a body of [[water]] surrounded entirely by [[land]]. The [[Caspian Sea]], a saltwater lake, is the largest lake in the world, though the [[Mediterranean Sea]] is larger. [[Lake Superior]], one of the Great Lakes, is the largest freshwater lake by area. Lake Baikal in [[Siberia]] is the world's deepest lake, and the largest freshwater lake by volume.

[[Category:Geography]]

Angkor Wat

2007-05-06T08:28:31Z

Vossy: wiki

The '''Angkor Wat''' is a temple at Angkor, [[Cambodia]]. The Angkor Wat was built for King [[Suryavarman II]] in the early 12th century as his state temple and capital city. It is dedicated to the [[Hindu]] god [[Vishnu]] and is decorated with mixed Southeast Asian and Indian art.

[[Category:Hinduism]]

Mustard gas

2007-05-06T08:27:11Z

Vossy:

'''Mustard gas''' is a poisonous gas that was first used in [[World War I]]. Nearly odorless, though yellow, it caused both internal and external bleeding, and killed over 4000 [[British]] soldiers alone in that war, and wounded a great number more. [[Adolf Hitler]], who fought for [[Germany]] in this war, was a victim of mustard gas<ref>http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/mustardg.htm</ref>, and some have speculated that the great pain that he experienced led him not to use it as a weapon in [[World War II]]. <ref>http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWmustard.htm</ref> Its chemical formula is C4H8Cl2S.

==References==
<references/>

Mustard gas

2007-05-06T08:26:51Z

Vossy: wiki, cat

Paul McCartney

2007-05-06T08:24:16Z

Vossy:

'''Sir Paul McCartney''' (born 1942) was bassist for the [[Beatles]] and shared songwriting credit with [[John Lennon]] for most of their original songs. McCartney favored lighter, more pop-oriented songs than Lennon, and this became much more apparent after April 1970 when the Beatles broke up and both began to record solo. McCartney soon formed a new band, [[Wings]], and recorded many staples of AM radio.

In 1980 McCartney was arrested for possession of [[marijuana]] in [[Japan]] and spent a week in jail. Had he been tried and convicted, he could have spent seven years in prison. He was knighted by [[Queen Elizabeth II]] in 1997.

Paul was married for thirty years to [[Linda Eastman]], a vegetarian, who played keyboards in Wings but died in 1998. His second marriage to Heather Mills lasted for four years and ended acrimoniously. He continues to tour and perform, and is Britain's highest-earning musician today.

[[Category:Musicians|McCartney, Paul]]

Cello

2007-05-06T08:21:39Z

Vossy: wiki, links

The '''cello''' (short for its formal name, ''violoncello''<ref>'''Not''' "viol'''i'''ncello;" the fifth letter is an o, not an i</ref>) is a low-pitched [[String Instruments|string instrument]] of the violin family. It often shares the melody, and sometimes harmonizes with, the [[Violin]] in a western [[orchestra]]. Its pitch range is similar to that of the [[human]] voice, giving it a warm and emotional quality. [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]] wrote 32 [[piano]] sonatas but only 5 sonatas for the cello.

The cello was used to good effect in the [[Beatles]]' songs ''Eleanor Rigby'' and ''I am the [[Walrus]].'' The cello has also recently crossed over into popular music with the appearance of the band Apocalyptica in Finland and has come to international acclaim. Apocalyptica initially started off playing [[Metallica]] music on four cellos but have recently branched out into original pieces.

==Notes and references==
<references/>

[[Category:Musical Instrument]]

Prokaryote

2007-05-06T08:16:42Z

Vossy: wiki, links

The structure of a '''prokaryote''' is very much simpler than that of a [[eukaryote]]. There are no endomembranes, endosymbionts, nucleus or cytoskeleton. The [[DNA]] is carried on the genophore, a circular chromosome, in a ill defined area of the cytosol called the nucleoid. The chromosome is attached to the cell membrane during cell division (fission), frequently at a point called the mesosome.

#πρό-καρυον (pro-karyon) - before kernel.
#No nucleus - free circular genophore.
#'Simple' rotating motor-type flagellum.
#Cell division by fission, genophore attached to plasmalemma by mesosome.
#Few membrane-bound organelles, no double-membrane bound organelles.
#They are 'small' because diffusion limits the rate of transport across the cell - 1 μm.
[[Image:Bacterial_cell.png|center||Prokaryotes are characterised by the lack of a nucleus and membranes bound organelles.]]
The cytosol contains oil droplets, food reserves and the 70S ribosomes, and is surrounded by a plasmalemma. In Gram negative bacteria, a further outer membrane surrounds the plasmalemma, with a thin cell wall and periplasmic space trapped between them. In Gram positive bacteria, there is no outer membrane, and the cell wall is thicker. The cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan and various organic acids in Eubacteria. Bacteria have flagella, but they are simple proteinaceous strands attached to a rotary motor, completely dissimilar to the complex eukaryotic undulipodium. Membranes may be present in the cell, as in the thylakoids of the Cyanobacteria. The cytosol may also contain various episomes (small circular chromosomes), some called plasmids, and others called (bacterio)phages, which are bacterial viruses.

Prokaryotes are extraordinarily diverse:

''Proteobacteria'' - Gram-negative, two cell membranes, hugely diverse, ''[[Escherichia coli]]''.

''Firmicutes'' and ''Actinobacteria'' - Gram-positive, thick peptidoglycan cell wall.

''Spirochaetes'' - helical bacteria.

Prokaryotic DNA lacks histones (packaging [[protein]]s), although other packaging proteins are present, and molecules have easier access to DNA compared with eukaryotes. They generally have efficient genomes, with little sequence other than coding sequence or regulatory sequence. Transcription is by just one class of RNA polymerase. Transcription leads to translation with no intermediate processing, which allows several genes to be encoded in a single transcriptional unit (a polycistron). They have small (70S) ribosomes.

[[Category:Molecular Biology]]
[[Category:microbiology]]

Francis Bacon

2007-05-06T08:15:14Z

Vossy: wikification

[[Image:Francis_Bacon.jpg|thumb|200px]]
'''Francis Bacon''' was a scientist during the [[Age of Exploration]] who lived from 1561 to 1626 and promoted research based on experimentation. He died from [[hypothermia]] sustained from stuffing a snow-packed [[chicken]] inside his shirt.

Not to be confused with the 20th Century Anglo-Irish artist (1909-1992)<ref>http://www.andipamodern.com/WorksbyBACONFRANCIS.htm</ref> of the same name, although the artist Francis Bacon, a confirmed bachelor, was what is known as a 'collateral descendant' of his earlier namesake.<ref>http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,875334,00.html</ref>

[[Category:Scientists|Bacon, Francis]]

Earl Warren

2007-05-06T08:14:20Z

Vossy: wikify, links

'''Earl Warren,''' (1891-1974) was an [[United States|American]] judge, best known for his role as Chief Justice of the [[Supreme Court]] from 1953 to 1969.

==Early Professional Life==
Prior to serving on the Court, Warren was a prosecutor and politician. As governor of [[California]], Warren had supervised the Japanese internments discussed in the famous ''Korematsu v. U.S.'' case, now reviled as an example of America at its worst. President [[Dwight Eisenhower]] appointed Warren to the [[Supreme Court]] as a political favor.

===Brown v. Board of Education===
Warren acceded to the position of [[Chief Justice]] while ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'' was being reargued at the behest of associate Justice [[Frankfurter]], who ordered re-argument as a stalling tactic, to allow the Justice to gather a unanimous consensus around a liberal ''Brown'' opinion that would outlaw [[segregation]]. Associate Justice [[Vinson]] was one such stumbling block.

Warren convened a meeting of the associate justices, and presented to them the simple argument that the only reason to sustain segregation was an honest belief in the inferiority of [[African American]]s. Warren further submitted that the Court must overrule ''Plessy'' to maintain its legitimacy as an institution of liberty, and it must do so unanimously to avoid massive Southern resistance. He began to build a unanimous opinion.

Although many justices were convinced, Warren spent some time after this famous speech convincing two holdouts for segregation to sign onto the opinion. The first holdout, Justice Vinson, died during this initiative. The second finally decided to drop his dissent to what was by then a moderate opinion backed by the remaining six justices.

Liberals consider Warren's final opinion a political masterwork, not just for his political gamesmanship, but for his general writing, making use of dubious social science research to draw legal conclusions, and laying the groundwork for forced racial busing.

===The Warren Court, Continued===
Chief Justice Warren authored a number of other cases, such as the case defining American citizens' [[Miranda]] rights. He was a judicial supremacist, and succeeded in asserting court power beyond what had previously been accepted.

==The Warren Commission==
Earl Warren was appointed to head up the Warren Commission, which established a connection between the [[Watergate]] burglary and President Nixon's re-election campaign. Investigative coverage by the [[New York Times]] fueled public outrage about the event. The coverage dramatically increased the profile of the crime and consequent political stakes. Tips by an anonymous source they would later identify only by the code name ''Deep Throat,'' led reporters to uncover information suggesting that knowledge of the break-in and attempts to cover it up led deep into the Justice Department and even into the White House itself. Rather than ending with the trial and conviction of the burglars, the investigations grew broader. Warren received a congressional medal of honor for his efforts. On April 30, 1973, Nixon was forced to ask for the resignation of two of his most influential aides, H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman, both of whom would soon be indicted and ultimately go to prison. He also fired White House Counsel John Dean, who had just testified before the Senate and would go on to become the key witness against Nixon himself.

==References==
<references/>
Brest, Levinson, et al, "Processes of Constitutional Decisionmaking, Cases & Materials, 5th Ed.," pp 898-950.

[[Category:Biographies]]

Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

2007-05-06T08:04:59Z

Vossy: wikification

'''Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.''' (1841-1935) served on the United States [[Supreme Court]] for over 80 years and is an icon in American law schools. He is known for his elegant writing style and for dissenting from key decisions decades before the entire Court moved to his side of those issues. For example, Holmes dissented from [[Lochner doctrine]] as established ''Lochner v. New York'' (1905), in which the Supreme Court invalidated an economic regulation by the state of New York. Decades later the Supreme Court rightly came to agree with Holmes' side of the case.

But critics of Justice Holmes observe that although he was highly moral in his youth, fighting against [[slavery]] in the Civil War, he became increasingly amoral and utilitarian as a justice. They criticize Justice Holmes when he upheld the forced sterilization of a young woman on the grounds that she had a low IQ. "Three generations of imbeciles are enough," Justice Holmes' bellowed in his harshly utilitarian style in ''[[Buck v. Bell]]'', 274 U.S. 200 (1927). Holmes was a believer in Darwinism and sought to apply it to the law and to life, as urged by [[social Darwinism]].

After editing the ''American Law Review'' early in his career, he wrote ''The Common-Law'' in 1881. The following year he became a professor of law at Harvard, and two decades later he was appointed to the Massachusetts Supreme Court in 1899. In 1902 President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] appointed him to the [[United States Supreme Court]] in 1902, where he served until the age of 90, when his colleagues suggested his resign. He died a few years later.

Holmes's utilitarian judicial philosophy is best summed by his famous quote that "The life of the law has not been logic, but experience." His own migration away from the uninformed Christianity of his youth can be seen in his advice as an old man to the younger generation: "Young man, the secret of my success is that at an early age I discovered that I was not God." However such a statement may merely have been made to clarify a long running rumor of Holmes's omnipotence.

Although Justice Holmes retains an almost saint-like reverence in American law schools, there are actually few judges or law professors who follow his legal philosophy today. An example of a utilitarian judge today would be [[Judge Richard Posner]] of the [[Seventh Circuit|Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals]], who wrote a book in tribute of Justice Holmes.

[[Category:Biographies]]