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American Indian

2008-08-30T18:19:35Z

Twalls: /* Origins */ clarify

'''American Indians''' are the descendants of the inhabitants of [[North America|North]] and [[South America]] before the coming of [[Europe]]ans in 1492.

They are believed to have descended from [[Asia|Asians]] who crossed the [[Bering Straight|Bering land bridge]] during the last [[Ice Age]]. According to archaeologists, this took place as early as 20,000 years ago.<ref name="who">TIME - Who Were The First Americans?, By MICHAEL D. LEMONICK, ANDREA DORFMAN, Sunday, Mar. 05, 2006 [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1169905,00.html]</ref>

Those who are only partly descended from those early inhabitants are still considered American Indians if they maintain tribal affiliation or community attachment. However, each Indian tribe or band makes its own rulings regarding membership.

A few American Indians prefer to be called [[Native American]]s in order to distinguish themselves from the people of [[India]], and to emphasize their North America ancestry.

During the [[American Civil War]], many Indian tribes supported the [[Confederacy]], on the grounds that they were against the U.S. government and due to the fact that many among the so called "civilized tribes" such as the [[Cherokee]] also owned African slaves.<ref>Descendants Of Freedmen Of The Five Civilized Tribes - History[http://www.freedmen5tribes.com/History.htm]</ref>

== Origins ==

There are competing theories about when and from where the first inhabitants of North and South America arrived. The [[Kennewick Man]] is an ancient [[skeleton]] found in 1996 and judged by [[radiocarbon dating]] to be over 9000 years old.<ref>http://www.infoplease.com/biography/var/kennewickman.html</ref> The morphology of the Kennewick Man remains is said to differ from that of present day Native Americans, suggesting a different ancestry{{fact}} but there is some controversy about that.<ref name="who" />

==References==
<references/>

==See Also==
* [[North American Indians]]
* [[Native American]]
* [[Wounded Knee Massacre]]

[[Category:Ethnicities]]
[[Category:North America]]
[[Category:South America]]

Tribes of the Arctic region

2008-08-30T18:10:02Z

Twalls: /* History */ fix typo

The '''Inuit''' are a [[Native American]] people of northernmost [[North America]], [[Europe]] and [[Asia]] which are still commonly known in the United States as '''Eskimos'''. Their traditional range of inhabitation spans around the [[Arctic Circle]] from eastern [[Siberia]] across [[Alaska]] in the United States, the [[Northwest Territory]], [[Yukon Territory]], [[Nunavut]], [[Quebec]] and [[Newfoundland]] in [[Canada]], all the way to [[Greenland]] and the [[Faroe Islands]]. Anthropologically, they were a much studied people for their physical and social adaptations to severe cold.

==Name==

In their own language, ''Inuit'' means ''the people''. The traditional name for them, ''Eskimo'', is now not [[politically correct]] since only foreigners had used it. Furthermore, in Inuit it means ''eaters of raw meat'', neglecting their large diet of raw fish.

==Language==

'''Inuit''' also refers to the language of the Inuit people. It has numerous consonants in tight clusters. Similar to [[Hawaii]]an, it has very short words, in part due to the expediation necessary to prevent the heat loss from opening their mouths. Also to prevent heat loss, Inuits would greet each other and perform other common exchanges only by rubbing their noses together ("Eskimo kiss"), since the nose was usually the only strip of skin exposed to the elements. The Inuit language is remarkable for having over 100 words to describe "snow".<ref>http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E04EFDB153BF93AA35751C0A962948260 "There's Snow Synonym", New York Times, February 9, 1984</ref>

==Diet==

Since the Inuit live in a region of [[permafrost]], they do not consume many plants. Their diet primarily consists of fish caught through [[icehole]]s and [[seal]]s, [[walrus]]es, or [[auk]]s caught by [[spear]]hunting. Occasionally they would kill a [[polar bear]] to eat, but as with any bear, the meat is often not worth the danger of the hunt. In the [[whale]] spawning season, the Inuit would venture onto the thawed waters and hunt the great animals for their meat and [[blubber]], a natural insulator for their homes and a wax substitute for [[candle]]s.

The Inuit developed a specialized [[metabolism]] for [[protein]], [[fat]], and [[carbohydrate]]s in a virtually [[fiber]]-free diet. However, they often suffered from conditions resulting in a lack of [[Vitamin C]], [[riboflavin]] and [[thiamine]]. Their different metabolism has led to serious health issues as they try to convert to a modern diet.

==Society==

The Inuit developed heat-efficient housing made of thick blocks of ice, called [[igloo]]s. They would live in small villages through the long winter and then switch to a [[nomadic]] lifestyle in the short summer.

Their clothing was also heat-efficient: polar bear fur and sealskin would be used for the highly insulated [[parka]]s, [[anorak]]s, [[papoose]]s and [[mukluk]]s that comprised the Inuit wardrobe.

Inuits primarily bartered blubber and seal oil for special goods, though [[wampum]] currency was a possible alternative payment for commerce.

The Intuit traditionally practiced [[polyandry]], the polygamous endowment of several husbands to one wife<ref>http://www.snowwowl.com/peopleinuit5.html</ref>. In the harsh climate it was difficult for one man to feed a pregnant woman, thus several men would put aside their natural competitive instincts to care for one woman and continue the preservation of the race.

The funerary ceremony of the Inuit involved the family and close friends of the deceased placing the corpse on a small ice flow or canoe and casting it out to sea.

==Religion==

Christianity was brought to these [[pagan]] people by missionaries in the early 19th century and while pagan cultural rites have persisted, Christianity is the sole theistic religion practiced.

==History==

Until the great northern explorations of [[Henry Hudson]], the Inuit were unknown to Europeans other than the [[Viking]]s, who had already conquered the coastline of Greenland from them. Arctic explorers such as [[Admiral Byrd]] and [[Commodore Perry]] wrote about encounters with the Inuit in their journals, which were later popularized in the fiction novels of authors such as [[Jack London]].

The first Inuit recorded on film was [[Nanook of the North]], whose eponymous [[documentary]] by [[Robert J. Flaherty]] from 1922, showed all the modern world the curious arctic life of the Esquimoux (as they were then called). Some initial reactions to the film claimed it to be a hoax, but these objections quickly subsided.<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0013427/</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Ethnicities]][[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Christianity]]

Tribes of the Arctic region

2008-08-30T18:09:34Z

Twalls: /* Language */ correction

The '''Inuit''' are a [[Native American]] people of northernmost [[North America]], [[Europe]] and [[Asia]] which are still commonly known in the United States as '''Eskimos'''. Their traditional range of inhabitation spans around the [[Arctic Circle]] from eastern [[Siberia]] across [[Alaska]] in the United States, the [[Northwest Territory]], [[Yukon Territory]], [[Nunavut]], [[Quebec]] and [[Newfoundland]] in [[Canada]], all the way to [[Greenland]] and the [[Faroe Islands]]. Anthropologically, they were a much studied people for their physical and social adaptations to severe cold.

==Name==

In their own language, ''Inuit'' means ''the people''. The traditional name for them, ''Eskimo'', is now not [[politically correct]] since only foreigners had used it. Furthermore, in Inuit it means ''eaters of raw meat'', neglecting their large diet of raw fish.

==Language==

'''Inuit''' also refers to the language of the Inuit people. It has numerous consonants in tight clusters. Similar to [[Hawaii]]an, it has very short words, in part due to the expediation necessary to prevent the heat loss from opening their mouths. Also to prevent heat loss, Inuits would greet each other and perform other common exchanges only by rubbing their noses together ("Eskimo kiss"), since the nose was usually the only strip of skin exposed to the elements. The Inuit language is remarkable for having over 100 words to describe "snow".<ref>http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E04EFDB153BF93AA35751C0A962948260 "There's Snow Synonym", New York Times, February 9, 1984</ref>

==Diet==

Since the Inuit live in a region of [[permafrost]], they do not consume many plants. Their diet primarily consists of fish caught through [[icehole]]s and [[seal]]s, [[walrus]]es, or [[auk]]s caught by [[spear]]hunting. Occasionally they would kill a [[polar bear]] to eat, but as with any bear, the meat is often not worth the danger of the hunt. In the [[whale]] spawning season, the Inuit would venture onto the thawed waters and hunt the great animals for their meat and [[blubber]], a natural insulator for their homes and a wax substitute for [[candle]]s.

The Inuit developed a specialized [[metabolism]] for [[protein]], [[fat]], and [[carbohydrate]]s in a virtually [[fiber]]-free diet. However, they often suffered from conditions resulting in a lack of [[Vitamin C]], [[riboflavin]] and [[thiamine]]. Their different metabolism has led to serious health issues as they try to convert to a modern diet.

==Society==

The Inuit developed heat-efficient housing made of thick blocks of ice, called [[igloo]]s. They would live in small villages through the long winter and then switch to a [[nomadic]] lifestyle in the short summer.

Their clothing was also heat-efficient: polar bear fur and sealskin would be used for the highly insulated [[parka]]s, [[anorak]]s, [[papoose]]s and [[mukluk]]s that comprised the Inuit wardrobe.

Inuits primarily bartered blubber and seal oil for special goods, though [[wampum]] currency was a possible alternative payment for commerce.

The Intuit traditionally practiced [[polyandry]], the polygamous endowment of several husbands to one wife<ref>http://www.snowwowl.com/peopleinuit5.html</ref>. In the harsh climate it was difficult for one man to feed a pregnant woman, thus several men would put aside their natural competitive instincts to care for one woman and continue the preservation of the race.

The funerary ceremony of the Inuit involved the family and close friends of the deceased placing the corpse on a small ice flow or canoe and casting it out to sea.

==Religion==

Christianity was brought to these [[pagan]] people by missionaries in the early 19th century and while pagan cultural rites have persisted, Christianity is the sole theistic religion practiced.

==History==

Until the great northern explorations of [[Henry Hudson]], the Inuit were unknown to Europeans other than the [[Viking]]s, who had already conquered the coastline of Greenland from them. Arctic explorers such as [[Admiral Byrd]] and [[Commodore Perry]] wrote about encounters with the Inuit in their journals, which were later popularized in the fiction novels of authors such as [[Jack London]].

The first Inuit recorded on film was [[Nanook of the North]], whose eponymous [[documentary]] by [[Robert J. Flaherty]] from 1922, showed all the modren world the curious arctic life of the Esquimoux (as they were then called). Some initial reactions to the film claimed it to be a hoax, but these objections quickly subsided.<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0013427/</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Ethnicities]][[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Christianity]]

Ron Paul

2007-05-24T01:46:57Z

Twalls: /* Books by Ron Paul */ correcting state abbreviations

[[Image:Ronpaul.jpg|right|thumb]]

'''Ronald Ernest “Ron” Paul''' (born 20 August, 1935) is a 10th-term Congressman, medical doctor ([[M.D.]]) and a 2008 [[presidential candidate]] from the U.S. state of [[Texas]]. As a [[Republican Party|Republican]], he has represented [[Texas's 14th congressional district]] in the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] since 1997, and had previously served as the representative from Texas's 22nd district in 1976 and from 1979 to 1985.

Paul advocates the limited role of government, low taxes, free markets, and a return to monetary policies based on commodity-backed currency. He has earned the nickname "Dr. No" for voting against any bill he believes violates the Constitution. In the words of former Treasury Secretary William Simon, Paul is the "one exception to the Gang of 535" on Capitol Hill. He has never voted to raise taxes or congressional pay. He has always voted against the [[USA PATRIOT Act]], the [[Military Commissions Act of 2006]], and the [[Iraq War]].

==Congressional record==

*He has never voted to raise taxes.
*He has never voted for an unbalanced budget.
*He has never voted for a federal restriction on gun ownership.
*He has never voted to raise congressional pay.
*He has never taken a government-paid junket.
*He has never voted to increase the power of the executive branch.
*He voted against the Patriot Act.
*He voted against regulating the Internet.
*He voted against the Iraq war.
*He does not participate in the lucrative congressional pension program.
*He returns a portion of his annual congressional office budget to the U.S. treasury every year.
*He introduces numerous pieces of substantive legislation each year, probably more than any other single member of Congress.

== Early life and education ==

Dr. Ron Paul was born in [[Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania to Howard Caspar Paul and Margaret Paul.<ref>http://dailypaul.com/node/53</ref><ref>http://www.wargs.com/political/paul.html</ref> He graduated from Dormont High School in Dormont, Pennsylvania, in 1953. Paul attended Gettysburg College, receiving his [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in 1957, and the [[Duke University School of Medicine]], receiving [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]] in 1961. He did his [[internship]] and [[Residency (medicine)|residency]] at [[Henry Ford Hospital]] in [[Detroit]], Michigan, from 1961 to 1962, and was a [[flight surgeon]] in the [[United States Air Force]] from 1963 to 1968. He and his wife Carol moved to Texas in 1968, where he began his medical practice in Brazoria County. As a specialist in [[obstetrics]]/[[gynecology]], Dr. Paul has delivered more than 4,000 babies. He and Carol, who reside in Lake Jackson, Texas, are the proud parents of five children and have seventeen grandchildren.

===Political affiliations and support===
Paul is a Republican member of Congress from Texas and is also a Libertarian. Paul remains on good terms with the Libertarian Party and addressed its national convention as recently as 2004.<ref>[http://www.theadvocates.org/liberator/vol-09-num-10.htm Liberator online archive] on Advocates for self-governing accessed at March 4, 2007</ref>

Paul served as honorary chairman and is a current member of the [[Republican Liberty Caucus]], a political action organization dedicated to promoting the ideals of individual rights, limited government and free enterprise within the Republican Party.<ref>[http://fl.rlc.org/ Republican Liberty Caucus of Florida] accessed at March 4, 2007</ref>

Unlike many political candidates, Paul receives the overwhelming majority of his campaign contributions (96.8% in 2005-2006), from individuals. [http://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.asp?CID=N00005906&cycle=2006/]

===Political Views===

Paul wants to "reinstate the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] and restore the [[Republic]]." He rejects a [[welfare state]] or [[nanny state]] role for the federal government, and advocates a strong [[non-interventionism|non-interventionist]] [[foreign policy]].

He voted against the [[Iraq War]] in 2002 and has offered alternatives such as granting the President authority to grant [[Letters of Marque and Reprisal]], and arming [[pilot]]s. He is the only Republican presidential candidate to have voted against the Iraq War.

Paul's desire to secure U.S. borders remains a key topic in his 2008 presidential campaign. He opposes the [[North American Union]] proposition and its proposed integration of Mexico, the United States of America, and Canada. Paul voted "yes" on the [[Secure Fence Act of 2006]], which authorizes the construction of an additional 700 miles of double-layered fencing between the U.S and Mexico. Paul opposes illegal immigration as well as amnesty for illegal immigrants.

In the May 3, 2007 GOP Debate, Ron Paul stated that as President, he would seek the immediate abolition of the [[Internal Revenue Service|IRS]] and the abolition of the income tax. As Congressman, he has long fought for the [[Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_9:_Limits_on_Congress|prohibition of direct taxes]] by repeal of the [[16th Amendment to the United States Constitution|16th Amendment]] which created the [[income tax]].

==2008 Presidential Campaign==

Paul formally declared his candidacy for the Presidential election in 2008 in 12 March, 2007 as a guest on [[Washington Journal]] on [[C-SPAN]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA031207.paul2008.EN.74141d9.html | title = Paul formally launches presidential bid | first = Gary | last = Martin | work = San Antonio Express-News | date = 2007-03-12 | accessdate = 2007-03-13}}</ref> <ref>[http://chbn.com/Clip.aspx?key=1CD9E3A0397BCBEC Ron Paul announcing candidacy on C-SPAN]</ref>. In regards to his candidacy, he had a 30-minute interview with online political analyst [[James Kotecki]] regarding foreign policy, Congress and the Constitution, and personal liberties. <ref>[http://www.youtube.com/jameskotecki James Kotecki interviews Ron Paul]</ref>

Paul participated (along with nine other Republican presidential candidates) in the [[Ronald Reagan Presidential Library]]'s 2008 Republican Presidential Candidates Debate on May 3, 2007. Ron Paul finished first in the MSNBC poll following the GOP primary debate with 43 percent -- beating second place [[Mitt Romney]] by 5 percentage points.[http://www.ronpaul2008.typepad.com/]

Paul seemed to have dropped slightly in the polls that followed the second Republican debate in Columbia, South Carolina, to 25 percent. This was probably as a result of his suggestion that weekly bombing of [[Iraq]] following [[Operation Desert Fox]] in December 1998 may have contributed sufficiently to [[Arab]] anger at the United States as to make the [[September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks]] inevitable. Paul was excoriated by [[Rudy Giuliani]], who said that this was the most bizarre explanation for the attacks he had ever heard. Other Republican commentators sought to explain Paul's continued strength in post-debate polls as the result of multiple votes by his supporters or voting by non-Republicans. At least one former Paul staffer, Eric Dondero, declared himself a candidate against Paul in the 2008 Republican primary election to represent the 14th District of Texas in Congress.

==Books by Ron Paul==
* ''Challenge to Liberty''. Lake Jackson, Tex.: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education
* ''Gold, Peace, and Prosperity''. Lake Jackson, Tex.: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education
* ''Ten Myths About Paper Money''. Lake Jackson, Tex.: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education
* ''The Case for Gold''. Reprinted by Cato Institute, 1982; Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2007. ISBN 0-932790-31-3. ([http://www.mises.org/books/caseforgold.pdf])
* ''A Republic, If You Can Keep It''
* ''Mises and Austrian Economics: A Personal View''. Auburn, Ala.: [[Ludwig von Mises Institute]], 1984.
* ''Freedom Under Siege: The U.S. Constitution After 200 Years''. Lake Jackson, Tex.: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education, 1987. ([http://www.dailypaul.com/node/65] Book distributed with permission in 7 parts in pdf-format)
* ''A Foreign Policy of Freedom''. Lake Jackson, Tex.: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education, 2007. ISBN 0-912453-00-1

== References ==

* Gwynne, Sam ([[1 October]] [[2001]]). ''Texas Monthly''.
* Bernstein, Alan ([[23 May]] [[1996]]). “Newsletter excerpts offer ammunition to Paul's opponent; GOP hopeful quoted on race, crime”, ''The Houston Chronicle'', p. A33.

==External Links==
*[http://www.ronpaul2008.com/ Official Ron Paul 2008 Presidential Campaign Site]
*[http://www3.webng.com/ronpaul Ron Paul 2008 Presidential Campaign Overview]
*[http://www.myspace.com/congressmanronpaul Ron Paul's MySpace page]
*[http://www.house.gov/paul/ Official web site of Congressman Ron Paul]
*[http://www.ronpaul08.blog-city.com/ Ron Paul 2008 Blog]
*[http://antiwar.com/paul/ Rep. Ron Paul's Column for Antiwar.com]
* [http://RonPaulReport.SquareSpace.com/ The Ron Paul Report]
* [http://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/allsummary.asp?CID=N00005906 OpenSecrets.org - Congressional campaign contributions]
* [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/vote2008/primaries/candidates/paul.html Vote 2008: Ron Paul - Online NewsHour with Jim Lehrer]
* [http://ronpaul.ning.com Ron Paul 2008 social network]
* [http://herndon1.sdrdc.com/cgi-bin/can_detail/P80000748 Federal Election Commission - Presidential campaign contributions]
* [http://senate.ontheissues.org/Ron_Paul.htm On the Issues - Ron Paul] issue positions and quotes
* [http://vote-smart.org/bio.php?can_id=BC031929 Project Vote Smart - Ron Paul]
* [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Ron_Paul SourceWatch Congresspedia - Ron Paul]
* [http://projects.washingtonpost.com/congress/members/p000583/ Voting record maintained by the Washington Post]
* [http://www.ronpaul08.blog-city.com/ Ron Paul 2008 Blog]
* [http://electronpaul.blogspot.com/ Ron Paul for President 2008 Blog and Links]
* [http://www.theadvocates.org/celebrities/ron-paul.html Advocates for Self-Government profile of Ron Paul]
* [http://www.medicalmarijuanaprocon.org/BiosInd/Paul.htm Congressman Ron Paul and Medical Marijuana]
* [http://www.321gold.com/editorials/taylor/taylor031706.html Congressman Ron Paul Talks About Gold, Oil & the Economy]
* [http://www.house.gov/paul/press/press2004/pr042104.htm National Taxpayers Union Honors Ron Paul as one of 29 Congressmen who are "Taxpayer's Friends"]
* [http://www.mediamonitors.net/ronpaul2.html Commentary by Rep. Paul on U.S. policy in the Middle East]
* [http://www.virtuemag.org/articles/ron-paul Virtue Magazine Political profile of Ron Paul]
* [http://www.counterpunch.org/paul03182004.html The Broadcast Indecency Act, An Indecent Attack on the First Amendment] by Ron Paul
* [http://www.house.gov/paul/congrec/congrec2002/cr062702.htm Is America a Police State?], speech before the U.S. House of Representatives on June 27, 2002
* [http://dailypaul.com/node/53 The American Dream - Through the Eyes of Mrs. Ron Paul] by Mrs. Ron Paul on TheDailyPaul.

[[Category:US Representative]]